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Revisão de 840 casos de pacientes submetidos a intervenções neurocirúrgicas na Unidade de Neurologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo durante 5 anos (1962-1967) para verificar a incidência de reações inflamatórias leptomeníngeas (RIL) no pós-operatório. Em 106 casos (12,6%) foi demonstrada a ocorrência de RIL. O diagnóstico de RIL foi comprovado pelo quadro liquórico; em apenas um caso êle resultou dos achados do exame necroscópico exclusivamente. Analisando os 105 casos em que o LCR foi estudado verificou-se ser a hipertermia, a cefaléia, os sinais meníngeos e as alterações da consciência os sintomas que com mais freqüência sugeriam o diagnóstico; este foi comprovado em média 10 dias após o ato cirúrgico, mediante o exame do LCR. Baseando -se nas alterações do LCR os casos foram divididos em três grupos: RIL provavelmente asséptica (72 casos), RIL provavelmente séptica (26 casos), RIL sépticas (7 casos). Em 59 casos associava-se à RIL hemorragia sub-aracnóidea, dado considerado indicativo de gravidade, pois dos 24 pacientes que vieram a falecer, 20 apresentavam hemorragia sub-aracnóidea e RIL. Data concerning to 840 patients submitted to neurosurgical operations during 5 years (1962-1967) were reviewed in order to verify the occurrence of acute inflammatory leptomeningeal reactions (RIL) in the immediate post -operative period. It was verified that RIL occurred in 106 cases (12,6%). In one case the demonstration was made at the necroscopic examination; in 105 cases the demonstration was based in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination. Clinical and CSF data concerning to the last 105 cases were studied. It was shown that fever, headache, meningism and changes in consciousness were the symptoms that most commonly suggested the diagnosis. Symptoms were more conspicuous about the tenth day (mean) of the post-operative period. Considering the CSF changes found, the cases were divided in three groups: probably aseptic RIL (72 cases), probably septic RIL (26 cases) and septic RIL (7 cases). Only in the last group the bacteriological examination of the CSF sample was positive. In 59 cases there occurred the association of RIL and sub-arachnoid haemorrhage. The severity of this association was pointed out based upon the incidence of deaths among the patients studied. Twenty four patients have died; in 20 the RIL and subarachnoid haemorrhage association has occurred.