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The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantity of apically extruded debris after canal shaping with three single-file systems.Sixty mesiobuccal canals of mandibular molars were divided into three experimental groups according to the used file systems-WaveOne Gold, RECIPROC Blue, and HyFlex EDM One file. Debris extruded during canal shaping were collected in preweighed vials. Each canal was irrigated with 5 mL of distilled water via a 30 G side-vented needle. The amount of the debris extruded from each canal was calculated by subtracting the preinstrumentation from postinstrumentation measurement. The preparation times were recorded. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and posthoc Tukey tests with α = 0.05.WaveOne Gold extruded the least amount of debris. Results between WaveOne Gold and HyFlex EDM were significantly different. No significant differences in canal shaping time were detected among the three groups (P0.05).WaveOne Gold showed the best results regarding apical debris extrusion. Difference between WaveOne Gold and HyFlex EDM suggests that file design and motion kinematics affect the quantity of debris extrusion.

The goal of this review study is to define the use of ceramic wastes as a raw material in soil structures and the construction of road pavement subgrades. The global output of ceramic waste powder (CWP) produced during the final polishing phase of ceramic tiles exceeds 22 billion tones. The application of (CWP) in landfill sites could create major environmental issues for soil, water and climate. It has been calculated that about 30% of the daily growth in the ceramic industry goes to waste. By trying to reduce this material, we can provide a big benefit of minimizing the use of natural products, decreasing the amount of money used and enhancing land conditions, based on the quantities we can use. Such wastes cannot be processed in any manner and thus create issues with the disposal and loss to the industry. Ceramic waste is strong, durable and resistant to all kind of declining powers, and these properties allow it to be substitute for replacements. Using various quantities of ceramic waste, we will obtain different results and characteristics of soil structures in different California bearing ratios, dry unit weight, unconfined soil density and optimum water content.

Influence of plant leaf texture of camphor, guava and fig on development, reproduction and life table parameters of the phytoseiid mite, Cydnoseius zaheri (Yousef and El Borolossy) was studied at 27 °C and 70% R.H. as rearing substrates. Cydnoseius zaheri successfully developed and reproduced on different plant leaves. Guava and camphor leaves were the most appropriate surfaces as individuals induced the shortest generation period and the highest reproduction rate. In contrast, fig leaf was the least suitable surface. A total of 53.0, 41.6 and 36.9 eggs/&8482; were obtained when guava, camphor and fig leaves were provided as rearing substrates. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the finite rate of increase (exp rm) were 0.280 and 1.323 on camphor, 0.261 and 1.298 on guava and 0.169 and 1.183 on fig, respectively. Cydnoseius zaheri showed the highest fecundity rate (Mx), which compensated its lowest survival rate (Lx), on guava leaf. However, the predator exhibited the highest survival rate and the lo...

The direct toxicity of some mineral and plant oils to adult females of the predacious mites, Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes) and Amblyseius zaheri Yousef and El-Borolossy were tested. KZ oil was the most toxic to females of A. barkeri and A. zaheri (LC50 = 0.391 and 0.308%, respectively). In contrast, Natur'l oil was relatively intoxic to females A. zaheri and A. barkeri. Bio-dux, Capl-2 and Natur'l oils have a close toxic effect for both predacious mites. Females of A. barkeri and A. zaheri suffered a depression in reproduction when sprayed with conc. = LC50 of each oil and kept on plant leaves previously treated with different oils. Laboratory studies indicated that the vegetable oil Natur'l oil was the least effective oil on all biological aspects of both predacious mites A. barkeri and A. zaheri in the laboratory.

The predacious mite, Amblyseius cydnodactylon Shehata & Zaher (Phytoseiidae) is a common natural enemy inhabiting low growing plants like cucumber in Egypt. It has been recorded associated with infestations of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae) and the white fly, Bemesia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera). Under laboratory conditions of 28–30°C and 70–80% R.H., the predacious adult female consumed nymphs of T. urticae at different experimental densities. However, the consumption rate increased with increasing prey densities up to 32 nymphs/female/day and decreased significantly at 64 and 128 nymphs/female/day. Addition of fixed numbers of 2nd instar nymphs of B. tabaci (10 individuals) to each TSSM prey density tested significantly reduced consumption of spider mites although the predator female responded in similar fashion to increasing prey densities. Reproduction increased with increasing prey densities and reached a maximum at 32 nymphs/female/day. The addition of n...

The direct toxicity of some mineral and plant oils to the eggs and females of the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch was tested. KZ oil was toxic to the egg stage compared to adult female. In contrast, Natur'l oil has a close toxic effect for both stages of T. urticae. Bio-dux oil was proved to be toxic to adult female and relatively in toxic to egg stage. Females of T. urticae suffered a depression in reproduction and shortened longevity when kept on plant leaves previously treated with different oils. Laboratory studies indicated that the vegetable oil Natur'l oil was effective on all biological aspects of T. urticae studied.

The effect of the type of venous drainage of the graft on its endocrine function was studied in two groups of pigs after segmental pancrease autotransplantation. Group 1 comprised 10 pigs with portal venous drainage (PVD) and group 2 comprised 10 pigs with systemic venous drainage (SVD). The graft consisted of body and tail of the pancreas. The pigs were totally pancreatectomized. The pancreatic duct was occluded by neoprene injected into the duct. One week before and 1 and 3 months after transplantation, intravenous glucose tolerance (IVGTT) and meal stimulation tests (MST) were performed. Plasma glucose (PG), insulin (INS), C-peptide, glucagon (GLU),and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were measured during the tests. All pigs had normal fasting PG, 1 and 3 months after PanTx, although MST disclosed significantly higher PG (P0.05) during the test after transplantation. In the PVD group, a decrease in INS level during both test was recorded after PanTx (P0.05), while in the SVD group a nonsignificant rise in INS level was recorded compared with before transplant. A significant difference (P0.05) in INS levels were present both 1 and 3 mon. after PanTx between the two groups. Pigs with PVD showed a higher (P0.05) C-peptide level than pigs with SVD during IVGTT. The initial significant rise in PP during MST and the initial fall in PP during IVGTT recorded in all pigs before transplantation were totally lost after transplantation in both groups. During the tests, PP remained steady and significantly lower than the pretransplantation levels in both groups. A significantly higher GLU level during both IVGTT and MST was observed in SVD compared with PVD 1 month after PanTx (P0.05), being more pronounced during MST. This accentuated GLU concentration decreased by 3 months after transplantation, although it was still significantly greater than pretransplantation levels. We concluded that the unnatural mode of delivery of pancreas endocrine secretion to systemic rather than to portal circulation leads to derangements in pancreatic endocrine function in order to maintain glucose homeostasis. This may cause earlier exhaustion of islet cells. Segmental rather than whole organ and duct occlusion rather than exocrine drainage may further contribute to this, shortening the effective life of the graft.

Three factors were examined to determine their effect on the reproduction and sex-ratio in the predacious miteAmblyseius zaheri Yousef & El-Borolossy in the laboratory. The factors studied included multiple matings, disturbed mating and age of mating females. Fecundity of females mated more than once was 3 times higher than in females mated only once. Artificial curtailment of copulation to 120, 60 and SO min resulted in reduction of fecundity and oviposition period. The Age of mated females has an influence also on fecundity, old females produce fewer eggs compared with young females under constant condition of abundant prey. All 3 factors studied have no influence on the sex-ratio of the progeny.

This study demonstrates a laboratory induction of a malathion - resistant strain in Amblyseius cydnodactylon Shehata & Zaher and effect of selection on reproduction. Initially 500 sensitive females obtained from a laboratory mass culture were exposed to malathion at LC70. Subsequent selections were conducted every two generations at progressive LC70 values and number of eggs/female/day was recorded at each selection. Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions of 24-28°C and 70-80 % R. H. The LC70 in the parent generation was 5.19 ppm and increased to 20 ppm in F4 selection generation. The dosage mortality relationships continued to increase up to a maximum of 282.3 ppm in F16. The rate of developing resistance increased from 1.75 folds in F2 to 1.97 folds in F4 and gradually reached a maximum of 54.39 folds in F16. There was an obvious decrease in reproduction corresponded to increasing resistance. For example, the number of eggs/female/day in F 16 was 8 eggs, contrasting 3 eggs in the parent generation.

The ability of splenic tissue to regenerate when implanted in an isolated segment of small intestine with intact circulation was studied in six pigs. After total splenectomy, 10 per cent of the weight of the spleen was implanted in a 10–15-cm long isolated segment of small intestine with an intact vascular supply. Bowel continuity was established by end-to-end anastomosis. Before implantation, the mucosal layer was completely removed from the isolated segment of the small intestine. The animals were killed 6 months later and the isolated segment of small bowel containing the splenic tissue identified. Most of the implanted splenic tissue was recovered in the isolated segment of small intestine; the weight ranged from 43 to 120 (mean 80) per cent of that of the implanted tissue. An isolated segment of small intestine with an intact circulation produces a higher index of regeneration than other previously reported sites.

Development of agricultural production is more important, for several countries, than sustainability, rational use of resources or even environmental quality. However, development and sustainability should not be incompatible; they represent the way through which agricultural growth is achieved [1]. Lack of agricultural development, in several cases, might lead to unsustainability, particularly in low potential areas, where intensification and increased production are needed to take pressure off or actually help restore the fragile natural resources base.

Aspergillus parasiticus var. globosus IMI 120920 was able to grow in presence of different concentrations tested (0.052-4.0%) of sodium selenite or concentrations up to 2.0% potassium tellurite. Growth of the fungus was decreased greatly by the increase of metals concentrations. Dark colour colony and black reverse were formed in presence of tellurite while reddish gray to grayish red colony colour and brownish red to orange red reverse were formed in presence of selenite. The fungal biomass was slightly decreased at lower concentrations and highly inhibited at higher concentrations of selenite or tellurite. Selenite slightly stimulated aflatoxin formation at lower concentrations and highly inhibited it at higher concentrations. Aflatoxin production was decreased greatly by increasing tellurite concentrations. Obvious malformations were observed in the morphological features of the fungus in presence of different levels of selenite or tellurite.

Ptyodactylus guttatus and Tarentola annularis are sympatric throughout most of their geographical distribution in Egypt. Their temporal activities, feeding habits, food items, feeding strategy are almost similar. These species have been harboured 6 species of nematodes, one species of trematodes in addition to helminthic cysts of cestodes in the liver of each specific host.

Chalcides ocellatus and Hemidactylus turcicus are sympatric throughout most of their geographical distribution in Egypt. Their temporal activities, food items and feeding strategy are almost similar. Chalcides ocellatus harboured 5 species of nematodes and one species of cestode, while Hemidactylus turcicus harboured only 3 species of nematodes. Two species of nematodes occurred in both hosts.

Fifty-nine species and one variety belonging to 25 genera of fungi were isolated from 25 coconut samples on glucose-Czapek's (25 genera and 55 species + 1 variety) and dichloran-glycerol (8 genera and 32 species + 1 variety) agar media at 28 degrees C. The common fungi on both media used were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Cladosporium cladosporioides. On glucose-Czapek's agar, A. flavus var. columnaris, P. oxalicum, Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus stolonifer and Trichoderma hamatum were recorded as common fungi while A. sydowii and Eurotium chevalieri were isolated with high frequency only on dichloranglycerol medium. Chromatographic analysis of the chloroform extracts of the coconut samples revealed that 5 out of 25 samples tested were naturally contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (15-25 micrograms/kg) and 3 samples contaminated with ochratoxin A (50-205 micrograms/kg).

Weight loss and infection are two areas of concern when treating intermaxillary fixation patients. When proper and adequate nutritional counseling is performed and reassurance and reinforcement are given by health professionals, the patient's healing, weight maintenance, and general health can be better supported. Individualized nutritional therapy which defines the optimal kilocalories and essential nutrient (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water) needs of the patient is necessary for warding off infection, for healing, and for promoting good health.

Susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection was studied in 11 groups of rats allocated to sham operation, splenectomy, or splenic autotransplantation of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the removed spleen. Three months later, all rats were exposed intravenously to type 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae (median lethal dose, LD50, for control group). Survivors were killed 13 days after the bacterial challenge. Autopsy showed that more splenic tissue was recovered in rats that received less than 50% splenic tissue compared with those that received 50% or more. More survivors were found among sham-operated rats (47.5%; 95% confidence intervals, 32 to 68) and rats that had 40% splenic tissue implanted (35%; confidence interval, 20 to 54) or those that were found to have regenerated 40% splenic tissue. We conclude that 40% of the spleen should be autotransplanted to protect the rat optimally against infection after splenectomy.

• This study was designed to examine the role of splenectomy and autotransplantation with regard to the leukocyte/differential cell counts and the function of peripheral blood phagocytes. Eleven groups of 40 Wistar male rats in each group either underwent total splenectomies or sham operations. The splenectomized groups underwent autotransplantations with 10% through 90% of the weight of the intact spleen. The leukocyte count and the oxidative burst response of the blood leukocytes were measured in each group. It was shown that a total splenectomy did not alter the leukocyte/differential cell counts. Furthermore, the blood picture remained basically unchanged after an autotransplantation with 10% through 90% of the weight of the intact spleen. The phagocyte oxidative burst response was measured by chemiluminescence. The chemiluminescence response of these cells was reduced after a total splenectomy. The phagocyte oxidative burst response returned to normal levels following an autotransplantation. There was no correlation between the amount of autotransplanted spleen and the degree of the oxidative burst response. These findings indicated that a splenectomy results in a diminished phagocyte oxidative burst response and that a spleen autotransplantation returns this function to normal levels. ( Arch Surg . 1990;125:595-597)

Untersuchungen uber mikrobielle Dunger. I. Der Einflus von silicatlosenden Bakterien auf die Kaliumaufnahme von Sorghum helepensis aus Kalkboden.. In Gefasversuchen wurde der Einflus von silicatlosenden Bakterien auf die K-Aufnahme von Sudangras aus Kalkboden untersucht, denen Sand bzw. Nilschlamm zugesetzt worden war. Obwohl in den behandelten Proben die Zahlen an silicatlosenden Bakterien hoher waren, wurde gegenuber den unbehandelten Ansatzen keine signifikante K-Mehraufnahme gefunden. Die Bakterienzahlen wie auch die K-Aufnahme zeigten, unabhangig vom Carbonatgehalt, in allen Boden den gleichen Trend.

Es wird ein Fall eines einseitig auftretenden, uberzahligen Hilfsmuskels beschrieben, der auf dem Unterkieferast medial des M. depressor labii mandibularis eines weiblichen Stucks Damwild vorkam, und ein zweiter Fall, bei dem ein kleiner Hilfsmuskel einseitig bei einem weiblichen Stuck Rotwild (Alttier) auftrat, der die aborale Portion des M. malaris mit der Fascia parotidea verband. Die makroanatomische Situation wird beschrieben, die mogliche Funktion erklart, und beide Falle werden durch Fotos und Zeichnungen belegt.

The pig has been considered unsuitable for experimental pancreatic transplantation. In order to develop a model for segmental transplantation, the vascular anatomy was studied in 41 pigs. No variation in venous drainage of the pancrease was found. In contrast, 3 variations of arterial supply were noted. In 29 of the pigs (71% [95% confidence limits 64-84]), 1 main pancreatic artery to the body and tail of pancreas arose from the splenic artery about 1-2 cm from its origin from the coeliac trunk (type 1). In 6 pigs (14.5%, 6.5-29.2), 1 main pancreatic artery emerged from the splenic artery very close to its origin from coeliac trunk (type 2). In 6 pigs (14.5%, 6.5-29.2), the only pancreatic artery supplying the body and tail of pancreas came from the common hepatic artery (type 3). Taking the vascular anatomy into account, 37 pigs were totally pancreatectomized and autotransplanted segmentally. The graft consisted of the body and tail and corresponded to approximately 60% of the entire gland. The pancreatic duct was occluded with neoprene. The left kidney was removed in all animals. In 19 of the grafts, the venous drainage was to the portal vein. In the remaining 18, the renal vessels were used for vascular anastomosis to the graft. The success rate was 68.42% and 72.22%, respectively. The median follow-up was 9 months (3-15). All transplanted pigs were normoglycemic. It is concluded that the pig is suitable for experimental pancreatic autotransplantation studies if the vascular variations are adequately dealt with.