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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-asm-10.1177_10731911211059763 for Comparing Measures of Criterion A to Better Understand Incremental Validity in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders by Michael J. Roche and Sarah Jaweed in Assessment

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-chc-10.1177_13674935211000882 for Maternal incarceration: Impact on parent���child relationships by Cathrine Fowler, Chris Rossiter, Tamara Power, Angela Dawson, Debra Jackson and Michael A Roche in Journal of Child Health Care

Additional file 1: Table S1. List of sequences and Genbank accession numbers used in this study. Table S2. Primers used to amplify and clone C-HIV Envs into pSVIII-Env. Table S3. Coreceptor usage of C-HIV Envs. Figure S1. Sequence alignments of V3 regions from each study participant. Figure S2. AMD3100 inhibition of CXCR4 virus entry. Figure S3. Gating strategy used for identifying infected CD4+ T cell subsets as a percentage of total infected cells. Figure S4. Gating strategy used for identifying CD4+ T cell subset infection level. Figure S5. Contribution of each CD4+ T cell subset to the pool of productively infected CD4+ T cells. Figure S6. Increased CCR5 expression in more differentiated CD4+ T cell subsets.

Additional file 2. Supplementary tables.

Objective(s)To determine whether variation in cell-associated unspliced (CA-US) HIV RNA in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has a circadian basis.MethodsProspective observational study of HIV-infected individuals on ART. Blood was collected on three occasions and CA-US HIV RNA and mRNA of the circadian-locomotor-output-cycles-kaput (CLOCK)-associated genes quantified by real time PCR. CLOCK-associated proteins were over-expressed in a cell line stably transfected with an HIV long-terminal repeat (LTR) luciferase reporter.ResultsUsing a mixed effects model, there was a significant increase in log-CA-US RNA at the third visit compared with the first visit (effect size of 0.619 with standard error (SE) of 0.098, P

The Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) includes a single dimension of personality dysfunction severity (Criterion A), and five dimensions of personality dysfunction styles (Criterion B). Some consider Criterion A and B distinctions redundant, and this appears mostly true in cross-sectional designs. The present research demonstrated that incremental validity can be found when examining personality dysfunction longitudinally. Participants (n=175) completed a 14-day electronic diary, capturing daily levels of Criterion A and B, along with daily outcomes of personality dysfunction across several domains. Criterion A and B incremented each other across these domains. Moreover, Criterion B trait scores were associated with expected domains of functioning, evidencing convergent and discriminant validity. We discuss the implications for the AMPD model, and the usefulness of longitudinal methods to uncover temporal-dynamics in personality dysfunction.

HIV-1 replication and thus, the progression of infected individuals to AIDS can now be largely controlled by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). However the ability of HIV-1 to; 1) infect and become latent in long-lived cells of the immune system, and 2) persist in tissue anatomical sites where antiretroviral drug penetration is poor, means that cART can not eradicate HIV-1 infection. The application of strategies aimed at exposing HIV-1 reservoirs of infection will require greater understanding of the mechanisms that allow HIV-1 persistence in long-lived cells and tissue sites. Longterm use of cART leads to toxicity and resistance issues in patients with HIV-1 and to address these problems, new classes of HIV-1 antiretrovirals are required. Recently a new drug called Maraviroc (MVC) was approved for use in HIV-1 therapy. MVC comes from a novel class of HIV-1 antiretrovirals called CCR5 antagonists that inhibit HIV-1 entry by altering CCR5 such that it is no longer recognised by the HIV-1 Env. As is the case for all current antiretrovirals, HIV-1 can develop resistance to CCR5 antagonists, although the mechanisms that underlie resistance are poorly understood. The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) have been demonstrated to play an important role in influencing HIV-1 entry and tropism. The hypothesis of this study was that changes in the way that the HIV-1 Env interacts with the primary coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, will enhance and/or alter the HIV-1 entry process which will lead to expansion of viral tropism for cells and tissue sites as well as promote resistance to CCR5 antagonists. The central nervous system (CNS) is an immune privileged site that has poor antiretroviral drug penetration. To examine the role of the HIV-1 Env in viral tropism for the CNS, the Env-coreceptor interactions of a unique panel of dual-tropic (R5X4) Envs isolated from the CNS and lymphoid tissue were analysed. It was found that although functionally dual-tropic, R5X4 Envs isolated from the CNS displayed a preference for CCR5 in viral entry assays whilst R5X4 Envs isolated from lymphoid tissue displayed a preference for CXCR4. These results identify mechanisms underlying R5X4 HIV-1 persistence in different tissue reservoirs and demonstrate tissue-specific adaptation that enhances the tropism of R5X4 strains for CCR5-expressing macrophage-lineage cells in the CNS, and CXCR4-expressing T-cells in lymphoid tissues. Macrophages are long-lived target cells for HIV-1 infection, and enhanced viral replication in macrophages appears to be an important factor in HIV-1 disease progression. To better understand the Env-coreceptor interactions important for HIV-1 macrophage (M)-tropism, the phenotypes of a panel of sixteen CCR5-using (R5) Envs and six R5X4 or CXCR4-using (X4) Envs were studied. Enhanced M-tropism of R5 HIV-1 Envs was associated with an enhanced and altered interaction with CCR5, such that M-tropic R5 Envs had reduced CCR5 dependence and reduced reliance on the CCR5 N-terminus. M-tropism by R5X4 or X4 HIV-1 Envs was associated with increased dependence on the CXCR4 N-terminus, thus displaying a differential coreceptor requirement compared to R5 Envs. These novel results suggest that the mechanism by which HIV-1 Envs engage with coreceptor is an important factor in viral tropism. R5 HIV-1 can become resistant to the CCR5 antagonist MVC by recognising and binding to the MVC-modified form of CCR5. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this altered engagement with CCR5 are unknown. The phenotype of a HIV-1Env from a resistant virus generated in vitro was compared to that of an Env from the parental sensitive virus. Resistance to MVC was associated with a critical reliance on the CCR5 N-terminus, which led to a less efficient interaction with CCR5. The presence of MVC abolished the M-tropic properties of the MVC resistant Env, and these results suggest that continuing MVC even after resistance develops could be clinically beneficial by sparing or reducing the macrophage reservoir of HIV-1. Finally, it was discovered that the CC1/85 HIV-1 clinical isolate, which appears to be uniquely predisposed to acquiring resistance to CCR5 antagonists in vitro, displayed a low-level baseline ability to utilise the MVC-modified form of CCR5 for viral entry. This recognition of the MVC-CCR5 complex was only observed in cells expressing high levels of CCR5 and not in cells that are typically used in the tropism pre-screening assays that are performed prior to a patient starting MVC therapy. These results indicate that a low-level ability to recognise the MVC-modified form of CCR5 may drive full resistance to MVC and detection of these variants could help identify patients at higher risk of virologic failure on MVC. Furthermore, these results suggest that cell lines expressing relatively higher levels of CCR5 may be more appropriate for the tropism pre-screening assays. Awards: Winner of the Mollie Holman Doctoral Medal for Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, 2012.

The Beaten Pathos is a manuscript of poems written by a shelter dog--a shelter dog whose distrust of both his reader-dogs and himself amplifies his need to communicate. More often than not, the result is a poem borne of an imagination both ostentatiously loud and cutting at an oblique angle, like a miter saw. Additionally, a handful of poems are muted and cool (like Miles Davis' trumpet), and, consequently, more direct in their expression of the poet's emotional vulnerability. Whether the poems in this manuscript are of the miter-saw or trumpet variety, their speakers--although frequently not equipped to do so--are earnest about getting and/or making even the most sideways of things right. Master of Fine Arts

The aminoalkylindoles (AAIs) are agonists at both the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. To determine whether the s-trans or s-cis form of AAIs is their receptor-appropriate conformation, two pairs of rigid AAI analogues were studied. These rigid analogues are naphthylidene-substituted aminoalkylindenes that lack the carbonyl oxygen of the AAIs. Two pairs of (E)- and (Z)-naphthylidene indenes (C-2 H and C-2 Me) were considered. In each pair, the E geometric isomer is intended to mimic the s-trans form of the AAIs, while the Z geometric isomer is intended to mimic the s-cis form. Complete conformational analyses of two AAIs, pravadoline (2) and WIN-55, 212-2 (1), and of each indene were performed using the semiempirical method AM1. S-trans and s-cis conformations of 1 and 2 were identified. AM1 single-point energy calculations revealed that when 1 and each indene were overlayed at their corresponding indole/indene rings, the (E)- and (Z)-indenes were able to overlay naphthyl rings with the corresponding s-trans or s-cis conformer of 1 with an energy expense of 1.13/0.69 kcal/mol for the C-2 H (E/Z)-indenes and 0.82/0.74 kcal/mol for the C-2 Me (E/Z)-indenes. On the basis of the hypothesis that aromatic stacking is the predominant interaction of AAIs such as 1 at the CB receptors and on the demonstration that the C-2 H (E/Z)- and C-2 Me (E/Z)-indene isomers can mimic the positions of the aromatic systems in the s-trans and s-cis conformers of 1, the modeling results support the previously established use of indenes as rigid analogues of the AAIs. A synthesis of the naphthylidene indenes was developed using Horner-Wittig chemistry that afforded the Z isomer in the C-2 H series, which was not produced in significant amounts from an earlier reported indene/aldehyde condensation reaction. This approach was extended to the C-2 Me series as well. Photochemical interconversions in both the C-2 H and C-2 Me series were also successful in obtaining the less favored isomer. Thus, the photochemical process can be used to provide quantities of the minor isomers C-2 H/Z and C-2 Me/E. The CB1 and CB2 affinities as well as the activity of each compound in the twitch response of the guinea pig ileum (GPI) assay were assessed. The E isomer in each series was found to have the higher affinity for both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. In the rat brain membrane assay versus [3H]CP-55,940, the Ki's for the C-2 H/C-2 Me series were 2.72/2.89 nM (E isomer) and 148/1945 nM (Z isomer). In membrane assays versus [3H]SR141716A, a two-site model was indicated for the C-2 H/C-2 Me (E isomers) with Ki's of 10. 8/9.44 nM for the higher-affinity site and 611/602 nM for the lower-affinity site. For the Z isomers, a one-site model was indicated with Ki's of 928/2178 nM obtained for the C2 H/C-2 Me analogues, respectively. For the C-2 H/C-2 Me series, the CB2 Ki's obtained using a cloned cell line were 2.72/2.05 nM (E isomer) and 132/658 nM (Z isomer). In the GPI assay, the relative order of potency was C-2 H E > C-2 Me E > C-2 H Z > C-2 Me Z. The C-2 H E isomer was found to be equipotent with 1, while the C-2 Me Z isomer was inactive at concentrations up to 3.16 microM. Thus, results indicate that the E geometric isomer in each pair of analogues is the isomer with the higher CB1 and CB2 affinities and the higher pharmacological potency. Taken together, results reported here support the hypothesis that the s-trans conformation of AAIs such as 1 is the preferred conformation for interaction at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors and that aromatic stacking may be an important interaction for AAIs at these receptors.

This qualitative study was conducted to determine the validity of Streeck and Schmitter's (1991) argument that pluralism is the dominant form of interest intermediation at the European Community level. This thesis tests their hypothesis by examining the organization of agricultural interests at the Community level. The thesis establishes that agricultural interests continue to participate in a corporatist style of policy making at the national level. Secondly, the qualitative analysis enables us to conclude that a corporatist style framework does exist at the Community level. Thirdly, Streeck and Schmitter's (1991) argument that the Community and its structures contribute to a pluralist organization of interest groups, must be qualified when applied to the organization of agricultural interests at the Community level. Corporatism does exist in this particular policy sector at the Community level, but it is weaker than that found at the national level. The analysis focused on negotiation of the Blair House Agreement in November 1992. The case study highlighted the disintegration of authority from the time the negotiations were completed, to the period following the French Parliamentary elections of 1993. The case study highlights the fragile nature of corporatist arrangements at the Community level. While the thesis demonstrates that corporatism has been replicated to the Community level, it illustrates the real limits to the development of corporatism at the Community level due to the continued prevalence of national interests. The thesis points to a need for further research as to the nature of policy networks, and how the type of policy network can change depending on the policy sector, and the issue at hand. It raises further questions as to the validity of Streeck and Schmitter's (1991) argument when applied to other policy sectors. Furthermore, the existence of differing levels of corporatism both at the national level, and between individual member states should be further examined. This thesis also contributed to our knowledge of corporatism by analyzing the role national corporatism and indeed transnational corporatism played in encouraging national interests, thereby ensuring the fragility of corporatism transnationally. Master of Arts (MA)

This report summarizes the results of fish sampled and collected prior to and after the shutdown and provides an assessment of the impact of the loss of these organisms. This report also compares the size of the fish kill with prior kills associated with other winter outages at OCNGS and provides an assessment of the effectiveness of various changes which have been instituted in the operation and shutdown procedures at OCNGS intended to minimize the impact of the shutdowns on fish.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Alternative coreceptor usage of Envs displaying incomplete HIV-1 inhibition by MVC compared to a representative Env from each subject that displays complete inhibition.

Additional file 1: Table S1. C-HIV Env clones used and their GenBank accession numbers.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Alternative coreceptor usage of Envs displaying incomplete HIV-1 inhibition by MVC compared to a representative Env from each subject that displays complete inhibition.

Additional file 1: Table S1. C-HIV Env clones used and their GenBank accession numbers.