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Among all orchids, Dendrobium sp. is considered to have high medicinal value. Dendrobium moniliforme and Dendrobium transparens have immense pharmaceutical, commercial potentiality. However, their fungal endophytes remain unexplored. Isolation and identification of thirteen species of endophytic fungi from the root of D. moniliforme as well as five species from the roots of D. transparens were done. The two endophytic fungi namely Aspergillus flavus and Trichoderma harzianum were common for both plant species. Antimicrobial assay was done against selected human pathogen both gram positive and negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomanas aeruginosa, Staphyllococcus aureus and Staphyllococcus epidermidis. The antimicrobial assay showed the significant role of endophytic fungi to inhibit the bacterial growth. Methanolic extract of DeMon VI and DeMon X were prepared to identify the bioactive compounds. Phenolic and 3-Eicosene,(E)-compounds were identified from extract of DeMon VI whereas Pentadecanoic acid, 14 methyle-, methyl ester and Diethyl Phthalate were identified from extract of DeMon X. Key words: Orchids, Dendrobium sp., endophytic fungi, Human pathogen.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and fear are common problems frequently experienced by patients during undergoing dental procedures across the globe. AIM: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental anxiety among the patients attending the Out Patient Department (OPD) of a Dental Institution in Telangana, South India MATERIALS & METHOD: A sample of 300 adults (Females =149, Males = 151) with age ranging from 15 years to 60 years were enrolled in the study. Data was collected by using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS). Chi Square test and ANOVA was used to find significant comparisons between the different variables assessed in the study (age, gender, educational qualification, income, previous dental visits, previous dental experience and postponement of visit). Futher, Spearman’s Correlation was used to analyse these variables with the mean anxiety scores of the patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of anxiety among patients in was found to be 3.6%. Reportedly the level of anxiety was found more in females than in males. It was revealed that while age depicted an inverse relationship, postponement of the dental treatment had a direct effect on dental anxiety. CONCLUSION: Various dental procedures such as drilling the tooth for restorative procedures, injection techniques for various anaesthetic procedures are the most common reasons which cause dental anxiety to patients. Younger adolescents and patients who belong to lower socioeconomic groups were more anxious. Efforts need to be directed towards alleviation of this anxiety to provide quality dental care to one and all.

Introduction Mishri is one of the form of smokeless tobacco, which is a roasted, powdered preparation made by baking tobacco on a hot metal plate until it is uniformly black, after which it is powdered. It is noted that mishri use is more commonly used by the women of low socioeconomic status, hence the need was felt to conduct this study among women mishri users of slums. Also, the consequences of mishri use are little known, hence an effort is made to find out its ill-effect on oral health. Objective To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among women using mishri regarding its effects on their oral and general health. Materials and methods A 6-month KAP study was conducted among 100 women who were using mishri. Snowball sampling was used. Oral examination of the participants was also done for oral potentially malignant disorders, such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and hyperkeratinized pouch. Results About 61% of the population used mishri for cleaning the teeth and others used it as quid; 0.85% of the total participants knew that the use of mishri may lead to precancerous lesions/conditions. Only 17% knew that mishri use can cause gum disease; 84% of the population was willing to quit the habit of using mishri. Conclusion It is concluded that all the participants had poor knowledge. Attitude toward quitting mishri use was found to be good. About 4% of the participants reported about quitting the habit. Clinical significance There is need to create awareness regarding harmful effects of mishri usage in this particular area to improve oral health status. How to cite this article Chawla RM, Mitra P, Shetiya SH, Agarwal DR, Narayana DS, Bomble N. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Women in Slums of Pimpri, Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra, India, regarding Usage of Mishri. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(3):218-221.

Introduction Pregnancy is a natural process that may create some changes in different parts of the body including the oral cavity. These changes will lead to oral diseases if enough and timely care of oral cavity is not taken. Women may experience increased gingivitis or pregnancy gingivitis beginning in the second or third month of pregnancy that increases in severity throughout the duration of pregnancy. To motivate the patient toward oral health and implement the needed prophylactic measures, a longitudinal study was planned to observe the effect of oral health education during pregnancy on knowledge, attitude, practice, oral health status, and treatment needs (TNs) of pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic groups. Materials and methods A longitudinal study was conducted among 112 pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic groups to assess the effect of oral health education on knowledge, attitude, practice, oral health status, and TNs. The demographic details, knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant women, and oral health status were collected through a predesigned questionnaire by a principal investigator through an interview. Oral health examination was carried out to assess oral health status using revised World Health Organization Proforma 1997, and oral health education was given through PowerPoint presentation to the participants in local language, i.e., Marathi, after collecting the baseline data. Reinforcement of oral health education and blanket referral was done at 14th week, and follow-up data were collected at 28th week of gestation. The demographic details, such as age, sex, education, occupation, income, and the questions based on knowledge, attitude, and practice among participants were analyzed using number, percentage, and mean. Results At baseline, knowledge was limited, attitude was positive, while the practice was poor regarding oral health care during pregnancy in pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic groups. After oral health education and blanket referral, at 28th week of gestation, knowledge regarding oral health care improved drastically, attitude toward oral health became more positive, whereas practice did not change much among all the pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic groups, probably indicating sociocultural influences. Conclusion Intensive oral health education during pregnancy leads to drastic improvement in knowledge and attitude. Practice, gingival health, and the number of filled teeth also improved to some extent. Clinical significance Regular oral health education programs should be conducted at community level among pregnant woman to reduce the burden of oral diseases. How to cite this article Chawla RM, Shetiya SH, Agarwal DR, Mitra P, Bomble NA, Narayana DS. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Pregnant Women regarding Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs following Oral Health Education in Pune District of Maharashtra: A Longitudinal Hospital-based Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(5):371-377.

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Rhododendron arboreum, family Ericaceae, is a medium size tree 7-14m height or shrub, Widely distributed in Nepal all along sub-tropical and temperate regions from 1200-3300m, the Rhododendron arboreum is known as ‘Gunras’ in Nepali. R. arboreum was declared of Nepal’s national flower in 1962 by government of Nepal. The chemical compositions of the wood (stem) Of Rhododendron arboreum has been investigated on the basis of useful methods of Tappi & ASTM. The main chemical compositions were:-Ash content (0.75%), Extractives (4.39%), Hollocelluloses (69.82%), Hemicelluloses (22%), alpha-celluloses (47.98%), Pentosans (16.84%), & Lignins (24.88%). The Lignins were analyzed by UV &IR. Similarly, the fatty acid compositions of extractives were analyzed by GC/MS. The main fatty acid compositions were: Butanoic acid, Pentanoic acid, 4-Heptenoic acid, & 8-Nonynoic acid in extractives. The solubility of wood in various solvents is a measure of extraneous components content. The solubility of different solvents were: - in cold water (7.02%), Hot water (8.47%), & 1% NaOH (19%). The high percentage of alpha celluloses in chemical compositions shows prospective use as a raw material for paper production along with Danphebholua (Lokta) in cottage industries of Nepal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9376Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 97-106 Uploaded date: 12/19/2013

Mishri is one of the form of smokeless tobacco, which is a roasted, powdered preparation made by baking tobacco on a hot metal plate until it is uniformly black, after which it is powdered. It is noted that mishri use is more commonly used by the women of low socioeconomic status, hence the need was felt to conduct this study among women mishri users of slums. Also, the consequences of mishri use are little known, hence an effort is made to find out its ill-effect on oral health.To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among women using mishri regarding its effects on their oral and general health.A 6-month KAP study was conducted among 100 women who were using mishri. Snowball sampling was used. Oral examination of the participants was also done for oral potentially malignant disorders, such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and hyperkeratinized pouch.About 61% of the population used mishri for cleaning the teeth and others used it as quid; 0.85% of the total participants knew that the use of mishri may lead to precancerous lesions/conditions. Only 17% knew that mishri use can cause gum disease; 84% of the population was willing to quit the habit of using mishri.It is concluded that all the participants had poor knowledge. Attitude toward quitting mishri use was found to be good. About 4% of the participants reported about quitting the habit.There is need to create awareness regarding harmful effects of mishri usage in this particular area to improve oral health status.

Eight new homo-and hetero-leptic bismuth(III) complexes and two new polynuclear bismuth(III) oxido clusters derived from acetosulfame (AceH) and cyclamic acid (CycH2) have been synthesised and characterised. Complexes, [Ph2Bi(Ace)] 1, [Bi(Ace)3] 2, [PhBi(Ace)2] 3, [Bi(CycH)3] 6, [Ph2Bi(CycH)] 7 and [PhBi(CycH)2] 8 were synthesised by treating BiPh3 with the appropriate acid in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 stoichiometric ratios under solvent-free or solvent-mediated conditions. Complex 4, [Bi(OH)(Ace)2], was obtained from the hydrolysis of 3. [Bi2(Cyc)3] 9 was obtained from the reaction of cyclamic acid with (Bi(OtBu)3) in a 3:2 ratio under inert conditions. The polynuclear bismuth oxido clusters, [Bi50O64(Ace)22(H2O)10] 5 and [Bi38O45(CycH)24(H2O)14] 10 were obtained using Bi2O3 under sonication in water and their composition confirmed through elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. The DMSO soluble complexes, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9, were all assessed for their in-vitro activity against three strains of H. pylori (251, 26695 and B128). All compounds gave an MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL, indicating that bactericidal activity is insensitive to increased substitution by acetosulfamate or cyclamate at the Bi(III) centre.

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Background Odontogenic Cysts & tumors originate through some aberration from the normal pattern of odontogenesis. Ameloblastoma is one of the most frequent intraosseous odontogenic tumors. However it is no longer appropriate to use the diagnosis of ameloblastoma without specifying the type. Varied-clinical entities of ameloblastoma differ in their biologic behaviour. Odontogenic cysts like dentigerous and radicular cysts are less aggressive in nature than odontogenic tumors. Recently, podoplanin commonly used as a lymphatic endothelial marker in cancers has recently been found to play a possible role in odontogenic tumorigenesis also. Therefore the purpose of this study was to immunohistochemically analyse the expression of podoplanin in ameloblastomas, KCOTs, dentigerous cysts, radicular cysts & dental follicles. Methods Paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of 15 Ameloblastomas (7 follicular, 6 unicystic, 2 desmoplastic),10KCOTs, 5 dentigerous cysts, 5 radicular cysts & 5 dental follicles were immunohistochemically examined using antibody against podoplanin. Results All ameloblastomas displayed podoplanin expression in ameloblast-like cells of the epithelial islands while the stellate-reticulum like cells exhibited no or weak immunostaining. Expression of podoplanin in KCOTs was strongly positive in the cells of the basal and suprabasal layers & odontogenic epithelial nests. Positive immunoreaction for podoplanin was observed in the inflammatory radicular cysts and inflamed dentigerous cyst only and negative or weak expression in the lining epithelium of uninflamed dentigerous cysts and dental follicles. Conclusion Our results suggest that podoplanin can be used as a potential proliferative marker to observe the aggressive behaviour of ameloblastomas and KCOTs.

The total ash content and inorganic elemental compositions of the wood of Ficus religiosa L. from Nepal had been studied. The percentage of total ash content were found highest in comparison to other Ficus species. Different eight inorganic elements were detected from wet ash analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopic ( AAS) method. The remarkably high concentrations of K, Ca and Mg were also reported.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v27i1.6664 J. Nepal Chem. Soc., Vol. 27, 2011 74-77

Five bismuth(III) saccharinate and thiosaccharinate complexes, [Ph2Bi(sac)]∞1, [Bi(sac)3]n2, [Ph2Bi(tsac)]∞4, [PhBi(tsac)2]n5, [Bi(tsac)3]n6 (sacH = saccharin, tsacH = thiosaccharin), have been synthesized and fully characterized. The tendency for ligand redistribution in [Ph2Bi(sac)]∞ has been investigated in solution by NMR spectroscopy. The structures of [Ph2Bi(sac)]∞1 and [Ph2Bi(tsac)]∞4 have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. In Ph2Bi(sac) the sac ligand is bound to a four-coordinate bismuth center via its imino nitrogen atom with an accompanying long-range Bi–O interaction. However, in the structure of [Ph2Bi(tsac)]∞ the ligand is σ-bound through the exocyclic sulfur atom, giving a thiolate complex, confirming the more thiophilic nature of bismuth(III). Both complexes consist of polymeric chain structures with formally four-coordinated bismuth atoms. The complexes were assessed for their activity against H. pylori. The activity is both ligand dependent and sensitive to the degree of ligand sub...

Nine different β-thioxoketones of general formula R(1)C(=O)CH2C(=S)R(2) (R(1) = C6H5, R(2) = C6H5L1; R(1) = C6H5, R(2) = p-CF3C6H4L2; R(1) = p-MeOC6H4, R(2) = C6H5L3; R(1) = p-MeOC6H4, R(2) = p-CF3C6H4L4; R(1) = C5H4N, R(2) = C6H5L5; R(1) = p-IC6H4, R(2) = C6H5L6; R(1) = C6H5, R(2) = p-IC6H4L7; R(1) = C6H5, R(2) = C10H7L8 and R(1) = CH3, R(2) = C6H5L9) and their tris-substituted bismuth(III) complexes having the general formula [Bi{R(1)C(=O)CHC(=S)R(2)}3] were synthesised and fully characterised. The solid state structure of [Bi{C5H4NC(=O)CHC(=S)C6H5}3] B5 was determined by crystallography and revealed that the three β-thioxoketonato ligands are bound to bismuth(III) centre in a bidentate fashion through O and S atoms. The bismuth(III) complexes and the corresponding thioxoketones were assessed for their activity against H. pylori. All of the bismuth(III) complexes were highly active against H. pylori having a MIC of greater than or equal to 3.125 μg mL(-1), while the free acids were essentially not toxic to the bacteria. The anti-leishmanial activity of all the bismuth(III) β-thioxoketonates and the corresponding free acids were assessed against L. major promastigotes. The toxicity towards human fibroblast cells was also assessed. All of the free β-thioxoketones were selectively toxic to the L. major promastigotes displaying some potential as anti-leishmanial agents. Among these [C6H5C(=O)CH2C(=S)C6H5] L1 and [C5H4NC(=O)CH2C(=S)C6H5] L5 showed comparable activity to that of Amphotericin B, killing about 80% of the L. major promastigotes at a concentration of 25 μM (6.0 μg mL(-1)). The bismuth(III) β-thioxoketonate complexes were toxic to both the L. major promastigotes and fibroblast cells at high concentrations, but gave no improvement in anti-leishmanial activity over the free β-thioxoketones.

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Treatment of Bi(2)O(3) with the acids; S-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic, 2,4,6-mesitylenesulfonic and sulfamic, under sonication at room temperature in water for 2-4 h, results in the formation and subsequent crystallisation of polynuclear bismuth oxido-clusters; [Bi(18)O(12)(OH)(12)(O(3)S-Cam)(18)(H(2)O)(2)], [Bi(38)O(45)(O(3)S-Mes)(24)(H(2)O)(14)] and [Bi(6)O(4)(OH)(4)(O(3)SNH(2))(6)].

Two new thiocarboxylic acids, p-bromothiobenzoic BTA and thionaphthoic acid TNA, and five new homo- and heteroleptic bismuth(iii) compounds derived from thiocarboxylic acids: [Bi{S(C=O)C6H4Br}3] 1, [PhBi{S(C=O)C6H4Br}2] 2, [Bi{S(C=O)C10H7}3] 3, [PhBi{S(C=O)C10H7}2] 4, and [Ph2Bi{S(C=O)C10H7}] 5 were synthesised and fully characterised. The solid-state structure of complex [PhBi{S(C=O)C6H4Br}2] 2 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. In complex 2, the two thiocarboxylate ligands are coordinated to the bismuth(iii) centre in a didentate fashion, forming a distorted octahedral geometry in which the phenyl group and the lone pair are oriented axial to the plane formed by the two thiocarboxylate ligands. Long-range Bi–S interactions (3.54 Å) link these monomeric units to form a one-dimensional polymer. These compounds, in addition to six previously synthesised complexes: [Bi{SC(=O)C6H5}3] 6, [PhBi{SC(=O)C6H5}2] 7, [Ph2Bi{SC(=O)C6H5}] 8, [Bi{SC(=O)C6H4NO2}3] 9, [PhBi{SC(=O)C6H4NO2}2] 10, and [PhBi{SC(=O)C6H4SO3}] 11, and the thiocarboxylic acids themselves, were assessed for their in vitro activity against Leishmania major promastigotes, and for general toxicity against human fibroblast cells. The thiocarboxylic acids, with the exception of thiobenzoic acid and sulfothiobenzoic acid, were toxic to both L. major parasites and the mammalian cells at high concentrations of 50–100 μM. The bismuth(iii) thiocarboxylate derivatives proved to be more active than the corresponding acids. Among these, the heteroleptic phenyl-substituted bismuth(iii) complexes 2, 4, 5, and 7 were highly active, showing IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values ranging from 0.39 to 4.69 μM, and a clear ligand dependence on activity.

Two new substituted thiobenzoic acids, m-nitrothiobenzoic and m-sulfothiobenzoic acid, and six (four new) homo- and heteroleptic bismuth(iii) compounds derived from thiobenzoic acid and substituted thiobenzoic acid have been synthesised and fully characterised using both solvent free and solvent mediated methods; Bi(SC(=O)C6H5)3 (3), PhBi(SC(=O)C6H5)2 (4), Ph2Bi(SC(=O)C6H5) (5), Bi(SC(=O)C6H4-m-NO2)3 (6), PhBi(SC(=O)C6H4-m-NO2)2 (7), and PhBi(SC(=O)C6H4-m-SO3) (8). The solid-state structures of the previously reported Bi(SC(=O)C6H5)3 (3) and PhBi(SC(=O)]C6H5)2 (4) complexes have now been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. In the solid-state complex 3 forms a column-like polymeric structure resembling stacked bowls through pyramidal intermolecular Bi–S3 bonds of distance 3.359 Å, providing a Bi(iii) centre with a nine coordinate environment. Complex 4 forms discrete tetrameric units cemented by long intermolecular Bi–S (3.774 Å), Bi–O(= C) (3.030, 3.071 Å) and Bi–C bonds (3.627 Å). The complexes were assessed for their activity against three strains of Helicobacter pylori and all show a minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.25 µg mL–1, indicating that the high level of bactericidal activity is insensitive to the degree of substitution at the Bi(iii) centre.

Background and Objectives: Group B Streptococci (GBS) is a major cause of neonatal and maternal infections. The aim of this study was to determine the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance profile of GBS strains isolated from pregnant women in Ardabil. Materials and Methods: Antibiotic resistance of 56 GBS isolates was investigated using E-test strips and disk-diffusion method. Serotyping was performed using capsular antiserum. Results: The results of MIC tests showed all isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, vancomycin and penicillin. One isolate (1.7%) showed reduced susceptibility pattern to penicillin (MIC; 0.25 µg/ml). There were 3 (5.3%) isolates semi-sensitive (0.25-1 µg/ml) to erythromycin (2; 0.5 µg/ml and 1; 0.38 µg/ml) and 2 (3.5%) isolates to clindamycin (1; 0.5 µg/ml, 1;0.38 µg/ml). Additionally, 2 (3.5%) isolates were resistant to clindamycin (1; 16 µg/ml, 1; 2 µg/ml). According to the disk diffusion test, 47 (83.9%), 8 (14.2%) and 7 (12.5%) isolates were resistant to Co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone respectively. Serotypes V (19.6%), II (12.5%) and IV (12.5%) were the most frequent followed by serotypes III (10.7%) and VI (10.7%), Ib (8.9%), Ia (7/1%), VII (5/3%) and VIII (5/3%); 7.1% of strains were nontypeable. Conclusions: In this study, most isolates were sensitive to common antibiotics, but increased resistance to other antibiotics indicates the importance of monitoring of antibiotic resistance in group B streptococci over time.