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The CeO2, Ce-Nb-Ox and Nb2O5 catalysts were synthesized by citric acid method to investigate the promotion effect of Nb on ceria for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3. The catalytic activity measurements indicate that the mixed oxide Ce-Nb-Ox presents a higher SCR activity than the single oxide CeO2 or Nb2O5 catalyst. In addition, the Ce-Nb-Ox catalyst shows a high resistance towards H2O and SO2 at 280 °C. The Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectra and temperature programmed reduction with H2 results indicate that the incorporation of Nb provides abundant oxygen vacancies for capturing more surface adsorbed oxygen, which provides a superior redox capability and accelerates the renewal of active sites. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared spectra and temperature programmed desorption of NH3 results suggest that niobium pentoxide shows high surface acidity, which is partly retained in the Ce-Nb-Ox catalyst possessing a high content of Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. Therefore, the incorporation of Nb improves both the redox and acidic capacities of Ce-Nb-Ox catalyst for the SCR reaction. Here, the redox behavior is primarily taken on Ce and the acidity is well improved by Nb, so the synergistic effect should exist between Ce and Nb. In terms of the reaction mechanism, in situ DRIFT experiments suggest that both NH3 on Lewis acid sites and NH4+ on Bronsted acid sites can react with NO species, and adsorbed NO and NO2 species can both be reduced by NH3. In the SCR process, O2 as an important role primarily acts as the accelerant to improve the redox and acid cycles. This work proves that the combination of redox and acidic properties of different constituents can be feasible for catalyst design to obtain a superior SCR performance.

A new species of Ichneumonidae, Trychosis naolihense Meng & Ren, sp. nov., is described and illustrated. Specimens were collected from Naolihe National Natural Reserve, Heilongjiang Province, China. A key to the currently known species from China is provided.

This investigation was performed to determine the anaerobic biodegradation of alkyl ethoxy glucoside (AEG) nonionic surfactants using the OECD 311 method. The influence of different initial concentrations of AEG on the primary biodegradation rate was investigated using the anthrone analysis method. The results show that different initial concentrations have similar good biodegradability and the biodegradation rate can reach more than 90 % even at the highest initial concentration of 100 mg/l. Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) surfactants have previously been confirmed as readily biodegradable. The profile of concentration changes over the incubation time of AEG and APG had similar trends. Therefore, AEG are also considered as readily biodegradable. The gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer analytical method was used to identify the metabolites. The content of alcohol ethoxylate (AEO) increased with decrease in the number of AEG at the initial stage of degradation. It was found that AEO with longer EO chains disappeared first. Accordingly, a degradation pathway that accounts for the experiment results was proposed.