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Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm), a devastating disease, causes up to 100% loss and affects all banana varieties. The disease is widespread in East and Central Africa region. Study objective was to evaluate the performance of single stem rouging options for rehabilitation of severely affected banana orchard. Five single stem rouging options were implemented in banana orchard with 80% BXW severity in Western Kenya. The options included rouging of infected banana plants; uprooting, cutting at the base, injecting 20 ml of glyphosate herbicide at the soil base of the pseudostem, uprooting the whole stool and control leaving the infected stools. Initial visual assesment before implementation of the orchard was over 80% infection. Later samples were collected for diagnosis of ten plants per treatment from different plant parts and were subjected to ELISA and PCR procedures for confirmion of the presence of Xcm. Rouging options was implemented for one year. During and after experimentation periodic visual assesment of BXW incidence and severity reduced. Results of ELISA assays and PCR results indicated Xanthomonas was present on banana plants. Rouging the infected banana stems by cutting at the base, uprooting and injection of herbicide reduced BXW incidence within six months. Xanthomonas, an inhibiting bacteria cannot surve without host and by killing the banana plant the Xanthomonas dies. Yields were recovered from the rehabilitated orchard within one year. Banana orchard highly infected with BXW was effectively rehabilitated.

Potato apical leaf curl disease (PALCD) caused by a unique bipartite virus [tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV)] has emerged as a global threat. With the inception of ToLCNDV in 1995, it was causing curling/leaf mosaics in tomato, brinjal, chili, okra, papaya, cucurbits, etc., but under the changing climate, overlapping planting and boost-up in Bemisia tabaci populations, it shifted on potato crops. The first observation of PALCD as leaf curling/stunting of the potato plant was recorded in 1999 from northern India, and now it is spreading at an alarming rate in India. Recent outbreaks of ToLCNDV on various solanaceous, cucurbit crops, and weeds in other countries as well as the exchange of genetic and planting material of potato between the borders have made it a potential threat to potato production worldwide. To mitigate this disease, no antiviral products as well as resistant cultivars are known yet except Kufri Bahar; only planting of the healthy seed potato is the most appropriate method in the practice. The management of the disease mainly depends on diagnostics, control of insect vectors, rouging, and seed certification. These preventive measures are not enough to fulfill the food demand of the increasing population, and therefore, some concrete alternatives should be explored. In this context, the development of resistant varieties through conventional/molecular breeding or the use of advanced techniques like genome editing to edit susceptibility genes could be the future approach to combat the disease. This review highlights the current status of the pathogen and its genome, origin, evolution, and diversity, virus-vector relationship, disease symptoms, diagnostics, and management strategies.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of control strategies namely insecticide spray, roguing of a diseased tomato plant, protective netting to protect tomato plant from TYLCVD. Thus, a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of TYLCVD that includes these control strategies is formulated and analyzed. In the case of constant control, the basic reproduction number is calculated and the existence and stability of equilibria are investigated. Besides, an optimal control model with constraints is formulated and investigated. In the non-constant control case, Pontryagin's Maximum Principle is used to deduce necessary conditions for the optimal control of the disease. It is shown that all the combined efforts of two of three strategies can significantly reduce the disease except the combination of the use of insecticide spray and rouging infected tomato plants. Relatively the other, the use of roguing diseased tomato plants and protective netting, and the use of insecticides spray, roguing diseased plants and protective netting are better decreased the disease. Moreover, the use of roguing diseased plants and protective netting has a similar effect as the use of insecticides spray, roguing diseased tomato plants, and protective netting. As resources are scarce, we recommend that policy-makers should adopt the combination of the use of roguing diseased tomato plants and protective netting as a strategy.

Stainless steels are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry because of their high corrosion resistance and superior mechanical properties. These features are crucial because produced foodstuffs and drugs must comply with high purity and quality standards. Just a proper selection of stainless steel grade can prevent corrosion phenomena that can be detrimental to the whole manufacturing process. Food/drugs production process phases will be here analyzed and discussed with a particular emphasis on the possible corrosion mechanism of stainless steels in those particular operating conditions. Recent advances on the methods to assess corrosion of stainless steels in food and pharmaceutical industries will be disclosed.

Xanthomonas wilt (XW) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) is an important constraint to banana production in East and Central Africa. The use of clean planting materials (CPM) for establishing new fields/ re-planting rouged fields/mats is recommended. However, banana is mainly produced by resource-poor small-holder households with no/limited access to CPM. We assessed XW incidence in fields planted with symptomless suckers sourced from fields with >70% XW incidence and the role of Xcm-soil inoculum on XW persistence in North Kivu Province, eastern DR Congo. Symptomless suckers were planted in i) fields previously with banana having >70% XW incidence, 10 days after rouging and ii) fields previously under grass fallow. Symptomless suckers planted in fields previously under grass fallow served as checks. To contrast, healthy suckers and healthy macro-propagated plantlets were established in similar field typologies. Each treatment combination had three replicates of 30 plants. Additional experiments established in September, 2014 in South Kivu Province using symptomless suckers from fields with incidence levels varying from 1 to 90% assessed the reproducibility of the North Kivu results. In the North Kivu trials and when using symptomless suckers, relatively low cumulative XW plant incidences of 3.6 and 4.2% were recorded in fields previously under grass fallow and fields with >70% initial XW-incidence, respectively. The resulting fields were well established, suggesting that suckers sourced from diseased fields could potentially be used in zones with no access to CPM. Even lower incidences (0 to 0.28%) recorded in South Kivu further support this. Plant incidences of 1.8 and 2.9% were respectively observed in previously diseased fields planted with healthy macro-propagated plantlets and healthy suckers compared with zero incidence levels in the disease-free fields, confirming the role of residual Xcm-soil inoculum in infections. Key words: Disease incidence, macro-propagated plantlets, Musa, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Musacearum.

Almond leaf scorch (ALS) disease has been present in California's almond-growing regions for over 60 years. This disease is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa and the pathogen is vectored by xylem-feeding sharpshooters and spittlebugs. Currently, there are no effective management techniques that prevent trees from becoming infected. Within affected orchards throughout California's Central Valley, disease incidence and the risk of tree-to-tree spread appears to be low. Consequently, the decision to remove or keep infected trees depends on lost productivity. We compared yield and vitality between infected and uninfected almond for cvs. Sonora and Nonpareil. Sonora was examined at three sites over 3 years and Nonpareil was examined at one site over 2 years. Yields of ALS-affected trees were significantly lower for both cultivars, although yield losses of Sonora were proportionally greater than those of Nonpareil. Yields of infected trees did not decline incrementally over years; rather, they fluctuated similarly to those of uninfected trees. In addition, no infected trees died during the course of the study. These results are in direct contrast to previous anecdotal reports which suggest that yields of infected trees incrementally decline and infected trees eventually die. A simple economic model was developed to determine conditions under which rouging infected trees would increase returns. Based on the model, orchard age, yield loss due to infection, and the value of a maximally producing almond tree should be considered when deciding to remove ALS-affected trees.

The present study was based on primary data collected for 100 farmers from Chitradurga district of Karnataka during the agricultural year 2013-14. Tabular analysis and discriminant function analysis was used in the present study. The analysis of data reveals that human labour occupied the major share (27.07%) of total cost in seed production and bullock and machine labour occupied the major share (29.38%) of total cost in grain production of groundnut. The higher human labour requirement in seed production was mainly due to activities like rouging, gap filling etc. The variable cost was comparatively higher in seed production (Rs. 25745.0 per ha) over grain production (Rs. 20752.0 per ha). The total cost of cultivation in groundnut seed production was around 18% higher than grain production. The gross return was about 27% higher in seed production than grain production and net return from seed production of groundnut was 44% higher than grain production. The BC ratio was 1.73 in case of groundnut seed production as compared to 1.60 in grain production. The discriminant analysis indicated that human labour with 45.56% followed by gross return (35.83%), seed (17.50%), manures and fertilizers (0.69%), bullock and machine labour (0.42%) contributed to discriminate between the seed and grain production of groundnut. The net return from groundnut seed production was encouraging, therefore the area under seed production may be increased for higher profitability and timely supply of quality seed to the farmers.

Non-availability of genetic male sterility (GMS) in genetically diverse genotypes and the problem of rouging fertile plants in hybrid plot necessitated the development and testing of new F1 hybrids of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) using cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS) system and identifying good combiner inbred lines for transferring male sterility system in to them. Twelve inbred lines including a CGMS and a GMS line were crossed in a half-diallel fashion following Griffing’s method II and model 1 (fixed effect). All 78 genotypes were evaluated for eight quality traits for two consecutive years at Ludhiana, India. Pooled analysis revealed that variances for parent × year were non-significant for all traits except capsaicin in oleoresin and coloring matter in oleoresin, whereas variances attributable to hybrid × year and parent vs. hybrid × year were significant for all traits except dry matter content and oleoresin content. Both GCA × Y and SCA × Y interactions were significant for all trai...

The pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium circinatum, has major impacts on production in pine nurseries and plantations in South Africa. Thus far, efforts to reduce local spread have focused on rouging of infected pines and sanitation to eliminate local sources of inoculum. Although the host range of F. circinatum was thought to be limited to pines and Douglas-fir, recent studies in California indicate that this fungus is capable of infecting grasses as a symptomless endophyte. Consequently, it is possible that grasses represent a reservoir of inoculum that influences the occurrence of disease in South African pine nurseries and plantations. The objectives of this study were to survey a wide range of grass species in both nurseries and plantations in South Africa for the presence of F. circinatum. In all, 22 species of grass were sampled at a nursery in Mpumulanga and in a plantation on the Western Cape. Isolates obtained from grasses were identified based on morphological criteria and DNA sequence data. Fusari...

A laboratory investigation was carried out to beneficiate a hematite-limonite ore. The ore assays 39.69% Fe and the primary iron minerals in the ore are hematite and limonite, with a relatively high S content of 0.14%. On the basis of the analysis of the ore, a “grinding-HGMS rouging and scavenging-table cleaning” process is proposed to treat the ore; and the results of the process indicates that an iron concentrate assaying 48.06% Fe with 43.02% recovery was achievable from the ore through the process, with low content of Si02 and deleterious elements such as S and P.

Management of banana xanthomonas wilt (XW) (caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, Xcm) has been impeded by poor adoption of control options that are complex, cumbersome and costly. To improve XW management, this study investigated Xcm survival and latent infections in subsequent generations, survival of latently infected planting materials (suckers), incidence of latent infections in symptomless plants in mats having diseased plants, and XW status across farms and markets in districts previously devastated but currently endemic. On-station experiments were protected from new infections. Latent bacteria at low levels were detected in up to 20% of the third generation suckers, with a significant (P

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of some management practices to minimise jute yellow mosaic virus disease. The management practices were employed at natural condition and placed randomly with four replications. The treatments were spraying malathion 57 EC, rouging and field sanitation, top dressing of nitrogenous fertiliser, mulching with straw and untreated control. The highest percentage of mosaic incidence was recorded in control and the lowest incidence was recorded in top dressing of nitrogenous fertiliser. Among the treatments, top dressing of nitrogenous fertiliser showed the best performance in terms of increasing yield (3.05 t/ha). The second highest was obtained in rouging and field sanitation which was statistically similar to spraying malathion 57 EC. The best gross margin ($379.02/ha) and increase of gross margin (63.00%) compared to control were achieved in top dressing of nitrogenous fertiliser with the highest benefit-cost ratio (4.84). However, the treatments we...

Genetic male sterility (GMS) exists naturally in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In the existing safflower GMS lines, sterile and fertile plants are distinguishable at flowering. This causes delay in fertile plants rouging and reduction in hybrid purity. In this investigation, a cross between a spiny GMS parent 13-137 and a spiny non-GMS parent ‘A1’ was effected. One sib cross, SC-67, producing non-parental-type non-spiny sterile and spiny fertile plants in F3 was advanced to F9 through sib crossing between non-spiny sterile and spiny fertile plants. Mendelian digenic segregation was not observed for non-spiny trait and male sterility. The results revealed strong linkage between these traits. The linkage was confirmed in F2 generations of crosses between a non-spiny marker-linked GMS line (MGMS) and five elite lines. Male sterility–linked non-spiny trait could distinguish sterile and fertile plants at elongation stage. The MGMS would be useful in production of pure F1 hybrid seed and development of elite populations.

The use of an enhanced nutritional programs (ENPs) to minimize the deleterious effects of the vector transmitted bacterial disease, citrus huanglongbing (HLB) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), has been a topic of considerable discussion and debate since the discovery of HLB in Florida. Most reports of the putative effects of ENPs are either anecdotal or based on non-replicated trials lacking non-treated controls or proper experimental design and analysis with sufficient statistical rigor. Even so, Florida citrus producers use this unproven and non-validated approach for HLB management in lieu of conventional integrated control of inoculum which includes rouging symptomatic trees to reduce inoculum and vector control using insecticide. The formulation of the ENPs varies considerably, but usually consists of foliar applications of standard essential micronutrients, salts of phosphite, and in some programs, salicylate salts. Two field trials were conducted on Valencia sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] to test efficacy of widely used ENPs. The first trial consisting of a randomized complete block design with 3 blocks and 4 replicate trees/block was conducted from 2008 to 2010. All trees were PCR+ for Las at the onset of the trial, but exhibited only mild HLB symptoms. This stage of infection was chosen based on claims that the ENPs maintain the health and productivity of HLB-infected trees, thereby extending the orchard's commercial viability. Combinations of components were compared with a control consisting of a standard fertilization and control program for psyllids. Additional treatments consisted of phosphite with Mn-carbonate, Mn-metalosate, Cu-metalosate, or Zn-metalosate, and injection treatments using soluble copper or silver mixed with a polymer. After two seasons of three applications each, there were no significant differences in bacterial titer dynamics, fruit yield (number of fruit/tree, kg fruit/tree, proportion of fruit dropped), or juice quality (Brix, acid, Brix:acid ratio) between treated trees and non-treated control trees. In a second trial of six commercial citrus blocks containing 40,885 trees wherein enhanced vector control and rouging of diseased trees was practiced, the ENP in three blocks was compared to conventional fertilization in three blocks. In this commercial trial, yields, disease progress, and epidemic dynamics did not differ between the ENP and conventional fertilization treatments. Results of the large commercial trial corroborated the experimental results of the first trial with more diverse micronutrient treatments. Considering both trials together, the ENP did not sustain tree health, yield, or fruit quality of Las-infected HLB-symptomatic trees. Moreover, since the nutritional supplements had no effect on Las titer, a major concern is that existing ENP strategies have promoted area-wide buildup of inoculum and increased disease spread within and between citrus orchards.

Unwanted corrosive phenomena on stainless steel surfaces like rouging had been observed for years occurring at certain service conditions. Rouging consists in the formation of a colored surface film containing mainly iron on metallic surfaces in contact with high-purity waters. In spite of numerous hypotheses and experimental examinations a clear explanation about the origin of rouging on stainless steels is currently still lacking. Because rouging occurs even at well passivated stainless steel surfaces the origin of this corrosive phenomenon should be related to the weakness of the stability of the passive film. In the present paper electrochemical noise measurements regarding the stability of the passive layer of alloy 904L (1.4539, X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5) in high-purity water at 70 °C depending on the cathodic process are presented. In addition, the importance of the cathodic reaction on the passivation and stability of the passive layer is discussed.

For commercial development of hybrids the four pre-requisites are; availability of perfect male-sterility system, efficient mass pollen transfer mechanism, hybrid vigor, and the large scale seed production of hybrids for commercialization. The type of male-sterility governs the acceptance of hybrids by farmers. Genetic male-sterility (GMS) system was not accepted by farmers due to the economics of large scale seed production. The major drawback was rouging of fertile counterpart from the female plot, which was time consuming and labor intensive. Cytoplasmic-genic male-sterility (CMS) system usually was a better option for large scale seed production. Hybrid vigor has been utilized in some cereal and vegetable crops. Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) displays considerable natural out-crossing and now CMS lines are available with different cytoplasmic backgrounds. This mini-review reports the research on development of CMS lines and CMS-based hybrids in pigeonpea.

Stainless steel pipes with different degrees of rouging and a Teflon®-coated rupture disc with severe corrosion were thoroughly investigated by combining multiple surface analytical techniques. The surface roughness and iron oxide layer thickness increase with increasing rouge severity, and the chromium oxide layer coexists with the iron oxide layer in samples with various degrees of rouging. Unlike the rouging observed for stainless steel pipes, the fast degradation of the rupture disc was caused by a crevice corrosion environment created by perforations in the protective Teflon coating. This failure analysis clearly shows the highly corrosive nature of ultrapure water used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, and demonstrates some of the unexpected corrosion mechanisms that can be encountered in these environments.

Corrosion, an important factor for the durability of a metal finish after exposure to water and chemicals, is a realconcern for many wet-process industries. The effects of rouging, corrosion, and biofouling are costly problems on the surfaceof stainless steel, the most common material in processing plants. We have developed a corrosive treatment that is indicativeof the wet-processing conditions commonly used in food processing, pharmaceutical, and bioprocess applications to test theeffects of surface corrosion on bacterial attachment. Samples of surface finishes (electropolished, steel-ball burnished,glass-beaded, acid-dipped, steel-shot burnished, and sandblasted) were compared with mill finish controls to determine thevariation in bacterial attachment on each finish. A duplicate set of samples was exposed to the corrosive treatment to simulateprocessing conditions. All samples were examined by visual inspection and electron probe microanalysis for surfacecharacteristics and elemental composition of the stainless steel finishes. Samples were exposed to natural bacterialpopulations from chicken carcass rinses to allow growth of bacteria and development of biofilms on the surfaces. The kineticsof bacterial growth during surface exposure was followed by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and counts of bacteria and earlybiofilm formation were determined from micrographs following scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial attachment on eachsurface finish was measured and compared with controls and the five other finishes. Exposure to the corrosive treatmentconditions resulted in changes in the numbers of bacteria that attached to each surface finish. After exposure to corrosivetreatment, significantly greater numbers of bacteria attached to steel-ball burnished and glass-beaded finishes. However,the control mill finish and electropolished samples had fewer bacteria attached after exposure. Electropolished samples weresignificantly most resistant, before and after exposure to corrosive treatment, than the seven other finishes tested.

During recent years, a number of F 1 hybrids have been developed in radish by public and private agencies across the world, due to the increasing craze for F1 hybrids. India is not far behind in the race. F1 hybrids have been found advantageous for earliness, high early and total yield, root quality, uniform root development, delayed pithiness, resistance to insect pests, disease and wider adaptability. Sungro Seeds, a leading company in the breeding and production of F 1 vegetable bras-sicas in the country, has developed three F 1 hybrids in radish in recent years to fulfill the unique needs of the consumers in the country. Before the release of these hybrids, all the radish hybrids marketed in India were imported seeds, mainly from Japan and Korea. In India, the F1 hybrid radish currently shares only 1% of the total seed requirement for radish. However, the trend of using F 1 seed is increasing every year. Therefore, there is great latitude for the development of F 1 hybrids in radish. The indi...

The bacterium, Xanthomonas campestris pv musacearum causes the banana bacterial wilt. Effective disease management requires removal of inflorescence and cultural practices such as sterilization of garden tools and rouging of infected plants and destruction of diseased plants. It also requires good knowledge of host range of this pathogen. Symptoms include premature fruit ripening and yellowing of leaves. The goal of this study was to investigate etiology of the disease in banana, which up to now is not well studied to guide screening processes. Thus, bacterium was isolated and 1 mL containing 1x10 8 bacterial cells/mL was injected into petioles of youngest open leaves/3rd internodes from shoot tips and 25 plants each, of the 20 suspected plant species assembled in pots in a farmer's field. This isolated bacterium induced symptoms often associated with X. campestris pv musacearum infection to banana plantlets within 2-5 weeks. The bacterium also incited wilt symptoms in wild bananas relatives, Musa zebrine and M. ornate and in an ornamental / wild weed Canna indica but not in other test plants. In the banana plantlets the earliest observable external symptom was collapse was collapse of the leaf blade along the midrib followed by scalding and dull green appearance of the leaves.

Summary: Resume: Zusammenfassung Over a period of three seasons the effectiveness of rouging wild oats in cereal crops with a patented herbicide glove was compared with hand pulling. Time spent by one operator in searching for the wild oats was found to remain relatively constant at 1.25–1.5 h/ha over a wide range of wild oat populations. If this searching time was excluded, treatment of the actual wild oat panicles was about three times as fast with the glove (1450/h) as by hand-pulling (538/h). The implications of this and of the saving in time spent in carrying off and disposing of’pulled’ wild oats are discussed. Solutions of 5% and 10% w/v glyphosate applied to either the stem or the panicle of the wild oats prevented the formation of viable seed. It did not, however, prevent some inviable wild oat seed appearing in the harvested grain; without additional cleaning these would have prevented the sale of the grain for seed but not into E.E.C. intervention. Extirpation de la folle-avoine Durant one periode de trios saisons, les auteurs ont compare l'efficacite de l'extirpation de la folle avoine dans des cultures de cereales au moyen d'un gant herbicide brevete et en pratiquant I'arrachage manuel. Le temps passe par un operateur a la recherche des pieds de folle-avoine s'est revele relativement constant: 1,25 a 1.5 h/ha pour un large echantillonnage de populations de folle-avoine. Si l'on enleve ce temps de recherehes, I’operation sur les panicles presentes de folleavoine a ete environ 3 fois plus rapide avec le gant (1 450/h) qua la main (538/h). Les consequences de ce resultat et de leconomie de temps passeâ transporter et â detruire les plants de folleavoine arrachees sont discutees. Des solutions de glyphosate a 5% ou 10% (poids pour volume) appliquees soit sur la tige soit sur la panucle des follesavoines ont empeche la formation de semences viables. Toutefois, cette operation n'empeche pas la presence d'un certain nombre de semences non viables de folle-avoine dans le grain recolte; sans nettoyage supplementaire, ces graines d'adventices auraient empeche la commercialisation du grain recolte comme semence, mais pas a I'interieur de la C.E.E. Manuelle Bekampfung von Flughafer uber drei Vegetationsperioden wurde die effizienz der manuellen Flughaferbekampfung in Getreidebestanden mit hilfe eines ‘herbizid-Handschuhs’ verglichen mit dem Aufwand beim Jaten von Hand. Die von einer Arbeitskraft benotigte Zeit fur das auffinden der Flughaferpflanzen blieb uber einen weiten Bereich der Besatzdichte an Flughafer mit 1,25–1,5 h/ha verhaltnismassig konstant. Lasst man diesen Zeitaufwand uberucksichtigt, dann erfolgte die Behandlung der Flughaferrispen mit dem Handschuh etwa dreimal so schnell (1450/h) wie durch Jaten von hand (538/h). Die hieraus sowie aus der Ersparnis an Zeit, die sonst fur Abtransport and Ablagerung der gejateten Flughaferpflanzen benotigt worden ware, zu ziehenden Folgerungen werden diskutiert. Losungen von 5% oder 10% (Gew./Vol.) Glyphosat entweder am Halm oder an der Rispe der Flughaferpflanzen angebracht. verhinderten die Bildung von keimfahigen Samen. Sie konnten aber nicht verhindern. dass dem Getreide nach der Ernte einige nicht keimfahige Flughafersamen beigemengt waren. Hierdurch bedingt ware ohne zusatzliche. Reinigung ein Verkauf des Getreides als Saatgut nicht moglich gewesen, wohl aber ein Verkauf an die EG-Interventionsstelle.

The article presents a study on the corrosion behavior of AISI 316L in pharmaceutical environments over a three-week period. Results showed higher iron release and corrosion current density in distilled water.

And you came indolently toward us, O sensual Sea, fresh and green like a woman half naked under the frills of foam, to dry your snowy feet upon the sand . Trembling with anger like a wild child, you sulked at the lazy, lingering evening, the beautiful evening, the lover rouging your cheeks! . . And you hurled our stars and dreams high above as far as the zenith with the rolling hollows and smoothnesses of your waves, slack glass beads come to us from the Orient! . .