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Agents trained using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) are capable of meeting or exceeding human-levels of performance in multi-agent tasks. However, the behaviors exhibited by these agents are not guaranteed to be human-like or human-compatible. This poses a problem if the goal is to design agents capable of collaborating with humans in cooperative or team-based tasks. Previous approaches to encourage the development of human-compatible agents have relied on pre-recorded human data during training. However, such data is not available for the majority of everyday tasks. Importantly, research on human perceptual-motor behavior has found that task-directed behavior is often low-dimensional and can be decomposed into a defined set of dynamical perceptual-motor primitives (DPMPs). Accordingly, we propose a hierarchical approach to simplify DRL training by defining the action dynamics of agents using DPMPs at the lower level, while using DRL to train the decision-making dynamics of agents at the higher level. We evaluate our approach using a multi-agent shepherding task used to study human and multi-agent coordination. Our hierarchical, DRL-DPMP approach resulted in agents which trained faster than vanilla, black-box DRL agents. Further, the hierarchical agents reached higher levels of performance not only when interacting with each other during self-play, but also when completing the task alongside agents embodying models of novice and expert human behavior. Finally, the hierarchical DRL-DPMP agents developed decision-making policies that outperformed heuristic-based agents used in previous research in human-agent coordination.

Solving problems with others not only reduces the time required to complete a challenge but may also enable the discovery of novel strategies that qualitatively change how a problem is approached. At the dyadic level, the laboratory-based ‘shepherding task’ demonstrated that, when tasked to contain evasive agents to a centralized location, some participants discover a non-obvious but optimal strategy to solve the task. This paper quantified the interactions between participants engaged in the task using Multidimensional Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis (MdCRQA), applied to each participant’s gaze and hand movements. The results demonstrated that strategy discoverers exhibited greater amounts of incidental coupling than non-discoverers prior to discovery. Once discovered, the strategy reduced the strength of coupling between participants, indicating that the strategy also reduced coordination demands. Future work will investigate whether differences in problem-solving can be attributable to differences in the perceptual features participants use which scaffold the discovery of task-optimal solutions.

Humans are social animals. Human cognition evolved in a social context. Human cognition develops in a social context. Thus, both the internal mechanisms of cognition and the information we use are social. In this workshop, we aim to extend the boundaries of cognitive sciences beyond individual minds. Following the lead of Dingemanse et al. (2023), we put interaction in focus as a complementary starting point for the study of human cognition.

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is capable of training agents that exceed human-levels of performance in multi-agent tasks. However, the behaviors exhibited by these agents are not guaranteed to be human-like or human-compatible. This poses a problem if the goal is to design agents capable of collaborating with humans or augmenting human actions in cooperative or team-based tasks. Indeed, recommender systems designed to augment human decision-making need to not only recommend actions that align with the task goal, but which also maintain coordinative behaviors between agents. The current study simultaneously explored skill learning performance of human learners when working alongside different artificial agents (AAs) during a collaborative problem-solving task, as well as evaluated the effectiveness of the same AAs as action decision recommender systems to aid learning. The action decisions of the AAs were either modelled by a heuristic model based on human performance or by a deep neural network trained by reinforcement learning using self-play. In addition to evaluating skill learning performance, the current study also tested the congruence between the decisions of the AAs with actual decisions made by humans. Results demonstrate that the performance of humans was significantly worse when working alongside the DRL AA compared to the heuristic AA. Additionally, the action decisions participants made also showed less allignment with the recommendations made by the DRL AA.

While communication is an essential part of life, it is not always easy and effortless. This is especially true when talking with someone in a noisy environment. Although communicating in noise is often the rule rather than the exception, very little research has investigated the behavioral processes individuals might use to minimize miscommunication when listening becomes challenged. Here we explored synergistic speech and movement processes that 22 pairs of adults used to hear and be heard when (mis)communicating in noise. The results revealed intricate dynamics both with respect to acoustic optimization of the speech produced and heard, as well as how individuals modulate interpersonal distance and behavioral coordination patterns.

Interpersonal coordination is a key determinant of successful social interaction but is disrupted for people who experience social anxiety. Effective coordination rests on individuals directing their attention toward others, an effect well-documented in previous literature. Yet, little research has considered the concurrent behaviour of interaction partners. Using a novel virtual reality task, we investigated how partner gaze (i.e., direct vs. averted) influenced the emergence of interpersonal coordination. The results revealed two novel effects: (i) spontaneous coordination was diminished in the averted (cf. direct) gaze condition; (ii) spontaneous coordination was positively related to symptoms of social anxiety, but only when partner gaze was averted. This latter finding contrasts the extant literature and points to interaction intensity as a factor governing the social anxiety-coordination association. More broadly, this work provides further evidence that emergent patterns of interpersonal coordination fluctuate as a function of changes in social context and the behaviour of others.

Collaboration and teaming are critical for solving complex problems. However, little is known about how group dynamics affect teaming behaviours and, ultimately, problem-solving effectiveness. The present study aimed to validate a novel measure of the dynamics of team communication – here termed turn-taking entropy – and to investigate what aspects of those dynamics affect collaborative-problem-solving performance. Thirty-two teams of 4 were asked to complete a simulated crisis-response task in which they had to rank 15 items in order of their importance to their team’s survival (first individually and then as a team). Group responses were better than the aggregated individual responses of team members (suggesting teaming benefits), and were better when team members had task-relevant skills and knowledge. However, response quality was not significantly related to task completion time. Additionally, the proposed entropy measure appeared to capture group communication dynamics, and appeared to differentiate stable an unstable patterns of communication. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Social motor coordination (SMC), defined as the intentional or unintentional coordination of movement between individuals in a social setting, has been linked to greater feelings of rapport and social connectedness. Here, we investigated this relationship using a silent disco paradigm where groups of 3 or 4 individuals danced to either the same music or different music. Visual information was manipulated by initially separating the participants with curtains (2 minutes), after which the curtains were opened (10 minutes). Head movements were recorded with a wireless motion tracking system attached to the silent disco headphones. Rapport and social connectedness measures were obtained using questionnaires completed after participation in the silent disco. Results showed that groups who listened to the same music exhibited a greater degree of SMC than groups that listened to different music. Greater degrees of SMC were also observed when group members were able to see one another. Finally, greater SMC was associated with perceptions of increased self-other overlap and interaction quality.

Perceptual-motor tasks offer redundant solutions to achieve a goal. However, not all solutions are equally robust to error-producing variability and thus, skill learning requires the search for behaviors that are error-tolerant. Throwing a ball to hit a target is a skill that has been studied via the “skittles” task, a simplified 2-dimensional throwing environment. The study investigated whether participants learning the skittles task benefit from task scaffolding via the placements of targets provided by either a human confederate posing as a teacher, or by the participant. These groups were compared to a third sample who received an unstructured curriculum consisting of randomly placed targets. The results demonstrate that participants in the unstructured training condition were better able to perceive the task’s underlying solution geometry, compared to scaffolding provided by a human. Future work will explore methods to design training curricula that are more efficient in facilitating perceptual-motor skill development.

Social cognition is shaped by cultural and social-psychological contexts. Depending on the social cues displayed, the cognitive processes that emerge during embodied social interactions can vary. This study explored the influence of gender diverse social cues on interpersonal coordination and decision-making during dyadic interaction in virtual reality. Participants embodied either a transgender or cisgender avatar and interacted with a transgender confederate (human-controlled virtual agent). Results suggest that transgender embodied women and men displayed more interpersonal affiliation, via their coordination dynamics with the confederate, after an explicit gender identity disclosure. Additionally, cognitive flexibility for ambiguous decisions was influenced by attributions of responsibility made toward the confederate. However, cisgender embodied men did not substantially change their decision-making behaviours or increase their coordination with the confederate. Viscerally taking on the perspective and appearance of a transgender person, achieved through virtual embodiment and interaction, may support positive interactions between cisgender and transgender communities.

As society embraces technology to support collaboration anywhere and at anytime, there is a growing opportunity for artificial agents to support such collaboration. However, little seems known about how such agents impact the behavioural performance of human teams. To answer this, we devised a Wizard of Oz study where teams of 3 participants located and corralled targets into a containment area in a virtual desert environment. The Wizard played the role of an artificial intelligent operator who had a map view showing the location of participants, targets and the containment area, and could verbally communicate this information. The Wizard operated under two conditions: they could solely use the map view to decide what responses to utter (non-responsive interaction) or could also listen to participant queries (responsive interaction). The results revealed that participant performance was unaffected by responsive interaction condition, despite having a significantly more favourable perception of a responsive agent.

Intention prediction often plays a crucial role in successful social interaction. Previous studies have attempted to understand this skill by focusing on the role of movement kinematics in isolation. However, this approach is limited as the same kinematics typically map to multiple action possibilities (affordances) and as a result, individual's also employ contextual information to predict others' intentions. In this study we present preliminary findings from a qualitative study aimed at investigating intention prediction in naturalistic contexts. Participants viewed an individual reaching for a cup with one of two object-directed intentions: to drink OR to clear the table. A third non-object-directed intention was also included where the observed individual placed their hand on the table next to the cup. For each intention the contextual information was varied by changing the environmental scene between (1) cups full of juice, (2) almost empty cups, and (3) half-empty cups. The findings reveal that participants perceived the cup's functional (most salient) affordance - drink - for the intention so far as the movement kinematics specified an object-directed intention (drink or clear) with a context that clearly afforded it (full and half-full cups). However, participants were also sensitive to the kinematic differences between the object-directed intentions when the context made the functional affordance seem improbable (almost empty cups).

Modeling human navigation and route selection in complex environments has used path planning in the past and more recently, dynamical models. The current study modeled the navigational movement trajectories of human herder agents tasked with corralling an autonomous target agent into a specified containment zone. Analyses of trajectories of participants completing a first-person herding game revealed that their movement entailed sequential (i) approach and then (ii) corral phases that were invariant to the initial location of the herder and target agents. More importantly, the trajectories of human herders could be captured using a low-dimensional environmentally coupled dynamical model. The novelty of this work is in extending the previous research in modeling navigational behaviors of humans to include moving targets that need to be manipulated into a desired position. Implications of the findings for the development of artificial agents for human-machine herding, as well as more general human-machine teaming are discussed.

Older patients and those who require interpreters are least likely to use telehealth for gynecologic oncology care, showing disparities which continued after statewide vaccinations.

Welcome. Here you will find all the data associated to the project entitled "Embodied Social Competence in ASD." Begin with the Readme File where you will find a description of all the available data.

Additional file 10. zoomable CRISP tree.pdf.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-edm-10.1177_15553434221092930 for A Comparison of Dynamical Perceptual-Motor Primitives and Deep Reinforcement Learning for Human-Artificial Agent Training Systems by Lillian Rigoli, Gaurav Patil, Patrick Nalepka, Rachel W. Kallen, Simon Hosking, Christopher Best and Michael J. Richardson in Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making

Additional file 16. zoomable kunitz tree.pdf.

Additional file 25. zoomable SVMP propeptide tree.pdf.

Additional file 19. zoomable lectin tree.pdf.

Joint pick and place tasks occur in many interpersonal scenarios, such as when two people pick up and pass dishes. Previous studies have demonstrated that low-dimensional models can accurately capture the dynamics of pick and place motor behaviors in a controlled 2D environment. The current study models the dynamics of pick-up and pass decisions within a less restrictive virtual reality mediated 3D joint pick and place task. Findings indicate that reach-normalized distance measures, between participants and objects/targets, could accurately predict pick-up and pass decisions. Findings also reveal that participants took longer to pick-up objects where division of labor boundaries were less obvious and tended to pass in locations maximizing the dyad's efficiency. This study supports the notion that individuals are more likely to engage in interpersonal behavior when a task goal is perceived as difficult or unattainable (i.e., not afforded). Implications of findings for human-artificial agent interactions are discussed. CC BY 4.0Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY)© 2022 The Author(s)MJR was supported by the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT180100447). The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Nalepka for his helpful comments and suggestions throughout this work.

Additional file 22. zoomalbe PIII SVMP tree.pdf.

Additional file 7. Zoomable CNP tree.pdf.

Additional file 4. Tables: Toxin types recovered for each species; Raw illumina data for each species; Statistics for each species for cleaned data; Molecular modelling templates.

Additional file 3. Zoomable 3ftx tree.pdf.

The current study explores the dynamics of interpersonal collision avoidance during an everyday coordination task. The task was a full body adaptation of the collision avoidance arm-movement task employed by Richardson et al. (2015) and required pairs of co-actors to avoid colliding into one another as they moved back and forth within a collaborative workspace. Specifically, participants were required to serve drinks to humanoid customers in a virtual bar where they needed to move back and forth between drink service and refill stations. As expected, stable patterns of movement coordination emerged between co-actors, with one participant in a pair exhibiting a more circular movement trajectory between the service and refill locations, while the second participant in a pair exhibited a more straight-line trajectory between the two locations. Consistent with the results of Richardson et al., (2015), this pattern was observed across nearly all pairs, indicating that the same dynamical processes governing simple hand-arm coordination tasks also regulate more complex, full-body and naturalistic goal-directed interpersonal coordination tasks.

The JIFX program exists to provide an opportunity for NPS faculty, students, private companies, and academia to demonstrate and evaluate new technologies related to the Department of the Navy and the Department of Defense research in an operational field environment, and also to provide the operational community theopportunity to experiment with these technologies to better understand the capabilities that they may represent. This quick look report summarizes JIFX 21-3 held 24-27 May 2021 at concurrently in three venues: Camp Roberts, SLAMR, and in the cyber domain. Consortium for Robotics and Unmanned Systems Education and Research (CRUSER) Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Altering an individual’s identity during virtual tasks, such that it is incongruent with their own identity, can reduce unconscious biases and increase empathy and prosocial behavior. While such virtual embodiment has been investigated for race, age, and socioeconomic status, the question remains whether immersive perspective taking reduces implicit gender bias. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of gendered embodiment on gender bias related to the underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and math fields. Undergraduate students (N=65) undertook a simulated virtual interview task, which included the rating and selection of male and female candidates. Females were significantly more empathetic than males. Greater empathy predicted higher candidate ratings, except for competence of the female candidate. Preliminary findings establish foundations for future comparative studies and contribute to elucidating the nature of empathy during and after virtual perspective taking, such that it may have a greater impact on males for modulating gender bias.

The JIFX program exists to provide an opportunity for NPS faculty, students, private companies, and academia to demonstrate and evaluate new technologies related to the Department of the Navy and the Department of Defense research in an operational field environment, and also to provide the operational community theopportunity to experiment with these technologies to better understand the capabilities that they may represent. This quick look report summarizes JIFX 21-3 held 24-27 May 2021 at concurrently in three venues: Camp Roberts, SLAMR, and in the cyber domain. Consortium for Robotics and Unmanned Systems Education and Research (CRUSER) Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Supplemental material, Supplemental_material for Perception of another person’s maximum reach-with-jump height from walking kinematics by Julie A Weast-Knapp, Kevin Shockley, Michael A Riley, Sarah Cummins-Sebree, Michael J Richardson, Trenton D Wirth and Philip C Haibach in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

To accept that cognition is embodied is to question many of the beliefs traditionally held by cognitive scientists. One key question regards the localization of cognitive faculties. Here we argue that for cognition to be embodied and sometimes embedded, means that the cognitive faculty cannot be localized in a brain area alone. We review recent research on neural reuse, the 1/f structure of human activity, tool use, group cognition, and social coordination dynamics that we believe demonstrates how the boundary between the different areas of the brain, the brain and body, and the body and environment is not only blurred but indeterminate. In turn, we propose that cognition is supported by a nested structure of task‐specific synergies, which are softly assembled from a variety of neural, bodily, and environmental components (including other individuals), and exhibit interaction dominant dynamics.

Of the numerous variables that impact the outcome of irregular warfare operations, leadership is one of me most critical. Irregular operations require decentralization and the freedom of the local commander to create local solutions to the situations that he faces. These local solutions can have a dramatic and positive effect on the outcome of irregular military operations. A review of cases that span a century of US irregular warfare operations provides evidence that, at times, the military hierarchy did allow subordinates to innovate and did listen to their recommendations, with positive outcomes as a result. This evidence also illustrates, however, that the military has failed to institutionalize these lessons and is prone to have to re-learn them from conflict to conflict, and at times this relearning process has resulted in the failure of an operation. Leaders must ensure that innovation and feedback are a part of the conduct of irregular warfare operations. This thesis will illustrate that the doctrine and culture of the United States military does not provide for the systematic analysis and exploitation of subordinate innovation. The purpose of this thesis is to clearly articulate the important role that innovation and feedback from subordinates can have on the outcome of operations. The cases put forth to illustrate these points are the Philippines (1898-1902), Vietnam, and El Salvador. The goal is to draw conclusions and make recommendations on how the US military might better capture and utilize subordinate feedback and innovation in future operations. http://archive.org/details/innovationfrombe1094510891 US Army (USA) authors

A 53-year-old man presented with cervical myelopathy. magnetic resonance imagine (MRI) revealed a predominantly extraskeletal, extradural lesion extending along the posterior aspects of the C2 to C5 vertebral bodies, with greater than 60% spinal canal compromise and severe cord compression. Bone involvement was present, but was thought to be secondary. Based on histopathology and immunohistochemical stains, the final pathologic diagnosis was chordoma. The lesion was treated with embolization, surgical resection, and proton beam radiotherapy, and there was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis after five years.

Richardson Michael, Galey Jean-Claude. Orientalisme et négritude. De la réciprocité en anthropologie. In: Gradhiva : revue d'histoire et d'archives de l'anthropologie, n°5, 1988. pp. 13-20.

This thesis examines the apparatus added to The Shepheardes Calender by E.K. and the woodcuts to determine how, or whether, they function as criticism in the modern sense of the term. The arguments are generally not in sympathy with the eclogues to Which they pertain, although some of them do highlight the advertising aspects of the Calender. The woodcuts, however, besides showing many instances of one-to-one correspondence with the eclogues, often interpret and even extend the poem along sympathetic lines. This contrast between the arguments and the woodcuts, both appearing before the text of the eclogue, suggests that a cross-reference between E.K.'s verbal and the artist's visual representation, and between these and the text, is intended, and that these parts of the apparatus constitute a lesson in reading Spenser. The, glosses contain much padding, many errors, and some misleading interpretations, which implies that their purpose is not criticism. They are to be seen rather than read, for their cumulative effect is to make the Calender look like, a heavily glossed edition of a classical author. That is, E.K.'s material is primarily an advertising strategy, as is much of the poem itself. In his introduction, arguments, and glosses he often works directly to promote the "New Poete," and more often obliquely by producing an apparatus whose existence takes priority over the content. Master of Arts (MA)

Through a fearful dread of the disease, preventive measures have arisen. The Chinese, the Brahmins of India, the Arabians and the Africans all knew from earliest times that the inoculation of matter from a mild case of smallpox often produced a slight form of the disease, which would protect against a severe infection. The method preferred by the Orientals was to insert smallpox crusts into the nostrils, whereby the disease was communicated through the respiratory tract. Inoculation (or variolation) was in early use in Wales and the Highlands of Scotland. In Western Europe the medical efforts were directed not towards prevention but towards treatment. In England in the seventeenth century, and indeed well into the eighteenth, the orthodox treatment for smallpox comprised of isolation of the patient, rest in bed in a hot, ill- ventilated room, frequent blood -lettings, and overdrugging. In essence, a regime not too compatible with survival. Sydenham, who rejected this belief that the disease was contagious - for the scourge was so universal that some believed it to be congenital - proposed the "cooling method ". There were no fires allowed in the patient's room, windows were opened and bedclothes were "laid no higher than the waist ". Under this mild treatment his patients did well, but few doctors adopted it, feeling his treatment was essentially to do nothing.

With artificial intelligence technologies becoming commonplace today, enhancing the efficiency of human-artificial agent (AA) interactions has become increasingly important. A growing body of research has revealed how dynamic motor primitives (DMPs) of human perceptual-motor behavior can be used to create ‘human-like’ AAs, primarily focusing on cooperative tasks. Using air hockey as a representative task, the current experiment is the first part of a large study aimed at determining the utility of DMP-based models for developing ‘human-like’ competitive AAs. Participants played against a preliminary DMP model and the differences in their behaviors were analyzed. Based on these observed differences, a revised model is proposed, with preliminary results revealing that the new model exhibits behaviors more consistent with those of humans. A major implication of this work is that it presents a framework for creating ‘human-like’ AAs that capture the essential human decision and movement dynamics without requiring large human gameplay datasets.

Table S1. Number of “highly expressed unidentified” (“unidentified” transcripts with a percentage coverage of 0.5% compared with the total transcriptome coverage) with and without signal peptides. Table S2. Number of transcripts in each of the “high expressed unidentified” clusters between each of the steps described in the Methods section. The last column shows the first letter of the species names that are represented by transcripts in that cluster (A = A. mauretanicus, B = B. gigas, G = G. grandidieri, H = H. gentili, P = P. kraepelini, N = N. hierichonticus, All = transcripts of all six species are found in that cluster). Table S3. Origin of the samples with the coordinates of capture where available. (DOCX 29 kb)

The PREDICTS project-Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)-has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project - and avert - future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups - including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems - http://www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.

Team interaction involves the division of labor and coordination of actions between members to achieve a shared goal. Although the dynamics of interactions that afford effective coordination and performance have been a focus in the cognitive science community, less is known about how to generate these flexible and adaptable coordination patterns. This is important when the goal is to design artificial agents that can augment and enhance team coordination as synthetic teammates. Although previous research has demonstrated the negative impact of model-based agents on the pattern of interactions between members using recurrence quantification methods, more recent work utilizing deep reinforcement learning has demonstrated a promising approach to bootstrap the design of agents to team with humans effectively. This paper explores the impact of artificial agent design on the interaction patterns that are exhibited in human-autonomous agent teams and discusses future directions that can facilitate the design of human-compatible artificial agents.

Deep reinforcement learning (Deep RL) methods can train artificial agents (AAs) to reach or exceed human-level performance. However, in multiagent contexts requiring competitive behavior or where the aim is to use AAs for human training, the qualitative behaviors AAs adopt may be just as important as their performance to ensure representative training. This paper compares human behaviors and performance when competing against either a human expert or an AA opponent trained using Deep RL on a 2-dimensional version of Pong. Results show that participants were not sensitive to the movement differences between the human expert and AA. Further, the participants did not alter their behaviors, except to compensate for differences in the environmental states caused by the opponents. The paper concludes with discussion on the potential impacts of AA training on human behavior with regard to representative design in the areas of skill development and team training.