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New forms of temporal contestation are taking place in the world of work. UK employers are requiring from workers heightened levels of availability and responsiveness to work, as and when needed. These demands are playing out differently in different parts of the labour market. The overall effect, though, is an inhibiting of workers’ ability to enjoy time free from work. Current regulation of work and working time that aims to limit or ensure compensation for this time do not adequately address the problem. The article presents an in-depth sociological analysis of these temporal work patterns. This enables an evaluation of the conceptual shifts required to the categories of work and working time in order than they may encompass these new temporal trends. It is concluded that an alternative approach that specifically focuses on preventing new extreme forms of flexibility is a better strategy to ensure a fairer outcome for workers

Individuals with a history of childhood trauma experience deficits in emotion regulation. However, few studies have investigated childhood trauma and both perceived (i.e., self-report) and behavioral measures of distress tolerance. The current study evaluated associations between childhood trauma (i.e., physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing family violence) and measures of perceived (Distress Tolerance Scale) and behavioral distress tolerance (i.e., Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, breath-holding). Participants were 320 undergraduate students with a history of interpersonal trauma (e.g., sexual/physical assault). Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate associations between frequency of childhood trauma type and distress tolerance. Greater childhood physical abuse was associated with higher perceived distress tolerance. Greater levels of witnessing family violence were associated with lower behavioral distress tolerance on the breath-holding task. No significant effects were found for Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test performance. Associations between childhood trauma and emotion regulation likely are complex and warrant further study.

A robust, reusable microreactor coupled with laser based mid-IR chemical imaging and automated analysis is reported, for the first time, with its application to monitor and quantify fast organometallic chemistry in flow. We have investigated the subsecond organometallic addition reaction between lithium diisopropylamide and phenyl isocyanate in order to define and tune microfluidic system parameters such as residence time using physical system constraints (flow rate, reactor volume) to aid process development. The selectivity of mid-IR video rate capture of the flow response of reactants and product enabled the qualitative assessment of mixing properties. Furthermore, we report a minimally supervised automated image analysis toolbox that generates concentration as a function of residence time enabling the calculation of reaction rate constant, k, using hyperspectral data cubes. Finally, we report the reproducibility of quantification precision by measuring the rate constant, at three different flow rates ...

Supplemental_Material for Simulation-Based Mock-Up Evaluation of a Universal Operating Room by Jonas Shultz, David Borkenhagen, Emily Rose, Brendan Gribbons, Hannah Rusak-Gillrie, Shelly Fleck, Allison Muniak and John Filer in HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal

The term mild cognitive impairment (MCI) aims to represent an intermediate stage between normal aging and the development of pathologic aging and dementia. The etiology is heterogeneous divided in amnestic or non-amnestic causes. Most of the patients in amnestic causes after several years progress to Alzheimer disease. For the diagnosis, there are biomarkers and screening which help. The individuals aged 65 and older in the United States and worldwide are growing in number; the implications of the effect of multimorbidity on risk of age-related conditions such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia are highly relevant for public health planning, allocation of resources, and development of strategies to reduce risk of these conditions.

In this thesis I look at the translations of six fictional and non-fictional first-person texts. Two are transgender, two intersex and two agender; they are from every century between the seventeenth and the twenty-first and are originally written in French, Spanish and English. The writers of all of these texts specifically use writing to show their gender identity, whether that be shifting or non-binary. I label all of my texts and their protagonists undecidable; undecidability is an inherent characteristic of texts written by or about trans people and I argue that translation is the best place to explore and represent this undecidability. The texts are undecidable because they are a mixture of fact and fiction – they are intertextual with unreliable narrators and open endings. The protagonists are undecidable because no decision should ever be made about whether they are male or female, masculine or feminine. My research shows that while undecidability is heightened in my texts, all bodies and all texts are in some ways undecidable. It looks to Deleuze to consider how they are made up of constant becomings and unbecomings and to Derrida to consider these becomings as spectres. I argue that no text or body is ever finished and texts and bodies are haunted by the ghosts of former and future texts and bodies. To represent this in translation I look to the palimpsest, the hypertext and the cut-out technique. These queer translation experiments highlight the sexual and textual undecidability that is in every text and body; it is the juxtaposition of trans embodiment and translation that helps us to see that both gender (but especially trans-gender) and writing (but especially translation) are multiple, radical, queer and undecidable, always open to being (re)read and (re)written by the author, the translator and the reader.

Journeys taken in both the outer world as well as the inner world can become experiences of initiation. These adventures speak to us, and when we later decipher their meaning, they give our life purpose, value, and direction. By focusing on the compelling images and symbols that appear repeatedly over one's lifetime, the thread of one's myth can be revealed.Inspired by an animal scar that appeared on my body, I traveled to Africa and embarked on two safaris. I returned home to process the meaning of my African pilgrimages by way of an inner safari wherein I reflected on the images and insights that came to me during and after these two outer journeys. In this article I include the dynamics of my totem animal (the wildebeest, a herd animal), and what was born out of my dialogues with them in active imaginations when I lay under a wildebeest skin. I came to realize that what I was participating in was a shamanic initiation process. My soul and “bush soul” seemed to have merged together and were lodged in th...

This report focuses on exploration expedition EX-14-02 Leg 1, during which a ship shakedown and patch test were conducted, as well as mapping of several Atlantic Shelf Edge Canyons.

Mapping objectives for the cruise included site characterization at ROV dive locations, and extending existing mapping data coverage in the region.The full set of cruise objectives for EX-14-02 Leg 3 were defined in EX-14-02 Leg 3 Project Instructions.

What is your approach to giving employment advice? Responses to this question from specialist and generalist advisers, as well as solicitors working with the CAB Service, emphasised a particular process. While the advice interview must start with clients’ stories, this initial narrative account represents only the first step; it is in what comes after this that the critical work of advice is achieved. In this chapter I explore how advisers move from the story of a dispute to the law. The practice engaged in by advisers is far more than simply an exercise in legal diagnostics. As will be explained in this chapter, this represents just one stage. Other critical elements include teasing out the full range of relevant factual detail relating to the employment dispute, communicating the law to clients, and framing the law in terms of possible courses of action. These latter aspects of the process take into account contextual issues beyond the immediate law, and involve consideration of the hurdles inherent in the Employment Tribunal process, the disposition of the client, and the level of support that the adviser can offer throughout the course of the dispute.

The purpose of this report is to briefly describe the mapping data collection and processing methods, and to report the results of the cruise. For a detailed description of Okeanos Explorer mapping capabilities, see the appendices section 'Kongsberg EM 302 Multibeam Sonar Description and Operational Specifications' and the ship's readiness report, which can be obtained by contacting the ships operations officer (ops.explorer@noaa.gov). This report focuses on exploration expedition EX-14-04 Leg 1, during which a ship shakedown and patch test were conducted, as well as mapping of seamounts within the New England Seamounts Chain in the North Atlantic Ocean

Development of high energy density, low-cost, and safe electrode materials is one of the key enablers for advanced batteries for transportation. Currently, one major technical barrier towards development of high energy density lithium-ion batteries is the lack of robust, high-capacity cathodes. Traditional layered LiMO2 (M = Mn, Co, Ni, etc.) cathodes cannot reversibly cycle their entire Li supply (e.g., x ≤ 0.5 in Li1-xCoO2). When charged beyond ~4.3 V vs. Li/Li+, many lithium-transition metal oxide cathodes undergo irreversible structural changes with concomitant oxygen gas evolution, resulting in irreversible capacity loss and voltage fade during cycling.[1-3]Understanding and addressing these structural instabilities is of vital importance to design next-generation cathode materials which can better utilize their Li supply without sacrificing cycle life. The scientific community has largely focused on developing well-ordered cathodes due to the notion that cation mixing reduces the electrode’s reversible capacity. Challenging this widely-held belief, recent work[2, 4-6] has shown that disordered Li-excess cathodes exhibit high capacities and good cycling stability (e.g., Li1.211Mo0.467Cr0.3O2with 266 mAh/g over 10 cycles). The excellent performance of these cathodes has been attributed to anion redox activity and formation of a percolating Li diffusion channel which is not energetically accessible in traditional materials. Motivated by these recent developments, the focus of the present work is to investigate the structural evolution of disordered cathodes during charge/discharge cycling. Multi-lithium cathodes containing transition metals which can access multiple oxidation states during lithium extraction are prepared and characterized. For example, Li2MoO3 (theoretical capacity of 340 mAh/g) can be charged to MoO3 (corresponding to oxidation of Mo4+ to Mo6+) at modest potentials (~2.5 V vs. Li/Li+) that are compatible with standard electrolytes. Furthermore, Li2MoO3 has been shown to have superior oxygen stability compared to Li2MnO3, offering opportunities to prepare composite layered-layered cathodes with the general formula xLi2MoO3•(1-x)LiMO2.[7] In this presentation, results will be presented on disordered, multi-lithium cathodes including Li2MoO3 and Li2MoO3•(1-x)LiMO2. Various synthesis procedures to produce these materials will be discussed, and standard electrochemical half-cell experiments will be coupled with advanced in-situ characterization methods including Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate the cathodes' oxidative stability. Furthermore, the effects of fluorine doping on cycling stability and oxygen lattice stability will be discussed. Acknowledgements This research has been supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies, of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program. References [1] R. E. Ruther, H. Zhou, C. Dhital, K. Saravanan, A. K. Kercher, G. Chen, A. Huq, F. M. Delnick, J. Nanda, Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 6746-6754. [2] M. Sathiya, G. Rousse, K. Ramesha, C. P. Laisa, H. Vezin, M. T. Sougrati, M. L. Doublet, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, W. Walker, A. S. Prakash, M. Ben Hassine, L. Dupont, J. M. Tarascon, Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 827-835. [3] R. E. Ruther, A. S. Pandian, P. Yan, J. N. Weker, C. Wang, J. Nanda, Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 2997-3005. [4] J. Lee, A. Urban, X. Li, D. Su, G. Hautier, G. Ceder, Science 2014, 343, 519-522. [5] D. H. Seo, J. Lee, A. Urban, R. Malik, S. Kang, G. Ceder, Nat. Chem. 2016, 8, 692-697. [6] E. McCalla, A. M. Abakumov, M. Saubanere, D. Foix, E. J. Berg, G. Rousse, M. L. Doublet, D. Gonbeau, P. Novak, G. Van Tendeloo, R. Dominko, J. M. Tarascon, Science 2015, 350, 1516-1521. [7] J. Ma, Y.-N. Zhou, Y. Gao, X. Yu, Q. Kong, L. Gu, Z. Wang, X.-Q. Yang, L. Chen, Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 3256-3262.

The shift from fossil fuels toward clean, renewable energy will require significant improvements in rechargeable battery technology for electric vehicles. Current battery technology limits electric vehicles to a short travel range, slow recharge, and costly price tag. Li-ion batteries promise the high specific capacity required to replace the internal combustion engine with a number of possible earth abundant electrode materials; however, setbacks such as capacity fading hinder the full capability of these rechargeable batteries. In the search for better electrode materials, high resolution chemical imaging during typical battery operation is vital in understand and overcoming the failure mechanisms of these materials. By combining X-ray absorption spectroscopy with high resolution, hard X-ray transmission microscopy (TXM), we have tracked the chemical changes of electrode material in real time during typical battery operation (Figure). [1, 2] We will discuss recent results tracking electrochemical and morphological changes in cathode materials during cycling, including LiFePO4,[3] LiCoO2, and Li2Cu0.5Ni0.5O2. Finally, we will discuss how ptychography, an emerging X-ray microscopy technique that promises sub-5 nm resolution, has the potential to image batteries during cycling at resolutions that rival in situ TEM with liquid cells. [1] J.N. Weker, X. Huang, M.F. Toney, 2 (2016) 14-21. [2] J. Nelson Weker, M.F. Toney, Advanced Functional Materials, 25 (2015) 1622-1637. [3] J. Nelson Weker, Y. Li, R. Shanmugam, W. Lai, W.C. Chueh, ChemElectroChem, 2 (2015) 1576-1581. Figure 1

Lithium-ion battery-based energy storage is widely regarded as the best technology to realize affordable electrification of automobiles (hybrids and EVs), buses, and ships. However strategies to realize higher energy density and lower cost come at the expense of cell lifetime and safety. For example, 10-20% higher energy density can be achieved by charging cells with layered cathodes (e.g., NMC and NCA) to voltages higher than 4.2V, however this is well known to accelerate capacity fade, resistance growth, SEI growth, and gas evolution. Although studies increasingly show the sites of degradation are active material particle surfaces and the active material-electrolyte interface, the specific mechanisms of these phenomena remain unclear and difficult to quantify. Without clear understanding of the specific degradation mechanisms that dominate cell failure during higher voltage cycling, solutions to enable high voltage operation will have limited success. We have isolated key mechanisms occurring at higher voltages in NMC532, NMC622, and NMC811 cells including positive electrode resistance growth (Rct) as measured by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Mn dissolution as measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) of cycled negative electrodes, and shown the correspondence to cycle life of 95mm x 64mm pouch cells using graphite anodes. Foremost, we have found that Al2O3 ALD coatings dramatically diminish these degradation mechanisms and enable significantly better cycling performance in pouch cells when charged to higher voltage.

Lithium-ion battery-based energy storage is widely regarded as the best technology to realize affordable electrification of automobiles (hybrids and EVs), buses, and ships. However, strategies to realize higher energy density and lower cost come at the expense of cell lifetime and safety. Extensive effort has been devoted to studying the effects of ALD coatings on cathode materials, with varying reports of the impact on full cell cycle life. The changes in surface chemistry of ALD-coated cathode particles and their specific effects on electrochemical performance have not been studied in detail. Unmodified particle surfaces contain active oxygen, LiOH, and Li2CO3 species. The chemistry of these species during delithiation and interaction with the electrolyte can introduce components of impedance that can limit the capacity and rate capability of the material. Moisture adsorption can occur over time which can interact with and generate more of these species, causing a further deterioration of capacity. We have shown that important functions of ALD are to “clean” the particle surfaces, decreasing the content of LiOH and moisture, and forming a barrier to water adsorption and further generation of these species. Thus an important mechanism of ALD enhancement of cathode materials in full cells is demonstrated. This understanding should be applied to past and future studies, and represents a powerful new strategy to mitigate the effects of moisture.

Evaluation of electrode coatings using in-line non-destructive techniques and understanding the effect of electrode manufacturing defects on lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance is vital to the quality control process and key to reduce the scrap rate during cell manufacturing. In this regard, it is vital to quantify the effect of various defects that are generated during electrode coating process (Layered NMC532 cathode in this study) on LIB performance. To this end, we demonstrate defect detection and porosity measurement using IR thermography and thickness measurement using a laser technique at high line speeds. We show the comparative effects of different defects that were intentionally generated such as agglomeration, pinholes, and non-uniform coating on LIB performance in full coin cells and large pouch cells. The results show that the electrodes with more coated/non-coated interfaces had greater capacity fade than baseline electrodes at high current densities and that pinholes and agglomerates did not affect the performance adversely. In conclusion, these types of characterization of control samples shows the importance of monitoring and early detection of the electrode defects during the coating process for minimization of cell rejection rates prior to fabrication and formation cycling. Acknowledgement: This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, was sponsored by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) (Deputy Director: David Howell) Applied Battery Research subprogram (Program Manager: Peter Faguy).

The development of nickel-rich NMC cathodes (LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 with x > 0.5) is among the most promising routes to deliver lithium-ion cells with energy densities exceeding 250 Wh/kg. Achieving this ambitious target will require cycling cells to higher voltage (>4.35 V) and developing new strategies to mitigate undesirable side-reactions like electrolyte oxidation and cathode surface reconstruction. Since the cathode has long been considered the limiting factor in developing high-energy, high-voltage cells, the impact of the graphite anode has been largely ignored. In this contribution, we show that the choice of graphite significantly impacts both the rate capability and long-term cycling stability of cells with Ni-rich NMC cathodes. Six commercially-available natural and synthetic graphites were tested in full cells with NMC 811 cathodes (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2). The variations in cell performance were correlated with the chemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of the different graphite anodes. Surface chemistry was systematically investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry were used to understand how electrode structure impacts the electrochemical performance. Peel tests were used to identify the importance of mechanical adhesion of different graphites to the current collector. In-depth electrochemical studies including impedance spectroscopy further shed light on the nature of capacity fading. Our study illustrates the important role of the graphite anode in developing high-energy, high-voltage Li-ion batteries. This work serves as a guide to select the appropriate graphite to optimize performance of Ni-rich NMC cells. Acknowledgement: This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, was sponsored by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) (Deputy Director: David Howell) Applied Battery Research subprogram (Program Manager: Peter Faguy).

Abstract Virtually all state-of-the-art, non-aqueous electrochemical capacitors use the same electrolyte: tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4) in acetonitrile (ACN). ACN-based electrolytes have very high conductivity (>50 mS/cm), which minimizes resistive losses and enables capacitors to operate at very high power. However, these electrolytes are limited by a practical voltage window around only 2.5 – 3.0 V, beyond which the capacitor lifetime is significantly shortened. Since the energy stored in a capacitor increases quadratically with voltage, extending this electrochemical window could significantly boost energy density. In this contribution, we explore the possibility of using ether-based electrolytes to increase the voltage window of double-layer capacitors. Ethers such as dimethoxyethane (DME) do not passivate carbon electrodes at very negative potentials (near Na/Na+), extending the practical voltage window by about 1.0 V compared to standard, ACN-based electrolytes. A simple electrolyte of NaPF6 salt in DME enables a voltage window > 3.5 V in full cells with conventional, high-surface-area carbon electrodes. Electrolyte stability is evaluated in both two and three-electrode cells with EIS, charge-discharge cycling, float tests, and measurements of leakage current. The conductivity of NaPF6in DME (> 10 mS/cm) is comparable to commercial lithium-ion battery electrolytes and superior to most ionic liquids. Factors that limit the voltage window and energy density will be discussed, and strategies to further boost energy density will be proposed. Acknowledgement This work was sponsored by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Technology Innovation Program using technology transfer license royalties. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the U. S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725.

Majority of electrode materials used for advanced lithium based batteries have well defined chemical composition and particle morphology. The chemistry as well as the microstructure can undergo reversible or irreversible changes under continuous electrochemical charge-discharge cycles. These could have measurable impact on the battery capacity and life. Combining multi-length scale characterization with electrochemical modelling can provide vital information regarding battery electrode degradation and inomogeneity. The talk will cover our recent work related to applying a number of neutron, X-ray and laser based spectroscopy and imaging methods to a number of relvant battery chemistries such as NMC and multi-lithium transition metal based compostions. These techniques covers from meso to micron length scale truly providing the mulit-scale nature of transport in batteries. Specifcally, we demonstrate lithiation in graphitic anodes using insitu neutron imaging in a pouch cell format. The neutron absorption contrast shows a direct correlation between degree of lithiation and the discharge voltage plateau at various time steps. We further provide a semi-quantitative comparison between the observed spatial variations of neutron absorption contrast in graphite with the calculated lithium concentration profiles computed using a 3D electrochemical transport model. In conjunction with imaging, in situ neutron diffraction of a similar pouch cell under identical test protocol was carried to obtain information about the local phase changes upon lithiation. Combined in-situ radiography and diffraction opens up a powerful nondestructive method to understand the multi-scale nature of lithium transport and degradation in practical lithium-ion cells.

Cathode chemistries with more than one lithium per transition metal (multi-lithium cathodes) are one approach for increasing the energy density of lithium-ion cells. Examples include lithium-rich NMCs (xLi2MnO3·(1−x)LiMO2 where M=Mn, Ni, Co), anti-fluorite type oxides, and several polyanionic compounds. Many of these cathodes have very high theoretical capacities, but none has proven practical for commercial cells. These materials generally undergo structural transformations, often accompanied by oxygen loss, which limit electrochemical reversibility. In this contribution, we present a thorough investigation of Li2Cu0.5Ni0.5O2, as a model system to understand the larger family of multi-lithium cathodes. Results from XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, XANES, and gas evolution measurements follow the chemical, structural, and morphological changes that occur during electrochemical cycling. Our study broadly demonstrates the challenges associated with multi-lithium transition metal oxides, where there is close interplay between structure, transport, and oxygen loss that limits their use as high capacity cathodes for advanced lithium-ion systems. Acknowledgement Research has been supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy through the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program. The authors acknowledge the support of Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, a Directorate of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science by Stanford University. X-ray diffraction was conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility. The TEM work was conducted in the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a DOE User Facility operated by Battelle for the DOE Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated for the DOE under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830.

Polyanion glasses are a relatively unexplored class of high capacity cathode materials (250-500 mAh/g) for applications in lithium ion batteries that can undergo intercalation and/or conversion electrochemical reactions. Unlike most crystalline polyanionic materials, polyanion glass materials can be varied widely in both the cation and polyanion composition. This huge compositional space presents an opportunity and a challenge: how do you tailor the glass composition to obtain optimal electrochemical performance? Glass composition is often discussed in terms of: glass formers, stabilizers, and fluxes. In our polyanion glass cathodes, glass formers (borate, phosphate, vanadate, and molybdate) provided the overall amorphous network of the glass and can be tailored to improve the conductivity and ionic transport. Our “stabilizers” typically contained the electrochemically active cation (iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, silver, antimony). Fluxes typically are associated with alkali ions and tend to reduce the chemical stability of the glass, and interestingly, flux cations include the lithium ions that diffuse into and out of the glass during cycling. Compositional substitution in the glass former, stabilizer, and flux of a polyanion glass cathode were shown to affect the 1st cycle reversibility, long-term cycleability, and energy efficiency. Characterization was performed on as-produced glass, glass cathodes at different states of charge, and glass cathodes at different amounts of cycling to understand the fundamentals of the glass cathode structure and its associated electrochemical performance. X-ray absorption spectroscopy performed on glass cathodes at different states of charge showed valence changes in both the stabilizer cation and a glass former (vanadate) during electrochemical reactions. The valence change in the vanadate was identified as the primary source of 1st cycle irreversible loss, whereas the valence changes in the stabilizer cation were typically reversible and were associated with gradual capacity fade during cycling. Transmission electron microscopy showed that metal nanoparticles formed uniformly throughout glass particles during the glass-state conversion reaction. IR & Raman spectroscopies of mixed polyanion glasses were used to identify key functional groups that were associated with reduced 1st cycle irreversible loss and improved energy efficiency during cycling. This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, under the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program.

Current-generation, acetonitrile-based electrolytes for supercapacitors have a practical voltage window around only 2.7 V. Extending the electrochemical window can significantly increase energy density, since the energy stored in a capacitor increases quadratically with voltage. We report on electrolytes consisting of sodium salts in linear polyether (glyme) solvents which clearly show a 4 V electrochemical window. Electrolyte conductivities range between 1-10 mS/cm, which are comparable to ionic liquids or propylene carbonate-based electrolytes. Importantly, all salts and solvents are commercially available. This family of electrolytes has the potential to double the energy density of supercapacitors, while remaining as cost-effective and scalable as today’s commercial electrolytes. Acknowledgement This work is supported by Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory under the seed project S12-056.

Materials for electrochemical energy storage often exhibit significant chemical and structural inhomogeneity at the particle and even sub-particle level. Understanding how these mesoscale variations in the state of charge and local phase transformations impact electrochemical performance is critical to developing improved electrode materials. Raman microscopy is an excellent technique for studying inhomogeneity and interfacial phenomena in batteries, because it can measure subtle changes in chemical composition and structure at sub-micron resolution. By monitoring changes in the spectroscopic signatures, we can infer information about ion and electron transport across interfaces and through particles. In this study we use ex situ Raman mapping to study layered-layered lithium-rich manganese-rich cathode material Li1.2Mn0.525Ni0.175Co0.1O2 (LMR-NMC) as a function of the average charge. We show that variations in the microstructure and local state of charge occur at the level of individual particles within electrodes prepared from a commercial sample. Micro-Raman mapping provides both high-resolution and large field of view, but the full potential of this technique to analyze complex electrochemical systems is rarely realized, in part due to the challenge of processing the inherently large data sets. Here we take advantage of cluster analysis and other statistical methods to directly visualize interfaces and charge inhomogeneity in cathode particles. Acknowledgment This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, is sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies Program for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. References: Nanda, J.; Remillard, J.; O'Neill, A.; Bernardi, D.; Ro, T.; Nietering, K. E.; Go, J. Y.; Miller, T. J., Local State-of-Charge Mapping of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21 (17), 3282-3290. Ruther, R. E., et al., Raman Mapping Study of Inhomogeneity in Lithium-Manganese-Rich Cathode Particles, to be submitted 2014

This article explores the archetype of the orphan and traces it through myth, story, fairy tale, literature, and perhaps most importantly, through the author's personal experience. This is a treatment of the theme of abandonment that details the “inner orphan's” predicament. Rothenberg, a Jungian analyst, speaks from the depths when she says: “It is only when one is truly alone that the creative potential that is carried deep inside has the space and room to emerge into the light of day.”

This chapter begins by contrasting the top-down problematisations of translatability by translation theorists with the bottom-up solutions to translation problems offered by practising translators. The more upbeat views of Antoine Berman and Roman Jakobson on ultimate translatability are contrasted with the more hard-line theorisations of untranslatability among the German Romantics Schleiermacher, Humboldt and Schopenhauer who, it is argued, are haunted by the prospect of there being some kind of ideal of “translation proper” which any kind of real-world translation falls short of living up to. The second half of the chapter turns to the question of whether philosophy itself is specifically resistant to translation, and gives some examples of translation difficulty from a multi-volume translation project (Nietzsche in English). The chapter concludes, by way of Barbara Cassin, that untranslatability acts as a kind of Kantian regulative idea spurring on practical translation attempts to approach it asymptotically “from below.”