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Seafloor geodesy experiments have been expanding considerably in recent years. More and more research teamsaround the globe are conducting projects to monitor the tectonic or volcanic deformation of the seafloor. Theseexperiments are commonly based on limited-duration experiments, but increasingly, permanent observatories arealso being installed. This dynamic development is very encouraging for the establishment of a strong community which arguably willlead to the emergence of a worldwide scientific and technical synergy. However, data andknowledge transferbetween the different groups working on similar topics are still limited at the present time. This can be partlyexplained by the fact that the instruments, infrastructure, and processing software developed are custom-made andthus various file formats are used, although the fundamental observables are most of the time identical. One wayto overcome this limitation is to set up exchange standards in the form of standardized file formats. These fileswould gather and store all the physical quantities observed and will prove useful for the processing simplificationand, in the end, the extraction of the geodetic signal sought. Furthermore, uniformized formats would allow muchmore easily the comparison of software and processing methods between research groups, whether during tests oroperational measurement campaigns. Standardized data will eventually provide a base for the activities of potentialfuture national or international observation services. They would also make it possible to envisage the datadissemination similar to geodetic data recorded on land.

Since Linnaeus (1753) described two bramble species in his Species Plantarum, thousands of names of Rubus in Europe have been published. The only overview of these was the monograph of Sudre (1908-13) who arranged these taxa in an artificial system, which is actually no more than an annotated database. From the 1970s onwards, authors have tried to bring order in this confusion by taking into account geographical distribution, variability, and taxonomic structure. A major requirement for obtaining clarity is typification. This article is a contribution in this regard. The almost 300 names published by Philipp Jakob Müller (Müller 1858, 1859a, 1859b, 1861) are listed and their types confirmed or selected. The status of these types is indicated. A separate list of the Mullerian taxa in Wirtgen’s Herbarium Ruborum Rhenanorum is added. Synonyms were mentioned, where available. Linnaeus publiceerde slechts twee soorten Rubus uit het subgenus Rubus, de echte bramen. In de eerste zeven decaden na hem werden daaraan slechts een beperkt aantal namen toegevoegd, merendeels van opvallende soorten. Vanaf 1820 richten botanici zich echter expliciet op het genus Rubus. De monografie van Weihe & Nees (1822-27) kan als het startpunt daarvan gelden. Dit werk met de ambitieuze titel Rubi Germanici was hoofdzakelijk een lokale bramenflora van het dorp Mennighüffen, waar Weihe woonde, aangevuld met enkele soorten gebaseerd op materiaal dat hij van anderen kreeg. In samenwerking met Weihe deden in de jaren daarna anderen nog enkele van dit soort lokale bramenoverzichten het licht zien, bijvoorbeeld Wimmer & Grabowski (1829) en Lejeune & Courtois (1831). Ook op de Britse eilanden verschenen enkele lokale bramenflora’s.

The submarine Istanbul-Silivri fault segment, within 15km of Istanbul, is the only portion of the North Anatolian Fault that has not ruptured in the last 250years. We report first results of a seafloor acoustic ranging experiment to quantify current horizontal deformation along this segment and assess whether the segment is creeping aseismically or accumulating stress to be released in a future event. Ten transponders were installed to monitor length variations along 15 baselines. A joint least squares inversion for across-fault baseline changes, accounting for sound speed drift at each transponder, precludes fault displacement rates larger than a few millimeters per year during the 6month observation period. Forward modeling shows that the data better fit a locked state or a very moderate surface creep-less than 6mm/yr compared to a far-field slip rate of over 20mm/yr-suggesting that the fault segment is currently accumulating stress.

Traceability is defined as the possibility to correlate the various artefacts (from requirement to source code) generated when developing software. In the context of software product line development, the problem is made even harder due to some characteristics specific to this software development approach. In this paper we discuss these problems specific to traceability for software product line development. We propose a taxonomy of traceability links. We also present a model to manage traceability of design decisions in the presence of uncertainty.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate bone growth into macroporous ceramic in a canine model in terms of the effect at the lumbar spine site (lamina versus transverse process site) and the depth of the area within the ceramic block (peripheral or central areas). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Previous comparative studies have assessed that the efficacy of bone graft substitutes for spine fusion depends on their physicochemical properties and on the mechanical environment, but rarely on the grafting site at the lumbar spine level. METHODS: Posterior and lateral arthrodesis using pedicular instrumentation was performed at L2, L3, and L4 with a parallelepipedic ceramic block in an experimental group of dogs. A second group of dogs was fused with only autogenous bone graft to compare the fusion stiffness obtained with this material with the stiffness obtained with ceramic. Dogs were studied for 9 months. A biomechanical test and histomorphometric analysis were conducted. RESULTS: With the biomechanical test, no significant differences were found between ceramic and autogenous bone. The percentage of newly formed bone was higher (P < 0.0001) at the lamina (26.52 +/- 6.45%) than at the transverse process site (17.33 +/- 2.54%). For both locations, the highest amount of newly formed bone was observed in the area of close contact between ceramic and bone, and the lowest was observed in central areas (24.6 +/- 5.9% for the laminar site, 14.79 +/- 1.75% for the transverse process site). CONCLUSION: This animal study, which replicated the human procedure in posterolateral lumbar fusion, showed a significant difference of ceramic incorporation between laminar and intertransverse sites. This histomorphometric analysis also confirmed the relationship between bone in-growth and ceramic thickness and ceramic contact area with bone.

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper presenting findings of an Experiment on econometric modelling of the long term employment impact of disarmament - examines consequences for regional level economic growth and economic structure, world-wide employment creation, and income and consumption in developing countries; advocates shift in resource allocation from public expenditure on arms in developed countries to economic development in developing countries. Bibliography, graph, statistical tables.

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Multidisciplinary three-dimensional modelling, involving geophysical, structural and geochemical data, has been used to study the relationships between magmatism, tectonics, fluid circulation and mineralisation in the northern Limousin, and to provide P-T-Z-t paths constrained by the available dating. The ore deposit occurrence displays little spatial relationship with granites emplaced in the 360-320 Ma period, probably because the low global permeability and tectonic regime did not allowed vertical fluid exchanges to be established. In contrast, the change in the tectonic regime induced by the delamination of the lower lithosphere (320-300 Ma), and characterised by the passage to general extension, has played a major metallogenic role. However, the ore deposit processes appear to be specific to each metal. Most of the W-Sn deposits appear to be synchronous with rare metal granites emplacement, atc.310 Ma, that allowed the focus of fluids of different origins towards the apex of plutons. In contrast, for Au and U, the whole mineralisation process covers several tens of-millions of years. It is controlled by the regional tectonic evolution of the Limousin area during the same period, and especially by a rapid exhumation of the ductile crust which occurred in the 310-300 Ma period.

Les résultats du programme MOREST démontrent l'existence d'une composante génétique à la survie estivale du naissain et nous permettent de disposer aujourd'hui d'huTtres « résistantes» (R) et « susceptibles» (S) aux mortalités estivales (Dégremont et aL, 2002, 2005). La forte héritabilité estimée face à un tel système multifactoriel permet de suspecter que le caractère sélectionné puisse être gouverné par un ou un trés petit nombre de gènes sur une région chromosomique donnée. D'après le modèle d'interaction suspecté entre l'environnement, l'huître et des pathogènes opportunistes, une hiérarchie des facteurs, conduisant aux mortalités, permet de montrer qu'aucun d'entre eux ne peut provoquer à lui seul les mortalités mais que leur combinaison est nécessaire. Ainsi, l'état physiologique de l'animal joue un rôle majeur dans cette interaction. Il est donc vraisemblable de suspecter que le caractère génétique sélectionné puisse être en relation avec une/des fonctions de l'huître, elle-même à l'origine fonctionnelle du différentiel de survie entre R et S. C'est pourquoi un large phénotypage des huîtres R et S a été entrepris afin de rechercher un/des phénotypes corrélés au caractère survie estivale et donc rechercher et identifier le(s) mécanisme(s) biologique(s) impliqué(s) dans la survie estivale. Ces phénotypages vont de l'échelle de l'animal (mesures macroscopiques), la cellule (biochimie, biotests) à celle de la molécule (polymorphisme de l'ADN, expression de gènes) et analysent les principales fonctions de l'huitre (défense, immunité, métabolisme énergétique, reproduction,,,.). Les résultats de ce phénotypage des huîtres R et S sont donc présentés ci dessous et sont découpés suivant les principales fonctions de l'huître.

The LHC will, in addition to proton runs, be operated with Pb ions and provide collisions at energies of 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair, i.e. more than 1.1 PeV per event, to experiments. The transformation of CERN's ion injector complex (Linac3-LEIR-PS-SPS) to allow collision of ions in LHC in 2008 is well under way. The status of these modifications and the latest results of commissioning will be presented. The remaining challenges are reviewed.

A revision of the physics needs and recent progress in the technology of superconducting (SC) RF cavities have triggered major changes in the design of a SC H-linac at CERN. With up to 5MW beam power, the SPL can be the proton driver for a next generation ISOL-type radioactive beam facility (”EURISOL”) and/or supply protons to a neutrino () facility (conventional superbeam + beta-beam or -factory). Furthermore the SPL can replace Linac2 and the PS booster (PSB), improving significantly the beam performance in terms of brightness, intensity, and reliability for the benefit of all proton users at CERN, including LHC and its luminosity upgrade. Compared with the first conceptual design, the beam energy is almost doubled (3.5GeV instead of 2.2 GeV) while the length is reduced by 40%. At a repetition rate of 50 Hz, the linac reuses decommissioned 352.2MHz RF equipment from LEP in the low-energy part. Beyond 90MeV the RF frequency is doubled, and from 180MeV onwards high-gradient SC bulkniobium cavities accelerate the beam to its final energy of 3.5GeV. This paper presents the overall design approach, together with the technical progress since the first conceptual design in 2000.