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El sector público debe responder con velocidad e innovaciones a las demandas de los ciudadanos. Esta capacidad puede evitar muchas muertes, como es en el caso de la pandemia de Covid-19. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo general identificar la influencia del capital intelectual humano en la capacidad de innovación del sector público. Para ello, fueron entrevistados 158 servidores públicos que ocupan cargos de liderazgo en la administración pública municipal de la ciudad de América Latina (Santiago – Rio Grande do Sul – Brasil). La técnica estadística utilizada fue el análisis factorial exploratorio y, mediante el análisis de los principales componentes, fueron extraídos dos factores del capital humano: la formación y las habilidades, los valores y las actitudes, además de los constructos de la capacidad de innovación: servicios y procesos, organizacional e institucional. El estudio comprobó la hipótesis de que todos los factores de capital humano se relacionan positivos, significativa y directamente con las dimensiones de la capacidad de innovación. El índice más relevante de correlación fue identificado entre los variables valores y actitudes y la capacidad de servicios y procesos. Por lo tanto, el estudio de caso comprobó la influencia positiva, directa y significativa del capital intelectual humano con la capacidad de innovar del sector público, específicamente, en la administración pública local/municipal en cuestión.

Na medida em que cidades e territórios ganham protagonismo, perante a economia globalizada, devem construir uma estratégia que lhes permitam definir produtos e buscar liderança. No entanto, os chamados territórios de baixa densidade, identificados pelo baixo índice de densidade demográfica, alto grau de envelhecimento da população e êxodo dos jovens, são abatidos por graves problemas socioeconômicos, e apresentam dificuldades para promover desenvolvimento. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho, sob a ótica de marketing de lugares, é investigar o posicionamento e a imagem de um município de baixa densidade, localizado na região centro-oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, propondo estratégias para seu desenvolvimento econômico e social. A metodologia revela uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada através de entrevista em profundidade com agentes locais divididos em dois grupos: (1) públicos: composto por funcionários, agentes públicos municipais e agentes políticos; (2) privados: empresários de destaque e gerentes de instituições financeiras. Para melhor compreensão e análise dos dados foram construídas matrizes com as respostas de cada grupo. Concluiu-se que o local deve reposicionar sua imagem sobre dois aspectos: o turismo e as agroindústrias. Para tanto, sugere-se que o posicionamento do município seja o Enoturismo, seguindo estratégias de imagem, atrações, infraestrutura e pessoas. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho tem relevante contribuição teórica, sob o ponto de vista do tema e sua relação com os territórios de baixa densidade, ainda pouco explorados no Brasil, e prática, sugerindo direcionamento estratégico para o desenvolvimento de um município com índices sociais e econômicos abaixo da média do Rio Grande do Sul. Palavras-Chave: Marketing em Territórios. Desenvolvimento Regional. Territórios de Baixa Densidade.

Exposed pipelines are susceptible to geotechnical–hydraulic phenomena and to a high-risk level of failures caused by scouring or erosive processes in the river bed and river banks. Currently, in the prevention, maintenance, or remediation of river crossings, traditional engineering techniques are generally applied, which often leads to insufficient solutions concerning technical, financial, and environmental issues. The soil bioengineering methods, using vegetation in combination with inert materials for soil stabilization and protection against erosion, can be an alternative, a complementary tool, or even a substitute for traditional engineering practice. In this context, this work aims to present one case study of an exposed pipeline in which were used some soil bioengineering approaches to prevent natural erosion processes at pipeline river crossings. Compared to conventional methods, the soil bioengineering techniques used in the presented case study have proved to be advantageous in economic, environmental, and aesthetic aspects.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the roots influence on the shear strength of a clay soil and a sandy soil. Soil samples with and without roots were collected from experimental plantations of Atlantic Forest native species. The soil samples were then physically characterized and their shear strength tested in a laboratory. The results indicated that the soils’ shear strength and compressive strength were increased by the roots. In the sandy soil, roots influenced the shear strength by increasing the cohesion value (234%), while in the clay soil they influenced the shear strength mainly by increasing the cohesion value (32%) and the internal friction angle (14.4%). This information can ultimately be part of the technical justifications that ratify the use of plants in erosion control and slope stabilization works.

This study aimed to evaluate the interdependence between the morphological characteristics and the pullout resistance of live cuttings of Phyllanthus sellowianus . Vertical pullout tests and shoot and root diameter and length measurements were performed in 144 live cuttings, with 2.5 cm in diameter and 50 cm in length, planted in 1x1 m spacing. The evaluations were performed at 60, 133, 186, 252, 320, and 421 days after planting, and the differences between mean growth and vertical pullout resistance values were analyzed using the Tukey test and linear regression equations. The plants showed the highest mean total shoot length (875 cm), total root length (405 cm), and vertical pullout resistance (1.5 kN) values between 252 and 421 days after planting. The plants increased their pullout resistance at an average rate of 0.20 kN/month in the most favorable growth periods, followed by average increments in the total shoot and root length of 118.4 and 57.1 cm/month, respectively. The pullout resistance showed positive correlations with all above- and below-ground morphological characteristics tested, but it was best explained by the cross-sectional area of shoots (mm²) which showed r² = 0.55. The biometric variables of P. sellowianus propagated from cuttings generally explained up to half of the variations in the species’ pullout resistance.

The regularization of rural properties in the molds of the New Forest Code depends on the silvicultural study of the native species of the Brazilian biomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of five native tree species of the Atlantic Forest, with a view to their use in forest restoration projects. The following species were produced in the nursery, planted in the field, and evaluated for performance: Araucaria angustifolia , Mimosa scabrella , Trichilia claussenii , Schizolobium parahyba , and Cordia trichotoma . These species were distributed in two different areas, based on the randomized block experimental design. In experiment 1, the species A. angustifolia , M. scabrella , and C. trichotoma were distributed in three randomized blocks, each composed of 11 plants of each species. In experiment 2, the species A. angustifolia , M. scabrella , T. claussenii , and S. parahyba were distributed in three randomized blocks, each one composed of five plants of each species. In general, S. parahyba and M. scabrella showed faster development than the other species and, in this regard, are promising candidates for forest areas constitution or reconstitution in which there is interest in obtaining economic returns in less time. Araucaria angustifolia and T. claussenii showed relatively low development, whereas C. trichotoma showed intermediate development in relation to the other species studied. Despite their differences in performance, all species proved to be suitable for use in reforestation, mainly in the region where the study was developed.

Viral disease outbreaks remain a significant limiting factor for aquaculture. The majority of licensed vaccines used in the industry are administered as oil-adjuvanted formulations carrying inactivated whole pathogens. Cell-mediated immune responses, in particular those based on virus-specific cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) to conventional inactivated oil-based vaccines, are largely unexplored. As vaccines cannot be optimized against viral pathogens if knowledge of host cellular immune mechanisms remains unknown, in this study we examined fundamental cell-mediated immune responses after vaccination of rainbow trout with an oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine against salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and after infection with SAV. A unique in vitro model system was developed to examine MHC class I restricted CTL responses in a clonal line of rainbow trout. The levels of cell-mediated cytotoxicity were compared to pathology, virus load, specific antibody response, changes in immune cell populations, and mRNA expression. Our results hint that different protective mechanisms are being triggered by infection compared to vaccination. While vaccination itself did not cause a strong cytotoxic or humoral response, subsequent challenge of vaccinated fish resulted in significantly stronger and faster specific cytotoxicity, alongside reduced viral titers and pathology. Hence, testing a vaccine on the capacity to induce cell-mediated cytotoxicity will still require a challenge test. Examination of cellular markers additionally indicates that the initial innate response induced by the vaccine could play an important role in steering adaptive mechanisms.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the development of shrub live cuttings and their effect on slope stability. Vertical in situ pullout tests and measurements of Phyllanthus sellowianus shoots and roots of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 14 months old were conducted. Stability analyses were conducted for slopes with planar and curved rupture surfaces and for soils with and without plants. The results showed that seasons affected plants growth and their ability to provide soil strength. Soil shear strength values ranged from 4.5 kPa (2 months old) to 47.6 kPa (14 months old). The critical factors of safety (FS) for slopes for both planar and curved rupture surfaces were found in the absence of plants and reached the stability condition (FS>2) with plants at 4 (planar) and 6 (curved) months old.

O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever o processo de construção de uma prática social, o Plano Plurianual Municipal (gestão 2013/2017) do município de Jaguari, região centro do Rio Grande do Sul. Além do detalhamento do processo, o trabalho revelou as demandas da comunidade local, como resultado da prática democrática. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como um estudo descritivo, tendo no método de coleta de dados, a observação participante. Os resultados revelam um método teórico construído como base nas técnicas ZOPP e METAPLAN, tendo a participação social como princípio norteador. A inovação no setor público classificou-se como organizacional, pois está baseada na novidade do processo de construção em si, promovendo um espaço de debate democrático, até então inovador para o município. As demandas prioritárias de infraestrutura, social, econômica e gestão, apontadas foram respectivamente: melhorias das estradas, investimentos em saúde, incentivo ao turismo e agroindústrias e melhoria do parque de máquinas. O estudo contribuiu sob o ponto de vista teórico e prático. No aspecto teórico, auxiliou criando e validando uma ferramenta organizacional inovadora para elaboração de planos participativos e, pelo ponto de vista prático, evidenciou as principais demandas da comunidade local, contribuindo para estabelecer um vínculo democrático com o poder executivo.

This chapter describes the immune responses that are elicited by vaccination of fish and that are key to providing protection against future encounter with these same pathogens. The cells and molecules involved are outlined, and the different functions they have within the immune system are detailed. The potential to use these responses as markers of protection is discussed and areas for future study are suggested.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986616Com o objetivo de agregar conhecimentos em relação à Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr., analisou-sesua época de floração e frutificação, a morfologia de frutos, sementes, germinação, plântula e muda, comotambém características físicas, germinação e emergência de sementes de diferentes árvores matrizes. A partirda seleção de 20 árvores matrizes, foram realizadas observações mensalmente, a fim de averiguar a presençade flores e frutos. Após a maturação dos frutos, estes foram coletados, suas sementes extraídas, beneficiadase separadas por matriz, de onde foram retiradas amostras para determinação do peso, teor de água, testesgerminativos e de emergência em condições de laboratório e viveiro. Exemplares de frutos e sementesforam armazenados em álcool 70 %, para posterior descrição morfológica. A maior presença de flores degrápia ocorreu de setembro a outubro e de frutos, de janeiro a março, havendo variações em relação à épocae à frequência de árvores matrizes nas fenofases, assim como a quantidade estimada de frutos e sementespresentes em cada ano. Morfologicamente, o fruto é simples, vagem seca e indeiscente, com 1 a 2 sementescada, sendo estas de coloração castanha, com cicatriz linear visível, rafe pouco desenvolvida e micrópilapróxima ao hilo. Internamente, a semente é albuminosa, com embrião axial, espatulado, ocupando ¾ daregião interna, com cotilédones foliáceos e grandes. A germinação é epígea e a plântula fanerocotiledonar.O comprimento dos frutos variou de 1,45 a 3,01 cm, a largura de 1,20 a 2,07 cm e a espessura de 0,20 a 0,30cm. Para as sementes, 1,2 a 2,1 cm de comprimento, 0,6 a 0,95 cm de largura e 0,1 a 0,2 cm de espessura.Houve diferenças entre árvores matrizes para os testes físicos e fisiológicos, onde o número de sementespor quilograma variou de 8.713 a 11.197, o grau de umidade de 12,43 a 27,97 %, a germinação de 13 a96 % e a emergência de 26 a 88 %. Concluiu-se que sementes provenientes de indivíduos de uma mesmapopulação possuem variações expressivas quanto às características físicas e fisiológicas, seja em funçãodo ambiente, fator genético ou do micro-habitat. Assim, apesar de proporcionar melhor representatividadegenética, reduzem a homogeneidade do lote de sementes.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986629No presente trabalho se estudou a fenologia e morfologia, como também foram realizados testes físicos e fisiológicos com sementes de Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arráb. ex Steud (louro-pardo). A coleta do material botânico e as observações fenológicas foram realizadas em cinco árvores matrizes, localizadas no Município de Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, de março de 2007 a março de 2010. O trabalho foi conduzido em condições de laboratório e viveiro, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Durante os três anos, a floração teve maior intensidade de março a abril e a frutificação, de maio a junho. A espécie possui inflorescência cimosa, paniculada, constituída de pequenas flores de coloração branca, hermafroditas. O fruto é simples, drupáceo, encerrado pelo tubo da corola e pelo cálice persistente. A semente, de formato cilíndrico, elipsoidal, de coloração castanha, exalbuminosa, com embrião cotiledonar, basal, invaginado e cotilédones plicados, presos em torno do eixo hipocótilo radicular. A germinação é epígea e a plântula fanerocotiledonar. As sementes são recalcitrantes e o número médio por quilograma foi de 24.591, a umidade das sementes 51 %, a germinação 40 % e a emergência 29 %. O índice germinativo é oscilante comparando os resultados deste trabalho a outros, provavelmente devido à qualidade das sementes, variável em função de cada árvore matriz e seu micro-habitat. Portanto, há importância em selecionar indivíduos, observando características que trarão representação genética e fisiológica da espécie, aumentando, assim, a homogeneidade do lote de sementes.

The oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica causes significant losses in the aquaculture industry, mainly affecting salmon, trout and catfish. Since the ban of malachite green, effective control measures are currently not available prompting a re-evaluation of the potential for immunological intervention. In this study, the immune response of salmonid cells is investigated at the transcript level, by analysis of a large set of immune response genes in four different rainbow trout cell lines (RTG-2, RTGill, RTL and RTS11) upon infection with S. parasitica. Proinflammatory cytokine transcripts were induced in all four cell lines, including IL-1β1, IL-8, IL-11, TNF-α2, as well as other components of the innate defences, including COX-2, the acute phase protein serum amyloid A and C-type lectin CD209a and CD209b. However, differences between the four cell lines were found. For example, the fold change of induction was much higher in the epithelial RTL and macrophage-like RTS11 cell lines compared to the fibroblast cell lines RTG-2 and RTGill. Several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were also up-regulated in response to Saprolegnia infection, including hepcidin and cathelicidin 1 (rtCATH1) and 2 (rtCATH2). An rtCATH2 peptide was synthesised and tested for activity and whilst it showed no killing activity for zoospores, it was able to delay sporulation of S. parasitica. These results demonstrate that particular immune genes are up-regulated in response to S. parasitica infection and that AMPs may play a crucial role in the first line of defence against oomycetes in fish.

The major fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans, mounts robust responses to oxidative stress that are critical for its virulence. These responses counteract the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated by host immune cells in an attempt to kill the invading fungus. Knowledge of the dynamical processes that instigate C. albicans oxidative stress responses is required for a proper understanding of fungus-host interactions. Therefore, we have adopted an interdisciplinary approach to explore the dynamical responses of C. albicans to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Our deterministic mathematical model integrates two major oxidative stress signalling pathways (Cap1 and Hog1 pathways) with the three major antioxidant systems (catalase, glutathione and thioredoxin systems) and the pentose phosphate pathway, which provides reducing equivalents required for oxidative stress adaptation. The model encapsulates existing knowledge of these systems with new genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, molecular and cellular datasets. Our integrative approach predicts the existence of alternative states for the key regulators Cap1 and Hog1, thereby suggesting novel regulatory behaviours during oxidative stress. The model reproduces both existing and new experimental observations under a variety of scenarios. Time- and dose-dependent predictions of the oxidative stress responses for both wild type and mutant cells have highlighted the different temporal contributions of the various antioxidant systems during oxidative stress adaptation, indicating that catalase plays a critical role immediately following stress imposition. This is the first model to encapsulate the dynamics of the transcriptional response alongside the redox kinetics of the major antioxidant systems during H2O2 stress in C. albicans.

O reforço e estabilização de solos por plantas são facilmente observados na natureza. Entretanto, o uso de plantas (e suas raízes) em obras de Engenharia Natural requer conhecimentos e medições de seus efeitos na estabilidade do solo. O objetivo desta revisão foi abordar e discutir conceitualmente a influência das raízes sobre a melhoria da resistência mecânica do solo e na estabilidade de taludes. O efeito das raízes e sua arquitetura sobre as propriedades físicas dos solos foram brevemente discutidos. A estabilização de taludes, seja pela redução da erodibilidade ou ancoramento do solo em profundidade, está diretamente associada à arquitetura e à densidade de comprimento radicular das espécies e do tipo de planta utilizada (gramínea, arbusto ou árvore). As informações compiladas mostram-se úteis aos trabalhos que envolvem o uso de plantas em dimensionamentos geotécnicos, seja para a contenção de processos erosivos ou para a estabilização superficial de massas de solo. O reforço mecânico do solo devido à presença de raízes tem papel de grande importância na estabilidade de taludes, no entanto, técnicas de avaliação da interação solo-raízes ainda devem ser aprimoradas para condições de campo.

Most fungal pathogens of humans display robust protective oxidative stress responses that contribute to their pathogenicity. The induction of enzymes that detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an essential component of these responses. We showed previously that ectopic expression of the heme-containing catalase enzyme in Candida albicans enhances resistance to oxidative stress, combinatorial oxidative plus cationic stress, and phagocytic killing. Clearly ectopic catalase expression confers fitness advantages in the presence of stress, and therefore in this study we tested whether it enhances fitness in the absence of stress. We addressed this using a set of congenic barcoded C. albicans strains that include doxycycline-conditional tetON-CAT1 expressors. We show that high basal catalase levels, rather than CAT1 induction following stress imposition, reduce ROS accumulation and cell death, thereby promoting resistance to acute peroxide or combinatorial stress. This conclusion is reinforced by our analyses of phenotypically diverse clinical isolates and the impact of stochastic variation in catalase expression upon stress resistance in genetically homogeneous C. albicans populations. Accordingly, cat1Δ cells are more sensitive to neutrophil killing. However, we find that catalase inactivation does not attenuate C. albicans virulence in mouse or invertebrate models of systemic candidiasis. Furthermore, our direct comparisons of fitness in vitro using isogenic barcoded CAT1, cat1Δ and tetON-CAT1 strains show that, while ectopic catalase expression confers a fitness advantage during peroxide stress, it confers a fitness defect in the absence of stress. This fitness defect is suppressed by iron supplementation. Also high basal catalase levels induce key iron assimilatory functions (CFL5, FET3, FRP1, FTR1). We conclude that while high basal catalase levels enhance peroxide stress resistance, they place pressure on iron homeostasis through an elevated cellular demand for iron, thereby reducing the fitness of C. albicans in iron-limiting tissues within the host., Author summary The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans faces multiple challenges within its human host. These include the need to protect itself against the toxic oxidants used by the host to kill invading microbes, and the need to scavenge iron, an essential micronutrient that is limiting in certain tissues. The iron-containing enzyme, catalase, detoxifies hydrogen peroxide, thereby playing a major role in protecting C. albicans against reactive oxygen species and neutrophil killing. Indeed, we show that high basal catalase expression increases the resistance of this yeast to oxidative and combinatorial (oxidative plus cationic) stresses. Yet, rather than enhancing the virulence of C. albicans as had been predicted, high basal catalase expression decreases fungal colonisation in certain iron-limiting tissues. Furthermore, we demonstrate that catalase inactivation does not significantly perturb the virulence of C. albicans in models of systemic infection. We also show that ectopic catalase expression increases the demand for iron in C. albicans, thereby reducing the fitness of this pathogen in the absence of stress under iron-limiting conditions. Therefore, high basal catalase expression is a double-edged sword: it enhances the fitness of C. albicans in the presence of stress, but reduces fitness in the absence of stress. This explains why catalase overexpression reduces rather than enhances virulence.

Saprolegnia parasitica is a freshwater oomycete that is capable of infecting several species of fin fish. Saprolegniosis, the disease caused by this microbe, has a substantial impact on Atlantic salmon aquaculture. No sustainable treatment against saprolegniosis is available, and little is known regarding the host response. In this study, we examined the immune response of Atlantic salmon to S. parasitica infection and to its cell wall carbohydrates. Saprolegnia triggers a strong inflammatory response in its host (i.e., induction of interleukin-1β 1 [IL-1β 1 ], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), while severely suppressing the expression of genes associated with adaptive immunity in fish, through downregulation of T-helper cell cytokines, antigen presentation machinery, and immunoglobulins. Oomycete cell wall carbohydrates were recognized by fish leukocytes, triggering upregulation of genes involved in the inflammatory response, similar to what is observed during infection. Our data suggest that S. parasitica is capable of producing prostaglanding E 2 (PGE 2 ) in vitro , a metabolite not previously shown to be produced by oomycetes, and two proteins with homology to vertebrate enzymes known to play a role in prostaglandin biosynthesis have been identified in the oomycete genome. Exogenous PGE 2 was shown to increase the inflammatory response in fish leukocytes incubated with cell wall carbohydrates while suppressing genes involved in cellular immunity (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and the IFN-γ-inducible protein [γ-IP]). Inhibition of S. parasitica zoospore germination and mycelial growth by two cyclooxygenase inhibitors (aspirin and indomethacin) also suggests that prostaglandins may be involved in oomycete development.

In this work we characterized the immune response of the insect Rhodnius prolixus to a direct injection into the hemocoel of the non-entomopathogenic fungus Aspergillus niger, and evaluated its consequences on host oogenesis. These animals were able to respond by mounting effective cellular and humoral responses to this fungus; these responses were shown, however, to have reproductive fitness costs, as the number of eggs laid per female was significantly reduced. The disturbance of egg formation during infectious process correlated with an elevation in the titer of hemolymph prostaglandin E2 48 h post-challenge. Administration of Zymosan A as an immunogenic non-infectious challenge produced similar effects on phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase activities, oocyte development and prostaglandin E2 titer, precluding the hypothesis of an effect mediated by fungal metabolites in animals challenged with fungus. Ovaries at 48 h post-challenge showed absence of vitellogenic ovarian follicles, and the in vivo administration of prostaglandin E2 or its receptor agonist misoprostol, partially reproduced this phenotype. Together these data led us to hypothesize that immune-derived prostaglandin E2 raised from the insect response to the fungal challenge is involved in disturbing follicle development, contributing to a reduction in host reproductive output and acting as a host-derived adaptive effector to infection.

O presente artigo tem como tema o Clima Organizacional do Centro Administrativo da Prefeitura Municipal de Jaguari, devidamente justificado pela necessidade que as empresas públicas têm em motivar seus funcionários para o desempenho das tarefas de forma eficiente e eficaz, resultando em serviços de qualidade disponibilizados aos contribuintes / usuários. Neste sentido, um ambiente de trabalho adequado torna-se indispensável, na medida em que contribui para a satisfação dos funcionários em relação à organização. O objetivo geral foi efetuar a analise do clima organizacional no Centro Administrativo Municipal de Jaguari. Já os objetivos específicos constituíram-se em descrever o perfil do servidor público municipal; analisar a imagem institucional e a estrutura organizacional; verificar o relacionamento interpessoal; analisar a satisfação dos funcionários com o trabalho e, por fim, sugerir ações de melhoria. Neste intuito os procedimentos metodológicos pautaram-se em uma pesquisa quantitativa, de caráter descritiva, desenvolvida com a aplicação de um questionário, com dezenove perguntas fechadas e uma destinada a sugestões, num universo composto de 26 servidores, devidamente embasada na pesquisa bibliográfica. Os principais pontos constatados foram que em geral o clima organizacional é satisfatório, os funcionários consideram a Prefeitura um lugar agradável, bem como, o relacionamento interpessoal é bom, porém, também foram evidenciados alguns pontos negativos – alto índice de rotatividade; organização inadequada em processos, normas e procedimentos; distribuição inadequada de pessoal entre os setores e que os funcionários nem sempre são adequadamente orientados e avaliados no desempenho de seu trabalho. Assim foram sugeridas as seguintes propostas de melhoria: adequar, corrigir e implementar um sistema de gestão de pessoas eficaz; disponibilizar mais qualificação aos servidores; analisar o plano de cargos e salários; reorganizar a empresa em seus procedimentos e normas; melhorar a distribuição do pessoal; estimular o trabalho em equipe e o comprometimento e atentar para o relacionamento entre os colaboradores.

Oomycetes in the class Saprolegniomycetidae of the Eukaryotic kingdom Stramenopila have evolved as severe pathogens of amphibians, crustaceans, fish and insects, resulting in major losses in aquaculture and damage to aquatic ecosystems. We have sequenced the 63 Mb genome of the fresh water fish pathogen, Saprolegnia parasitica. Approximately 1/3 of the assembled genome exhibits loss of heterozygosity, indicating an efficient mechanism for revealing new variation. Comparison of S. parasitica with plant pathogenic oomycetes suggests that during evolution the host cellular environment has driven distinct patterns of gene expansion and loss in the genomes of plant and animal pathogens. S. parasitica possesses one of the largest repertoires of proteases (270) among eukaryotes that are deployed in waves at different points during infection as determined from RNA-Seq data. In contrast, despite being capable of living saprotrophically, parasitism has led to loss of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, strikingly similar to losses in obligate plant pathogenic oomycetes and fungi. The large gene families that are hallmarks of plant pathogenic oomycetes such as Phytophthora appear to be lacking in S. parasitica, including those encoding RXLR effectors, Crinkler's, and Necrosis Inducing-Like Proteins (NLP). S. parasitica also has a very large kinome of 543 kinases, 10% of which is induced upon infection. Moreover, S. parasitica encodes several genes typical of animals or animal-pathogens and lacking from other oomycetes, including disintegrins and galactose-binding lectins, whose expression and evolutionary origins implicate horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of animal pathogenesis in S. parasitica., Author Summary Fish are an increasingly important source of animal protein globally, with aquaculture production rising dramatically over the past decade. Saprolegnia is a fungal-like oomycete and one of the most destructive fish pathogens, causing millions of dollars in losses to the aquaculture industry annually. Saprolegnia has also been linked to a worldwide decline in wild fish and amphibian populations. Here we describe the genome sequence of the first animal pathogenic oomycete and compare the genome content with the available plant pathogenic oomycetes. We found that Saprolegnia lacks the large effector families that are hallmarks of plant pathogenic oomycetes, showing evolutionary adaptation to the host. Moreover, Saprolegnia harbors pathogenesis-related genes that were derived by lateral gene transfer from the host and other animal pathogens. The retrotransposon LINE family also appears to be acquired from animal lineages. By transcriptome analysis we show a high rate of allelic variation, which reveals rapidly evolving genes and potentially adaptive evolutionary mechanisms coupled to selective pressures exerted by the animal host. The genome and transcriptome data, as well as subsequent biochemical analyses, provided us with insight in the disease process of Saprolegnia at a molecular and cellular level, providing us with targets for sustainable control of Saprolegnia.

Os Institutos Federais, são autarquias de base educacionais, com foco na territorialidade, como elemento principal para sua formação identitária. Através do compromisso em desenvolver a região onde está inserido, o Instituto Federal Farroupilha, tem sua proposta pedagógica, de ensino, pesquisa e extensão, baseada no desenvolvimento local. O objetivo desse trabalho, consistem em relatar a experiência do trabalho de Extensão e Pesquisa tecnológica realizada nos anos de 2011 e 2012, junto aos produtores vitivinícolas do município de Jaguari-RS. Viabilizado pelo PIIEX (Programa Institucional de Incentivo à Extensão), o trabalho envolveu professores e alunos extensionistas do curso superior de Gestão Pública e Produtores Vitivinicultores do município de Jaguari-RS. Ao término dos trabalhos, constatou-se melhoria dos resultados nas práticas de produção, melhoria das ações mercadológicas, como formalização e profissionalização do associativismo, fortalecimento financeiro e organizacional da Cooperativa Agrária São José e representatividade do setor junto aos órgãos municipais e estaduais, além da interligação entre extensão-pesquisa e ensino durante a trajetória acadêmica dos alunos envolvidos nas atividades. Destaca-se o modelo de integração de educação tecnológica com um setor produtivo, uma das razões de existência dos Institutos Federais de Educação Tecnológica.