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As a life-span theory of personality that is supported by more than 40 years of empirical research, attachment theory and associated measures have contributed immensely to our understanding of emotion regulation, social dynamics, and behavior. Nevertheless, little attention has been given to how attachment dynamics influence relationships at work or the extent to which adult attachment patterns are mirrored in leaders' perceptions and behaviors toward their direct reports. Moreover, attachment measures that use romantic relationships as their referent might not be appropriate for use in organizational settings with executive clients. Thus, a measure that directly references direct reports and that could be put to use in organizational contexts is needed. The two studies reported here supported the two-factor orthogonal structure of such a measure and results from a sample of Fortune 500 executives reveal that leader attachment relates in theoretically consistent ways with general adult attachment, the Big Five, emotional intelligence, and critical thinking. Results are discussed in terms of integrating attachment measures into organizational personality assessment to inform work with organizational clients.

Theory and research support a developmental model of hope, wherein hope is formed in the context of secure attachment to supportive parents in childhood. This chapter reviews the literature and articulates the many biopsychosocial processes involved in instilling a secure attachment style and the hopeful cognitive processes that go with it. In so doing, it highlights the critical balance between exploratory and attachment systems, with the need for approach-oriented goal pursuits on the one side and having a secure base to retreat to on the other. It demonstrates how both functions (exploration and attachment/proximity-seeking) are needed for hope to flourish and highlights key elements needed for use in resiliency and intervention efforts as well as for research on developmental positive psychology.

The scientific study of hope has progressed rapidly since Rick Snyder first published his theoretical model of hope and developed assessments for quantifying individual differences in hope, but much work remains to more fully understand when, how, and why hope promotes resilience and human flourishing. The field has lost the titans of hope in Rick Snyder and Shane Lopez and is now led by the second generation of hope scientists. In this chapter, a collection of prominent hope researchers share their thoughts on future directions in studying hope. These topics include improving the understanding of how to promote hope; identifying the influence of hope on both positive outcomes such as meaning, healthy coping, and healthy relationships and negative outcomes such as depression; and more generally how hope can help promote flourishing communities. These topics and the researchers studying them represent the future of hope, which has never been brighter.

This study addresses a lack of empirical research informing evidence-based practices in the field of parenting coordination. We conducted a national survey of parenting coordinators (PCs), using the PC Network of the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts. Participants (N = 79) were presented with narrative descriptions of interventions prescribed by parenting coordination trainers, and rated how effective they perceived each intervention to be in resolving conflicts. Results indicated that PCs perceived specific interventions to be more effective than others. Contrary to expectations, legal and mental health professionals surveyed did not differ significantly in the degree to which they rated interventions as effective. Implications for interdisciplinary, evidence-based practice and training of PCs are presented, although caution should be exercised when attempting to generalize findings from a limited sample to the broader population. Keypoints for the Family Court Community gain insight into interventions prescribed by parenting coordination trainers across the country. To understand which interventions are seen as most important by a national sample of parenting coordinators. To explore the differences in perceived importance of specific interventions between legal and mental health professionals. To guide training and collaboration in the field of parenting coordination.

Electronic-based (e-based) lifestyle interventions provide potential and cost-effective delivery of remote interventions for overweight and obese perinatal women. To date, no meta-analysis has reported the efficacy of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Seven electronic databases were searched from inception up to July 13, 2016, including the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus. Among the 1,145 studies retrieved, 14 randomized controlled trials were selected among 17 publications. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to appraise the quality assessment. The meta-analyses demonstrated a significant result for limiting gestational weight gain, losing postnatal weight in 1-2 months, increasing self-reported moderate and vigorous physical activity and reducing caloric intake using diet-related software. Our review shows that an e-based lifestyle intervention is an acceptable approach. The findings reveal the variability in intervention methods and provide limited conclusive evidence. Thus, future studies should examine the efficacy and essential components as well as the various approaches using optimal portions of in-person and phone sessions. Further evaluations comparing the effectiveness of different e-based lifestyle intervention approaches toward activity-related and diet-related outcomes are necessary.

An analysis of 300 business executive coaching cases resulted in the identification of three leadership behaviour patterns. These patterns were conceptualised on a continuum of remarkable, perilous, and toxic behaviour. It is suggested that the ability to recognise where their clients are on this behavioural continuum may aid executive coaches in sustaining coaching traction and achieving successful outcomes. This article presents several factors in a coach/boss partnership approach that helped discern where these executives fell on this continuum, as well as preliminary psychometric data that indicate the empirical validity of these leadership behaviour patterns. Further, based on using this behaviour patterns information in hundreds of positive coaching outcomes, specific coaching guidance is also provided. This guidance is based on an insight-oriented coaching model focused on promoting behaviour change most often in the area of emotional intelligence (EQ). Helping remarkable executives to leverage their reciprocal engagement with others can accelerate coaching success with these leaders. Minimising executives’ deep-seated feelings of ‘unrequited work’ is key for the effective coaching of those with a perilous behaviour pattern. Leaders with predominately toxic behaviours warrant particular scrutiny at the needs assessment stage for they may or may not be viable coaching candidates.

Existing research has not sufficiently explored the maternal-bonding process between a mother and an internationally adopted child. The present qualitative study used a semi-structured interview protocol and grounded theory analysis to explore this unique maternal-bonding process. The participants were 13 mothers who were in intact, heterosexual marriages and had adopted an international child, under the age of four. 77% of the families were transracial. Based on the analysis of prominent themes, the onset of the maternal-bonding process with international children began when the mother received a picture and referral of her child and evolved until the mother viewed her child as an independent and connected individual. The process of maternal-bonding with internationally adopted children can best be described using a six-phase model, which was developed based on the themes that emerged from the mothers' narratives.

The present study extended the research on hope (Snyder, 2002) and depression by assessing the impact of domain specific hope on depressive symptoms using a completely cross-lagged longitudinal design across 2-week and 5-week time intervals while controlling for depressive personality. Results from an undergraduate sample (n = 363) indicated that across a 2-week time interval, hope in the social/peer and academic domains, depressive personality and depressive symptoms had reciprocal causal influences on each other, whereas across a 5-week time interval, only hope in the family domain had a significant one-way influence on depressive symptoms. The implications for working with young adults are discussed and suggestions made for future research relating to the personality-based prediction of depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Few studies have assessed the psychometric properties of the Personality Assessment Inventory short-form (PAI-SF) clinical scales, and none have conducted these evaluations using participants from psychiatric inpatient units. The present study evaluated item-level tests of scaling assumptions of the PAI-SF using a large (N=503) clinical sample of participants who completed the PAI during their admission to a psychiatric inpatient unit. Internal consistency reliability was high across scales, and tests of item-scale convergence and discrimination generally confirmed hypothesized item groupings. Scale-level correlations supported unique variance being measured by each scale. Finally, agreement between the PAI short- and full-form scales was found to be high. The results are discussed with regards to scale interpretation.

The current study investigates whether adults’ attachment orientations are related to involvement of others in goal strategies in social contexts (e.g., peer relationships). Resource-control Theory identifies strategies that either include (prosocial) or exclude (coercive) others in material goal pursuit. We expect that attachment confidence will predict prosocial strategies (e.g., reciprocation, cooperation), while avoidance will predict use of coercive strategies (e.g., instrumental aggression). Two hundred and sixty-one women and 263 men completed a questionnaire battery that included the Attachment Styles Questionnaire for adults and items addressing critical aspects of their material goal pursuit. The results clearly indicate that attachment orientations are related to resource-control strategies with peers in meaningful ways. Implications for social dominance and power are discussed.

Research focusing on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) has increased substantially over the past decade. However, there has been relatively little focus on the PAI short-form (PAISF). The current study evaluated the psychometric characteristics of the PAI-SF clinical scales using participants admitted to a large northeastern hospital under forensic (N = 178) and civil (N = 320) statutes. Results indicate that the internal consistency of the PAI-SF clinical scales is adequate for both the Forensic (range of alphas: 0.74 to 0.88) and Civil (0.79 to 0.91) samples, and assumptions of item-scale convergence and divergence were generally met with some exceptions. Finally, the PAI-SF exhibited strong agreement with the full-form PAI scores overall, and at the upper extreme (T ≥ 70) of the distributions for both samples. The results are discussed in terms of how they extend prior research on the PAI-SF.

As new measures are added to the increasingly crowded positive psychology field, they must be juxtaposed with existing instruments to assess their relative utility and guide applied psychology researchers and clinicians in choosing appropriate measures. One such new measure is the Personal Growth Initiative Scale (PGIS; Robitschek, 1998). Comparing the PGIS with Synder et al.’s (1991) Hope Scale in a college-student sample (N = 378) with latent variable analyses using LISREL-8 revealed that PGI and hope are distinct yet related constructs (zero order r = 0.65; latent r = 0.84). Both constructs related to a selected set of outcome measures (optimism, psychological distress and well-being) but only hope accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in predicting these outcomes when hope and PGI were entered simultaneously in the model.

Attachment theory provides a model for understanding how the attachment styles formed in infancy systematically affect subsequent psychological functioning across the life span. Attachment styles provide the cognitive schemas, or working models, through which individuals perceive and relate to their worlds. In turn, these schemas predispose the development of psychopathologies and influence outcomes when people undergo psychotherapy. After reviewing recent empirical findings, the authors conclude that an understanding of attachment theory facilitates the conceptualization of clients' problems and the selection of appropriate interventions. Accordingly, attachment styles should be assessed as a standard part of treatment planning. Furthermore, the authors propose that attachment styles should be assessed as individual difference variables in psychotherapy outcome research because adult attachment styles dictate how people perceive and respond to their environments and, therefore, how clients respond differentially to various treatments.

The matrix model (C.R. Snyder & T.R. Elliott, this issue) advocates an increased grounding of clinical psychology graduate students in theory. The matrix model is theory-based in the ways that it advances this goal. Accordingly, evaluating the matrix model from an extant theoretical perspective should shed light on its applicability and utility as an educational framework. The present attachment theory perspective on the matrix model demonstrates that it meets its stated goals in that it possesses adequate (a) breadth in incorporating theory from across subdisciplines in psychology, and (b) depth in how it facilitates conceptualizing clients and research participants at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and societal levels. The benefits for incorporating the matrix model in clinical psychology graduate programs are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.

A cognitive, motivational theory is introduced to the educational research community. Hope theory integrates the conceptualization of goals, along with the strategies to achieve those goals (pathways), and the motivation to pursue those goals (agency). In a 6-year longitudinal study, individual differences in hope, as measured by the Hope Scale (C. R. Snyder et al., 1991) scores of entering college freshmen, predicted better overall grade point averages even after controlling for variance related to entrance examination scores. High- relative to the low-hope students also were more likely to have graduated and not to have been dismissed over this 6-year period. Hopeful thinking in college academics is discussed, along with the contributions of hope theory for educational research and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

(2002). AUTHORS' RESPONSE: Somewhere Over the Rainbow: Hope Theory Weathers Its First Decade. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 322-331.

In light of the rapid growth of the Hispanic population,accompanied by a recent backlash against affirmative action and claims of reverse discrimination,there is a need to understand the factors that contribute to perceptions of discrimination among Hispanics and among Anglos. The current study expanded on Kobrynowicz and Branscombe’s research on perceptions of discrimination by investigating the relationships between perceived personal and group discrimination and self-esteem,control,individualism/collectivism,and social dominance orientation (SDO) among Hispanics and among Anglos. Correlates of discrimination by gender within ethnicity were also assessed. Among Hispanics,personal self-esteem and personal and interpersonal control were negatively correlated,and collectivism was positively correlated,with perceived personal discrimination. Among Anglos,SDO was positively correlated with perceived group discrimination. Multiple regression indicated that collectivism and personal control were significant predictors of perceived personal discrimination among Hispanics, whereas SDO was a significant predictor of perceived group discrimination among Anglos.

Attachment anxiety has been depicted as an undesirable therapist characteristic based on findings that preoccupied therapists, relative to those with other attachment styles, report more ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. What has not been considered, however, is the extent to which attachment dynamics are related to theoretical orientations and how attachment styles and theoretical orientations combine to predict therapists' perceptions of the quality of their alliances.The present surveyed 290 licensed psychologists nationally.Results revealed that even within a sample of primarily secure psychologists, higher 15 levels of attachment anxiety correlated positively with the endorsement of psychodynamic orientations, and negatively with the endorsement of cognitive-behavioral orientations and self-reported alliance quality. Endorsement of cognitive-behavioral orientations, in turn, correlated positively with therapist-reported alliance quality.The results are discussed in terms of the extent to which attachment dimensions should be considered in therapists' understandings of their therapeutic alliances.

Six studies regarding forgiveness are presented. The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), a self-report measure of dispositional forgiveness (with subscales to assess forgiveness of self, others, and situations) was developed and demonstrated good psychometric properties. Forgiveness correlated positively with cognitive flexibility, positive affect, and distraction; it correlated negatively with rumination, vengeance, and hostility. Forgiveness predicted four components of psychological well-being (anger, anxiety, depression, and satisfaction with life); forgiveness of situations accounted for unique variance in these components of psychological well-being. Forgiveness and hostility demonstrated equivalent, inverse associations with relationship duration, and forgiveness accounted for unique variance in relationship satisfaction, even when controlling for trust. Forgiveness level correlated positively with decreased negativity in statements written about transgressions in the present versus the past tense.

It has been suggested that functional heterogeneity exists between osteoclasts from different bone sites. This could be exploited to design therapeutics that would selectively inhibit bone resorption only at compromised sites. To further investigate the existence of functional differences between osteoclasts from different bone sites we assessed whether osteoclasts isolated from intramembranous bone differ from osteoclasts isolated from endochondral bone in the extent that they utilize cysteine proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases to degrade the organic matrix of bone. The differential involvement of the two classes of proteases was assessed by analyzing dose-dependent effects of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, CT-1746, and of the cathepsin inhibitor, E64, on bone resorption. Osteoclasts isolated from the scapula (intramembranous) and long bones (endochondral) of newborn New Zealand white rabbits were seeded on cortical bovine bone slices in the presence or absence of inhibitors. Resorptive activity was evaluated by measuring the number and area of resorption pits and by measuring the release of collagen degradation products in the culture medium. In the absence of inhibitors, scapular osteoclasts and long bone osteoclasts had similar activity based on these criteria. The resorptive activity of scapular osteoclasts was inhibited to a greater extent by the MMP inhibitor CT-1746 than by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64. Conversely, resorption by osteoclasts derived from long bones was inhibited to a greater degree by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor. These results strongly suggest that there are functional differences between dispersed osteoclasts derived from the scapula and long bones, with scapular osteoclasts utilizing matrix metalloproteinases to a greater extent than cysteine proteinases and long bone osteoclasts using cysteine proteinases to a greater extent than matrix metalloproteinases.

An early feature of inflammatory arthritis is an increase in the number, size and activity of osteoclasts leading to the destruction of periarticular and subchondral bone and mineralized cartilage [1]. Osteoclastic resorption is regulated by a number of processes, including the proliferation, differentiation and recruitment of osteoclast precursors, the migration and activation of mature osteoclasts, and programmed cell death. Regulatory mechanisms involve soluble mediators, cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. The latter involve integrins – heterodimeric receptors that link the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and mediate outside-in and inside-out signaling. Mature osteoclasts express three integrins (αvβ3, αvβ1 and α2β1), with the α vβ3 vitronectin receptor predominating. We used a single cell assay to demonstrate that macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and transforming growth factor beta are chemotaxins for mammalian osteoclasts. Interestingly, the RGD-containing disintegrin echistatin, which binds αvβ3 integrin, inhibited M-CSF-induced chemotaxis at concentrations as low as 0.1 nM [2]; whereas it did not inhibit migration induced by transforming growth factor beta [3]. We have recently examined the effects of Vitaxin®, a humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks human and rabbit αvβ3 integrins [4]. Vitaxin® caused a concentration-dependent decrease in the number of rabbit osteoclasts attached to plastic. Moreover, Vitaxin® inhibited resorption by rabbit osteoclasts cultured on slices of bovine bone (Vitaxin® at 0.7 nM reduced resorption by ~50%). Vitaxin® also suppressed bone resorption by in vitro-derived human osteoclasts, with a maximum of 63% inhibition observed at concentrations greater than 2 nM. Vitaxin® does not react with rodent αvβ3 integrin; therefore, we used a blocking anti-rat αvβ3 integrin to assess effects on rat osteoclast motility. This antibody induced rapid retraction of M-CSF-treated rat osteoclasts but, unlike echistatin, did not inhibit chemotaxis induced by M-CSF. Evidence from our laboratories and others, using disintegrins, antibodies, RGD-containing peptides and small molecules that bind the αvβ3 integrin, point to its potential as a target for the development of antiresorptive therapies. The role of αvβ3 integrins in angiogenesis may make such therapeutics especially useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and metastatic bone disease. Differences in responses to various agents and to genetic ablation of αvβ3 integrins point to multiple underlying mechanisms and underscore the need for further investigations.