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OBJECTIVE: Tobacco use is rarely addressed in community mental healthcare settings, despite its high prevalence among people with serious mental illness. The aim of the current study was to gather stakeholder feedback regarding the feasibility of chronic care management strategies for tobacco dependence in community mental health centers (CMHCs). Chronic care strategies evaluated included the 5 As (Ask about tobacco use, Advise users of tobacco to quit, Assess interest in cessation, Assist with cessation, and Arrange for follow-up) and proactive telephone outreach (reaching out to all users of tobacco to offer connection to tobacco cessation treatment). METHODS: Using a semi-structured interview guide informed by the Practical Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model, we conducted individual semi-structured interviews with providers, leaders, and clients across two CMHCs. Our objectives were to capture their attitudes toward smoking cessation treatment, two chronic care model interventions (i.e., proactive outreach, the 5 As), and to determine the infrastructure needed to implement such interventions in their CMHCs. Thematic analysis was conducted by two independent coders to uncover pertinent themes. RESULTS: Participants (n = 20) included nine providers, six leaders, and five clients. Thematic analysis revealed three major themes: (1) characteristics of recipients, (2) characteristics of the intervention, and (3) infrastructure needed for implementation and sustainability. Providers, leaders, and clients all reported that tobacco cessation treatment was rarely provided in CMHCs and expressed an interest in such treatments becoming more available. The 5 As and proactive outreach were viewed as feasible and acceptable to deliver and receive. Providers, leaders, and clients wanted support to connect clients with smoking cessation treatment. Providers and leaders requested a range of implementation supports, including didactic trainings, decision aids, performance feedback, and coaching on evidence-based tobacco cessation treatments for people with serious mental illness. Clients requested tobacco cessation resources, such as a cessation counseling provided at the CMHC and prescriptions for cessation medication. CONCLUSIONS: CMHC providers, leaders, and clients are interested in making tobacco cessation services more widely accessible and available. The feedback gathered in this study can be used to inform the delivery and implementation of guideline-adherent tobacco dependence care in CMHCs.

A relationship was built between the structure and magnetic properties to investigate the magnetization reversal and magnetic interaction. The result of the magnetic switching effect indicates potential applications in data storage devices.

Liquid xenon time projection chambers are promising detectors to search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0$$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β ), due to their response uniformity, monolithic sensitive volume, scalability to large target masses, and suitability for extremely low background operations. The nEXO collaboration has designed a tonne-scale time projection chamber that aims to search for 0$$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe with projected half-life sensitivity of $$1.35\times 10^{28}$$ 1.35 × 10 28 yr. To reach this sensitivity, the design goal for nEXO is $$\le $$ ≤ 1% energy resolution at the decay Q-value ($$2458.07\pm 0.31$$ 2458.07 ± 0.31 keV). Reaching this resolution requires the efficient collection of both the ionization and scintillation produced in the detector. The nEXO design employs Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) to detect the vacuum ultra-violet, 175 nm scintillation light of liquid xenon. This paper reports on the characterization of the newest vacuum ultra-violet sensitive Fondazione Bruno Kessler VUVHD3 SiPMs specifically designed for nEXO, as well as new measurements on new test samples of previously characterised Hamamatsu VUV4 Multi Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs). Various SiPM and MPPC parameters, such as dark noise, gain, direct crosstalk, correlated avalanches and photon detection efficiency were measured as a function of the applied over voltage and wavelength at liquid xenon temperature (163 K). The results from this study are used to provide updated estimates of the achievable energy resolution at the decay Q-value for the nEXO design.

We present the v1.0 release of CLMM, an open source Python library for the estimation of the weak lensing masses of clusters of galaxies. CLMM is designed as a standalone toolkit of building blocks to enable end-to-end analysis pipeline validation for upcoming cluster cosmology analyses such as the ones that will be performed by the LSST-DESC. Its purpose is to serve as a flexible, easy-to-install and easy-to-use interface for both weak lensing simulators and observers and can be applied to real and mock data to study the systematics affecting weak lensing mass reconstruction. At the core of CLMM are routines to model the weak lensing shear signal given the underlying mass distribution of galaxy clusters and a set of data operations to prepare the corresponding data vectors. The theoretical predictions rely on existing software, used as backends in the code, that have been thoroughly tested and cross-checked. Combined, theoretical predictions and data can be used to constrain the mass distribution of galaxy clusters as demonstrated in a suite of example Jupyter Notebooks shipped with the software and also available in the extensive online documentation., 21 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication by MNRAS

Displacement piles are driven to support a wide range of structures. However, analysis of the stress and strain fields developed during their installation remains one of the most challenging problems in geotechnical engineering. Advances in design methods, particularly for sand sites, have had to rely on an imperfect analogy between pile and CPT cone penetration processes, rather than modelling pile installation itself. Recent physical model experiments provide benchmark datasets that describe the stress and deformation patterns developed around displacement piles penetrating sand masses. Following from large deformation finite element analyses that captured the stresses measured in the Grenoble 3S-R calibration chamber NE34 sand experiments, this paper presents simulations of the displacements measured in equivalent high-quality experiments conducted at Purdue University with dense, angular, #2Q-ROK silica sand. A modified Mohr-Coulomb model with state-dependent parameters was calibrated to match element tests conducted by the Authors and an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian scheme was applied in the simulations. The evolution and distribution of the deformations induced by pile penetration are compared with the experiments. Predictions for the deformation and strain fields applying during and after pile installation are presented, showing broad agreement between the simulations and experiments. The predicted and measured pile capacities are also compared and contrasted. Points of divergence between the simulations and tests are highlighted and their implications for numerical modelling are discussed.

Although overall use is on the rise, certain patient populations have persistently low technology use.To inform the creation of a proactive tobacco treatment program, we assessed access to, use of, and barriers surrounding information and communication technology (ICT) among patients with COPD who currently smoke, examining associations between key predictors and electronic health (e-health) literacy.Single-center mixed-methods study of Veterans with COPD who smoke. Eligible participants with smoking were identified by the electronic health record and mailed a survey. E-health literacy was assessed by the eHEALS (electronic health literacy scale, 8-40). Low technology use was defined as no internet capable device and use of ICT less than monthly. Qualitative participants were purposively selected from survey respondents and interviewed using a semi-structured guide. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using directed content analysis. We used a Bayesian three-component joint model to identify predictors of low technology use and low eHEALS.Participants (n=204) were older (mean age 65.8) primarily white (76.4%) men (87.1%) with low income (44.9% income$20,000). Low technology use was reported by 25.5% and many reported low use of specific types of ICT. For example, only 36.3% had reliable in-home internet, fewer than half (46.6%) accessed e-mail at least weekly, 58.3% texted at least weekly, and few used the secure patient portal (13.2% accessed it monthly). Mean eHEALS was 24.6 (+/-8.7), indicating low to moderate e-health literacy. In the Bayesian analysis, low technology use was associated with lower eHEALS (Estimate: -8.5, 95% CI: [-12.13, -4.81]). Attainment of at least a college graduate level education was associated with higher eHEALS (3.83, [0.43, 7.24]). Participants reported barriers to use of ICT including: struggles navigating account security, frequently lost login information, mistrust of providing personal information to the internet and lack of familiarity with processes. Many perceived ICT as not useful or necessary.Many patients with COPD who smoke report barriers to engagement with health promotion programs offered electronically, which may perpetuate health disparities. Health promotion programs must account for low use of ICT and e-health literacy to ensure equitable access across the population.

患者女，57岁。2016年5月因甲状腺肿物在外院行双侧结节性甲状腺肿物切除术，术后患者发现右颈部一肿物逐渐增大，遂于2017年2月在中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院行右颈Ⅱ区肿物切除术，病理考虑异位甲状腺，结节性甲状腺肿。2018年5月患者发现肋骨肿物，活检病理诊断甲状腺滤泡癌转移。为下一步行I

A tighter integration of modeling frameworks for climate and air quality is urgently needed to assess the impacts of clean air policies on future Arctic and global climate. We combined a new model emulator and comprehensive emissions scenarios for air pollutants and greenhouse gases to assess climate and human health co-benefits of emissions reductions. Fossil fuel use is projected to rapidly decline in an increasingly sustainable world, resulting in far-reaching air quality benefits. Despite human health benefits, reductions in sulfur emissions in a more sustainable world could enhance Arctic warming by 0.8 degrees C in 2050 relative to the 1995-2014, thereby offsetting climate benefits of greenhouse gas reductions. Targeted and technically feasible emissions reduction opportunities exist for achieving simultaneous climate and human health co-benefits. It would be particularly beneficial to unlock a newly identified mitigation potential for carbon particulate matter, yielding Arctic climate benefits equivalent to those from carbon dioxide reductions by 2050. Reduction in key air pollutants, especially particulate carbon, can help mitigate Arctic warming with associated benefits for global climate and human health, according to Earth system model simulations under future emissions scenarios.

Background Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has been proved to maintain electrical synchrony better than RVP during mid to long-term follow-up, but little is known about the left ventricular (LV) mechanical changes over time. This study investigates if LBBP causes less sequential electro-mechanical alterations in LV that develop over time, compared with both conventional (CRVP) and leadless (LRVP) RVP. Methods Sixty-five patients with pacing indication for bradycardia were prospectively enrolled: Twenty-two were treated with LBBP, 23 with CRVP and 20 with LRVP. QRS duration (QRSd) was measured at baseline and during follow-up. All patients underwent echocardiography at baseline, one week after implantation and at one-year follow-up. LV volumes, ejection fraction (EF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were measured. Septal flash (SF), apical rocking and septal longitudinal strain patterns were assessed visually by two experienced readers. Results All the patients presented with normal strain pattern and no signs of SF or apical rocking at baseline. 100% of CRVP and 95% of LRVP patients had stage1 or 2 septal deformation patterns at week 1, and the majority (72.3% CRVP and 83.3% LRVP) progressed to stage≥2 at 12 months. On the contrary, over 2/3 of LBBP patients preserved normal strain patterns at week 1, and less than 1/3 had stage-1 pattern, 2 out of whom progressed to stage-2 during follow-up (Figure 1). At week 1 and 12 months, all RVP patients had SF, and most of them also exhibited apical rocking (87%-94.4% in CRVP and 80%-94.4% in LRVP). However, much less septal flash and apical rocking was induced in LBBP patients at week 1 and last follow-up (27.3%-37.5% and 22.7%-25%, P Conclusion LBBP causes less sequential changes in LV deformation patterns, septal flash and apical rocking, compared to CRVP and LRVP. With this, LBBP appears to preserve LV function better than RVP. CRVP and LRVP did not differ in electro-mechanical changes or LV remodeling. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) project grant

Background Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has emerged as a novel pacing modality. Although it has been proved to maintain electrical synchrony better than right ventricular pacing (RVP), little is known about the impact on mechanical synchrony. This study investigates if LBBP preserves mechanical synchrony and cardiac function better compared to conventional (CRVP) and leadless (LRVP) RVP. Methods Sixty-five patients with pacing indication for bradycardia were prospectively enrolled: Twenty-two were treated with LBBP, 23 with CRVP and 20 with LRVP. All patients underwent echocardiography before and after implantation and at one-year follow-up. Left ventricular (LV) volumes, ejection fraction (EF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were measured. Regional septal (SW) and lateral wall work (LW) was calculated as the average from the respective basal and mid-ventricular segments in the apical four-chamber and three-chamber view. The lateral-septal work difference (LSWD) was used as a measure of mechanical dyssynchrony. Results At baseline, the QRS duration and LSWD were similar in all three groups. During follow-up, the QRS duration increased least in LBBP compared to CRVP and LRVP (+28.1±18.3ms vs +58.2±31.4 and 47.1±26.1ms, both P Conclusion LBBP causes less LV dyssynchrony than CRVP and LRVP as it preserves a more physiologic conduction pattern. With this, LBBP appears to preserve LV function better than CRVP. CRVP and LRVP did not differ in mechanical dyssynchrony or LV remodelling. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Global reactive nitrogen (N) deposition has more than tripled since 1860 and is expected to remain high due to food production and fossil fuel consumption. Global sulfur emissions have been decreasing worldwide over the last 30 years, but many regions are still experiencing unhealthily high levels of deposition. We update the 2010 global deposition budget for reactive nitrogen and sulfur components with new regional wet deposition measurements from Asia, improving the ensemble results of 11 global chemistry transport models from the second phase of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP II). The observationally adjusted global N deposition budget is 114.5 Tg N, representing a minor increase of 1 % from the model-only derived values, and the adjusted global sulfur deposition budget is 88.9 Tg S, representing a 6.5 % increase from the modeled values, using an interpolation distance of 2.5∘. Regionally, deposition adjustments can be up to ∼ 73 % for nitrogen and 112 % for sulfur. Our study demonstrates that a global measurement–model fusion approach can improve N and S deposition model estimates at a regional scale, with sufficient availability of observations; however, in large parts of the world, alternative approaches need to be explored. The analysis presented here represents a step forward toward the World Meteorological Organization's goal of global fusion products for accurately mapping harmful air pollution deposition.

To explore the efficacy and value of personalized surgical schemes in the repair of maxillary sinus perforation and maxillary sinus fistula based on the size of the maxillary sinus perforation and maxillary sinus fistula. A total of 28 patients with maxillary sinus perforation and maxillary sinus fistula who were admitted to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University from July 2017 to May 2020 were included to conduct a prospective case clinical study. After the inflammation in the maxillary sinus was controlled, a proper surgical repair method was selected according to the size of the perforation and fistula based on the double-layer closure technique. The diameter of the perforation and fistula was measured with the assistance of cone-beam CT. After that, the platelet rich fibrin (PRF) repair was performed on the perforation and fistula with 3 mm≤diameter7 mm in size in 14 patients. The PRF repair and buccal flap repair were performed on the perforation and fistula with 7 mm ≤diameter15 mm in size in 7 patients. The adjacent buccal pad repair, palatine flap repair, and buccal flap repair were performed on the perforation and fistula with 15 mm≤ diameter25 mm in size in 4 patients. The nasolabial axial flap repair and nasolabial free flap repair were performed on the perforation and fistula with a diameter ≥25 mm in size in 3 patients. The medical follow-up was conducted in all patients in the 1st, 2nd, and 4th week after surgery, with an overall success rate reaching 96.4% (27/28) after the initial intervention. The relapse of disease occurred in one patient (4.6%) with diabetes and a smoking history in the 2nd week after surgery. Identifying a proper surgical repair method according to the size of the oral and maxillary sinus perforation and maxillary sinus fistula based on the double-layer closure technique can improve the one-time cure rate in these patients under the premise that the inflammation in the maxillary sinus can be controlled.根据患者上颌窦穿孔及上颌窦瘘孔大小，选择个性化手术方案，探索在口腔上颌窦穿孔及上颌窦瘘修复中的应用疗效和意义。纳入2017年7月至2020年5月就诊于昆明医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科的口腔上颌窦穿孔及上颌窦瘘患者28例，进行前瞻性病例临床研究。在保证上颌窦内炎症得以控制的情况下，以双层封闭技术为核心，根据穿孔及瘘孔的大小选择相应的手术修复方法。通过锥形束CT测量穿孔和瘘孔直径大小，对直径≥3 mm且7 mm的14例患者，采用富血小板纤维蛋白（platelet rich fibrin，PRF）填充修复法；对直径≥7 mm且15 mm 的7例患者，采用PRF+颊侧组织瓣修复方法；对直径≥15 mm且25 mm的4例患者，采用邻位颊脂垫组织瓣+腭侧组织瓣+颊侧组织瓣重叠修复法；对直径≥25 mm的3例患者，采用鼻唇沟轴型皮瓣或鼻唇沟任意皮瓣修复法。所有患者在术后第1、2、4周随访检查，初次干预后总成功率为96.4%（27/28）；1例（4.6%）患者术后第2周复发。在保证上颌窦内炎症得以控制的情况下，以双层封闭技术为核心，根据穿孔及瘘孔的大小程度选择相应的手术修复方法，可提高口腔与上颌窦穿孔及上颌窦瘘的一次性治愈率。.

According to the survey, wild purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) has two different ecotypes, one with the red stem living in an arid environment and one with the green stem living in a humid environment. In order to explore the physiological response strategies of plants to environmental changes, these two ecotypes of purslane were selected as experimental materials. Physiological indices were determined and transcriptome analysis was carried out to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from two ecotypes of purslane. The results showed that the content of soluble sugars, proline, anthocyanins, and chlorophylls was significantly different, and most DEGs belonged to the WRKY and NAC families. Finally, the results of transcriptome analysis were verified by real-time qPCR. Therefore, it can be inferred that the transcription factor (TF) families may play an important role in physiological response strategies by regulating the changes of anthocyanins and osmotic regulators (soluble sugars, proline, etc.) through the abscisic acid signalling pathway. This will accelerate the study of purslane at the molecular level, provide corresponding theoretical support for its artificial domestication, and drought breeding.

Asia has attracted research attention because it has the highest anthropogenic emissions in the world, and the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) phase III was carried out to foster our understanding of the status of air quality over Asia. This study analyzed wet deposition in southeast Asian countries (Myanmar, Thailand, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia) with the aim of providing insights into the seasonal variation of wet deposition. Southeast Asia was not fully considered in MICS-Asia phase II due to a lack of observational data; however, the analysis period of MICS-Asia III, namely the year 2010, is covered by ground observations of the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET), and the coordinated simulation domain was extended to cover these observation sites. The analyzed species are wet depositions of S (sulfate aerosol, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)), N (nitrate aerosol, nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitric acid (HNO3)), and A (ammonium aerosol and ammonia (NH3)). The wet deposition simulated with seven models driven by a unified meteorological model in MICS-Asia III was used with the ensemble approach, which effectively modulates the differences in performance among models. By comparison with EANET observations, although the seven models generally captured the wet depositions of S, N, and A, there were difficulties capturing these in some cases. Considering the model performance for ambient aerosol concentrations over southeast Asia, this failure of models is considered to be related to the difficulty in capturing the precipitation in southeast Asia, especially during the dry and wet seasons. Generally, meteorological fields overestimate the precipitation during the dry season, which leads to the overestimation of wet deposition during this season. To overcome this, a precipitation-adjusted approach that scaled the modeled precipitation to the observed value was applied, and it was demonstrated that the model performance was improved. Satellite measurements were also used to adjust for precipitation data, which adequately accounted for the spatiotemporal precipitation patterns, especially in the dry season. As the statistical scores were mostly improved by this adjustment, the estimation of wet deposition with precipitation adjustment was considered to be superior. To utilize satellite measurements, the spatial distribution of wet deposition was revised. Based on this revision, it was found that Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia were upward corrected, and Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and the Philippines were downward-corrected; these corrections were up to ±40 %. The improved accuracy of precipitation amount was key to estimating wet deposition in this study. These results suggest that the precipitation-adjusted approach has the potential to obtain accurate estimates of wet deposition through the fusion of models and observations.

Black carbon (BC) emissions play an important role in regional climate change in the Arctic. It is necessary to pay attention to the impact of long-range transport from regions outside the Arctic as BC emissions from local sources in the Arctic were relatively small. The task force Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Phase 2 (HTAP2) set up a series of simulation scenarios to investigate the response of BC in a given region to different source regions. This study investigated the responses of Arctic BC concentrations and surface temperature to 20 % anthropogenic emission reductions from six regions in 2010 within the framework of HTAP2 based on ensemble modeling results. Emission reductions from East Asia (EAS) had the most (monthly contributions: 0.2–1.5 ng m−3) significant impact on the Arctic near-surface BC concentrations, while the monthly contributions from Europe (EUR), Middle East (MDE), North America (NAM), Russia–Belarus–Ukraine (RBU), and South Asia (SAS) were 0.2–1.0, 0.001–0.01, 0.1–0.3, 0.1–0.7, and 0.0–0.2 ng m−3, respectively. The responses of the vertical profiles of the Arctic BC to the six regions were found to be different due to multiple transport pathways. Emission reductions from NAM, RBU, EUR, and EAS mainly influenced the BC concentrations in the low troposphere of the Arctic, while most of the BC in the upper troposphere of the Arctic derived from SAS. The response of the Arctic BC to emission reductions in six source regions became less significant with the increase in the latitude. The benefit of BC emission reductions in terms of slowing down surface warming in the Arctic was evaluated by using absolute regional temperature change potential (ARTP). Compared to the response of global temperature to BC emission reductions, the response of Arctic temperature was substantially more sensitive, highlighting the need for curbing global BC emissions.

Background The cost utility of image-guided surveillance using computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET)-CT to planned postradiation neck dissection (PRND) was compared for the management of advanced nodal human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer following chemoradiation. Methods A universal payer perspective was adopted. A Markov model was designed to simulate four treatment approaches with 3-month cycles over a lifetime horizon: 1) CT surveillance, 2) standard PET-CT surveillance, 3) a novel PET-CT approach with repeat PET at 6 months postchemoradiation for equivocal responders, and 4) PRND. Parameters including probabilities of CT nodal progression/resolution, PET avidity, recurrence, and survival were obtained from the literature. Costs were reported in 2019 Canadian dollars and utilities were expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate model uncertainty. Results PET-CT surveillance dominated CT surveillance and PRND in the base case scenario, and the novel PET-CT approach was the most cost-effective strategy across a wide range of variables tested in one-way sensitivity analysis. On probabilistic sensitivity analysis, novel PET-CT surveillance was the most cost-effective strategy in 78.1% of model iterations at a willingness-to-pay of $50,000/QALYs. Novel PET-CT surveillance resulted in a 49% lower rate of neck dissection compared with traditional PET-CT, and yielded an incremental benefit of 0.14 QALYs with average cost savings of $1309. Conclusions Image-guided surveillance including PET-CT and CT are more cost effective than PRND. The novel PET-CT approach with repeat PET for equivocal responders was the dominant strategy and yielded both higher benefit and lower costs compared with standard PET-CT surveillance.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play an important role in atmospheric chemistry due to their large quantities and high reactivity. In this study, the impacts of BVOC emissions on ozone formation were investigated based on MEGANv3.1 in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, which has increasingly suffered from ozone pollution in recent years. The sensitivities of BVOC emissions to different drought stress configurations and the quality of emission factors were evaluated. Furthermore, BVOC contribution to ozone formation was simulated by integrated meteorology and air quality model system and the impacts of different BVOC emission scenarios on ozone concentration were discussed. Annual BVOC emissions estimated with the default drought stress configuration (i.e., base case) was 6.8 × 105 tons. The drought stress algorithm implemented in MEGANv3.1 could suppress BVOC emissions by 58% and this algorithm was sensitive to the choice of wilting point values. The BVOC contribution to the average of daily maximum 8 h ozone concentration without drought stress effect in July 2016 was 104% higher than that in the base scenario when the drought stress effect is activated. Using an alternative set of wilting point led to BVOC contribution being 48% higher than that in the base scenario. High contributions of BVOCs to simulated ozone concentration were found in northern Zhejiang, especially in Hangzhou and its surrounding areas.

To clarify the role of YAP in modulating cartilage inflammation and degradation and the involvement of primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport (IFT).Isolated primary chondrocytes were cultured on substrates of different stiffness (6-1000 kPa) or treated with YAP agonist lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or YAP antagonist verteporfin (VP), or genetically modified by YAP siRNA, all ± IL1β. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin ETreatment with LPA, or increasing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate stiffness, activated YAP nuclear expression and inhibited IL1β-induced release of NO and PGEWe demonstrate that both pharmaceutical and mechanical activation of YAP blocks pro-inflammatory signalling induced by IL1β and prevents cartilage breakdown and the loss of biomechanical functionality. This is associated with reduced expression of primary cilia revealing a potential anti-inflammatory mechanism with novel therapeutic targets for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA).

Numerical air quality models (AQMs) have been applied more frequently over the past decade to address diverse scientific and regulatory issues associated with deteriorated air quality in China. Thorough evaluation of a model's ability to replicate monitored conditions (i.e., a model performance evaluation or MPE) helps to illuminate the robustness and reliability of the baseline modeling results and subsequent analyses. However, with numerous input data requirements, diverse model configurations, and the scientific evolution of the models themselves, no two AQM applications are the same and their performance results should be expected to differ. MPE procedures have been developed for Europe and North America, but there is currently no uniform set of MPE procedures and associated benchmarks for China. Here we present an extensive review of model performance for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) AQM applications to China and, from this context, propose a set of statistical benchmarks that can be used to objectively evaluate model performance for PM2.5 AQM applications in China. We compiled MPE results from 307 peer-reviewed articles published between 2006 and 2019, which applied five of the most frequently used AQMs in China. We analyze influences on the range of reported statistics from different model configurations, including modeling regions and seasons, spatial resolution of modeling grids, temporal resolution of the MPE, etc. Analysis using a random forest method shows that the choices of emission inventory, grid resolution, and aerosol- and gas-phase chemistry are the top three factors affecting model performance for PM2.5. We propose benchmarks for six frequently used evaluation metrics for AQM applications in China, including two tiers – “goals” and “criteria” – where goals represent the best model performance that a model is currently expected to achieve and criteria represent the model performance that the majority of studies can meet. Our results formed a benchmark framework for the modeling performance of PM2.5 and its chemical species in China. For instance, in order to meet the goal and criteria, the normalized mean bias (NMB) for total PM2.5 should be within 10 % and 20 %, while the normalized mean error (NME) should be within 35 % and 45 %, respectively. The goal and criteria values of correlation coefficients for evaluating hourly and daily PM2.5 are 0.70 and 0.60, respectively; corresponding values are higher when the index of agreement (IOA) is used (0.80 for goal and 0.70 for criteria). Results from this study will support the ever-growing modeling community in China by providing a more objective assessment and context for how well their results compare with previous studies and to better demonstrate the credibility and robustness of their AQM applications prior to subsequent regulatory assessments.

ObjectiveTo prospectively examine associations between smoking and nicotine abstinence and pain trajectory over 12 months among smokers with low, moderate, and severe pain and to assess whether these associations differ over time.DesignA secondary analysis of the “Proactive Outreach for Smokers in VA Mental Health” study, a randomized controlled trial of proactive outreach for veteran smokers engaged in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) mental health care.MethodsParticipants were categorized into “low” (n = 616), “moderate” (n = 479), and “severe” pain (n = 656) groups according to baseline pain score. Associations between self-reported abstinence from smoking and nicotine at 6 and 12 months and pain trajectory, measured via the PEG scale (Pain intensity, Enjoyment of life, General activity) composite score, were assessed through the use of general linear mixed models. Interaction tests assessed whether these associations differed at 6 and 12 months. Analyses were conducted within the overall sample and within the separate pain groups.ResultsThere were significant interactions in the overall sample and the low and moderate pain groups, such that 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence was associated with lower pain scores at 6 but not 12 months. In the severe pain group, 7-day abstinence from both smoking and nicotine was associated with lower pain scores across both time points. Six-month prolonged abstinence was not associated with pain scores.ConclusionsIn this prospective analysis conducted among veteran smokers engaged in mental health services, 7-day abstinence from smoking and nicotine was associated with significantly lower levels of pain. Education efforts could help better inform smokers on the relationship between smoking and pain.

Objective Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) smoke at higher rates compared to the general population and experience significant barriers to initiating cessation treatment. Proactive outreach addresses these barriers by directly engaging with smokers and facilitating access to treatment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate a proactive outreach intervention for increasing rates of treatment utilization and abstinence among veteran smokers with and without PTSD. Method This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial conducted from 2013 to 2017 that demonstrated the effectiveness of proactive outreach among veterans using Veterans Affairs mental health care services. Electronic medical record data were used to identify participants with (n = 355) and without (n = 1,583) a diagnosis of PTSD. Logistic regressions modeled cessation treatment utilization (counseling, nicotine replacement therapy [NRT], and combination treatment) and abstinence (7-day point prevalence and 6-month prolonged at 6- and 12-month follow-ups) among participants randomized to proactive outreach versus usual care in the PTSD and non-PTSD subgroups, respectively. Results Compared to usual care, proactive outreach increased combined counseling and NRT utilization among participants with PTSD (odds ratio [OR] = 26.25, 95% confidence interval [3.43, 201.17]) and without PTSD (OR = 10.20, [5.21, 19.98]). Proactive outreach also increased 7-day point prevalence abstinence at 12 months among participants with PTSD (OR = 2.62, [1.16, 5.91]) and without PTSD (OR = 1.61, [1.11, 2.34]). Conclusions Proactive outreach increased treatment utilization and abstinence among smokers with and without PTSD. Smokers with PTSD may need additional facilitation to initiate cessation treatment but are receptive when it is offered proactively. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) have been adopted as an alternative to standard transcranial approaches for olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs). However, the relative cost-effectiveness remains controversial. Methods Cost-utility analysis from a societal perspective comparing EEA vs transcranial approaches for OGM was used in this study. Surgical treatment was modeled using decision analysis, and a Markov model was adopted over a 20-year horizon. Parameters were obtained from literature review. Costs were expressed in 2017 Canadian dollars. Results In the base case, EEA was cost-effective compared with transcranial surgery with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $33 523 ($30 475 USD)/QALY. There was a 55% likelihood that EEA was cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay of $50 000/QALY. EEA remained cost-effective at a cerebrospinal fluid leak rate below 60%, gross total resection rate above 25%, and base cost less than $66 174 ($60 158 USD). Conclusion EEA may be a cost-effective alternative to transcranial approaches for selected OGM.

OBJECTIVE To review insights gained from a 21-year experience with gentamicin-induced vestibulotoxicity including differences in vestibulotoxicity between single daily dosing (SDD) and multiple daily dosing (MDD) regimens. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Tertiary care center. PATIENTS Patients with gentamicin vestibulotoxicity referred to the Hertz Multidisciplinary Neurotology Clinic between January 1993 and September 2014. INTERVENTION None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Spectrum of vestibular dysfunction measured using videonystagmography, vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, video head impulse testing, and magnetic scleral search coil testing. RESULTS Of 53 patients with gentamicin-induced vestibulotoxicity, 24 received SDD and 29 received MDD treatment. The most common indications for treatment were sepsis, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Angular acceleration receptor function (semicircular canals) was more commonly affected than linear acceleration receptor function (otolithic organ of the saccule; 100% vs. 62%). A significant proportion of patients (53%) developed vestibulotoxicity in the absence of nephrotoxicity and 40% experienced vestibulotoxicity in a delayed fashion up to 10 days posttreatment cessation (mean 3.9 ± 0.7). Therapeutic monitoring did not necessarily prevent delayed vestibulotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity was less common for SDD compared with MDD (60% vs. 35%, p = 0.01). However, the SDD group experienced vestibulotoxicity at a lower cumulative dose (6.3 vs. 7.0 g, p = 0.04) and shorter duration of therapy (20.7 vs 29.4 d, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our study further highlights important insights regarding gentamicin-induced vestibulotoxicity. While SDD is associated with decreased risk for nephrotoxicity compared with MDD, it confers a higher risk for vestibulotoxicity.

Mediterranean style houses, mansions, and villas are found in elite enclaves around the world. There is a large literature on gated communities. However, the ubiquity of this Mediterranean style as a global and cross–cultural phenomenon has been underexamined. Enclaves in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Middle East often look the same suggesting the global commodification of this aesthetic ideal. Examining the Toskana Vadisi, or Tuscan Valley gated community in Istanbul, Turkey, this article argues such spaces represent global cultural processes, as well the habitus of transnational elites in aspiring global cities. Also, by focusing on a non–Western city, I am able to analyze how aesthetic ideals are linked to city–building, in an increasingly competitive world, where cities seek world–class status by developing amenities for transnational elites.

Serious urban ozone (O3) pollution was observed during the campaign of 2016 G20 summit in Hangzhou, China, while other pollutants had been significantly reduced by the short-term emission control measures. To understand the underlying mechanism, the Weather Research Forecast with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model is used to investigate the spatial and temporal O3 variations in Hangzhou from 24 August to 6 September 2016. The model is first successfully evaluated and validated for local and regional meteorological and chemical parameters by using the ground and upper-air level observed data. High ozone concentrations, temporally during most of the daytime emission control period and spatially from the surface to the top of the planetary boundary layer, are captured in Hangzhou and even the whole Yangtze River Delta region. Various atmospheric processes are further analyzed to determine the influential factors of local ozone formation through the integrated process rate method. Interesting horizontal and vertical advection circulations of O3 are observed during several short periods, and the effects of these processes are nearly canceled out. As a result, ozone pollution is mainly attributed to the local photochemical reactions that are not obviously influenced by the emission reduction measures. The ratio of reduction of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to that of NOx is a critical parameter that needs to be carefully considered for future alleviation of ozone formation. In addition, the vertical diffusion from the upper-air background O3 also plays an important role in shaping the surface ozone concentration. These results provide insight into urban O3 formation in Hangzhou and support the Model Intercomparison Study Asia Phase III (MICS-Asia Phase III).

The aim of the paper is to develop a methodology for evaluating oil and gas fields return on investments based on not only finance, but also environmental and social interrelations. The subject of the study is a comparison of methods for calculating return on investments on the example of China, Canada and Russia’s oil and gas companies. The authors used a comparative method of calculations, as well as a case study — a comparison of return on investments methods on the example of oil and gas enterprises. In the paper, the authors analyze the next traditional methods of economic assessment: net present value, differential rent, reserve and multiple costs. The authors suggest using a new assessment method that determines the energy return on investment (EROI). This method does not rely on traditional analysis of net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and financial sensitivity. It comprehensively takes into account the costs of energy production, environmental protection and energy efficiency. Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that the advantages of various methods of economic assessment should be integrated in order to avoid disadvantages and create a new dynamic integrated system of economic assessment. Oil and gas companies may use the results of the study to implement the energy return on investment methodology concerning oil and gas fields’ evaluation. A promising direction for further research may be to compare the energy return on investment at oil and gas enterprises in different countries as well as developing corporate reporting concerning energy return on investment improving efficiency.

This work analyzes the relationship between short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and its incidence of respiratory and cardiorespiratory diseases. It involved the socioeconomic status of the population distributed in representative areas of Santiago de Chile, the capital city of Chile. The data used were collected from monitoring stations of fine particulate matter concentrations, classification of cardio-respiratory diseases, and the annual age distribution of the population in the representative areas of this megacity. Also, morbidity and mortality data and the distribution of the forecast of health by geographic zones within the Metropolitan Region were variables of input. The relative risk results showed that the level of risk from exposure to air pollution is not defined solely by the level of exposure to the pollutant when crossing the information considered. Therefore, the age distribution or quality of life of the population will define the susceptibility of this, being able to increase the risk of becoming ill or dying by being exposed to air pollution. This work showed that the exposed results serve as input data for the realization of studies in this area, regarding the cost-benefit that would be obtained by reducing pollutant emissions to the atmosphere, as well as valuable information to develop better air quality management policies.

As the third most important greenhouse gas (GHG) after CO2 and methane, tropospheric ozone (O3) is also an air pollutant causing damage to human health and ecosystems. This study brings together recent research on observations and modeling of tropospheric O3 in the Arctic, a rapidly warming and sensitive environment. At different locations in the Arctic, the observed surface O3 seasonal cycles are quite different. Coastal Arctic locations, for example, have a minimum in the springtime due to O3 depletion events resulting from surface bromine chemistry. In contrast, other Arctic locations have a maximum in the spring. The 12 state-of-the-art models used in this study lack the surface halogen chemistry needed to simulate coastal Arctic surface O3 depletion in the springtime, however, the multi-model median (MMM) has accurate seasonal cycles at non-coastal Arctic locations. There is a large amount of variability among models, which has been reported previously, and we show that there continues to be no convergence among models, nor improved accuracy in simulating tropospheric O3 and its precursor species. The MMM underestimates Arctic surface O3 by 5 % to 15 % depending on the location. The vertical distribution of tropospheric O3 is studied from recent ozonesonde measurements and the models. The models are highly variable, simulating free-tropospheric O3 within a range of +/- 50 % depending on the model and the altitude. The MMM performs best, within +/- 8 % at most locations and seasons. However, nearly all models overestimate O3 near the tropopause (~300 hPa or ~8 km), likely due to ongoing issues with underestimating the altitude of the tropopause and excessive downward transport of stratospheric O3 at high latitudes. For example, the MMM is biased high by about 20 % at Eureka. Observed and simulated O3 precursors (CO, NOx and reservoir PAN) are evaluated throughout the troposphere. Models underestimate wintertime CO everywhere, likely due to a combination of underestimating CO emissions and possibly overestimating OH. Throughout the vertical profile (compared to aircraft measurements), the MMM underestimates both CO and NOx but overestimates PAN. Perhaps as a result of competing deficiencies, the MMM O3 matches the observed O3 reasonably well. Our findings suggest that despite model updates over the last decade , model results are as highly variable as ever, and have not increased in accuracy for representing Arctic tropospheric.

Tumor growth rate (TGR), denoted as percentage change in tumor size per month, is a well-established indicator of tumor growth kinetics. The predictive value of early on-treatment TGR (EOT-TGR) for immunotherapy remains unclear. We sought to establish and validate the association of EOT-TGR with treatment outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) undergoing anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1) therapy.This bicenter retrospective cohort study included a training cohort, a contemporaneously treated internal validation cohort, and an external validation cohort. Computed tomography images were retrieved to calculate EOT-TGR, denoted as tumor burden change per month during a period between baseline and the first imaging evaluation after immunotherapy. Kaplan-Meier methodology and Cox regression analysis were conducted for survival analyses.In the pooled cohort (n = 172), 125 patients (72.7%) were males; median age at diagnosis was 58 (range 28-79) years. Based on the training cohort, we determined the optimal cut-off value for EOT-TGR as 10.4%/month. Higher EOT-TGR was significantly associated with inferior overall survival [OS; hazard ratio (HR) 2.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-5.83; P = 0.002], worse progression-free survival (PFS; HR 2.44, 95% CI 1.46-4.08; P = 0.001), and lower objective response rate (3.3% versus 20.9%; P = 0.040) and durable clinical benefit rate (6.7% versus 41.9%; P = 0.001). Results were reproducible in the two validation cohorts for OS and PFS. Among 43 patients who had a best response of progressive disease in the training cohort, those with high EOT-TGR had worse OS (HR 2.64; P = 0.041) and were more likely to progress due to target lesions at the first tumor evaluation (85.2% versus 0.0%; P0.001).Higher EOT-TGR was associated with inferior OS and immunotherapeutic response in patients with aNSCLC undergoing anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. This easy-to-calculate radiologic biomarker may help evaluate the abilities of immunotherapy to prolong survival and assist in tailoring patients' management.ClinicalTrials.govNCT04722406; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04722406.