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Reid, Chris A.M., Tees, Natalie A. (2023): A new, but possibly extinct, species of Semanopterus Hope, 1847 from Lord Howe Island, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Zootaxa 5306 (5): 563-570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.5.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5306.5.4

Key to the species of Dynastinae from Lord Howe Island 1. Propygidial disc densely sculptured with transverse ridges..................................................... 2 - Propygidium smooth surfaced and evenly punctate, without stridulatory ridges.................................... 5 2(1) Propygidial disc with scattered unaligned and equal sized short transverse ridges, not forming a pair of stridulatory files; anterior margin of head rounded......................................................................... 3 - Propygidial disc with paired stridulatory files, formed by longitudinally aligned dense transverse ridges, decreasing in size from base to apex; anterior margin of head excavate either side of midline............... Heteronychus arator (Fabricius, 1775) 3(2) Mandibles bidentate; frontoclypeus with single median tubercle; 5–7 shallow elytral striae........................... 4 - Mandibles tridentate; frontoclypeus with either 2 tubercles or none; 9 deep elytral striae..................................................................................................... Metanastes vulgivagus (Olliff, 1889) 4(3) Base of pygidium setose; elytral punctures ocellate, with a fine ridge around each puncture... Pimelopus noctis (Olliff, 1889) - Base of pygidium glabrous; elytral punctures simple, unridged.................. Pimelopus fischeri (Montrouzier, 1860) 5(1) Body flat; mentum expanded concealing bases of palpi; elytra densely punctured, relatively dull.......................................................................................... Cryptodus tasmannicus Westwood, 1841 - Body convex; mentum not laterally expanded; elytra not densely punctured, relatively shiny....................................................................................... Semanopterus kingstoni Reid & Tees, new species, Published as part of Reid, Chris A. M. & Tees, Natalie A., 2023, A new, but possibly extinct, species of Semanopterus Hope, 1847 from Lord Howe Island, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), pp. 563-570 in Zootaxa 5306 (5) on page 568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8073254, {"references":["Olliff, A. S. (1889) The insect fauna of Lord Howe Island. Australian Museum Memoir, 2, 77 - 98, pl. vi, errata. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.2.1889.482"]}

Key to the species of Dynastinae from Lord Howe Island 1. Propygidial disc densely sculptured with transverse ridges..................................................... 2 - Propygidium smooth surfaced and evenly punctate, without stridulatory ridges.................................... 5 2(1) Propygidial disc with scattered unaligned and equal sized short transverse ridges, not forming a pair of stridulatory files; anterior margin of head rounded......................................................................... 3 - Propygidial disc with paired stridulatory files, formed by longitudinally aligned dense transverse ridges, decreasing in size from base to apex; anterior margin of head excavate either side of midline............... Heteronychus arator (Fabricius, 1775) 3(2) Mandibles bidentate; frontoclypeus with single median tubercle; 5–7 shallow elytral striae........................... 4 - Mandibles tridentate; frontoclypeus with either 2 tubercles or none; 9 deep elytral striae..................................................................................................... Metanastes vulgivagus (Olliff, 1889) 4(3) Base of pygidium setose; elytral punctures ocellate, with a fine ridge around each puncture... Pimelopus noctis (Olliff, 1889) - Base of pygidium glabrous; elytral punctures simple, unridged.................. Pimelopus fischeri (Montrouzier, 1860) 5(1) Body flat; mentum expanded concealing bases of palpi; elytra densely punctured, relatively dull.......................................................................................... Cryptodus tasmannicus Westwood, 1841 - Body convex; mentum not laterally expanded; elytra not densely punctured, relatively shiny....................................................................................... Semanopterus kingstoni Reid & Tees, new species

Semanopterus kingstoni Reid & Tees, new species (Figs 1–10) Type. Holotype female. AUSTRALIA, LORD HOWE ISLAND: Mt Gower LHI, / 700m pitfall, / 30.1.1979 [handwritten label by T. Kingston]; Lord Howe I., N.S.W. / leaf litter / Mt Gower / T. Kingston / Date 30-1-79 [printed label, except date handwritten by unknown person]; K188798 [printed]; HOLOTYPE / Semanopterus ♀ / kingstoni Reid & Tees [‘Holotype’ printed]. The holotype is deposited in the entomology collection of the Australian Museum (Sydney, Australia). Description. The holotype is slightly damaged: right apical maxillary and labial palpomeres, left protarsomeres 2–5, right protarsus, left mesotarsomeres 3–5, right mesotarsomeres 4–5, metatarsomeres 4–5 missing; right antenna removed and mounted on a point. Body convex (Figs 1–2), robust; dark reddish brown, anterior and basal margins of pronotum, scutellum, elytral suture, pygidium and apical abdominal ventrite almost black, venter, femora and antennae paler reddish brown, membrane between abdominal ventrites 5 and 6 orange; dorsal surface shiny; length 27 mm, pronotal width 10.5 mm, elytral width 13.5 mm. Head (Figs 3–5). Frons rugulose, sculpture shallower and sparser than clypeus; ocular canthi rugulose and laterally setose, slightly bulging anterior to eyes; Clypeus transverse, trapezoidal, apical width less than half basal width, anterior edge truncate and medially reflexed, surface transversely rugulose; frontoclypeal suture distinct, transverse, with small symmetrical median tubercle; eye reniform, dorsal part slightly smaller than ventral part; antenna with 9 antennomeres, 1 scyphiform, 2–6 transverse, 5–6 triangular, 7–9 forming a tight transversely oval club with 7 widest; width of club slightly greater than length of antennomeres 2–6; antennomeres 1–2 punctured with long setae, 3–6 glabrous, 7–9 with scattered punctures and short recumbent setae; mandible laterally rounded, projecting laterally and apically beyond clypeal margin, densely laterally punctured and setose; maxilla laterally exposed, including base of palp; apical maxillary palpomere elongate cylindrical, length about 3x width and about 1.5x length of preapical palpomere, which is slightly shorter than preceding palpomere; galea with large elongate triangular apical tooth, visible below mandibular apex; base of labial palpi hidden by side of mentum; mentum laterally expanded and longitudinally arched at middle, narrowing to bifurcate apex, surface closely rugosely punctured and setose. Thorax (Figs 1–3, 7–10). Pronotum transverse, width 1.5x length, and greatest width about 1/3 from base, with almost straight basal margin, evenly rounded lateral margins, rounded posterior angles, rounded but slightly produced anterior angles, and truncate anterior margin; margins strongly raised laterally, anteriorly shallow raised with inner margin narrowly triangular at midline, basal margin not raised except at sides; anterior edge membranous; pronotal disc convex, with narrow elongate depression in basal half of midline and a few scattered small dimples laterally; disc sparsely and finely punctate, except elongate depression with larger, denser, C-shaped punctures, anterior and basal margins finely and densely punctured; prothoracic hypomeron densely rugosely punctured and setose; prosternum smooth and almost impunctate anterior to coxae, at middle convexly produced and strongly elevated with dense punctures and setae; postcoxal lobe truncate in ventral view, elongate triangular in posterior view, strongly punctured and setose; scutellum transversely semi-oval, sparsely micropunctured; elytra apparently fused but with distinct suture, slightly abbreviated with rounded apices, reaching basal margin of propygidium; elytral disc almost non-striate, four irregular lines of punctures present but obscured by similarly sized and spaced interstrial punctures; sutural margin slightly elevated and impunctate, and two similar low ridges on disc; epipleuron setose at base only, apical half undefined; mesoventrite densely punctured and setose; mesocoxae adjacent; wing reduced to a short broad lobe, less than 0.2x elytral length (not visible under elytra in posterior view); metaventrite finely and sparsely punctured, laterally setose, medially glabrous, abbreviated, shorter than mesoventrite on midline and about equal to length of metacoxa laterally; protibial anterior surface with row of large punctures and setae, outer margin tridentate, denticles equidistant, distal strongly curved, proximal small and obtuse; protibial spur long and flat; mesotibiae and metatibiae with a single lateral oblique ridge of short spines and setae and dorsal margin with irregularly serrate ridge; metafemur oval, longer than wide, stout, laterally with rows of setose punctures on dorsal edge and near ventral margin; metatibia abruptly expanded in apical third to truncate apex, latter with dense row of acute setae (mostly broken); length of metatibial inner spur about 1.5x outer spur, both broad and almost straight; metatarsomere 1 asymmetrically triangular, width almost equal to length, without lateral carina. Abdomen (Figs 2, 7, 10). Propygidium slightly convex in lateral view, as long as pygidium, without stridulatory files, disc evenly sculptured with mixture of large setose punctures, dense micropunctures and microreticulation; pygidium evenly shallowly convex, glabrous, disc sparsely micropunctate, dense at base and lateral margins, thick apical ridge with a few setae (most broken off); ventrite 1 punctured and setose throughout, ventrites 2–4 with dense large and small punctures and setae at sides and base, almost impunctate and glabrous at middle, ventrite 5 similar but also transverse row of large punctures and setae near posterior margin; membrane between ventrites 5 and 6 expanded, about half length of ventrite 5; ventrite 6 anteriorly densely micropunctate and punctate, with scattered setae, posterior margin with weakly defined raised edge. Genitalia not examined. Etymology. Named for Tim Kingston, the collector of this species. Notes. The new species is placed in Semanopterus because it best fits most of the diagnostic features of this genus, as described by Carne (1957), Endrödi (1985), and Weir et al. (2019): body reddish brown to black; frontoclypeal suture armed with low tubercle; clypeus broadly triangular or trapezoidal, with sides straight and anterior edge upturned; head without vertically flattened area; mandibles strongly exposed beside and beyond clypeus; apical maxillary palpomere not enlarged; maxillae with galeae strongly developed, conspicuously toothed; apical labial palp cylindrical; mentum not dilated, not covering bases of maxillary palpi; elytra with odd numbered intervals costate; elytra without tubercle near scutellum; protibia tridentate; apex of metatibia truncate, with many spiniform setae; metatarsomere 1 without distinct longitudinal external carina; propygidium not enlarged, without stridulatory ridges; last ventrite of female with transverse sulcus. Semanopterus kingstoni differs from all other species of this genus by: convex body; distinct frontoclypeal suture; antennae with 9 antennomeres; pronotal disc with single fovea, in basal half; pronotal basal angles rounded and basal border absent medially; epipleura indistinct apically and with setae confined to base; protibiae bluntly tridentate; metatibia with a single oblique setose ridge. This combination of characters easily distinguishes S. kingstoni from all other species in the genus. It might, therefore, be argued that S. kingstoni should be placed in a new genus. However, the convexity, loss of anterior pronotal fovea and loss or reduction of borders and margins on pronotum and elytra, may all be linked to loss of flight. Furthermore, variation in the number of antennomeres is not regarded as significant at generic rank in the Dynastinae and is widespread in dynastine genera as currently understood (Carne 1957)., Published as part of Reid, Chris A. M. & Tees, Natalie A., 2023, A new, but possibly extinct, species of Semanopterus Hope, 1847 from Lord Howe Island, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), pp. 563-570 in Zootaxa 5306 (5) on pages 564-567, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8073254, {"references":["Carne, P. B. (1957) Systematic revision of the Australian Dynastinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne, 284 pp.","Endrodi, S. (1985) The Dynastinae of the world. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 800 pp., 46 plates.","Weir, T. A., Lawrence, J. F., Lemann, C. & Gunter, N. L. (2019) Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae Macleay, 1919 [sic]. In: Slipinski, A. & Lawrence, J. F. (Eds.), Australian beetles. Vol. 2. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga (part). CSIRO Publishing, Clayton South, pp. 516 - 530."]}

Supplemental material, sj-docx-7-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-8-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-3-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-9-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

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Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-5-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-4-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Tracking individuals is a vital part of many experiments conducted to understand collective behaviour. Ants are the paradigmatic model system for such experiments but their lack of individually distinguishing visual features and their high colony densities make it extremely difficult to perform reliable tracking automatically. Additionally, the wide diversity of their species' appearances makes a generalized approach even harder. In this paper, we propose a data-driven multi-object tracker that, for the first time, employs domain adaptation to achieve the required generalisation. This approach is built upon a joint-detection-and-tracking framework that is extended by a set of domain discriminator modules integrating an adversarial training strategy in addition to the tracking loss. In addition to this novel domain-adaptive tracking framework, we present a new dataset and a benchmark for the ant tracking problem. The dataset contains 57 video sequences with full trajectory annotation, including 30k frames captured from two different ant species moving on different background patterns. It comprises 33 and 24 sequences for source and target domains, respectively. We compare our proposed framework against other domain-adaptive and non-domain-adaptive multi-object tracking baselines using this dataset and show that incorporating domain adaptation at multiple levels of the tracking pipeline yields significant improvements. The code and the dataset are available at https://github.com/chamathabeysinghe/da-tracker.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-3-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-6-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-6-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-7-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-5-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-9-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Supplemental material, sj-docx-4-hss-10.1177_15563316231183380 for Principles of Photography and Videography: Lessons From Orthoplastic Sarcoma Surgery by Jessica D. Blum, Robert C. Clark, Alexander N. Berk, Garrison Leach, Riley A. Dean, Dillan F. Villavisanis, Frank E. Chiarappa and Chris M. Reid in HSS Journal®

Aulacophora abdominalis (Fabricius, 1781) (Figs 2, 10, 18, 26, 32���35, 44���46, 58���69, 83���84, 94���97, 108���111, 121���124, 135���138, 150���152, 164���167, 182) Crioceris abdominalis Fabricius 1781: 151. Cryptocephalus abdominalis: Gmelin 1790: 1719. Galeruca abdominalis: Olivier 1791: 590. Galleruca abdominalis: Fabricius 1792: 23. Raphidopalpa abdominalis: Chevrolat 1836: 378. Aulacophora abdominalis: Baly 1879: 445. Rhaphidopalpa abdominalis: Weise 1892: 395. Raphidopalpa argyrogaster Montrouzier 1861: 299; syn. nov. Aulacophora fabricii Baly 1886: 14; syn. nov. Aulacophora armigera Baly 1889: 305; syn. nov. Rhaphidopalpa aruensis Weise 1892: 394; syn. nov. Aulacophora fauveli Beenen 2008: 73; syn. nov. Aulacophora coffeae sensu Baly 1886, nec Hornstedt, 1788. Aulacophora palmerstoni sensu Lea 1924, nec Blackburn, 1888. Aulacophora punctata sensu Lea 1924, nec Boisduval, 1835. Aulacophora relicta sensu Lea 1924, nec Boisduval, 1835. Aulacophora similis sensu Maulik 1929, nec Olivier, 1808. Material examined. Type material: Neotype (this designation): ���/ Vanuatu, Espiritu Santo, VARIC, c6k N Lu- ganville, 15:27S 167:11E, 90m, on crops, 19.v.2014 G Jackson / Aulacophora abdominalis (F, 1781) Neotype, des. Reid et al. 2019 (AMS). Non-types (734): AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Torres Strait Islands: 1���/ Badu Island, 10.16S 142.17E, on Phaseolus lunatus, 8.xi.2002, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 2���/ Dalrymple Is, Torres Straits, CT McNamara (ANIC); 1���/ Darnley Id, Torres Straits, Lea / Aulacophora abdominalis [Lea handwriting] (SAM); 1���/ Darnley Island, pumpkin, 30.iv.1984, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 1���, 5♀, ditto, on pumpkin, 1.v.1984, N Gough (NAQS); 1���, ditto, 17.iii.1985, JW Turner (NAQS); 1���, ditto, 18.iii.1985, JW Turner (NAQS); 1���, 1♀, ditto, 15.iv.1985, JW Turner (NAQS); 2���, 5♀, ditto, 3.ii.1986, K Houston & E. Hamacek (NAQS); 2���, 3♀, ditto, on pumpkin, 23.iii.1988, Fay & Halfpapp (NAQS); 2♀, ditto, on pumpkin, 10.xi.1990, J Groener (NAQS); 6���, 1♀, ditto, 4.iii.1992, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 1♀, ditto, pumpkin, 30.iv.1994, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 1���, ditto, on maize, 11.ii.2000, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 1���, 2♀, ditto, 9��35���S 143��46���E, Cucurbita maxima, 21.v.2002, JF Grimshaw & M Kame (NAQS); 1���, 1♀, ditto, 9.59��S 143.77��E, 7.v.2013, AD Rice (NAQS); 1���, 1♀ / Dauan Island, 9��25���S 142��32���E, cucurbit, 1.vii.1989, JW Turner (NAQS); 8���, 1♀, ditto, Citrullus lunatus [sic], 8.iv.2005, DM Macleod (NAQS); 4/ Mabuyag Island, 8��57���S 142��11���E, 2.vi.2010, L Halling (NAQS); 9���, 1���*, 11♀, 1♀ */ Mer Is, Torres Strait, 9��54.658S 144��03.748E, ex leaves Cucurbita maxima, 23.v.2002, JF Grimshaw, M Kame & J Bon (NAQS); 3���, 2♀ / Moa Island, St Pauls, on cucumber, 6.iii.1992, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 4���/ Moa Island, Kubin, on pumpkin, 7.iii.1992, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 2���, 3♀ / Murray Is, viii���x.1907, Hedley & McCulloch (AMS); 1♀ / Murray I, R. Raven-Hart, 1947 (AMS); 1���/ Murray Island, maize & pumpkin, 4.v.1981 (NAQS); 3♀, ditto, maize & pumpkin, 18.v.1981 (NAQS); 4♀, ditto, maize & pumpkin, 18.iv.1983, JW Turner (NAQS); 8���, 2♀, ditto, pumpkin, 2.v.1984, N Gough (NAQS); 2♀, ditto, 23.iv.1986, JW Turner (NAQS); 1♀, ditto, 9��56S 144��04E, watermelon, 21.iii.1991, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 2♀, ditto, pumpkin, 5.iii.1992, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 2���, 1���*, 3♀ / Saibai Is, 18.vii.1975 H Heatwole 9 (AMS); 2���, 1♀ / Saibai Island, 15.iv.1983, JW Turner (NAQS); 1���, ditto, 9��22���S 142��36���E, 5.iv.1990, JF Donaldson (NAQS); 1♀ / Stephens Island, 9.51S 143.54E, pumpkin, 30.iv.1984, N Gough (NAQS); 1���, 1♀, ditto, on watermelon, 20.iii.1990, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 1♀, ditto, on pumpkin, 24.iv.1996, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); 1���, 2♀, ditto, 9��30���S 143��32���E, cucurbitaceae, 5.iv.2005, DM Macleod (NAQS); 1���/ Yorke I, 1947, Major R Raven-Hart (AMS); FIJI: 7���, 4♀ / Moturiki, June, AM Lea (SAM); 1���, 5/ Ovalau, AM Lea (SAM); 1♀ / Vanua Levu, 1k W Savusavu Pier, 0���5m, road verge, on Jasminum flws, 18.xi.2005, C Reid (AMS); INDONESIA: Maluku: 1���, 1♀ / Aru Is, H El- gner (SAM); 1���/ Dosi [Aru Island] (NAQS); Nusa Tenggara Timor: 7, 6���, 1 ���*, 7♀ / W Timor, Beloto, 9��53.04���S 124��13.06E, congregating on seedhead of Oryza sativa, 3 Apr 1998 GAB00116 G Bellis & Supandi (AMS, DPID, NAQS); Papua and Papua Barat: 1���/ Holima (NAQS); 11/ Desa Telagamaya, Kec. Sentani, Kab. Jayapura, 2��35.26S 140��35.91E, Citrullus lanatus, 12.iv.1999, G Bellis & Supandi, GAB49965 (AMS, DPID, NAQS); 1���/ Kotaraja [Jayapura] (NAQS); 2���/ Koya Barat [Jayapura] (NAQS); 1���/ Koya Timor [Jayapura] (NAQS); 1♀ / Mar- ga Mulia [Merauke] (NAQS); 4���, 2♀ / Merauke (NAQS); 1���/ Nimbekrang [Nimbokrang] (NAQS); 2���/ Prafi [Manokwari] (NAQS); 1���, 1♀ / Rimbajaya (NAQS); 2���/ Wamena (NAQS); 2���/ Wasur (NAQS); NEW CALE- DONIA: 1m / Poindim��, ix.1962, G Gross (SAM); PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1���/ New Guinea, coll Sayer, 120/ (AMS); 1♀, no locality (AMS); 2/ Amora (NAQS); 5���, 5♀ / Balamuk (NAQS); 2���, 1���*, 4♀ / Bewani (NAQS); 1♀ / Bisiatabu, Port Moresby, W.N.Lock (SAM); 4���/ Bosavi, 5.1975, 1.1976, 10.1976, H Ohlmus (ANIC); 3���, 3♀ / Bougainville, Rev A.H. Voyee (SAM); 2���/ Bougainville Is, Konga Village, 6.2��� 21.3.1961 WW Brandt (ANIC); 1♀ / Bougainville, iv.1933 W.M. Morgan (SAM); 8���/ Buji, 9��08���S 142��13���E, (NAQS); 1���, 4♀ / Buzi (NAQS); 6���, 1♀ / Dimiri (NAQS); 11���, 7♀ / Dimisisi, 8��37���S 142��13���E, (NAQS); 1/ Dome 2 (NAQS); 1���, 1���*, 1♀ / Elenagora, Brit New Guinea, 18.x.1921, EO Pockley (AMS); 3���, 6♀ / Finschaven, L Wagner (SAM); 4���, 1♀ / Garaita, More- head, 8��42���S 141��38���E (NAQS); 1♀ / Hargen [sic = Hagen], Mr Hudsons Fm, 9.i.1972, D Mackay (AMS); 1���*/ Iboki to Talasea, New Britain, xii.1929 C Harslett (AMS); 1♀ / Kaironk Valley (ANIC); 2���/ Kiunga, 11.1976, Ohl- mus (ANIC); 6���, 4♀ / Kiunga, 6.55S 141.18E (NAQS); 2���, 1♀ / Komba, Rev L Wagner (SAM); 1♀ / Konga (ANIC); 1���, 1♀ / Lake Murray Patrol Post (NAQS); 5���, 13♀ / Mabaduan (NAQS); 2���, 2♀ / Manumbo, Madang Distr (SAM); 1���/ 5k NW Matukar, c40k N Madang, 17.5.1989, P Gullan & R Buckley, in rainforest (ANIC); 7���, 11♀ / Misima I., Papua, Rev H.K. Bartlett (SAM); 3♀ / Morehead, 8.41S 141.73E (NAQS); 4/ Morehead River (NAQS); 1���/ Mt Gylfrie, N NG, 1000���, iv.1939 E Cheesman (SAM); 1♀ / Mt Lamington (ANIC); 1���/ Mt Lamington, Northern Divi- sion, Papua, v.1927 CT McNamara (AMS); 1���, ditto except vi.1927 (AMS); 1���, ditto except vii.1927 (AMS); 2���, ditto except 23���24.vii.1927 (AMS); 3���, ditto except no date (AMS); 4���, 1♀ / Mt Lamington 1300���1500��� C.T. Mc- Namara (SAM); 1♀ / Mt Lawes (ANIC); 2/ Musu (NAQS); 1/ Nambis (NAQS); 2/ between Nambis & Wokome (NAQS); 1���/ New Britain, Iboki to Talasea, xii.1929, C Harslett (AMS); 1���, 3♀ / New Britain, Keravat Field Sta, 4.19S 152.01E, 23m on watermelon, Canarium plantn, 12���18.xi.2015 C Reid (AMS, NAQS); 3���*, 2♀, 1♀ */ New Ireland, Rabehen, no 2 village, 3��36S 152��17E, 29.x.2001, M Moulds & MA Humphrey (AMS); 2/ Ossima (NAQS); 1♀ / Owers Corner, Port Moresby area, 8.ix.1973, M Mackay (AMS); 1♀ / Owers Corner, 9:21:38S 147:29:09E 600���665m, edge rainforest/grassy area, 21.v.2016 C Reid (AMS); 1���/ Pasi, 13.v.2000, A Postle (ANIC); 2���, 2���*, 2♀ / Pacific Adv [entist] University, nr Port M[orseby], 9.4098S 147.2750E, 42m, edge arable field/bushes, 16��� 28.v.2016, C Reid (AMS); 1♀ / Port Moresby, 2.i.1974, D Mackay (AMS); 2���/ Relong R [or Lelong?] Rev L Wag- ner (SAM); 2���, 1♀ / Rouku, Morehead R, 19.3��� 28.5.1962, WW Brandt (ANIC); 3���, 1♀ / St Josephs R [8.833S 146.567E], New Guinea, [1888���1897], Sir W McGregor (AMS); 1♀ / ditto (SAM); 3���, 13♀ / Sibidiri, 8.58S 142.15E (NAQS); 9���, 9♀ / Sigabaduru (NAQS); 1���*/ Sogeri Plat., 1.7k E McDonalds Corner, 9.38503S 147.44315E 540m, roadside bushes/weeds, 21.v.2016, C Reid / (AMS); 1♀ / Sombol, via Bwani (NAQS); 7���, 12♀ / Suki Village, 8.24S 141.43E (NAQS); 2���, 1♀ / Tai near Balimo (NAQS); 3���, 3♀ / Tais, 9.11S 141.50E (NAQS); 4���/ Terakbils (NAQS); 1���/ Teste Is [10.95S 151.07E] (AMS); 9♀ / Tiomni, 6.16S 141.18E (NAQS); 3���, 1♀ / Toko, Fairfax Harbour (SAM); 15���, 7♀ / Ture-Ture (NAQS); 1���/ Vanimo (NAQS); 5���, 1���*, 4♀ / c25k W Vanimo, 2.62S 141.09E, (NAQS); 9���, 22♀ / Wando, 8.53S 141.15E (NAQS); 3���, 3♀ / Wareo, Rev L Wagner (SAM); 17���, 8♀ / Weam, 8.08S 141.09E (NAQS); 1���*, ditto, ex snake bean (NAQS); 3/ Wearava, 8.31S 141.06E (NAQS); 1���, 2♀ / Wipim (NAQS); 2/ Wokome (NAQS); 2���, 2♀ / Wutung or Wotung (NAQS); 1♀ / Yule Island 19.i.1934, R Oldham (AMS); 5/ Yuri Camp via Green River (NAQS); SOLOMON ISLANDS: 2/ Solomons, vii���viii.1909, WWF (OAI); 1���, 1♀ / Solo- mon Is, JFC, 20.10.1923, WWF (ANIC); 1���/ Solomon Is, WW Froggatt 1924 (ANIC); 1���/ Cape Marsh, Karamula I, Russell Group, NS Heffernan (AMS); 1/ Guadalcanal, Betivatu, 9.50S 160.06E (NAQS); 1���/ Guadalcanal, Dom Bosco Farm, c25k E Honiara, 9��27���19��S 160��11���59��E c 10m, mixed crops, on cucurbit, 1���11.v.2009 C Reid (AMS); 1���*, 1m / Guadalcanal, c1k SE Nodondo, c15k E Honiara, swampy arable/cacao plantn, on cucurbit, 24���31.i.2008 C Reid & M Vagalo (AMS); 1���*, 1♀ / Guadalcanal, Kastom Garden, E Honiara, 9��27���30S 160��01���29��E, c 5m, mixed crops, on watermelon, 1���11.v.2009 C Reid (AMS); 1���, 1♀ / Henderson, Honiara, on pumpkin leaves, 6.viii.2007 GE Teakle (AMS); 2���, 1���*, 2♀ / Guadalcanal, Lavoro Pltn, 27.ix.1927 CE Hart (AMS); 1♀ ditto, viixi.1923 (AMS); 1♀, ditto, 1924 (AMS); 1♀ / Guadalcanal, Tetere, eating watermelon leaves, 11.xi.2005, G Teakle (AMS); 1/ Guadalcanal, Visale, 9.15S 159.41E (NAQS); 1���/ Peu, Vanikoro, Santa Cruz Gp, 6.viii.1926, E Trough- ton & A. Livingstone (AMS); 2���, 3♀, ditto, except 14.viii.1926 (AMS); 2���, ditto except viii.1926 (AMS); 2���, 3♀ / Malaita, Aifasu Communal Conservation area, 8.995S 160.984E, sweep/beat/leaf litter, 18���19.iv.2019, P Flemons & Kwaio rangers (AMS); 1���/ Malaita, Talakeli, on watermelon, 26.x.2005, G Teakle, G. Olipou (AMS); 1♀ / Nila, Shortlands, BSIP, 17.xi.1961, M. McCallum (SAM); 1���, 1♀ / Vanikoro, Santa Cruz Gp, 1926, NS Heffernen (AMS); 2♀ / Vanikoro, VHPA, xi.2003, HP Aberlenc (AMS); TIMOR LESTE: 1♀ */ Fuiloro, on wild sugarcane, 10.iv.2003, A Postle (NAQS); 1���*/ Metinaro, Dili district, 8��32���S 125��44E, ex Cucurbita sp, 20.ii.2005, G Bellis GAB20540 (AMS); 2♀ / Netende, Bobocase, Oecusse, 9��16���51��S 124��22���50��E 23.ii.2005 G Bellis GAB20565 (AMS); 1���/ Pante Macassar, Oecusse, 23.ii.1961, G Gross (SAM); 1♀ / Quibifuna, Oecusse, 9��16���11��S 124��21���09��E, 22.ii.2005, G Bellis GAB20546, ex Citrullus lunatus [sic] (AMS); 9♀ / Samora, 2k from Pante Macassar, 9��11���06��S 124��20���06��E, 23.ii.2005 G Bellis GAB20559 ex Cucurbita maxima (AMS, NAQS); TONGA: 1���, 1 ���*, 5♀ / Tonga, 1930, HR Rabone (AMS); 1♀ / ditto, except i.1930 (AMS); VANUATU: 8♀ / New Hebrides (ANIC); 5���, 3���*/ Espiritu Santo, VARIC, c6k N Luganville, 15:27S 167:11E, 90m, on crops, 19.v.2014 G Jackson (AMS, NAQS); 4, 1���*, 1♀ */ Futuna Is, Tafea Province, on watermelon and/or cucumber, vii���ix.2014 C Damon, CARE International (AMS); 8/ Ipota, Erromango Id, viii.1971, G Gross (SAM); 1/ Lambouboy Bay, W Malekula Is, 16:11���S 167:23��� E, K.E. Lee (SAM); 16/ Lenakel, Tanna, vii,1971, G Gross (SAM); 3/ Malao Village, Big Bay area, Esperitu Santo, viii.1971, G Gross (SAM); 2/ Palmer Mission, Aore Is, nr Espiritu Santo, xii.1965, G Gross (SAM); 3���/ Tanna, 11.xi.1989, R Bejsak (ANIC); 2/ Tanna, vii.1971 Bucherfield (SAM); 2/ Vila Elate, xii.1965, G Gross (SAM). Description. Colour (Fig. 2). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half to two-thirds of labrum and apices of mandibles dark brown to black, eyes black; antennae usually with antennomeres 1���3 yellowish-brown and 5���11 entirely slightly darker to almost black, 4 variably coloured but generally with darkened anterodorsal face contrasting with paler posteroventral face, rarely antennae entirely yellowish-brown (some Timorese specimens); pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite dark brown to black, rarely with yellowish anterior margins; procoxae brownish-yellow; mesocoxae entirely yellowish-brown (Timorese specimens) or posterior half dark brown; metacoxae usually almost entirely dark brown to black, but yellowish-brown with darker posterior half in Timorese specimens; anterior legs entirely brownish-yellow or tarsi and anterior edge of tibiae brown; mid and hind legs usually brown to dark brown with paler trochanters and tibial bases, rarely entirely brownish-yellow (Timorese specimens); tergites brown to dark brown (some Tongan and Solomons specimens pale brown) including base of pygidium, apical two-thirds of pygidium yellowish-brown to brownish-yellow; abdominal ventrites 1���4 dark brown to black, sometimes with apical margins pale brown; ventrite 5 with dark brown to black basal band, extending apically at sides, remainder brownish-yellow, or middle of base brownish-yellow (some Timorese specimens). Male: length 6���7.5 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae 0.6���0.65x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, less than one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11> 5 = 9> 4 = 7 = 10> 6 = 8> 3> 2; antennomere 5 length 2.4���2.8x width; antennomeres 3���7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3���11 each with only 1���4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly shallowly arcuate, deepest and broadest at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly more convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope steeper than posterior slope; disc with pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri with elongate oval patch of 30���100 erect setae; apical lobe of ventrite V asymmetrically sculptured, cavity abruptly but not sharply ridged on left and gradually elevated on right with a basal swelling; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest at left side before apex, then gradually elevated to apical margin; tergite VIII entirely pale brown, bicornual with two prongs separated by a deep U-shaped concavity, prongs usually elongate and narrow with upturned apices and left prong shorter and straighter than right (all specimens examined from Timor, New Guinea, Torres Strait, Solomons & Vanuatu), but prongs broad and triangular in New Ireland and intermediate in shape in New Britain; minute angular projection lateral to the central prongs; penis thin and sinuate in lateral view, with small sharply angulate tubercle at tip; sides penis without punctures, smooth and unridged; broad and asymmetric in dorsal view, right side feebly (Timor) to strongly (Vanuatu) bisinuate, sides almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about half penis length. Female as male, except: length 7���8 mm; base of pygidium rarely pale (some Tongan specimens); abdominal ventrites 1���4 often with pale brown apical margins; antennomeres relatively thin, usually thicker in western specimens, antennomere 5 length 2.5 (Timor) ���3.0 (Vanuatu) x width, antennomere 8 length 2.6 (Timor)���3.2 (Vanuatu) x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; pygidium apical half slightly raised and extended; apex pygidium variably shaped in dorsal view, from broadly right-angled to narrowly acutely produced (apical angle 80���100��); apex pygidium thickened and blunt, with minute apicodorsal tubercle; venter of pygidial apex slightly concave, flat or medially convex; apex ventrite V shallowly to deeply but broadly concave, concavity usually asymmetric or with small median projection, (roughly U-, V- or W-shaped, but always much broader than deep (depth: width ratio 1:1.8 or more, deepest specimens from New Ireland); apex of ventrite 5 usually with strongly reflexed edge, with subapical transversely arcuate depression or paired transverse depressions, which are not bounded by lateral ridges, apex of pygidium usually thick in lateral view with small apicodorsal tubercle; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length 3���4.2x width, with 7���8 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes straight to slightly curved, about 0.48 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin truncate, not produced; tignum 1���1.4 mm long, apex membranous, broadly rounded and separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape variable, falcate to hooked, collum usually abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, usually reflexed relative to receptaculum but variable in shape and insertion point of gland (ramus) flat or produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: pronotal disc with pair of glands (Fig. 10), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 18), scutellum pale (Fig. 2), tergite 8 deeply arcuate (Figs 83���84), penis laterally sinuate with acutely attenuated apex (Figs 94��� 97). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled (as male, Fig. 10), scutellum pale, abdominal tergites (except pygidium) dark, apex of abdominal venter pale (Figs 44���46), pygidium angularly produced and venter of pygidial apex not deeply notched (Figs 44���46), apical margin of ventrite 5 variably concave but width of concavity at least 1.8x depth (Figs 44���46, 58���69). Notes. This species was described as Galleruca abdominalis from ���Insulis Oceani pacifici���, based on a specimen (or specimens) collected by ���Dr Forster��� (Fabricius 1781: 151). The original description in latin may be translated as follows: body yellow, antennae and abdomen dark, abdominal apex yellow; antennae dark with yellow base; head and pronotum glabrous, yellow, with black maxillae; elytra smooth, yellow, unspotted; underside yellow, abdomen dark, abdominal apex yellow. This description applies to almost all the species of the complex. The collector was Johann Reinh, Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 13-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545448, {"references":["Fabricius, J. (1781) Species insectorum exhibens eorum differnetiasum specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosis, adiectis observationibus. Tome 1. CE Bohni, Hamburgi et Kilonii, viii + 552 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36509","Gmelin, J. F. (1790) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Tom. 1. Pars IV. Classis V. Insecta. GE Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 1517 - 2224.","Olivier, A. G. (1791) Encyclopedie metodique, ou par ordre de matieres: par une societe de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes; precedee d'un vocabulaire universel, servant de table pour tout l'ouvrage, ornee des portraits de Mm. Diderot et d'Alembert, premiers editeurs de l'Encyclopedie. Histoire naturelle. Insectes. Tome Sixieme. Pars 1. Panckoucke, Paris, 704 pp.","Chevrolat, L. A. A. (1836) [new taxa]. In: Dejean, P. F. M. A. (Ed.), Catalogue des Coleopteres de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean. Livraison 5. Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, pp. 361 - 443.","Baly, J. S. (1879) Descriptions of new genera and species of Gallerucinae. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 5, 4, 108 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937908679801","Weise, J. (1892) Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden von der Insel Nias, nebst Bemerkungen uber andere, meistens sudoestasiatische Arten. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1892 (2), 385 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48018920128","Montrouzier, X. (1861) Essai sur la faune entomologique de la Nouvelle-Caledonie (Balade) et des iles des Pins, Art, Lifu, etc. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 4, 265 - 306.","Baly, J. S. (1886) Descriptions of a new genus and of some sp. nov. of Galerucinae, also diagnostic notes on some of the older described species of Aulacophora. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1886. tb 01432. x","Baly, J. S. (1889) Notes on Aulacophora and allied genera. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1889 (2), 297 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1889. tb 02322. x","Beenen, R. (2008) Contribution to the knowledge of Galerucinae of New Caledonia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Genus, 19, 65 - 87.","Hornstedt, C. F. (1788) Beschreibungen neuer Blattkaferarten. Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunden zu Berlin, 8 (1 - 8), pl. 1.","Lea, A. M. (1924) The Australian species of Aulacophora (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 8 (1), 45 - 52.","Blackburn, T. (1888) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 13 (51 - 52), 1387 - 1506.","Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Maulik, S. (1929) Chrysomelidae, with a note on the comparative anatomy of some halticine tibiae. Insects of Samoa, 4 (3), 177 - 215.","Olivier, A. G. (1808) Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leur caracteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres. Tome sixieme. Desray, Paris, pp. 613 - 1104, 46 pls.","Baly, J. S. (1888) Descriptions of some genera and species of Galerucinae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 156 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1888. tb 01444. x","Forster, J. R. (1778) Observations made during a voyage around the world, on physical geography, natural history and ethic philosophy. Robinson, London, 649 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50538","Zimsen, E. (1964) The type material of I. C. Fabricius. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 656 pp.","Anand, R. K. & Cox, M. L. (1986) Taxonomic revision of the genus Aulacophora Chevr. I. Species with yellow elytra. Entomologische Abhandlungen aus dem Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden, 50 (4), 80 - 91.","Lee, C. - F. & Beenen, R. (2015) Revision of the genus Aulacophora from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Zootaxa, 3949 (2), 151 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3949.2.1","Maulik, S. (1936) The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae. (Galerucinae). Taylor & Francis, London, xiv + 648 pp., 1 pl.","Fabricius, J. (1787) Mantissa insectorum, sistens eorum species nuper detectas adiectis characteribus genericis, differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus. Tomus 1. CG Proft, Hafniae, xx + 348 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36471","Beenen, R. (2017) Contribution to the knowledge of Galerucinae of New Caledonia 3. Sp. nov. and a key to the Galerucinae of New Caledonia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomologische Blatter und Coleoptera, 113 (2), 59 - 97.","Veitch, R. & Greenwood, W. (1921) The food plants or hosts of some Fijian insects. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 46, 505 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 14037","Bryant, G. E. & Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji (Coleoptera). Pacific Science, 11, 3 - 91.","Weise, J. (1924) Chrysomelidae: 13 Galerucinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 78, 1 - 225.","Wilcox, J. A. (1972) Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini: Aulacophorina, Diabroticina. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa, 78 (2), 221 - 431.","Allard, E. (1888) Synopsis des Galerucines a corselet sillonne transversalement. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 8 (6), 305 - 332.","Knowles, G. H. (1907) Report for 1906. Legislative Council Paper, Fiji, 13 pp. [unpaginated]","Anonymous. (2013) Final pest risk analysis report for the importation of fresh island cabbage leaves from the Pacific (Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu). Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, 107 pp.","Anonymous. (2018) Invasive species compendium. Aulacophora indica (cucurbit beetle). Available from: https: // www. cabi. org / isc / datasheet / 7927 (accessed 1 April 2019)","Waterhouse, D. G. & Norris, K. R. (1987) Biological control. Pacific prospects. Inkata press, Melbourne, viii + 454 pp.","Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M. (2015) Distentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Zootaxa, 3918 (4), 503 - 551. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3918.4.3","Bisognin, D. A. (2002) Origin and evolution of cultivated cucurbits. Ciencia Rural, 32 (4), 715 - 723. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0103 - 84782002000400028","Sebastian, P., Schaefer, H., Telford, I. R. H. & Renner, S. S. (2010) Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and melon (C. melo) have numerous wild relatives in Asia and Australia, and the sister species of melon is from Australia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107 (32), 14269 - 14273. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1005338107"]}

Aulacophora barrogae Reid, Halling & Beatson, sp. nov. (Figs 3, 11, 19, 27, 36, 47, 85, 98, 112, 125, 139, 153, 168, 183) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 104DCAC7-BF6F-4008-A6FD-933A4C9D6A8C Material examined. Types. Holotype: ♁*/ Needle Rock Fls [Flats?], WA, 15:29S 124:29E, 5.iv.1992, N Scullion, J Collins, hand collected/ Chrysomelidae Rhapidiopalpa palmerstoni / Holotype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (AMS); Paratypes (3): Australia: 1♁, 1♀ / Port Darwin, N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blk, N Territory / on permanent loan from Macleay Museum, University of Sydney/ Paratype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (ANIC); 1♀ / Calvert Exped 1896 Fitzroy & Margaret R[iver]s/ Paratype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (SAM). Description. Colour (Fig. 3). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half of labrum brown; extreme apices of mandibles dark brown; antennomeres 4–11 dark brown to black, 3 outer edge and apex dark brown to black, 2 yellowish-brown, 1 yellow; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite yellowish-brown with dark brown posterolateral patches or dark brown with yellowish anterior margin; procoxae, mesocoxae and metacoxae brownish-yellow; profemora brownish-yellow; mesofemora brownish-yellow; metafemora yellowish-brown with apical 2/3 or less brown; protibiae inner face brownish-yellow, outer face with dark brown, meso- and metatibiae dark brown with paler bases; protarsi brown, meso- and metatarsi dark brown; tergites brown with yellow margins, pygidium yellowish-brown; abdominal ventrites 1–4 yellowish-brown with dark brown apical margins, ventrite 5 brownish-yellow, with laterobasal brown patches or base narrowly brown. Male: length 6.5–7 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.6x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, about one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11>4=6>3=5=7=8=9=10>2; length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with only 1–4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly arcuate, deep and broad at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly less convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope shallower than posterior slope; without pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri with small patch of 10–15 laterally directed erect setae (may be broken off); apical lobe of ventrite V symmetrically sculptured, cavity bounded by a thin ridges on either side; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest on midline, apically bounded by an almost vertical wall; tergite VIII pale brown, strap-like, medially acutely produced (more so in Port Darwin specimen than Needle Rock specimen), slightly membranous on midline, without lateral lobes; penis thick & angularly bent in lateral view with minute ventral hook at tip and sharp tubercle on basal half of dorsal surface; sides penis not conspicuously punctured, smooth and unridged; penis broad and only slightly asymmetric in dorsal view, almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about 2/3 penis length. Female as male, except: length 7–8 mm; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.5x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower than male but relatively deep at sides compared with all other species; elytral without setal patch; pygidium apically swollen and extended, faintly apically medially ridged; apex pygidium in dorsal view narrowly produced as an almost truncate lobe with a minute median tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view flat but thick ventrally, with almost straight sides and without tubercle; venter of pygidial apex deeply concave; apex ventrite V unevenly shallowly concave; vaginal palpi broadly elongate ovate, length about 2x width, with 8 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes sinuate, about 0.5 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin feebly concave, not produced; tignum 1.3mm long, kinked, apex membranous, slightly expanded, not separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermatheca falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) slightly produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with curved interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: without paired glands on pronotal disc (Fig. 11), pronotal depression broad and deep (Fig. 26), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 3), scutellum pale (Fig. 3), tergite 8 medially lobed (Fig. 85), penis smooth sided with acutely attenuated apex (Fig. 98) and minute median tooth in lateral view (Fig. 125). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled (as male, Fig. 11), antennomeres 1–3 pale and 4–11 dark brown to black (Fig. 19), scutellum pale, ventrite 5 yellow except laterobasal dark patches (Fig. 47), pygidium wholly brownish-yellow with rounded apex (Fig. 47), apical margin of ventrite 5 shallowly concave (Fig. 47). Notes. All four known specimens are old and/or damaged. The Needle Rock specimen is missing three legs (one of each pair) and has a large peck mark on the pronotum (we note that peck marks from birds are common on specimens of PPB). The Port Darwin specimens have been affected by mould in the past and were originally pinned. All localities for this species are somewhat problematic. Needle Rock is a sea stack on the coast of a remote corner of the Kunmunya Aboriginal Reserve, Kimberley Region, Western Australia. This area is only accessible by boat or seaplane. There is nowhere named Needle Rock Flats that we are aware of, but co-ordinates for the single specimen from this locality indicate a low plateau of 90m elevation, about 500m south of the coastline near Needle Rock. The two specimens labelled Port Darwin, originally from Macleay Museum, were almost certainly collected by Edward Spalding in 1877. Spalding was employed as a collector in the Port Darwin area by WJ Macleay, from May to September 1877 (Musgrave 1932; Rob Blackburn, pers. com. May 2017). Although labelled A. palmerstoni and removed to ANIC as putative type material there is no evidence that they formed part of the syntypic series of that species (Blackburn 1888). The Calvert Expedition specimens in SAM were collected by the naturalist George Keartland in the vicinity of the modern town of Fitzroy Crossing, at the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, in late 1896, after material collected earlier on the expedition had been dumped in the desert (Hill 1905). Etymology. Named for the Philippine entomologist Grace Barroga, to honour her pioneering work on this difficult genus. Distribution (Fig. 183) and biology. Aulacophora barrogae is known from three widely separated localities in northern Australia, from the western Kimberley in Western Australia to the Darwin region of Northern Territory. Only one site, on the semi-arid Kimberley coast, has detailed collecton information. All sites are dominated by savannah woodland with rainfall restricted to the summer months. The distribution of A. barrogae is similar to that of the endemic cucurbit Cucumis umbellatus (Telford et al. 2011) and it possible that this species is a host. The distribution of A. barrogae overlaps with that of A. relicta and the two may possibly be found together., Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 21-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545448, {"references":["Fabricius, J. (1781) Species insectorum exhibens eorum differnetiasum specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosis, adiectis observationibus. Tome 1. CE Bohni, Hamburgi et Kilonii, viii + 552 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36509","Baly, J. S. (1879) Descriptions of new genera and species of Gallerucinae. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 5, 4, 108 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937908679801","Gmelin, J. F. (1790) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Tom. 1. Pars IV. Classis V. Insecta. GE Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 1517 - 2224.","Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Baly, J. S. (1886) Descriptions of a new genus and of some sp. nov. of Galerucinae, also diagnostic notes on some of the older described species of Aulacophora. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1886. tb 01432. x","Baly, J. S. (1888) Descriptions of some genera and species of Galerucinae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 156 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1888. tb 01444. x","Blackburn, T. (1888) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 13 (51 - 52), 1387 - 1506.","Hill, J. G. (1905) The Calvert scientific exploring expedition. Philip & Son, London, 44 pp.","Telford, I. R. H., Sebastian, P., Bruhl, J. J. & Renner, S. S. (2011) Cucumis (Cucurnbitaceae) in Australia and eastern Melanesia, including newly recognised species and the sister species to C. melo. Systematic Botany, 36 (2), 376 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364411 X 569561"]}

Aulacophora wallacii Baly 1886 (Figs 8, 16, 24, 31, 42, 55, 92, 107, 119, 133, 148, 162, 180, 183) Aulacophora wallacii Baly, 1886: 15. Rhaphidopalpa wallacei [sic]: Weise 1924: 78. Material examined. TIMOR LESTE: 1♁*, 2♀ / Aileu, Sabouria, 8.715029S 125.58684E, 01, hand, leaf [of] zuc- chini, 4.iii.2017 A Guterres (NAQS); 2♀ / Ermera, Gleno, Talimoro, 8.72S 125.43E, on cucumber, 28.ii.2017, D Britton (NAQS); 1♀ */ Netende, Bobocase, Oecusse, 9:16:51S 124:22:50E, 23.ii.2005, G Bellis (AMS). Description. Colour (Fig. 8). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half to two-thirds of labrum, and apices of mandibles, dark brown toblack, eyes black; antennae entirely brownish-yellow; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum variable, brownish-yellow, brown, or dark brown with brown margins; mesanepisternum dark brown to black; mesepimeron brown to brownish-yellow, with dark brown lateral half; mesoventrite entirely brownish-yellow or laterally darker; metaventrite black; procoxae entirely brownish-yellow, or posteriorly slightly darkened; mesocoxae anteriorly yellowish-brown or brown, and posteriorly dark brown or black; metacoxae entirely black; remainder of legs brownish-yellow except meso- and metafemora black; median tergites dark brown to black, with pale posterior edges; pygidium with basal third dark brown and apical two-thirds brownish-yellow; abdominal ventrites 1–4 black; ventrite 5 with black basal band, extending apically at sides, remainder brownish-yellow. Male: length 7.5 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, with flat area in apical half defined by a ridge; antennae about 0.6x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, slightly less than one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1> 5 = 11> 4 = 6> 8 = 9> 3 = 7 = 10> 2; length antennomere 5 about 3.2x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with 3–6 erect lateral setae, not forming a row; pronotal transverse depression almost straight, shallow at sides, broadest at middle; in lateral view convexity of anterior half of pronotum greater than posterior half, with anterior slope steeper than posterior slope; disc with pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra less shiny than pronotum, strongly microreticulate; elytral humeri with oval patch of about 30 erect and semi-erect setae; apical lobe ventrite V symmetrically sculptured, cavity gradually elevated to lateral margins; elongate cavity gradually deepened from base to two-thirds length, then gradually elevated to apical margin; tergite VIII bicornual with two long, thin, almost straight and acutely tipped rods, widely separated and extending from truncate apex of tergite; without lateral angular projections; penis thick and slightly sinuate in lateral view, with minutely hooked tip; extremely narrow and only slightly asymmetric in dorsal view, slightly contracted before apex, the contraction greater on the left side, with narrowly acute produced apex and smooth sides; ventral surface with parallel-sided flat ridge most of length. Female as male, except: length 8.5 mm; antennae slightly thinner than male, antennomere 5 length 3.3x width, antennomere 8 length 3x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; elytra without setal patch; pygidium swollen at middle, in dorsal view slightly elongate-triangular with sides slightly expanded before broadly rounded apex; pygidial apex without tubercle; venter of pygidial apex deeply concave; ventrite V without subapical lateral depressions, strongly reflexed at middle of apex, with deeply and narrowly U-shaped margin with a small median tooth; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length about 3x width, with 8–9 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes bent laterally near base, about 0.63 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum attached to pigmented and sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite with irregularly shaped dark and strongly sclerotised patches either side of base of tignum; posterior margin of sternite VIII strongly produced and narrowly truncate; apex of tignum membranous, broadly rounded, without band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed and twisted at an angle to plane of receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) weakly produced; receptaculum hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: pronotal disc with pair of glands (Fig. 30), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 24), scutellum often dark, ventrite 5 with symmetrical excavation (Fig. 42), tergite 8 with two narrow prongs (Fig. 92), penis thin and constricted before apex with paired ridges on ventral surface (Fig. 119) and strongly sinuate in profile (Fig. 133). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled, metafemora entirely dark brown (Fig. 8), apex of abdominal venter pale (Fig. 55), pygidium angularly produced but with blunt apex (Figs 55), apical margin of ventrite 5 with deep but small and medially toothed excavation (Fig. 55). Notes. Baly (1886) noted the diagnostic black meso- and metafemora contrasing strongly with the brownishyellow tibiae, but overlooked the small patch of male humeral setae. He described the scutellum as black, but in the material to hand it varies from brownish-yellow to dark brown. This species is similar to A. indica and A. abdominalis, but besides the diagnostic characters given in the key, it is generally slightly larger than both. Aulacophora wallacii is also similar to A. sulaksonoi Mohamedsaid, 2009, described from nearby Sumba. Both species have similar leg colour and pronotal shape. The most obvious means of differentiation is in the male genitalia. The penis of A. sulaksonoi is like that of A. indica, but larger, with a strong apical hook, whereas the penis of A. wallacii is almost symmetrical and narrow in dorsal view, deep-bodied in lateral view, with a small apical hook. Distribution (Fig. 183) and biology. Aulacophora wallacii is endemic to Timor where it has only been collected on imported cucurbit food crops: zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus)., Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545448, {"references":["Baly, J. S. (1886) Descriptions of a new genus and of some sp. nov. of Galerucinae, also diagnostic notes on some of the older described species of Aulacophora. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1886. tb 01432. x","Weise, J. (1924) Chrysomelidae: 13 Galerucinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 78, 1 - 225."]}

Aulacophora mbabaram Reid, Halling & Beatson, sp. nov. (Figs 6, 14, 22, 40, 53, 90, 103, 116, 130, 145, 159, 176���177, 183) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 541FC0FA-4971-4F50-BCCD-C6CB3D2D7828 Material examined. Types: Holotype: ���*/ Almaden, Chillagoe Distr., 1928 WD Campbell / holotype Aulacophora mbabaram Reid et al. / (AMS); Paratypes (14): AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 1���/ Almaden, Chillagoe Distr., 1928 WD Campbell (AMS); 1���, 2♀, ditto except iii.1928 (AMS); 3���, 2♀, 1♀ *, ditto except iii.1929 (AMS); 1���, ditto except vi.1932 (AMS); 1♀, ditto except 1. iii.1933 K463207 ([ex AMS] NAQS); 1���, 1♀ / Mt Mulligan, plateau, 700m 15���19.iv.1985, KH Halfpapp (QDAF). Description. Colour (Fig. 6). Head brownish-yellow, except apical third to half of labrum dark brown; extreme apices of mandibles dark brown; antennomeres 5���11 dark brown to black, 4 outer edge dark brown to black, 3 apically darkened, 1���2 brownish-yellow; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite black with yellowish anterior margins; procoxae brownish-yellow, mesocoxae entirely brownish-yellow or anterior yellowish-brown, posteriorly brown, metacoxae mostly yellowish-brown to brown with yellowish edges; profemora brownish-yellow; mesofemora yellowish-brown on basal third and brown on apical third, middle third variable; metafemora basal third yellowish-brown to almost entirely dark brown, with paler brown anterior and posterior edges; protibiae brownish-yellow, with dark brown streak along ridged outer edge, meso- and metatibiae brown with paler bases; protarsi yellowish-brown, meso- and metatarsi brown; tergites brown with yellow margins, pygidium yellow in males and mostly brown in females; abdominal ventrites 1���4 black with yellowish-brown apical margins, ventrite 5 with dark brown to black base and yellow apical half. Male: length 7���7.5 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.6x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, about one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11>4=5>3=6>7=8>9=10>2; length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width; antennomeres 3���7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3���11 each with only 1���4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly shallowly arcuate, deepest and broadest at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly less convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope shallower than posterior slope; without pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri with small patch of 10���15 laterally directed erect setae (may be broken off); apical lobe of ventrite V asymmetrically sculptured, cavity bounded by a thin sharp ridge on left and thick rounded ridge on right; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest at left side of apex, apically bounded by an almost vertical wall; tergite VIII brown with darker anterior edge, strap-like, with medially produced but narrowly truncate apical margin, slightly membranous midline, without lateral lobes; penis thick & strongly curved in lateral view with minute angulate tubercle at tip; sides penis conspicuously punctured, slightly ridged on right, smooth and unridged on left; broad and only slightly asymmetric in dorsal view, almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about half penis length. Female as male, except: length 7���7.5 mm; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.7x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.8x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; elytral without setal patch; pygidium apically swollen and extended, sometimes apically medially ridged; apex pygidium narrowly produced as a rounded to truncate lobe with a small apicodorsal tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view flat and thick, with sinuate sides and without tubercle; venter of pygidial apex flat or shallowly concave; apex ventrite V shallowly and widely concave, somtimes with small angulations on the edge, and not reflexed; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length 3���3.5x width, with 8���9 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes slightly curved, 0.4���0.45 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin truncate, not produced; tignum about 1.2 mm long, apex membranous and rounded, separated from shaft by a narrow band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) slightly produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and small to moderately large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: without paired glands on pronotal disc (Fig. 14), pronotal depression thin and shallow (Figs 6, 22), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 22), scutellum pale (Fig. 6), tergite 8 medially lobed (Fig. 90), penis smooth sided with acutely attenuated apex (Fig. 103) and strongly reflexed in lateral view (Fig. 130). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled, antennomeres 1���3 pale and 4���11 dark brown to black (Fig. 22), scutellum pale, basal half ventrite 5 dark brown (Fig. 53), pygidium narrowly produced partly dark brown with tooth at apex (Fig. 53), apical margin of ventrite 5 shallowly concave (Fig. 53). Etymology. Named for the local (extinct) language mbabaram, indigenous to the Almaden area (Dixon 2011). Distribution (Fig. 183) and biology. Aulacophora mbabaram is apparently endemic to a small area of northern Queensland. Two specimens have been collected on the extensive summit plateau of Mount Mulligan at 700 m, 250 m higher than the adjacent collecting locality for A. relicta in the dry woodland at the base of the cliffs (CAMR, pers. obs.). The other material was collected at Almaden, about 55km SSW of Mount Mulligan. The precise locality of collection of these specimens is unknown, and the beetles are not mentioned in any of the correspondence from the collector WD Campbell held in the Australian Museum Archives. Campbell was a retired geologist who, during the period of collection (from 1928���1933), was in his late 70s to mid 80s but was actively collecting zoological specimens for the Australian Museum. Parcels and/or letters arrived approximately monthly during this period. He lived in Almaden, beside the Crooked Creek river (Campbell 1928), but also had a mining lease called Manipota on a wooded ridge 8 kilometres northwest of Almaden (de Keyzer & Wolff 1964). One or both of these localities may represent the collection site. The hostplant of A. mbabaram is unknown. The Chillagoe to Mount Mulligan area of northern Queensland is mostly savannah woodland and particularly rich in Cucurbitaceae, with eight native species including Cucumis queenslandicus, a local endemic (Telford et al. 2011) and a possible host., Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545448, {"references":["Dixon, R. M. W (2011) Searching for aboriginal languages: memoirs of a field worker. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 335 pp.","Campbell, W. D. (1928) [letter to the Director of the Australian Museum, dated 28 May 1928]. Australian Museum Archive, Sydney. [unknown pagination]","Telford, I. R. H., Sebastian, P., Bruhl, J. J. & Renner, S. S. (2011) Cucumis (Cucurnbitaceae) in Australia and eastern Melanesia, including newly recognised species and the sister species to C. melo. Systematic Botany, 36 (2), 376 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364411 X 569561"]}

Aulacophora wilsoni Baly, 1888, stat. rev. (Figs 9, 17, 25, 43, 56–57, 93, 106, 120, 134, 149, 161, 163, 178, 181, 183) Aulacophora wilsoni Baly, 1888: 177. Galeruca scutellata sensu Blackburn, 1888, nec Boisduval, 1835. Material examined (36): AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: 1♀ / Charity Ck Bridge, Manning R NSW, Acmena smithii 8.xi.1995, SWatkins (ANIC); 1♀ / Dorrigo (SAM); 1♁/ Lorien wildlife refuge, 3k N Lansdowne, ex rainfor- est/wet sclerophyll ecotone, 23.ix.2013, G & T Williams (AMS); 1♁, ditto, except wet sclerophyll forest, 5.ii.2001, G Williams (AMS); 1♀ / 07BR, 4.5k NE Morgans Ck xing, 28:46S 152:18E, 590m, 4.ii–9.iv.1993 NPWS Survey, M Gray, G Cassis (AMS); 1♁/ Mt Warning NP [sic, label error], Mebbin SF [Cutters Camp], 23.xi.1986 C Reid, ex Ficus (ANIC); 1♁*/ Nightcap NP, NE of Nimbin, Googarna Rd, subtrop. rainforest, 14–15.xi.1988 G Williams (AMS); 1♀ / Red Cedar Flora Res, GPS#279, 30:11S 152:42E, 56J0471810-6661332 530m, 15.xii.2005 J Jurado (AMS); 4/ Richmond R (OAI); 3/ Rivertree 4.ix.1928 E Sutton (QMB); 1, ditto except 4.ix.1928 (QMB); 1♁/ Tweed R (SAM); 1♁/ Tweed R / wilsoni Baly [Blackburn’s handwriting]; 1♁/ Wootton, Bachelor SF, 6.x.1974, RH Mulder (AMS); Queensland: 1♀ / Beerwah 26:54S 152:53E, malaise trap, 29.x–25.xi.1986, BK Cantreel (QDAF); 1♁, 1♀ / Brisbane, AJ Turner (SAM); 1/ Bris [bane] (QMB); 1♀ */ Crediton SF, Eungella Ra, 23.i.1991, A Sundholm (ANIC); 2♀ / Eungella 29.xi.1931 WA McDougall (QDAF); 1/ Kroombit Tops, 65k SW Gladstone, 1000–1100m, open forest, 22–26.ii.1982 Monteith, Thompson & Yeates (QMB); 1♁/ [Lamington] Nat Pk, Qld, i.1928, HJ Carter (AMS); 1♀ / Lamington NP, subtropical rainforest, 1.xii.1973 PJ Gullan (AMS); 1♁/ Lower Beechmont, 4.i.1982, GA Holloway (AMS); 1m, 1f/ Moreton Bay (AMS); 1♁/ Mt Tambourine, AM Lea (SAM); 1♀ / Mt Tambourine 3.iii.1984 ID Galloway (QDAF); 1♀ / Tambourine, 29.10.1933 JG Brooks (ANIC); 1♁/ Toowoomba, M. T. Hobler (SAM). Description. Colour (Fig. 9). Head except appendages, pronotum and elytra entirely brownish- or straw-yellow; apical half and sides of labrum dark brown; apices mandibles dark brown; antennomeres 4–11 black, 3 dark brown with pale brown inner edge and base, 2 pale brown with darker apex, 1 brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum dark brown to black; mesanepisternum brownish-yellow; mesepimeron black; mesoventrite brown; metaventrite black; procoxae brownish-yellow, mesocoxae anterior yellowish-brown, posteri- orly black, metacoxae black, sometimes brown at insertion of femora; profemora pale brown with dark brown dorsal streak, meso- and metafemora black; protibiae brown, outer surface darker, meso- and metatibiae black; protarsi dark brown, meso- and metatarsi black; pygidium black; abdominal ventrites black except apices of 3–4 or 1–4 narrowly brown. Male: length 6–6.5 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, with flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.5x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, slightly longer than one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11>3=4>5=6=7=8=9=10>2; length antennomere 5 about 2.2x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with only 1–3 erect lateral setae; Pronotal transverse depression almost straight, almost evenly shallow; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum about equally convex to posterior half and median depression with anterior and posterior slopes about equal; without pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri with small tuft of 10–15 laterally directed erect setae (may be broken off); apical lobe of ventrite V asymmetrically sculptured, cavity bounded by a sharp thin ridge on left and thick rounded ridge on right; elongate cavity deepened from base to apex and deepest at left side of apex, apically bounded by an almost vertical wall; apical lobe with slot at right longer than slot at left; tergite VIII black, strap-like with medially produced but broadly truncate apical margin, slightly membranous midline, and short but acute lateral lobes; penis thick & strongly curved in lateral view with lobed, not hooked, tip; sides penis conspicuously punctured, sharply ridged on right, smooth and unridged on left; broad and only slightly asymmetric in dorsal view, almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area only slightly longer than half penis length. Female as male, except: length 6.5–7 mm; frontoclypeus with glabrous median keel from postantennal calli to labrum; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.4x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.6x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; elytral without setal patch; pygidium apically swollen and extended; apex pygidium produced as a truncate or broadly rounded lobe with a small apicodorsal tubercle (obscured by setae); venter of pygidial apex flat or shallowly concave; apex ventrite V variable, either flat or reflexed, and margin truncate, shallowly concave or with minute median notch; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length about 2.5x width, with 8 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes sinuate, about 0.48 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin truncate to slightly concave, not produced; tignum 1.2 mm long, apex membranous, slightly expanded, separated from shaft by deeper pigmentation; spermatheca falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) slightly produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and moderately large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: legs and abdomen black or almost so, without paired glands on pronotal disc (Fig. 9), pronotal depression narrow and shallow (Fig. 9), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 25), scutellum dark (Fig. 9), tergite 8 medially lobed and with lateral teeth (Fig. 93), penis broad and slightly sinuate with acutely attenuated apex and strongly curved profile (Figs 106, 134). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled, antennomeres 1–3 pale and 4–11 dark brown to black (Fig. 25), scutellum dark, abdomen dark brown to black (Figs 56–57), pygidium truncate or with rounded apex, apical margin of ventrite 5 truncate or shallowly concave (Figs 56–57). Notes. The justification for treating Aulacophora wilsoni as valid and not a junior synonym of A. scutellata, is given in the discussion following our definition of the indica species-group. This mistake was initiated by Blackburn (1888). Baly’s description of A. wilsoni, based on both male and female, is a perfect match for the species redescribed above. However the type locality is problematic as the Melbourne area (south Victoria) has no recorded PPB and is far from the typical habitat and known range of A. wilsoni. Baly did not note the source of his specimens but we can only conclude they were mislabelled, a common problem with early Australian material.. Distribution (Fig. 183) and biology. Aulacophora wilsoni is relatively rarely collected. It is found in high rainfall warm temperate areas, dominated by rainforest or tall sclerophyll forest, from Dorrigo, New South Wales, north to Eungella, central Queensland. The type locality Melbourne is almost certainly erroneous, the result of a labelling error. Host plants are unknown but singletons have been collected on a fig leaf (Moraceae) and on flowers of Syzygium smithi (Myrtaceae). The more likely host or hosts, native Australian cucurbits in the genera Diplocyclos, Neoachmandra, Sicyos and Trichosanthes (Harden et al. 2007), occur in all localities known for A. wilsoni., Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545448, {"references":["Baly, J. S. (1888) Descriptions of some genera and species of Galerucinae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 156 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1888. tb 01444. x","Blackburn, T. (1888) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 13 (51 - 52), 1387 - 1506.","Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Harden, G., McDonald, B. & Williams, J. (2007) Rainforest climbing plants. A field guide to their identification in Victoria, New South Wales and subtropical Queensland, using vegetative features. Gwen Harden Publishing, Nambucca Heads, xvi + 176 pp."]}

Aulacophora cornuta Baly, 1879 (Figs 4, 12, 20, 37, 48, 86, 99, 113, 126, 140, 154, 169, 184) Aulacophora cornuta Baly, 1879: 445. Ceratia cornuta: Weise 1924: 17. Aulacophora robusta Duvivier, 1884: 124; Baly 1886: 16 (synonymy); Kimoto, Ismay & Samuelson 1984: 52���3 (valid); stat. rev. Aulacophora bicornuta Allard, 1888: 309; Baly 1889: 300 (synonymy). Aulacophora duvivieri Baly, 1886: 24; Mohamedsaid 1994: 379 (synonymy). Material examined (40): Pale variety: 1���, no locality (AMS); INDONESIA: 1���, 1♀, 1♀ */ Sulawesi, Palolo, Palu, xii.1990 (AMS); MALAYSIA: 1���/ Benam R, Malay Penin, AM Lea & wife (SAM); PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1���/ nr Brown R, Pt Moresby area, 26.xii.1973 D. Mackay (AMS); 1♀ / Hudeu���a, Rev L. Wagner (SAM); 2���/ Madang, W Lohe (SAM); 1♀ / Madang, BG Challis (SAM); 3���, 5♀ / Manumbo, Madang Distr, NG (SAM); 1���/ Misima Island, Umana Camp, 500ft, 6.11��� 7.12.1963 WW Brandt (ANIC); 4♀ / Mt Lamington, NE Papua, 1300���1500���, C.T. McNamara (SAM); 1���/ New Ireland, nr Mt Bur, E coast, 3:40S 152:22E, 28.x.2001, M Humphrey & M Moulds (AMS); 1���/ St Josephs R [8.833S 146.567E], New Guinea, [1888���1897], Sir W McGregor (SAM); SOLOMON ISLANDS: 1���*, 2♀ / Lavoro Pltn, Guadalcanal I, 27.ix.1927, CE Hart (AMS). Dark variety: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1���/ Hula, Port Moresby area, 15.xii.1973, D Mackay (AMS); 7/ Manumbo, Madang Distr (SAM); 1m */ Port Moresby, 28.xii.1973, D Mackay (AMS); 2���/ Mt Lamington Distr, Northern Division, Jan���Feb, CT McNamara (AMS); 1���/ St Josephs R [8.833S 146.567E], New Guinea, [1888��� 1897], Sir W McGregor (AMS); Description (specimens from Timor to Solomon Islands region only). Colour (Fig. 4). There are two colour varieties. Dorsally pale variety: head and appendages, prothorax, scutellum and elytra entirely brownish- or strawyellow, apical antennomeres sometimes brown; scutellum dark brown to black; mesanepisternum brownish-yellow; mesepimeron dark brown to black; mesoventrite yellowish-brown to dark brown; metaventrite black; procoxae brownish-yellow, mesocoxae anteriorly yellowish-brown, posteriorly black, metacoxae black, sometimes brown at insertion of femora; trochanters yellowish-brown; profemora yellowish-brown, meso- and metafemora pale brown to dark brown; protibiae brown, outer surface darker, meso- and metatibiae yellowish-brown to dark brown; tarsi brown to dark brown; pygidium black and abdominal ventrites black; dorsally dark variety: as pale form, except elytra dark brown to black, with margins (including suture) narrowly yellowish-brown, meso- and metafemora and tibiae only slightly darkened, pygidium brown to blackish-brown and ventrites brown to blackish-brown with yellowish-brown sides. Male: length 7.5���9.5 mm; frontoclypeus without median ridge, but with pair of sharply keeled arcuate ridges, deep pits above them (obscured by setae) and a median patch of dense semi-recumbent golden setae, the dorsal part directed laterally; first antennomere expanded, anterior margin medially angulate, with flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.65x body length, antennomeres 9���11 clearly thinner than 5���8; antennomere 2 shortest, slightly longer than one third length of 1, antennomere 11 longest, comparative lengths: 11>1>4>3=5=9=10>6=7=8>2; length antennomere 5 about 3x width; antennomeres 3���7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3���11 each with only 1���4 erect lateral setae; Pronotal transverse depression almost straight, weakly posterior curved at middle, almost evenly shallow; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum about equally convex to posterior half and median depression with anterior and posterior slopes about equal; without pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra dull, distinctly microreticulate; elytral humeri without setae; apical lobe of ventrite V symmetrically sculptured, cavity smoothly convex at sides; elongate cavity deepest at middle, gradually shallower to apex; tergite VIII bicornual, the lobes flat, elongate and relatively abruptly attenuate, with narrow U-shaped concavity between and lateral lobes minute or absent; penis in lateral view with almost straight venter and dorsum apicaly expanded to a hook-like tubercle from which ridges on either side connect with tin unhooked apex; sides of penis impunctate, with smooth rounded edges; penis in dorsal view symmetrical, slightly expanded at middle, and apex sagittiform, laterally angular and apically acute, without elongate membranous panel. Female as male, except: length 8���9 mm; antennomeres 2���11 similar to male, length antennomere 5 about 3x width, length antennomere 8 about 3.3x width; transverse pronotal depression slightly shallower; elytral without setal patch; pygidium apically swollen but only slightly extended beyond apex ventrite V; swelling of pygidial apical half variable in height but always with median keel and broadly rounded apical margin; pygidial apex in lateral view dorsally swollen, not ventrally thickened, with slightly sinuate sides and without distinct tubercle; venter of pygidial apex flat; apex ventrite V shallowly concave, or biconcave with small triangular tubercle at middle of concavity; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length about 4.3x width, with 7���8 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes slightly sinuate, about 0.63 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum attached to slightly pigmented and sclerotised posterior of sternite, and posterior margin concave; tignum about 1.5mm long, apex membranous, broadly rounded and separat- ed from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape hooked, collum continuous with receptaculum, in the same plane, insertion point of gland (ramus) not produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: frontoclypeus with pair of arcuate ridges and patch of dense setae (Fig. 12), humeral setal patch absent (Fig. 20), scutellum pale (Fig. 4), penis symmetrical with sagittate apex (Figs 99). Female: frontoclypeus without median keel as male but without arcuate ridges, scutellum pale, abdomen dark brown to black, pygidium with broadly rounded apex (Fig. 48). Notes. The taxonomy of this easily identified species has been reviewed by Barroga and Mohamedsaid (2002). The dark variety of A. cornuta does not appear to exist in the central part of this species��� range (Kimoto 1989; Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002) but is present in India (Maulik 1926) and is widespread in New Guinea. It was described as A. robusta Duvivier, 1884, with a western New Guinea type locality (���Mefoor���). This has been considered a valid species in New Guinea by most authors (for example, Jacoby 1904; Weise 1924; Wilcox 1972; Kimoto et al. 1984; Kimoto 1989), who have ignored Baly���s statements that it is a colour variety of A. cornuta (Baly 1886, 1889). We cannot find any structural differences between the two colour forms, which are often collected together, and we therefore confirm Baly���s synonymy. Distribution (Fig. 184) and biology. Aulacophora cornuta is a widespread species from India east to the Solomon Islands, including Timor (Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002). However recent surveys of Timor by Australian biosecurity entomologists and the Australian Museum have failed to find this species. It is unrecorded from Australia but is a potentially invasive species. There are no recorded hosts for A. cornuta except pumpkin (Kimoto et al. 1984) and unspecified Cucurbitaceae (Reid 1998)., Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545448, {"references":["Baly, J. S. (1879) Descriptions of new genera and species of Gallerucinae. Annals and Magazine of natural History, Series 5, 4, 108 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937908679801","Weise, J. (1924) Chrysomelidae: 13 Galerucinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 78, 1 - 225.","Duvivier, A. (1884) Description de quelques phytophages nouveaux. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, Comptes-rendus des Seances, 28, 301 - 320.","Baly, J. S. (1886) Descriptions of a new genus and of some sp. nov. of Galerucinae, also diagnostic notes on some of the older described species of Aulacophora. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1886. tb 01432. x","Kimoto, S., Ismay, J. W. & Samuelson, G. A. (1984) Distribution of chrysomelid pests associated with certain agricultural plants in Papua New Guinea (Coleoptera). Esakia, 2, 49 - 57.","Allard, E. (1888) Synopsis des Galerucines a corselet sillonne transversalement. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 8 (6), 305 - 332.","Baly, J. S. (1889) Notes on Aulacophora and allied genera. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1889 (2), 297 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1889. tb 02322. x","Mohamedsaid, M. S. (1994) The genus Aulacophora Chevrolat from peninsular Malaysia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Malayan Nature Journal, 47, 375 - 392.","Barroga, G. F. & Mohamedsaid, M. S. (2002) Revision of the genus Aulacophora Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) in Sundaland. Serangga, 7 (1 - 2), 15 - 194.","Kimoto, S. (1989) Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. IV. Galerucinae. Esakia, 27 (1), 1 - 241.","Jacoby, M. (1904) Descriptions of new genera and species of phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Dr Loria in New Guinea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 41, 469 - 514. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24161","Wilcox, J. A. (1972) Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini: Aulacophorina, Diabroticina. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa, 78 (2), 221 - 431.","Reid, C. A. M. (1998) The Chrysomeloidea of Taman Nasional Gede-Pangrango and environs, Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Serangga, 3 (2), 269 - 315."]}

Aulacophora relicta (Boisduval, 1835), stat. rev. (Figs 7, 15, 23, 30, 41, 54, 77���82, 104���105, 117���118, 131���132, 146, 160, 179, 186) Galleruca relicta Boisduval, 1835: 557. Aulacophora relicta: Baly 1889: 300. Ceratia relicta: Weise 1924: 16. Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn, 1888: 1497; syn. nov. Rhaphidopalpa imberbis Weise, 1916: 37; syn. nov. A. abdominalis sensu Lea 1924, nec Fabricius, 1781. Material examined (310): Types: Aulacophora relicta Boisduval: Neotype (this designation): ���/ Hidden Valley, NQ, 19:00S 146:04E, dry scler. woodland, xi.1995, C Reid/ Aulacophora relicta (Boisduval, 1835) Neotype, des. Reid et al. 2020 (AMS); Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn: Lectotype (this designation): 1���/ N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb cotype [Blackburns writing]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Bl. do [ditto] N.T:N.W.A. 17986 cotype [Lea handwriting]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn, 1888 Lectotype, des. Reid et al. (SAM); paralectotype: 1���/ N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb cotype [B���s writing]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb N Territory cotype I.4062 [Lea���s handwriting]/ (SAM). Non-types: Australian Capital Territory: ANU Campus (ANIC); New South Wales: Alstonville (OAI); 1♀ *, Ashford, damaging cucurbits (AMS); Boggabilla (OAI); Broken Hill (1944) (OAI); Burbie Canyon, Warrumbungle NP (NAQS); Clovelly (OAI); Coonamble (OAI); Graman (OAI); vicinity Jenolan Caves (ANIC); Lightning Ridge (OAI); Lismore (OAI); Moree (ANIC, OAI); Murwillumbah (ANIC, OAI); ���, Musselbrook [sic] (ANIC); 24k ESE Musselbrook [sic] (ANIC); Narrabri (OAI); Sunny Corner State Forest (ANIC); Ulmarra (OAI); Warialda (OAI); Northern Territory: Adelaide R (AMS); 2, Alice Springs, on hami melon (AMS, DPID); 5, Batchelor (AMS, ANIC, DPID); 1, Berrimah (DPID); 10, Berrimah Farm (DPID); 3, Berry Springs (DPID); 11k SSW Borroloola (ANIC); 22k WSW Borroloola (ANIC); 48k SSW Borroloola (ANIC); Burnside (ANIC); 1k S Cahills Crossing (ANIC); 8k ESE Cape Crawford (ANIC); 1, Coconut Grove (DPID); Daly River Mission (ANIC); 6, Darwin (ANIC, DPID); 8, Douglas Daly Res Sta (DPID); 3, Elizabeth Farm (DPID); Fergusson River (ANIC); 3, Humpty Do (DPID); 6mi W Humpty Doo (ANIC); 14mi W Humpty Doo (ANIC); 4, Katherine (ANIC, DPID); 2, Katherine Res Sta (DPID); 1���, Katherine Gorge (ANIC); Larrimah Pond (SAM); 1���, Litchfield NP (ANIC); 1���, Manton Dam (ANIC); Marrakai Station (ANIC, NAQS); 1���, McArthur River (ANIC); 3, Middlepoint (DPID); Mindil Beach (ANIC); 6k E Mount Cahill (ANIC); 19k ENE Mount Cahill (ANIC); 1, Munmarlarly Sta, Kakadu (DPID); 1, Nathan River HS (DPID); 6, Noonamah, Cucumis sativa (DPID); Point Charles (OAI); 1���, Roper R (SAM); 1, Sixty Mile (DPID); Thorak Reserve, Darwin (MAGNT); 1, Thorak (DPID); Tindal (ANIC); 7, Wildman R (ANIC, DPID); Queensland: Archer Creek (ANIC); Aurukun (NAQS); Ayr (ANIC, QDAF); 14mi S Ayr (ANIC); 35mi SE Ayr (ANIC); Bamaga (NAQS); Bernborough Downs (ANIC); Biggenden (ANIC); Bilwon, water melon (QDAF); 1���*, Blackdown Tableland NP (AMS); Bluff Mount (ANIC); Bluff Range (ANIC); Boolboonda Range (ANIC); Bowen (AMS); Brigalow (QDAF); 1���, Brisbane (ANIC); Brisbane, cucurbits (QDAF); 1���, Bucasia (ANIC); 19k S Bundaberg (ANIC); Bundaberg (ANIC); Burketown (NAQS); Cairns (AMS, ANIC, SAM); Camooweal (ANIC); Cape Tribulation (ANIC); 1���*, Carnarvon NP (AMS); Charleville (NAQS); nr Charters Towers (OAI); 21.9k E Chillagoe (AMS); 1���*, Clermont (AMS); Cooktown (ANIC); Coongera Rock, nr Coalstoun Lakes (ANIC); 1���, Crater Lakes, Coulstoun National Park (ANIC); 1♀ * Crediton SF (AMS); Crows Nest (ANIC); Davies Ck (AMS); Doomagee (NAQS); Edward R (ANIC); Eidsvold (ANIC); Emerald, melon, zucchini (QDAF); Emu Park (ANIC); Expedition Range (ANIC); Gayndah, rockmelon, pumpkin (QDAF); Gilruth Plains (ANIC); 70k SW Greenvale (SAM); Harvey Range, 19:21S 146:28E (AMS); Helenvale nr Cooktown (AMS); 7mi SW Herberton (ANIC); Highbury (NAQS); Horseshoe Lookout, Blackdown Tableland (ANIC); Hughenden (ANIC); Hume Rd, nr Mareeba (NAQS); Ingham (ANIC); Kalunga (QDAF); Kirrama, 18:11S 145:44E (AMS); Kowanyama (NAQS); Lake Idamea, Glen Ormiston (SAM); Lochhart R (NAQS); 31k WSW Longreach (ANIC); Maalan (ANIC); Marion Downs (SAM); 3.5mi S Marmor (ANIC); 1���, Maryborough (SAM); Maryborough Ck (SAM); Meteor Downs (ANIC); 1���, Millstream NP (ANIC); 35k NNW Mount Carbine (ANIC); 2mi SW Mount Inkerman (ANIC); 1���, 66k NW Mount Isa (ANIC); Mount Mulligan (AMS, NAQS); Mount Walsh (ANIC); Mullet Creek (ANIC); Murrays Spring (ANIC); Napranum (NAQS); Normanton (SAM); North Rockhampton (ANIC); 1���, 15k W Paluma (ANIC); Peera- mon (ANIC); Port Denison (AMS); Ravenshoe (ANIC); Rita Island (ANIC); Rockhampton (AMS); Silver Plains Homestead (AMS, ANIC); Stanthorpe, pumpkin (QDAF); Walkamin (NAQS); Weipa (NAQS); Westcliff track, Bunya Mountains (ANIC); 1���, White Mtns NP (ANIC); Windsor Tableland (AMS); Yandina, eating noogoora burr kernel, zucchini (QDAF); Yeppoon (ANIC); Queensland, Torres Straits: 1���/ Dalrymple Island (ANIC); 1/ Moa Island, on cucumber, 6.iii.1992, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); South Australia: no locality (AMS); Alton Downs Homestead (ANIC); 10k N Cape Jervis (OAI); Kangaroo Island (ANIC); Murray Bridge [Lea] (ANIC); Tasmania: Kempton [Lea] (ANIC); Launceston [Lea] (ANIC); Victoria: Benalla [Helms] (ANIC); Western Australia: Bridgetown (ANIC); 200k SW Broome (NAQS); Fitzroy & Margaret Rivers (SAM); Karrakatta Bay (NAQS); 1���, King Edward R (ANIC); Koolama Bay (NAQS); 2���*, 1♀ *, Kununurra (NAQS); Lake Argyle Road, Kimberley (ANIC); Roebuck Bay (SAM); Wyndham (AMS). Description. Colour (Fig. 7). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half to two-thirds of labrum and apices of mandibles brown to dark brown, eyes black; antennae with antennomeres 1���2 yellowish-brown and 8���11 entirely slightly darker to almost black, 3���7 variably coloured but generally with darkened anterodorsal face contrasting with paler posteroventral face, sometimes 1���7 entirely yellowish-brown, if so 8���11 only slightly darker; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite dark brown to black, with yellowish anterior margins; procoxae brownish-yellow, mesocoxae and metacoxae yellowish-brown; legs sometimes entirely brownish-yellow, but usually meso- and metatibiae and tarsi brown, rarely protibial outer edge and tarsi brown; tergites yellowish-brown except pygidium brownish-yellow; abdominal ventrites 1���4 dark brown to black, but middle of apex of ventrite 4, rarely 2���3, yellowish; ventrite 5 dark brown to black at sides of base, remainder brownish-yellow. Male: length 6���7.5 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.65x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, less than one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11> 9 = 10> 5 = 6 = 7> 3 = 8> 4> 2; length antennomere 5 about 2.3x width; antennomeres 3���7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3���11 each with only 1���4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly shallowly arcuate, deepest and broadest at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly more convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope steeper than posterior slope; disc with pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri without setae; apical lobe of ventrite V asymmetrically sculptured, cavity more abruptly ridged on left and gradually elevated on right, without sharp ridges; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest at left side before apex, then gradually elevated to apical margin; tergite VIII entirely pale brown, apical margin produced as a pair of narrowly triangular and slightly upcurved prongs with deep concavity between, left hand prong shorter and straighter than right, minute lateral lobes present; penis thin and sinuate in lateral view, with small sharply angulate tubercle at tip; sides penis without punctures, smooth and unridged; broad and asymmetric in dorsal view, right side strongly bisinuate, sides almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about half penis length. Female as male, except: length 5.5���7.5 mm; abdominal ventrites 1���4 often mostly yellowish-brown, especially at middle; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.7x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.7x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; pygidium apical half slightly raised and extended; apex pygidium variable, from broadly obtuse-angled with minute apicodorsal tubercle to narrowly acutely produced with large elongate apicodorsal tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view elevated but thin, with strongly sinuate sides and with apical tubercle; venter of pygidial apex flat or shallowly concave; apex ventrite V shallowly concave, usually with preapical lateral depressions and/or margin strongly reflexed; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length 3.5���4x width, with 7���9 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes straight to slightly sinuate, 0.43���0.48 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin truncate to slightly concave, not produced; tignum 1.3���1.4 mm long, apex membranous, broadly rounded, not separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) flat to produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: pronotal disc with pair of glands (Fig. 7), humeral setal patch absent (Fig. 23), scutellum pale (Fig. 2), tergite 8 deeply arcuate (Fig. 91), penis laterally sinuate with acutely attenuated apex (Figs 104���105). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled, scutellum pale, abdominal tergites brownish-yellow, apex of abdominal venter pale (Figs 54), pygidium produced in an approximate right-angle or rarely rounded, venter of pygidial apex not deeply notched (Fig. 54), ventrite 5 with brownish-yellow base and apical margin variably concave but width of concavity at least 1.8x depth (Figs 54, 77���82). Notes. Galleruca relicta Boisduval 1835 was described from New Holland. It has a reasonable description (at least for Boisduval, who seems to have been a particularly casual taxonomist) and this, in combination with its position in his list of taxa (which is significant), and its type locality, suggests that A. relicta represents the common and widespread pale species of Australian Aulacophora. Aulacophora relicta was merely listed by Baly, who noted that the type was unknown to him (Baly 1889: 300), and it was later placed in synonymy with A. abdominalis by Lea (1924), followed by Wilcox (1972) and Kimoto (1990). Our research shows that the common PPB from Australia is a different species from the common PPB in the Pacific. As Aulacophora relicta is the oldest name for the PPB in Australia we resurrect this name and designate a neotype to fix its identity. Aulacophora palmerstoni was described from Darwin (Blackburn 1889) and later placed in synonymy with A. abdominalis (Blackburn 1898). We have examined type material and can confirm that this is A. relicta. Raphidiopalpa imberbis was described and illustrated from the Kimberley region (Weise 1916) and later synonymised with A. palmerstoni (Weise 1924) and then A. abdominalis (Wilcox 1972). We have not seen type material but it is clear from the detailed description that A. imberbis is also a synonym of A. relicta. Distribution (Fig. 186) and biology. Aulacophora relicta is a widespread and common species of northern Australia and eastern New South Wales with old records for South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The latter may represent occasional incursions from the north which do not form sustainable populations, or may simply reflect lack of recent collecting in these areas. The distribution of A. relicta in northern Australia encloses both A. barrogae and A. mbabaram and overlaps slightly with A. abdominalis in the Torres Straits, occurring as far northeast as Darnley Island, 200 km northwest of mainland Australia. Given that Biosecurity measures have not restricted movement of cucurbit plants north from the mainland, it is quite possible that some Torres Straits specimens found are due to recent manmade movements, with long term establishment unknown. Aulacophora relicta has been collected in every month of the year. Aulacophora relicta has been recorded damaging pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima) and ���all commercial cucurbit crops��� in Australia, under the name A. abdominalis (Waterhouse & Norris 1987; Napier 2009; Brown 2015). Few of the specimens we examined had any host data, with only two records for Citrullus sativa, one for C. lanatus, three for Cucumis melo, and two for Cucurbita pepo, all of which are exotic. One adult is labelled as feeding on the seed of an exotic weed in the Asteraceae (Xanthium species). However native Cucurbitaceae species occur throughout the range of A. relicta and these are probably the native hosts., Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545448, {"references":["Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Baly, J. S. (1889) Notes on Aulacophora and allied genera. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1889 (2), 297 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1889. tb 02322. x","Weise, J. (1924) Chrysomelidae: 13 Galerucinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 78, 1 - 225.","Blackburn, T. (1888) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 13 (51 - 52), 1387 - 1506.","Weise, J. (1916) Results of Dr E. Mj ˆ berg's Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910 1913, 11. Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden aus West-Australien. Arkiv f ˆ r Zoologi, 10 (20), 1 - 51, pl. 1. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1497","Lea, A. M. (1924) The Australian species of Aulacophora (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 8 (1), 45 - 52.","Fabricius, J. (1781) Species insectorum exhibens eorum differnetiasum specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosis, adiectis observationibus. Tome 1. CE Bohni, Hamburgi et Kilonii, viii + 552 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36509","Wilcox, J. A. (1972) Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini: Aulacophorina, Diabroticina. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa, 78 (2), 221 - 431.","Kimoto S. (1990) Checklist of Chrysomelidae of south-east Asia, south of Thailand and west of Irian Jaya of Indonesia, VI. Galerucinae 2. Kurume University Journal, 39 (2), 201 - 237.","Blackburn, T. (1898) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with description of new genera and species. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 22, 221 - 233.","Waterhouse, D. G. & Norris, K. R. (1987) Biological control. Pacific prospects. Inkata press, Melbourne, viii + 454 pp.","Napier, T. (2009) Insect pests of cucurbit vegetables. Primefact, 833, 1 - 5.","Brown, H. (2015) Common insect pests of cucurbits. Agnote, 159, 1 - 4."]}

Aulacophora indica (Gmelin, 1790) (Figs 5, 13, 21, 28–29, 38–39, 49–52, 70–76, 87–89, 100–102, 114–115, 127–129, 141–144, 155–158, 170–175, 185) Cryptocephalus indicus Gmelin, 1790: 1720 (nomen novum). Rhaphidopalpa indica: Weise 1924: 8. Aulacophora indica: Wilcox 1972: 237. Crioceris testacea Fabricius, 1787: 87 (nec Cryptocephalus testaceus Fabricius, 1775). Galeruca similis Olivier, 1808: 624; Baly 1886: 16 (Aulacophora); Kimoto 1989: 56 (synonymy). Raphidopalpa femoralis Motschulsky, 1857: 37; Baly 1886: 16 (Aulacophora; synonymy). Aulacophora flavipes Jacoby, 1883: 202; Baly 1886: 17 (synonymy). Rhaphidopalpa pubescens Allard, 1888: 306; Lee & Beenen 2015: 164 (synonymy). Rhaphidopalpa bengalensis Weise, 1892: 394; Weise 1924: 8 (synonymy). Rhaphidopalpa ceramensis Weise, 1892: 394; Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002: 103 (synonymy). Rhaphidopalpa niasiensis Weise, 1892: 394; Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002: 103 (synonymy). Rhaphidopalpa chinensis Weise, 1892: 395; Gressitt & Kimoto 1963: 486 (synonymy). Crioceris abdominalis sensu Fabricius 1787: 87, nec Fabricius 1781. Rhaphidopalpa foveicollis sensu Bechyné 1961: 256, nec Lucas, 1849. Material examined (188): AUSTRALIA: 1♀ */ Broken Hill, NSW, 1924 FW Shepherd/ Fam. Chrysomelidae Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn / K463078/ (AMS); 1♁*/ “Toyota Maru No 2” G30 Geraldton, 22.10.1976 / (ANIC); BRUNEI: 1♁/ KBFSC, Ashton Trail, lowland rf, 7.viii.1995, PJ Gullan (AMS); CHINA: 1♀ / China [Blackburn writing] (SAM); GUAM: 1♁, 1♁*, 2♀ / Nimitz Hill, Guam, on pumpkin, 8 March 1983, MF Kirby (ANIC); INDONESIA: Java: 33, 1♁*, 1♀ */ Buitenzorg [Bogor], Java, 1931 (ANIC); 1♁/ Buitenzorg [Bogor], Jan, AM Lea & wife (SAM); 1♁/ Dieng Plateau, Java, 1929 G Windred (ANIC); 1♁, 2♀ / Java, Jan–Feb 1925 C.T. McNamara (SAM); Kalimantan: 2♁, 1♁*/ E. Kalimantan, Wanariset Res. Cen. of dipterocarp, 1–30.iii.1992, Dar- ling, Rosichon & Sutriano (ROM); Nusa Tenggera Timor: 2♁ 1♀ / Flores, Endeh, 4.vi.1929 I Mackerras (ANIC); 1♁, 1♁*, 1♀, 1♀ */ West Timor, Kabuna, 9: 4.2S 124: 54.54E, ex sweeping Cucurbita, 30.iii.1998 G Bellis & Supandi (AMS); 2, 1♀ / West Timor, Nonbes, Amarasi, Kupang, 10: 12.31S 123:49:45E, ex sweeping Cucurbita sp, 27.iii.1998, Supandi (AMS, DPID); Papua: 1♀ */ Biak, ex choko, 27.iii.1992, JW Turner (NAQS); Sulawesi: 1♀ / Wawolemo, 50k W Kendari, 1983, R De Keyzer (ANIC); Sumatra: 1♁*, Lampung, Desa Kedaton, Kalianda, 5:43S 105:35E, c 25m, arable (rice/maize etc), on cucurbit, ii.2010, C Reid (AMS); 1♁/ E Sumatra, Riau, Bukit Tigapuluh NP, 0:50S 102:26E, 18–25.i.2000, J Bezdek (AMS); JAPAN: 1♁/ Yachiyodai, Chiba Prefecture, 21 Dec 1960 (SAM); LAOS: 1♀ / Champasak, Pakse, 15.1226N 105.8003E, 106m, watermelon seedling trial, 4.iii.2016, I Smith (AMS); 1♀ / Champasak town, Phoxai watermelon farm, 14.911N 105.8849E, 100m, yellow pan traps, 12.ii.2016, I Smith (AMS); 3♀, 1♀ */ Pha Song, Champasak, on jackfruit, 17.vi.2014 L Grieve (AMS); 1♁, 1♀ / Salavan, Lakhonpheng, 15.8012N 105.6977E, 178m, watermelon farm, swept, 12.ii.2016 I Smith (AMS); 1♀ / Sa- lavan, Lakhonpheng, Lak92, 77k N Pakse, 15.8073N 105.6914E, watermelon farm, watermelon, 12.i.2016 I Smith (AMS); 1♁/ Savannakhet, Song Khong, Nong Hai, 16.25907N 105.17234E, 165m, watermelon farm, sweepnet, 28.i.2016, I Smith (AMS); PHILIPPINES: 1♀ / Banaue, Luzon, 23.vii.1982 R De Keyzer (ANIC); 22♁, 2♁*, 21♀, 1♀ */ Luzon, Tanay, Rizal, 1–5.vi.1992 R Gallardo (AMS); 1♁, ditto, vii.1992, Melo family (AMS); 2♁, ditto, v–vi.1992, A & E Melo (AMS); 3♁, 4♀, ditto, v.1992 (AMS); 1♁/ Luzon, Pleasant Village, 15:50N 121:00E, v.1985, J. Montagnes (ROM); 1♁/ Negros Oriental, Cuernos de Negros, 7k W Valencia, 9:17N 123:15E, 700m, mal- aise trap, forest edge 15–23.xi.1987, DC Darling, E Mayordo (ROM); TAIWAN: 3♁*, 1f/ 25.05N 121.33E, Taipei, Shulin, 4.iv.1987, DCF Rentz & YM Chiang, stop T-8 (ANIC); TIMOR LESTE: 4♁, 8f/ 8.71S 125.58E, Aileu, Sabouria, on zucchini, 4.iii.2017, A Guterres (NAQS); 2♁, 1♁*, 5f/ Aileu, Seloi Karik, Tasoni, 8.70S 125.53E, cucumber, 3.iii.2017, A Guterres (NAQS); 2♀ / Becora, Dili, 8: 33.842S 125: 36.52E, ex sweep Cucurbita moschata, 9.v.2002, G Bellis (AMS); 1♁, 1♀ / Desa Ililai, Kec. Moro, Kab. Lautem, 8: 24.665S 126: 44.236E, ex sweep Cucurbita moschata, 14.vii.2000 G Bellis (DPID); 6, 2♀ / Desa Rahi Tahu, 8: 54.596S 126: 23.667E, defoliating Cucurbita moschata, 18.vii.2000, G Bellis (AMS, DPID); 4♁, 13♀ / Ermera, Gleno, Talimara, 8.72S 125.43, cucumber & eggplant, 28.ii.2017, D Britton & D Ximenes (NAQS); 1♁*, 1♀ */ Manatuto Agr Office, 8.53181S 126.00462E, sweep & hand coll from Cucurbita pepo, 18.iv.2012, S Anderson (NAQS); VIETNAM: 1♀ */ Dong Nai: Cat Tien NP, Crocodile Lake, 11:27: 31.5N 107:20: 42.5E, edge field/forest, 120m, malaise trap, 26–31.viii.1998, B Hubley (ROM); 1♀ / Nghe An, c25k SW Con Cuong, Khe Moi River forestry camp, 18:56N 104:49E, 308m, tropical forest, 3–10.vi.1995, B Hubley, J Swann (ROM). Description (based on material examined). Colour (Fig. 5). There are two colour forms which may be clinal (Lee & Beenen 2015). Almost all of the material we have examined is of the pale, southern form. Head brownish-yellow, except apical half to two-thirds of labrum and apices of mandibles dark brown to black, eyes black; antennae usually entirely brownish-yellow, occasionally antennomeres 4–11 may appear feebly darker (yellowishbrown), rarely darkening from pale base to dark brown apex; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow or prosternum partly brown (Borneo and eastern Sumatra only); scutellum brownish-yellow or disc brown (Borneo and eastern Sumatra only); mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow or partly brown with mesanepisternum often dark brown (Guam, Borneo and eastern Sumatra only); metaventrite dark brown to black, occasionally with yellowish anterior margins; procoxae brownish-yellow; mesocoxae anteriorly yellowish-brown and posteriorly dark brown; metacoxae usually almost entirely dark brown to black; legs variable in colour, usually entirely brownish-yellow, sometimes with meso- and metafemora medially brown, darkest forms with mid and hind legs almost entirely black (trochanters, extreme bases of tibiae and third tarsomeres brown) and forelegs brownish-yellow with narrow dorsal edge of femora and broad dorsal edge of tibiae dark brown (Guam, Borneo); median tergites pale brown, propygidium usually darker; pygidium variable, usually entirely brownish-yellow or with brown base, to almost entirely dark brown with apical margins brown (one Bornean specimen); abdominal ventrites 1–4 dark brown to black, sometimes with apical margins pale brown; ventrite 5 with dark brown to black basal band, extending apically at sides, remainder brownish-yellow, or entirely dark brown (one Bornean and one Guam specimen). Male: length 6–8 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by a ridge; antennae about 0.6x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, variable in size, less than to greater than one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1> 11> 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 9> 7 = 8> 10> 2 (Philippines specimen), 1>11> 5 = 9> 4 = 6 = 7 = 8 = 10> 3> 2 (Timorese specimen); antennomere 5 length 2.7 (Timorese specimen)—3.3 (Philippine specimen) x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with 3–6 erect lateral setae, not forming a row; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly shallowly arcuate, deep at sides and middle, broadest at middle; in lateral view convexity of anterior half of pronotum similar to posterior half and median depression at sides with anterior and posterior slopes similar; disc with pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra less shiny than pronotum, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri with elongate oval patch of 100–200 erect setae; apical lobe of ventrite V asymmetrically sculptured, cavity abruptly ridged on left (more sharply in southeast Asian and Indonesian specimens, less so in Philippines and Timor), ridge often with slight basal swelling, and gradually elevated on right without a basal swelling; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest at left side before apex (more so in southeast Asian and Indonesian specimens, less so in Philippines and Timor), then gradually elevated to apical margin; tergite VIII bicornual with two prongs separated by a deep U-shaped concavity, prongs elongate and narrow with upturned or straight apices and left prong usually slightly shorter and straighter than right; prominant acute or rounded projection lateral to the central prongs; penis thin and almost parallel-sided in lateral view, with small sharply angulate tubercle at tip; sides without punctures, smooth and unridged; narrow and almost parallel-sided in dorsal view, usually slightly constricted at about middle, sides abruptly attenuated in apical 1/7 to acute apex. Female as male, except: length 6–8 mm; pygidium variable in colour, as male; abdominal ventrites 1–4 often with pale brown apical margins; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, antennomere 5 length 3.2 –3.3 x width, antennomere 8 length 2.9 (Philippines)—3.5 (Timor) x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; pygidium almost flat, but shallowly medially keeled, with flat apical extension in most southeast Asian and Indonesian specimens, apical half slightly raised and thickened in Philippines specimens, Timorese specimens mostly intermediate or flat; apex pygidium in dorsal view elongate-triangular (apical angle 50–80̊) with straight sides but the tip vari- able, acute, rounded, truncate or narrowly concave; pygidial apex without tubercle; venter of pygidial apex slightly concave, or flat; apex ventrite V deeply and narrowly concave, concavity rarely asymmetric (U-, or V-shaped), and usually as deep as broad (depth: width ratio 1:1.8 or less, shallowest in Vietnamese specimens examined); apex of ventrite V with preapical lateral depressions defined by lateral ridges, apical margin flat, not reflexed at middle; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length 3–4.3x width, with 7–8 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes straight to slightly curved, 0.43–0.48 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area or this area slightly pigmented, and posterior margin truncate, not produced; tignum 1.2–1.5 mm long, apex membranous, rounded to almost triangular and usually separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape variable, falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum and reflexed relative to receptaculum but variable in shape and insertion point of gland (ramus) flat to produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate to evenly curved interior bend; appendix variable from large and beak-like to almost absent. Diagnosis. Male: pronotal disc with pair of glands (Fig. 10), pronotal depression almost symmetrical in lateral view (Figs 27), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 21), scutellum usually pale (Fig. 5), tergite 8 deeply arcuate (Figs 87–89), penis thin and almost parallel-sided with blunt apex (Figs 100–102). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled, scutellum usually pale, apex of abdominal venter pale (Figs 49–52), apical margin of ventrite 5 deeply concave with width at most 1.8x depth and with subparallel ridges at sides (Figs 49–52, 70–76). Notes. The justification of validity of the name of Aulacophora indica (Gmelin 1790), has not been made explicit, so we provide the rationale here. It is a junior subjective synonym of A. testacea (Fabricius 1787), which was formerly a junior subjective homonym. Gmelin’s name was a substitute because he had placed both Crioceris testacea Fabricius 1787 and Cistela testacea Fabricius 1775 in the genus Cryptocephalus (Gmelin 1790) and had recognised the consequent homonymy of these names. Gmelin therefore renamed the former as Cryptocephalus indica. Crioceris testacea is now placed in Aulacophora and Cistela testacea in Exosoma Jacoby 1903. The lectotype and identity of Crioceris testacea was fixed recently (Lee & Beenen 2015). However, although the two species names are no longer bound by the same genus, Article 59.3 (ICZN 1999) states: “the junior secondary homonym is permanently invalid unless the substitute name is not in use AND [our emphasis] the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric”. In this case the substitute name, A. indica (Gmelin 1790), is well established and is therefore valid, even though the relevant taxa are no longer congeneric. Aulacophora indica was clearly identified and redescribed by Barroga (2002). This species has at least 8 synonyms (Barroga 2002; Lee & Beenen 2015). We are not able to check all of them, but since the synonymy has been determined recently by two independent authors we see little need to. However we note that photographs of a female syntype or holotype of the Sulawesian species A. flavipes Jacoby, 1883, are available online at the time of writing, confirming Baly’s synonymy of this species with A. indica (Perkins et al. 2019). Gressitt’s description of female A. similis in Micronesia fits this species (Gressitt 1955) and we can confirm that A. indica occurs on Guam. Specimens from other Micronesian islands have not been examined as this area is outside the region of our study. Gressitt’s note on variation in the shape of female apical abdominal ventrite (Gressitt 1955: 30) suggests that both A. abdominalis and A. indica occur in Micronesia. Aulacophora indica may have been confused with A. foveicollis in southern Asia, where both species are supposed to occur. The latter clearly belongs to the indica species-complex, and has a penis even more sinuate than those of A. abdominalis and A. relicta (Mann 1985; Berti 1990; Borowiec 2013). Lee & Beenen (2015) noted the colour variation in A. indica, suggesting it was geographical (clinal), with dark specimens in the northern and eastern part of the range (Taiwan, Japan, Philippines), pale specimens in the south (India, southeast Asia) and both forms present in China and Indonesia. There are colour photographs of A. indica in reviews of the chrysomelids of Taiwan (Lee & Cheng 2007) and Japan (Hayashi, Morimoto & Kimoto 1984) showing the dark legs of the typical northern colour forms. Our study partly corroborates the observations of Lee & Beenen (2015), but all the Philippines material we examined was of the pale form. The few specimens we examined from Micronesia and nearby islands belong to the dark form. Gressitt (1955) noted colour variation in A. indica (as A. similis) in this area. Our colleague Al Samuelson has examined Micronesian material in BPBH and has confirmed that only A. indica is involved, although some specimens have dark apical antennal segments. The two specimens we have examined from Australia belong to each colour variety. The specimen intercepted on a Japanese boat in Perth belongs to the dark form typical of Japan. The specimen labelled from Broken Hill belongs to the pale southern Asian form (see below, under distribution). The male penis is diagnostic for A. indica and shows little variation (Figs 100–102, 127–129). The female abdominal ventrite 5 is diagnostic (Figs 70–76) but other female genitalic characters are variable and not useful for diagnosis of this species: sternite 8 (Figs 141–143; vaginal palpi (Figs 155–158) and spermatheca (Figs 170–175). The genitalic variation does not seem to correlate with the colour variation noted above. Distribution (Fig. 185) and biology. This is the dominant PPB species in south-east Asia and the central western Pacific. Records of A. indica in the southwestern Pacific (eg. Anonymous 2013, 2018) almost certainly belong to A. abdominalis. Besides the material listed above, the following western Pacific specimens in BPBM have been identified by our colleague Al Samuelson, using our diagnostic key: GUAM: 1m, 1f, Talofofo, viii.1952, NHL Krauss; 1m, ditto, x.1957; 1m, 1f, Yigo, x.1957, NLH Krauss; 1f, Yona, x.1952, NHL Krauss; MICRONE- SIA: 1, Yap, vii–viii.1950; NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS: 10, Saipan, ii–iii.1958; 2, Tinian, x.1952; PA- LAU (“many”): Angaur, ii.1948; Babelthaup, vii.1946; Garakayo, viii.1945; Kayangel, x.1952; Koror, vii.1940 & iii–v.1954;; Melokeiok, vi.1936; Ngeremlengui, iv.1936; Pelelieu, vii.1945; Sonsorol, ix.1952. The mapped distribution shows that this is the dominant and usually the only species of PPB in the central west Pacific north of the Equator, including Palau, the Mariana Islands and western Caroline Islands. The records for this area are all from the 1930s onwards and may be due to importation of cucurbits under the Japanese occupation (Palau was the first of the islands annexed by Japan, in 1914). Aulacophora indica may be native to the area and simply not previously collected, but it is regarded as an invasive species in Guam where Gressitt failed to find it in 1945 (Gressitt 1955). Most invasive chrysomelid species to Guam appeared to have come from the Philippines (Gressitt 1955). However Gressitt noted slight morphological differences amongst the material of A. indica from Micronesia and suggested that it might have had two or more origins. Aulacophora indica has only been reliably recorded in New Guinea from the far northwest, at Biak Island, but is otherwise common in the Indonesian Archipelago from Timor westwards. Its western limits in the Indian Subcontinent are obscure as this species seems to have been confused with A. foveicollis. We have only seen two specimens of Aulacophora indica labelled as Australian. One was a biosecurity interception off a Japanese ship (the “Toyota Maru 2”) in a Western Australian port, with no evidence that it represented an established population. The other is labelled from Broken Hill, a central Australian mining town, and it was supposedly collected in 1924 by F.W. Shepherd who provided material to the Australian Museum from the Broken Hill area, from 1905 to 1925. We were therefore concerned that this notifiable pest might be established in Broken Hill. However more recent surveys of cucurbits there have only found the native species A. relicta (OAI; Peter Gillespie, pers. com. April 2017). We suggest that if A. indica was established in Broken Hill it would have beco, Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545448, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1790) Caroli a Linne, systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Tom. 1. Pars IV. Classis V. Insecta. GE Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 1517 - 2224.","Weise, J. (1924) Chrysomelidae: 13 Galerucinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 78, 1 - 225.","Wilcox, J. A. (1972) Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini: Aulacophorina, Diabroticina. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa, 78 (2), 221 - 431.","Fabricius, J. (1787) Mantissa insectorum, sistens eorum species nuper detectas adiectis characteribus genericis, differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus. Tomus 1. CG Proft, Hafniae, xx + 348 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36471","Fabricius, J. (1775) Systema entomologiae sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, xxxii + 832 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36510","Olivier, A. G. (1808) Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leur caracteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres. Tome sixieme. Desray, Paris, pp. 613 - 1104, 46 pls.","Baly, J. S. (1886) Descriptions of a new genus and of some sp. nov. of Galerucinae, also diagnostic notes on some of the older described species of Aulacophora. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1886. tb 01432. x","Kimoto, S. (1989) Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. IV. Galerucinae. Esakia, 27 (1), 1 - 241.","Allard, E. (1888) Synopsis des Galerucines a corselet sillonne transversalement. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 8 (6), 305 - 332.","Lee, C. - F. & Beenen, R. (2015) Revision of the genus Aulacophora from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Zootaxa, 3949 (2), 151 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3949.2.1","Weise, J. (1892) Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden von der Insel Nias, nebst Bemerkungen uber andere, meistens sudoestasiatische Arten. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1892 (2), 385 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48018920128","Barroga, G. F. & Mohamedsaid, M. S. (2002) Revision of the genus Aulacophora Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) in Sundaland. Serangga, 7 (1 - 2), 15 - 194.","Gressitt, J. L. & Kimoto, S. (1963) The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea. Part 2. Pacific Insects Monograph, 1 B, 301 - 1026.","Fabricius, J. (1781) Species insectorum exhibens eorum differnetiasum specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosis, adiectis observationibus. Tome 1. CE Bohni, Hamburgi et Kilonii, viii + 552 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36509","Lucas, P. H. (1849) Cinquieme classe, Insectes. Premier ordre. Les Coleopteres. Pp. 449 - 590, in: Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842, publiee par ordre du gouvernement et avec le concours d'une Commission Academique. Sciences physiques zoologie. Vol. II. Histoire naturelle des animaux articules. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 590 pp.","Jacoby, M. (1903) A further contribution to our knowledge of African phytophagous Coleoptera. Pt. II. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1903, 1 - 38.","Perkins, P., Naskrecki, P. & Farrell, B. (2019) MCZ type database @ Harvard Entomology. Available from: http: // 140.247.96.247 / mcz / Species _ record. php? id = 15503 (accessed 1 January 2019)","Gressitt, J. L. (1955) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae. Insects of Micronesia, 17 (1), 1 - 60.","Mann, J. S. (1985) Studies on the male genitalia of Chrysomelidae III. Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Phytophaga). Annals of Biology, 1 (1), 56 - 63.","Berti, N. (1990) Contribution a l'etude des Galerucinae afrotropicaux. IX. - Le genre Aulacophora Chevrolat, description d'un genre nouveau, Chosnia Gen. Nov. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Journal of African Zoology, 104, 109 - 126.","Borowiec, L. (2013) Chrysomelidae. The leaf beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean subregion (Checklist and iconography). Available from: http: // www. cassidae. uni. wroc. pl / European % 20 Chrysomelidae / (accessed 1 October 2018)","Lee, C. - F. & Cheng, H. - T. (2007) The Chrysomelidae of Taiwan. Vol. 1. Chinese Corporation for Promotion of Humanities, Taiwan. Sishow-Hills, Taipei, 200 pp. [in Mandarin]","Hayashi, M., Morimoto, K. & Kimoto, S. (1984) The Coleoptera of Japan in colour. Vol. IV. Hoikusha Publishing Co, Osaka, vii + 439 pp. [in Japanese]","Anonymous. (2013) Final pest risk analysis report for the importation of fresh island cabbage leaves from the Pacific (Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu). Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, 107 pp.","Anonymous. (2018) Invasive species compendium. Aulacophora indica (cucurbit beetle). Available from: https: // www. cabi. org / isc / datasheet / 7927 (accessed 1 April 2019)","Anonymous (2020) Climate statistics for Australian locations. Monthly climate statistics. Summary statistics Broken Hill (Patton Street). Available from: http: // www. bom. gov. au / climate / averages / tables / cw _ 047007. shtml (accessed 1 September 2020)","Mishra, H., Bora, D. K., Bhattacharyya, B. & Baruah, K. (2015) Population dynamics of banana leaf and fruit scarring beetle, Nodostoma subcostatum Jacoby, in Assam. Indian Journal of Entomology, 77 (3), 226 - 229. https: // doi. org / 10.5958 / 0974 - 8172.2015.00047.4"]}

Aulacophora Chevrolat, 1836 Aulacophora Chevrolat, 1836: 378; Maulik 1936: 167; Wilcox 1972: 221; Anand & Cox 1986: 81; Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002; Lee & Beenen 2015 = Raphidopalpa Chevrolat, 1836: 378; Gemminger & Harold 1876 (synonymy) = Rhaphidopalpa Rosenhauer, 1856: 327; Hincks 1949: 621 (synonymy) = Acutipalpa Rosenhauer, 1856: 327; Joannis 1866: 99 (synonymy) = Ceratia Chapuis, 1876: 100; Maulik 1936: 167 (synonymy) = Triaplatys Fairmaire, 1879: 113; Weise 1924: 9 (synonymy) = Orthaulaca Weise, 1892: 396; Maulik 1936: 167 (synonymy) = Cerania Weise, 1892: 396; Maulik 1936: 167 (synonymy) = Sphaerarthra Weise, 1896: 396; Maulik 1936: 167 (synonymy) = Pachypalpa Weise, 1896: 392; Maulik 1936: 167 (synonymy) = Paraulacophora Csiki, 1953: 131; Wilcox 1972: 222 (synonymy) Type species: Galeruca quadraria Olivier, 1808, by subsequent designation (Duponchel & Chevrolat 1842). This name is currently considered a junior synonym of the south-east Asian species A. analis (Weber, 1801) (Lee & Beenen 2015). Diagnostic description Generic diagnosis. The following diagnostic description is based on the Australopapuan species and the generic redefinition by Barroga and Mohamedsaid (2002). Body form elongate pear-shaped in dorsal view, length about 2x width, head, prothorax and elytra at shoulders varying slightly in proportions but generally successively wider by a factor of 1.5; dorsally sparsely and finely punctured (interspaces> puncture diameters), except pronotal anterolateral patch of secretory pits, and dorsally glabrous except trichobothria on frons and pronotal angles, semi-erect setae on clypeus, short erect setae on elytral lateral margins and some males with patch of setae posterior to elytral humeri; closely setose ventrally and on appendages. Head. Vertex smooth and impunctate, except a single trichobothrium above each eye, without longitudinal median groove; row of five pairs of long setae anterior to antennal sockets; frontoclypeus medially ridged and elevated from between antennal sockets towards anterior; anterior edge frontoclypeus truncate, shallowly concave or medially excavate; interantennal space 0.5–1.0x socket diameter, sockets level with anterior half of eyes and separated from them by 0.5–0.75x socket widths; eyes large and laterally prominent, width of head across eyes about 1.5x width of head at anterior eye margins; gena 0.5–0.7x eye length; postantennal calli distinct, slightly convex and approximately triangular, divided by short median groove, bases truncate and defined by deep postcallal groove extending laterally to posterior edge of eyes, sides defined by rim of antennal sockets, internal margins defined by grooves at base of frontoclypeal ridge; labrum with four pairs of discal setae, apical margin truncate; antennae 0.5–0.8x body length; all antennomeres elongate, 3–11 narrow and of similar width except some may be expanded in males; apical maxillary palpomere conical, shorter and narrower than preapical. Thorax. Pronotum transverse in dorsal view, widest anterior to middle, basal 2/3 straight edged and slightly contracted to base, anterior 1/3 strongly contracted to obtuse apical angles; pronotal lateral margins sinuate in lateral view; all pronotal sides with raised margins, margination broadest laterally and narrowest anteriorly (may be partly absent); anterior and posterior angles each with a trichobothrium, posterior angles about 90º; pronotum with transverse or sinuate groove at middle; prosternal process triangular, tapering to a thin elevated blade which terminates at about half length of procoxae; procoxae conical; procoxal cavities externally wide open, gap about length of hypomeral process; scutellum flat, approximately triangular with rounded apex; elytra usually at least slightly expanded from base to about 2/3 length, with rounded apex, often leaving pygidium partially exposed; elytra nonstriate, non-carinate, with or without transverse posthumeral depression; epipleura broad at base, abruptly contracted between meso and metacoxae and not defined beyond this point; fully winged; mesoventrite not covered by metaventrite, apex acutely pointed and base without procoxal rests; mesocoxae separated by much less than width of coxa; femora almost parallel-sided; tibiae with or without single apical spur, if present, length about half or slightly less than apical width of tibia metatarsus about 0.8x as long as metatibia; first metatarsomere as long as or slightly longer than metatarsomeres 2+3; tarsal claws bifid, inner teeth convergent and about 2/3 as long as outer teeth. Abdomen. Ventrites not laterally bordered by raised bead; ventrite I with rounded to broadly triangular intercoxal process; apex of male ventrite V with rectangular lobe defined on either side by slots; apex of female ventrite V truncate or concave; penis symmetrical or slightly asymmetric, apex entire, base without recurved lobes; ovipositor with well-developed apodeme (tignum) at base of sternite VIII; palpi one-segmented; spermathecal receptaculum falcate or C-shaped, transversely grooved at base and with swollen collum at insertion of duct and gland. Diagnosis of the Aulacophora indica species-complex Head capsule, pronotum and elytra entirely pale (brownish-yellow when dead, orange or red when alive) (Figs 2–9), one Japanese species, A. bipunctata (Olivier, 1808), with small black spots; male first antennomere approximately pyramidal in shape, expanded from base to middle, with a flat area on most of its anterior face (Figs 10–17); male antennomeres 3–11 not modified (Figs 18–25); male with deeper transverse prothoracic groove than female (Figs 28–29); elytra without posthumeral transverse depression, males of some species with lateral patch of erect setae posterior to humeri (Figs 18–25); all tibiae with single apical spur (Fig. 24); female pygidium usually elongated beyond apex of apical ventrite (Figs 44–57); apex of male last ventrite with elongate-oval cavity on elongate-rectangular middle lobe, which is defined on either side by narrow slots (Figs 32–43); male tergite VIII thickened and modified into either a transverse bar or a pair of posteriorly directed prongs (Figs 83–93); penis asymmetricin dorsal view, except A. wallacii (Figs 94–108). Hostplants where known are predominantly cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae) but may also include legumes (Fabaceae). The group of species designated here as the Pale Pumpkin Beetles (PPB) or A. indica species-complex (Appendix 1) is a group of externally similar species that are difficult to separate. The following described species belong in this complex, based on examination of material, or descriptions: A. abdominalis, A. bipunctata, A. cornuta, A. foveicollis (Lucas, 1849), A. indica, A. kotoensis Chujo, 1962, A. relicta, A. sulaksonoi Mohamedsaid, 2009, A. wallacii and A. wilsoni. Although the Javanese endemic A. bipunctata has small elytral spots, it otherwise conforms to the definition given above and its male genitalia are similar to those of A. indica (Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002). The A. indica species-complex is approximately equivalent to the genus Rhaphidopalpa Rosenhauer, 1856, as defined by Weise (1892) using male and female secondary sexual characters. By including only males with setose humeri, Rhaphidopalpa was constrained to be a smaller group than the definition of PPB included here. Weise erroneously abandoned the name Aulacophora because it had been used for a plant genus, described A. indica under five different names in Rhaphidopalpa (Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002; Lee & Beenen 2015), and at the same time made this species (under a sixth name, A. similis (Olivier, 1808)) the type of his new genus, Orthaulaca Weise, 1892. Using the current nomenclature for all the named species he listed, Weise’s Rhaphidopalpa only definitely included A. foveicollis and A. indica. In a morphological analysis of the nearby Sunda fauna, Barroga & Mohamedsaid (2006) identified a clade which included A. indica and A. cornuta, together with A. bipunctata, A. flavomarginata, A. lewisi Baly, 1886 and A. mouhoti Baly, 1886, defined by the thickening of male tergite VIII. Aulacophora mouhoti, described from the Malay Peninsula and Vietnam, is a poorly understood pale species defined by a variable female secondary sexual character and apparently only reliably known from females (Baly 1886; Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002, 2006). We consider it unlikely to be a distinct species and as it is outside the region of interest it is not discussed further. Aulacophora lewisi has black elytra, simple male antennae and a short female pygidium (Lee & Beenen 2015) and is therefore excluded from our definition of the A. indica species-complex, although there is molecular evidence for its placement in this group (Fig. 1). Aulacophora flavomarginata has mostly black elytra, modified male antennomeres 3–5 and the female pygidium is not produced (Barroga & Mohamedsaid 2002); this species is also excluded from our definition of the A. indica species-complex. The thickened and modified male tergite VIII does not define the indica species-complex, but may have been a significant precursor for development of the other male and female abdominal characters shared by the group. Aulacophora nigroscutata Baly, 1886, described from North Maluku (eastern Indonesia), is dorsally pale, with an excavate male abdomen, but is excluded from the PPB because the female abdomen is structurally quite different (Baly 1886, 1889). Two other species of Aulacophora in the region, or nearby, A. coffeae (Weber 1801) and A. bicolor (Weber 1801), may be entirely pale but they have male first antennomere simple, male last abdominal ventrite simple and female without elongated or swollen pygidium. However, these two superficially similar species are included in the key so that they can be separated from the A. indica species-complex (PPB). Further away from the region of interest, there is an entirely pale species in Sulawesi, A. unicolor Jacoby, 1883, but this lacks the male characters of the PPB complex and has distinct creamy-white antennae and is therefore also excluded from consideration (Perkins et al. 2019). The circum-Mediterranean curcurbit pest Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas, 1849) clearly belongs in the PPB complex and is particularly similar to A. abdominalis and A. indica. Aulacophora foveicollis differs from these species by the following combination of characters: entirely pale, male pronotum with deeply arcuate central depression divided by a median ridge, penis similar to A. abdominalis but with strongly undulated profile, male tergite 8 elongate with short paired apical projections separated by semicircular concavity, female pygidium produced and sometimes bilobed at apex, apex of female sternite 7 semicircularly excavate (Maulik 1936; Berti 1990; Borowiec 2013). Excluded species names (Appendix 1) There is clearly a problem of identity with the four names coined by Boisduval (1835) for pale species of Galerucinae collected in the region and none have been identified with any certainty by subsequent authors (for example Allard 1888; Weise 1924; Lea 1924, Wilcox 1972). We have been unable to find type material. The best described, Galleruca relicta Boisduval, 1835, is discussed below, under A. relicta. The other three Boisduval names represent poorly described and unrecognisable species from either New Guinea (Galleruca flaveola Boisduval, 1835), Australia (G. punctata Boisduval, 1835) or the “Pacific Ocean” (G. scutellata Boisduval, 1835). Galleruca flaveola has been treated as a possible senior synonym of A. aruensis Weise, 1892 (Weise 1924; Wilcox 1972), itself a junior synonym of something else (see below under A. abdominalis). The description of G. flaveola is so poor (only “lutea; abdomine, pectore pedibusque nigris”: Boisduval 1835: 558) that is impossible to identify to genus. None of the Aulacophora species in the region have entirely black legs, therefore, if accurately described, G. flaveola is unlikely to be an Aulacophora. Galleruca punctata is also not identifiable to genus. If it is an Aulacophora it is most likely a junior synonym of either A. abdominalis (Wilcox 1972; Kimoto 1990) or A. relicta, and therefore of no taxonomic significance. Both Galleruca flaveola and G. punctata should be discarded, as nomina dubia, like other unidentifiable Boisduval names (Reid 2006). Galleruca scutellata has been treated as a senior synonym of the single Australian Aulacophora species with a black scutellum, A. wilsoni Baly 1888, because of Blackburn’s tentative synonymy of these two names, which ignored the notable difference in type localities (Blackburn 1890; Lea 1924; Wilcox 1972; Kimoto 1990). Blackburn noted that Boisduval’s description was “perhaps unworthy of attention” (Blackburn 1890: 361). Aulacophora wilsoni is a scarce species of high rainfall forests in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales, a species unlikely to have been encountered by collectors in the early 19 th century, and there are no pale species of Aulacophora with a black scutellum in the Pacific region. With this combination of colour and type locality, G. scutellata is more likely a senior synonym of Candezea palustris (Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864), as originally suggested by Allard (1888) and discussed by Baly (1889) and Lea (1924), the latter accepting A. wilsoni as a valid Australian species. Candezea palustris is an abundant species in the West Pacific (Beenen 2008), surprisingly not otherwise noted by Boisduval. The name Candezea palustris is stable and designates an important pest of sweet potatoes in the region (Kimoto et al. 1984). In the interests of nomenclatural stability, we think it best to discard Galleruca scutellata and also treat this name as a nomen dubium until it is formally supressed. The names Galleruca cristovallensis Montrouzier, 1856 and G. flavescens Montrouzier, 1856 are also attached to miserly descriptions, although both are regarded as valid species (Wilcox 1972). Type material of these species is probably no longer extant. The first was described from San Cristoval Island (now Makira, Solomon Islands) and has a transverse pronotal groove, parallel-sided elytra, is 4.5 “lignes” long (10 mm) and is “testacée, lisse” (smooth and brick-red coloured) (Montrouzier 1856: 70). This species is too large and wrongly coloured for a PPB, so is not discussed further here. Gallerucella flavescens was described from both Woodlark Island (now eastern Papua New Guinea) and San Cristoval Island (Solomons) and also has a transverse pronotal groove, but has expanded elytra, is 3 “lignes” long (6.8 mm) and is “entièrement jaune, sauf le dessous du corps qui est rembruni” (entirely yellow except the underside which is darkened) (Montrouzier, 1856: 71). This vague description probably applies to a species of PPB but it is impossible to say which one, and in any case all the evidence from the material to hand is that the currently valid species names for any PPB in the New Guinea and Solomons region are senior to anything described by Montrouzier. In the interests of nomenclatural stability, we think it best to discard Galleruca flavescens and treat this name as a nomen dubium. Another Montrouzier name, Galleruca artensis Montrouzier, 1861, described from New Caledonia and overlooked in revisions of that fauna (Beenen 2008, 2013), is equally impossible to identify from its four lines of description. It was originally compared with G. argyrogaster Montrouzier, 1861 (synonymised below with A. abdominalis), from which it only differed by pale antennae and legs and an unusual golden elytral spot in living specimens (Montrouzier 1861: 394). Galleruca artensis is probably a junior synonym of Aulacophora abdominalis, but it could possibly be a pale form of A. deplanchei (Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864), discussed below. Type material of G. artensis is probably lost. Since there is no reasonable way of determining the species, we think this name should also be set aside, as a nomen dubium. Entirely pale species in the region that do not belong to A. indica species-group (Appendix 2) (i) Pale colour morphs of Aulacophora deplanchei (Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864) and A. bicolor (Weber, 1801). We have only had access to typical maculate forms of A. deplanchei, including a photograph of the lectotype, so the following discussion is partly based on the confusing literature. Aulacophora deplanchei (Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864) was described from New Caledonia with black maculae on the elytra. It was then redescribed by Beenen (2008) but he later entirely rejected his own redescription without explanation (Beenen 2013). His redescription appears to have been an accidental ‘copy and paste’ of his description of A. montrouzieri Beenen, 2008 in the same paper (a preoccupied name, later renamed A. xavieri Beenen, 2013). Beenen (2008) noted that some specimens of A. deplanchei were entirely pale dorsally. This potentially makes them members of the PPB species-complex. The original description of A. deplanchei did not mention structures of the first antennomere, male ventrite 5 and female pygidium, but Beenen associated this species with the maculate species A. xavieri, which was described in detail and lacks all of the PPB diagnostic attributes. Our examination of specimens of A. deplanchei shows that the male antennae are simple, the male apical ventrite is short and flat and the female pygidium is not extended. The male genitalia of A. deplanchei are certainly similar to A. xavieri and dissimilar to any member of the PPB complex treated here (Beenen 2008). We therefore exclude A. deplanchei from the PPB complex, but as it has entirely dorsally pale morphs we include it in our diagnostic key. The presence of rows of long setae on the male antennomeres suggests that A. deplanchei might be related to both A. bicolor (Weber, 1801) and A. coffeae (Hornstedt, 1788). Aulacophora perroudi Baly, 1888, described from New Caledonia and overlooked by subsequent authors, is probably a synonym of A. deplanchei as it has dark antennae, dark elytral humeri and female pygidium rounded (Baly 1888: 177). Furthermore, the female pronotal groove is described as absent medially, which is almost true of the small amount of material to hand. However, in the absence of type material and the possibility that there is a valid spe, Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 6-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545448, {"references":["Chevrolat, L. A. A. (1836) [new taxa]. In: Dejean, P. F. M. A. (Ed.), Catalogue des Coleopteres de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean. Livraison 5. Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, pp. 361 - 443.","Maulik, S. (1936) The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera. Chrysomelidae. (Galerucinae). Taylor & Francis, London, xiv + 648 pp., 1 pl.","Wilcox, J. A. (1972) Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini: Aulacophorina, Diabroticina. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa, 78 (2), 221 - 431.","Anand, R. K. & Cox, M. L. (1986) Taxonomic revision of the genus Aulacophora Chevr. I. Species with yellow elytra. Entomologische Abhandlungen aus dem Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden, 50 (4), 80 - 91.","Barroga, G. F. & Mohamedsaid, M. S. (2002) Revision of the genus Aulacophora Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) in Sundaland. Serangga, 7 (1 - 2), 15 - 194.","Lee, C. - F. & Beenen, R. (2015) Revision of the genus Aulacophora from Taiwan (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Zootaxa, 3949 (2), 151 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3949.2.1","Gemminger, M. & von Harold, E. (1876) Catalogus coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom XII. Chrysomelidae (Pars II), Languridae, Erotylidae, Endomychidae, Coccinellidae, Corylophidae, Platypsyllidae. Accedit index Generum Universalis. EH Gummi, Monachii, pp. 3479 - 3822.","Rosenhauer, W. G. (1856) Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultate einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt unbeschriebenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen, viii + 429 pp, 3 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66016","Weise, J. (1924) Chrysomelidae: 13 Galerucinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 78, 1 - 225.","Weise, J. (1892) Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden von der Insel Nias, nebst Bemerkungen uber andere, meistens sudoestasiatische Arten. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1892 (2), 385 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48018920128","Olivier, A. G. (1808) Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leur caracteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopteres. Tome sixieme. Desray, Paris, pp. 613 - 1104, 46 pls.","Duponchel, P, & Chevrolat, L. A. A. (1842) Aulacophora. In: d'Orbigny, C. (Ed.), Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle. Tome deuxieme. MM Renard, Martinet et Cie, Paris, pp. 210 - 211.","Lucas, P. H. (1849) Cinquieme classe, Insectes. Premier ordre. Les Coleopteres. Pp. 449 - 590, in: Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842, publiee par ordre du gouvernement et avec le concours d'une Commission Academique. Sciences physiques zoologie. Vol. II. Histoire naturelle des animaux articules. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 590 pp.","Baly, J. S. (1886) Descriptions of a new genus and of some sp. nov. of Galerucinae, also diagnostic notes on some of the older described species of Aulacophora. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1886. tb 01432. x","Baly, J. S. (1889) Notes on Aulacophora and allied genera. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1889 (2), 297 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1889. tb 02322. x","Perkins, P., Naskrecki, P. & Farrell, B. (2019) MCZ type database @ Harvard Entomology. Available from: http: // 140.247.96.247 / mcz / Species _ record. php? id = 15503 (accessed 1 January 2019)","Berti, N. (1990) Contribution a l'etude des Galerucinae afrotropicaux. IX. - Le genre Aulacophora Chevrolat, description d'un genre nouveau, Chosnia Gen. Nov. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Journal of African Zoology, 104, 109 - 126.","Borowiec, L. (2013) Chrysomelidae. The leaf beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean subregion (Checklist and iconography). Available from: http: // www. cassidae. uni. wroc. pl / European % 20 Chrysomelidae / (accessed 1 October 2018)","Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Allard, E. (1888) Synopsis des Galerucines a corselet sillonne transversalement. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 8 (6), 305 - 332.","Lea, A. M. (1924) The Australian species of Aulacophora (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 8 (1), 45 - 52.","Kimoto S. (1990) Checklist of Chrysomelidae of south-east Asia, south of Thailand and west of Irian Jaya of Indonesia, VI. Galerucinae 2. Kurume University Journal, 39 (2), 201 - 237.","Reid, C. A. M. (2006) A taxonomic revision of the Australian Chrysomelinae, with a key to the genera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Zootaxa, 1292 (1), 1 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1292.1.1","Baly, J. S. (1888) Descriptions of some genera and species of Galerucinae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 20, 156 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1888. tb 01444. x","Blackburn, T. (1890) Notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of sp. nov. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 5, 303 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18641","Perroud, B. P. & Montrouzier, X. (1864) Essai sur la faune entomologique de Kanala (Nouvelle-Caledonie) et description de quelques especes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales de la Societe Lineenne de Lyon, Nouvelle Serie, 11, 46 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1864.10827340","Beenen, R. (2008) Contribution to the knowledge of Galerucinae of New Caledonia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Genus, 19, 65 - 87.","Kimoto, S., Ismay, J. W. & Samuelson, G. A. (1984) Distribution of chrysomelid pests associated with certain agricultural plants in Papua New Guinea (Coleoptera). Esakia, 2, 49 - 57.","Montrouzier, P. (1856) Essai sur la faune de l'Ile de Woodlark ou Moiou. Annales de la Societe imperiale d'agriculture, d'histoire naturelle et des arts utiles de Lyon, 7, 1 - 226.","Montrouzier, X. (1861) Essai sur la faune entomologique de la Nouvelle-Caledonie (Balade) et des iles des Pins, Art, Lifu, etc. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 4, 265 - 306.","Beenen, R. (2013) Contribution to the knowledge of Galerucinae of New Caledonia 2 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Genus, 24 (1), 65 - 108.","Hornstedt, C. F. (1788) Beschreibungen neuer Blattkaferarten. Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunden zu Berlin, 8 (1 - 8), pl. 1.","Lewis, P. A. & Metcalf, R. L. (1996) Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genus Aulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Chemoecology, 7, 150 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01245968","Mohamedsaid, M. S. (2009 a) Chrysomelidae of the Lesser Sunda Islands: Wallace's Line and the crossing of worlds. In: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J. & Schmitt, M. (Eds.), Research on Chrysomelidae. Vol. 2. Brill, Leiden, pp. 57 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / ej. 9789004169470.1 - 299.21","Greenwood, W. (1940) The food-plants or hosts of some Fijian insects. IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 65, 211 - 218.","Lever, R. J. A. W. (1942) Entomological notes. Fiji Department of Agriculture Journal, 13 (2), 48 - 49.","Bryant, G. E. & Gressitt, J. L. (1957) Chrysomelidae of Fiji (Coleoptera). Pacific Science, 11, 3 - 91.","Greve, J. E. van S. & Ismay, J. W. (1983) Crop insect survey of Papua New Guinea from July 1 st 1969 to December 31 st 1978. Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal, 32 (1 - 4), i-iv + 1 - 123."]}

Aulacophora mbabaram Reid, Halling & Beatson, sp. nov. (Figs 6, 14, 22, 40, 53, 90, 103, 116, 130, 145, 159, 176–177, 183) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 541FC0FA-4971-4F50-BCCD-C6CB3D2D7828 Material examined. Types: Holotype: ♁*/ Almaden, Chillagoe Distr., 1928 WD Campbell / holotype Aulacophora mbabaram Reid et al. / (AMS); Paratypes (14): AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 1♁/ Almaden, Chillagoe Distr., 1928 WD Campbell (AMS); 1♁, 2♀, ditto except iii.1928 (AMS); 3♁, 2♀, 1♀ *, ditto except iii.1929 (AMS); 1♁, ditto except vi.1932 (AMS); 1♀, ditto except 1. iii.1933 K463207 ([ex AMS] NAQS); 1♁, 1♀ / Mt Mulligan, plateau, 700m 15–19.iv.1985, KH Halfpapp (QDAF). Description. Colour (Fig. 6). Head brownish-yellow, except apical third to half of labrum dark brown; extreme apices of mandibles dark brown; antennomeres 5–11 dark brown to black, 4 outer edge dark brown to black, 3 apically darkened, 1–2 brownish-yellow; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite black with yellowish anterior margins; procoxae brownish-yellow, mesocoxae entirely brownish-yellow or anterior yellowish-brown, posteriorly brown, metacoxae mostly yellowish-brown to brown with yellowish edges; profemora brownish-yellow; mesofemora yellowish-brown on basal third and brown on apical third, middle third variable; metafemora basal third yellowish-brown to almost entirely dark brown, with paler brown anterior and posterior edges; protibiae brownish-yellow, with dark brown streak along ridged outer edge, meso- and metatibiae brown with paler bases; protarsi yellowish-brown, meso- and metatarsi brown; tergites brown with yellow margins, pygidium yellow in males and mostly brown in females; abdominal ventrites 1–4 black with yellowish-brown apical margins, ventrite 5 with dark brown to black base and yellow apical half. Male: length 7–7.5 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.6x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, about one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11>4=5>3=6>7=8>9=10>2; length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with only 1–4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly shallowly arcuate, deepest and broadest at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly less convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope shallower than posterior slope; without pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri with small patch of 10–15 laterally directed erect setae (may be broken off); apical lobe of ventrite V asymmetrically sculptured, cavity bounded by a thin sharp ridge on left and thick rounded ridge on right; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest at left side of apex, apically bounded by an almost vertical wall; tergite VIII brown with darker anterior edge, strap-like, with medially produced but narrowly truncate apical margin, slightly membranous midline, without lateral lobes; penis thick & strongly curved in lateral view with minute angulate tubercle at tip; sides penis conspicuously punctured, slightly ridged on right, smooth and unridged on left; broad and only slightly asymmetric in dorsal view, almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about half penis length. Female as male, except: length 7–7.5 mm; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.7x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.8x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; elytral without setal patch; pygidium apically swollen and extended, sometimes apically medially ridged; apex pygidium narrowly produced as a rounded to truncate lobe with a small apicodorsal tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view flat and thick, with sinuate sides and without tubercle; venter of pygidial apex flat or shallowly concave; apex ventrite V shallowly and widely concave, somtimes with small angulations on the edge, and not reflexed; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length 3–3.5x width, with 8–9 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes slightly curved, 0.4–0.45 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin truncate, not produced; tignum about 1.2 mm long, apex membranous and rounded, separated from shaft by a narrow band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) slightly produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and small to moderately large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: without paired glands on pronotal disc (Fig. 14), pronotal depression thin and shallow (Figs 6, 22), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 22), scutellum pale (Fig. 6), tergite 8 medially lobed (Fig. 90), penis smooth sided with acutely attenuated apex (Fig. 103) and strongly reflexed in lateral view (Fig. 130). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled, antennomeres 1–3 pale and 4–11 dark brown to black (Fig. 22), scutellum pale, basal half ventrite 5 dark brown (Fig. 53), pygidium narrowly produced partly dark brown with tooth at apex (Fig. 53), apical margin of ventrite 5 shallowly concave (Fig. 53). Etymology. Named for the local (extinct) language mbabaram, indigenous to the Almaden area (Dixon 2011). Distribution (Fig. 183) and biology. Aulacophora mbabaram is apparently endemic to a small area of northern Queensland. Two specimens have been collected on the extensive summit plateau of Mount Mulligan at 700 m, 250 m higher than the adjacent collecting locality for A. relicta in the dry woodland at the base of the cliffs (CAMR, pers. obs.). The other material was collected at Almaden, about 55km SSW of Mount Mulligan. The precise locality of collection of these specimens is unknown, and the beetles are not mentioned in any of the correspondence from the collector WD Campbell held in the Australian Museum Archives. Campbell was a retired geologist who, during the period of collection (from 1928–1933), was in his late 70s to mid 80s but was actively collecting zoological specimens for the Australian Museum. Parcels and/or letters arrived approximately monthly during this period. He lived in Almaden, beside the Crooked Creek river (Campbell 1928), but also had a mining lease called Manipota on a wooded ridge 8 kilometres northwest of Almaden (de Keyzer & Wolff 1964). One or both of these localities may represent the collection site. The hostplant of A. mbabaram is unknown. The Chillagoe to Mount Mulligan area of northern Queensland is mostly savannah woodland and particularly rich in Cucurbitaceae, with eight native species including Cucumis queenslandicus, a local endemic (Telford et al. 2011) and a possible host.

Aulacophora barrogae Reid, Halling & Beatson, sp. nov. (Figs 3, 11, 19, 27, 36, 47, 85, 98, 112, 125, 139, 153, 168, 183) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 104DCAC7-BF6F-4008-A6FD-933A4C9D6A8C Material examined. Types. Holotype: ♁*/ Needle Rock Fls [Flats?], WA, 15:29S 124:29E, 5.iv.1992, N Scullion, J Collins, hand collected/ Chrysomelidae Rhapidiopalpa palmerstoni / Holotype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (AMS); Paratypes (3): Australia: 1♁, 1♀ / Port Darwin, N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blk, N Territory / on permanent loan from Macleay Museum, University of Sydney/ Paratype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (ANIC); 1♀ / Calvert Exped 1896 Fitzroy & Margaret R[iver]s/ Paratype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (SAM). Description. Colour (Fig. 3). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half of labrum brown; extreme apices of mandibles dark brown; antennomeres 4–11 dark brown to black, 3 outer edge and apex dark brown to black, 2 yellowish-brown, 1 yellow; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite yellowish-brown with dark brown posterolateral patches or dark brown with yellowish anterior margin; procoxae, mesocoxae and metacoxae brownish-yellow; profemora brownish-yellow; mesofemora brownish-yellow; metafemora yellowish-brown with apical 2/3 or less brown; protibiae inner face brownish-yellow, outer face with dark brown, meso- and metatibiae dark brown with paler bases; protarsi brown, meso- and metatarsi dark brown; tergites brown with yellow margins, pygidium yellowish-brown; abdominal ventrites 1–4 yellowish-brown with dark brown apical margins, ventrite 5 brownish-yellow, with laterobasal brown patches or base narrowly brown. Male: length 6.5–7 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.6x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, about one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11>4=6>3=5=7=8=9=10>2; length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with only 1–4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly arcuate, deep and broad at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly less convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope shallower than posterior slope; without pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri with small patch of 10–15 laterally directed erect setae (may be broken off); apical lobe of ventrite V symmetrically sculptured, cavity bounded by a thin ridges on either side; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest on midline, apically bounded by an almost vertical wall; tergite VIII pale brown, strap-like, medially acutely produced (more so in Port Darwin specimen than Needle Rock specimen), slightly membranous on midline, without lateral lobes; penis thick & angularly bent in lateral view with minute ventral hook at tip and sharp tubercle on basal half of dorsal surface; sides penis not conspicuously punctured, smooth and unridged; penis broad and only slightly asymmetric in dorsal view, almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about 2/3 penis length. Female as male, except: length 7–8 mm; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.5x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower than male but relatively deep at sides compared with all other species; elytral without setal patch; pygidium apically swollen and extended, faintly apically medially ridged; apex pygidium in dorsal view narrowly produced as an almost truncate lobe with a minute median tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view flat but thick ventrally, with almost straight sides and without tubercle; venter of pygidial apex deeply concave; apex ventrite V unevenly shallowly concave; vaginal palpi broadly elongate ovate, length about 2x width, with 8 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes sinuate, about 0.5 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin feebly concave, not produced; tignum 1.3mm long, kinked, apex membranous, slightly expanded, not separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermatheca falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) slightly produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with curved interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: without paired glands on pronotal disc (Fig. 11), pronotal depression broad and deep (Fig. 26), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 3), scutellum pale (Fig. 3), tergite 8 medially lobed (Fig. 85), penis smooth sided with acutely attenuated apex (Fig. 98) and minute median tooth in lateral view (Fig. 125). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled (as male, Fig. 11), antennomeres 1–3 pale and 4–11 dark brown to black (Fig. 19), scutellum pale, ventrite 5 yellow except laterobasal dark patches (Fig. 47), pygidium wholly brownish-yellow with rounded apex (Fig. 47), apical margin of ventrite 5 shallowly concave (Fig. 47). Notes. All four known specimens are old and/or damaged. The Needle Rock specimen is missing three legs (one of each pair) and has a large peck mark on the pronotum (we note that peck marks from birds are common on specimens of PPB). The Port Darwin specimens have been affected by mould in the past and were originally pinned. All localities for this species are somewhat problematic. Needle Rock is a sea stack on the coast of a remote corner of the Kunmunya Aboriginal Reserve, Kimberley Region, Western Australia. This area is only accessible by boat or seaplane. There is nowhere named Needle Rock Flats that we are aware of, but co-ordinates for the single specimen from this locality indicate a low plateau of 90m elevation, about 500m south of the coastline near Needle Rock. The two specimens labelled Port Darwin, originally from Macleay Museum, were almost certainly collected by Edward Spalding in 1877. Spalding was employed as a collector in the Port Darwin area by WJ Macleay, from May to September 1877 (Musgrave 1932; Rob Blackburn, pers. com. May 2017). Although labelled A. palmerstoni and removed to ANIC as putative type material there is no evidence that they formed part of the syntypic series of that species (Blackburn 1888). The Calvert Expedition specimens in SAM were collected by the naturalist George Keartland in the vicinity of the modern town of Fitzroy Crossing, at the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, in late 1896, after material collected earlier on the expedition had been dumped in the desert (Hill 1905). Etymology. Named for the Philippine entomologist Grace Barroga, to honour her pioneering work on this difficult genus. Distribution (Fig. 183) and biology. Aulacophora barrogae is known from three widely separated localities in northern Australia, from the western Kimberley in Western Australia to the Darwin region of Northern Territory. Only one site, on the semi-arid Kimberley coast, has detailed collecton information. All sites are dominated by savannah woodland with rainfall restricted to the summer months. The distribution of A. barrogae is similar to that of the endemic cucurbit Cucumis umbellatus (Telford et al. 2011) and it possible that this species is a host. The distribution of A. barrogae overlaps with that of A. relicta and the two may possibly be found together.

Aulacophora relicta (Boisduval, 1835), stat. rev. (Figs 7, 15, 23, 30, 41, 54, 77–82, 104–105, 117–118, 131–132, 146, 160, 179, 186) Galleruca relicta Boisduval, 1835: 557. Aulacophora relicta: Baly 1889: 300. Ceratia relicta: Weise 1924: 16. Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn, 1888: 1497; syn. nov. Rhaphidopalpa imberbis Weise, 1916: 37; syn. nov. A. abdominalis sensu Lea 1924, nec Fabricius, 1781. Material examined (310): Types: Aulacophora relicta Boisduval: Neotype (this designation): ♁/ Hidden Valley, NQ, 19:00S 146:04E, dry scler. woodland, xi.1995, C Reid/ Aulacophora relicta (Boisduval, 1835) Neotype, des. Reid et al. 2020 (AMS); Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn: Lectotype (this designation): 1♁/ N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb cotype [Blackburns writing]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Bl. do [ditto] N.T:N.W.A. 17986 cotype [Lea handwriting]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn, 1888 Lectotype, des. Reid et al. (SAM); paralectotype: 1♁/ N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb cotype [B’s writing]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb N Territory cotype I.4062 [Lea’s handwriting]/ (SAM). Non-types: Australian Capital Territory: ANU Campus (ANIC); New South Wales: Alstonville (OAI); 1♀ *, Ashford, damaging cucurbits (AMS); Boggabilla (OAI); Broken Hill (1944) (OAI); Burbie Canyon, Warrumbungle NP (NAQS); Clovelly (OAI); Coonamble (OAI); Graman (OAI); vicinity Jenolan Caves (ANIC); Lightning Ridge (OAI); Lismore (OAI); Moree (ANIC, OAI); Murwillumbah (ANIC, OAI); ♁, Musselbrook [sic] (ANIC); 24k ESE Musselbrook [sic] (ANIC); Narrabri (OAI); Sunny Corner State Forest (ANIC); Ulmarra (OAI); Warialda (OAI); Northern Territory: Adelaide R (AMS); 2, Alice Springs, on hami melon (AMS, DPID); 5, Batchelor (AMS, ANIC, DPID); 1, Berrimah (DPID); 10, Berrimah Farm (DPID); 3, Berry Springs (DPID); 11k SSW Borroloola (ANIC); 22k WSW Borroloola (ANIC); 48k SSW Borroloola (ANIC); Burnside (ANIC); 1k S Cahills Crossing (ANIC); 8k ESE Cape Crawford (ANIC); 1, Coconut Grove (DPID); Daly River Mission (ANIC); 6, Darwin (ANIC, DPID); 8, Douglas Daly Res Sta (DPID); 3, Elizabeth Farm (DPID); Fergusson River (ANIC); 3, Humpty Do (DPID); 6mi W Humpty Doo (ANIC); 14mi W Humpty Doo (ANIC); 4, Katherine (ANIC, DPID); 2, Katherine Res Sta (DPID); 1♁, Katherine Gorge (ANIC); Larrimah Pond (SAM); 1♁, Litchfield NP (ANIC); 1♁, Manton Dam (ANIC); Marrakai Station (ANIC, NAQS); 1♁, McArthur River (ANIC); 3, Middlepoint (DPID); Mindil Beach (ANIC); 6k E Mount Cahill (ANIC); 19k ENE Mount Cahill (ANIC); 1, Munmarlarly Sta, Kakadu (DPID); 1, Nathan River HS (DPID); 6, Noonamah, Cucumis sativa (DPID); Point Charles (OAI); 1♁, Roper R (SAM); 1, Sixty Mile (DPID); Thorak Reserve, Darwin (MAGNT); 1, Thorak (DPID); Tindal (ANIC); 7, Wildman R (ANIC, DPID); Queensland: Archer Creek (ANIC); Aurukun (NAQS); Ayr (ANIC, QDAF); 14mi S Ayr (ANIC); 35mi SE Ayr (ANIC); Bamaga (NAQS); Bernborough Downs (ANIC); Biggenden (ANIC); Bilwon, water melon (QDAF); 1♁*, Blackdown Tableland NP (AMS); Bluff Mount (ANIC); Bluff Range (ANIC); Boolboonda Range (ANIC); Bowen (AMS); Brigalow (QDAF); 1♁, Brisbane (ANIC); Brisbane, cucurbits (QDAF); 1♁, Bucasia (ANIC); 19k S Bundaberg (ANIC); Bundaberg (ANIC); Burketown (NAQS); Cairns (AMS, ANIC, SAM); Camooweal (ANIC); Cape Tribulation (ANIC); 1♁*, Carnarvon NP (AMS); Charleville (NAQS); nr Charters Towers (OAI); 21.9k E Chillagoe (AMS); 1♁*, Clermont (AMS); Cooktown (ANIC); Coongera Rock, nr Coalstoun Lakes (ANIC); 1♁, Crater Lakes, Coulstoun National Park (ANIC); 1♀ * Crediton SF (AMS); Crows Nest (ANIC); Davies Ck (AMS); Doomagee (NAQS); Edward R (ANIC); Eidsvold (ANIC); Emerald, melon, zucchini (QDAF); Emu Park (ANIC); Expedition Range (ANIC); Gayndah, rockmelon, pumpkin (QDAF); Gilruth Plains (ANIC); 70k SW Greenvale (SAM); Harvey Range, 19:21S 146:28E (AMS); Helenvale nr Cooktown (AMS); 7mi SW Herberton (ANIC); Highbury (NAQS); Horseshoe Lookout, Blackdown Tableland (ANIC); Hughenden (ANIC); Hume Rd, nr Mareeba (NAQS); Ingham (ANIC); Kalunga (QDAF); Kirrama, 18:11S 145:44E (AMS); Kowanyama (NAQS); Lake Idamea, Glen Ormiston (SAM); Lochhart R (NAQS); 31k WSW Longreach (ANIC); Maalan (ANIC); Marion Downs (SAM); 3.5mi S Marmor (ANIC); 1♁, Maryborough (SAM); Maryborough Ck (SAM); Meteor Downs (ANIC); 1♁, Millstream NP (ANIC); 35k NNW Mount Carbine (ANIC); 2mi SW Mount Inkerman (ANIC); 1♁, 66k NW Mount Isa (ANIC); Mount Mulligan (AMS, NAQS); Mount Walsh (ANIC); Mullet Creek (ANIC); Murrays Spring (ANIC); Napranum (NAQS); Normanton (SAM); North Rockhampton (ANIC); 1♁, 15k W Paluma (ANIC); Peera- mon (ANIC); Port Denison (AMS); Ravenshoe (ANIC); Rita Island (ANIC); Rockhampton (AMS); Silver Plains Homestead (AMS, ANIC); Stanthorpe, pumpkin (QDAF); Walkamin (NAQS); Weipa (NAQS); Westcliff track, Bunya Mountains (ANIC); 1♁, White Mtns NP (ANIC); Windsor Tableland (AMS); Yandina, eating noogoora burr kernel, zucchini (QDAF); Yeppoon (ANIC); Queensland, Torres Straits: 1♁/ Dalrymple Island (ANIC); 1/ Moa Island, on cucumber, 6.iii.1992, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); South Australia: no locality (AMS); Alton Downs Homestead (ANIC); 10k N Cape Jervis (OAI); Kangaroo Island (ANIC); Murray Bridge [Lea] (ANIC); Tasmania: Kempton [Lea] (ANIC); Launceston [Lea] (ANIC); Victoria: Benalla [Helms] (ANIC); Western Australia: Bridgetown (ANIC); 200k SW Broome (NAQS); Fitzroy & Margaret Rivers (SAM); Karrakatta Bay (NAQS); 1♁, King Edward R (ANIC); Koolama Bay (NAQS); 2♁*, 1♀ *, Kununurra (NAQS); Lake Argyle Road, Kimberley (ANIC); Roebuck Bay (SAM); Wyndham (AMS). Description. Colour (Fig. 7). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half to two-thirds of labrum and apices of mandibles brown to dark brown, eyes black; antennae with antennomeres 1–2 yellowish-brown and 8–11 entirely slightly darker to almost black, 3–7 variably coloured but generally with darkened anterodorsal face contrasting with paler posteroventral face, sometimes 1–7 entirely yellowish-brown, if so 8–11 only slightly darker; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite dark brown to black, with yellowish anterior margins; procoxae brownish-yellow, mesocoxae and metacoxae yellowish-brown; legs sometimes entirely brownish-yellow, but usually meso- and metatibiae and tarsi brown, rarely protibial outer edge and tarsi brown; tergites yellowish-brown except pygidium brownish-yellow; abdominal ventrites 1–4 dark brown to black, but middle of apex of ventrite 4, rarely 2–3, yellowish; ventrite 5 dark brown to black at sides of base, remainder brownish-yellow. Male: length 6–7.5 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.65x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, less than one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11> 9 = 10> 5 = 6 = 7> 3 = 8> 4> 2; length antennomere 5 about 2.3x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with only 1–4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly shallowly arcuate, deepest and broadest at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly more convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope steeper than posterior slope; disc with pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri without setae; apical lobe of ventrite V asymmetrically sculptured, cavity more abruptly ridged on left and gradually elevated on right, without sharp ridges; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest at left side before apex, then gradually elevated to apical margin; tergite VIII entirely pale brown, apical margin produced as a pair of narrowly triangular and slightly upcurved prongs with deep concavity between, left hand prong shorter and straighter than right, minute lateral lobes present; penis thin and sinuate in lateral view, with small sharply angulate tubercle at tip; sides penis without punctures, smooth and unridged; broad and asymmetric in dorsal view, right side strongly bisinuate, sides almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about half penis length. Female as male, except: length 5.5–7.5 mm; abdominal ventrites 1–4 often mostly yellowish-brown, especially at middle; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.7x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.7x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; pygidium apical half slightly raised and extended; apex pygidium variable, from broadly obtuse-angled with minute apicodorsal tubercle to narrowly acutely produced with large elongate apicodorsal tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view elevated but thin, with strongly sinuate sides and with apical tubercle; venter of pygidial apex flat or shallowly concave; apex ventrite V shallowly concave, usually with preapical lateral depressions and/or margin strongly reflexed; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length 3.5–4x width, with 7–9 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes straight to slightly sinuate, 0.43–0.48 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin truncate to slightly concave, not produced; tignum 1.3–1.4 mm long, apex membranous, broadly rounded, not separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) flat to produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: pronotal disc with pair of glands (Fig. 7), humeral setal patch absent (Fig. 23), scutellum pale (Fig. 2), tergite 8 deeply arcuate (Fig. 91), penis laterally sinuate with acutely attenuated apex (Figs 104–105). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled, scutellum pale, abdominal tergites brownish-yellow, apex of abdominal venter pale (Figs 54), pygidium produced in an approximate right-angle or rarely rounded, venter of pygidial apex not deeply notched (Fig. 54), ventrite 5 with brownish-yellow base and apical margin variably concave but width of concavity at least 1.8x depth (Figs 54, 77–82). Notes. Galleruca relicta Boisduval 1835 was described from New Holland. It has a reasonable description (at least for Boisduval, who seems to have been a particularly casual taxonomist) and this, in combination with its position in his list of taxa (which is significant), and its type locality, suggests that A. relicta represents the common and widespread pale species of Australian Aulacophora. Aulacophora relicta was merely listed by Baly, who noted that the type was unknown to him (Baly 1889: 300), and it was later placed in synonymy with A. abdominalis by Lea (1924), followed by Wilcox (1972) and Kimoto (1990). Our research shows that the common PPB from Australia is a different species from the common PPB in the Pacific. As Aulacophora relicta is the oldest name for the PPB in Australia we resurrect this name and designate a neotype to fix its identity. Aulacophora palmerstoni was described from Darwin (Blackburn 1889) and later placed in synonymy with A. abdominalis (Blackburn 1898). We have examined type material and can confirm that this is A. relicta. Raphidiopalpa imberbis was described and illustrated from the Kimberley region (Weise 1916) and later synonymised with A. palmerstoni (Weise 1924) and then A. abdominalis (Wilcox 1972). We have not seen type material but it is clear from the detailed description that A. imberbis is also a synonym of A. relicta. Distribution (Fig. 186) and biology. Aulacophora relicta is a widespread and common species of northern Australia and eastern New South Wales with old records for South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The latter may represent occasional incursions from the north which do not form sustainable populations, or may simply reflect lack of recent collecting in these areas. The distribution of A. relicta in northern Australia encloses both A. barrogae and A. mbabaram and overlaps slightly with A. abdominalis in the Torres Straits, occurring as far northeast as Darnley Island, 200 km northwest of mainland Australia. Given that Biosecurity measures have not restricted movement of cucurbit plants north from the mainland, it is quite possible that some Torres Straits specimens found are due to recent manmade movements, with long term establishment unknown. Aulacophora relicta has been collected in every month of the year. Aulacophora relicta has been recorded damaging pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima) and “all commercial cucurbit crops” in Australia, under the name A. abdominalis (Waterhouse & Norris 1987; Napier 2009; Brown 2015). Few of the specimens we examined had any host data, with only two records for Citrullus sativa, one for C. lanatus, three for Cucumis melo, and two for Cucurbita pepo, all of which are exotic. One adult is labelled as feeding on the seed of an exotic weed in the Asteraceae (Xanthium species). However native Cucurbitaceae species occur throughout the range of A. relicta and these are probably the native hosts.

Anoplognathus viridiaeneus (Donovan, 1805) Melolontha viridiaenea Donovan, 1805: plate 1 Rutela caesarea Billberg, 1817 (in Schönherr 1817: 58); Burmeister 1844: 439 (synonymy) Rutela latreillei Schönherr & Gyllenhal, 1817 (in Schönherr 1817: 59); Dejean 1833: 154 (synonymy) Types. Rutela latreillei Schönherr & Gyllenhal, 1817: lectotype (present designation): ♀: “a // Uppsala Univ. Zool. Mus. / Gyllenhals saml. TYP nr. / 1447” (UUZM); paralectotypes (2): ϐ: “ Nov: Holland / Swartz. // NHRS-JLKB / 000027468” (NHRS); ϐ: “ Anoplognathus / Mc Leay / viridianeus / Donov / Rutela latreillii / S[?war]tz / (Nov. Hollandia) // ϐ / NHRS-JLKB / 000027469” (NHRS). Remarks. Anoplognathus latreillei was described by Schönherr and Gyllenhal, not Gyllenhal alone (Schönherr 1817: 60). Carne (1957) could not locate the type series of R. latreillei (Fig. 4 A–G), which was deposited in the NHRS and UUZM. The two paralectotypes in Gyllenhal’s collection in the NHRS are pinned beneath a handwritten label saying “Caesarea. / Billb: […]”, which we do not consider to be syntypes of Billberg´s species. Billberg’s early collection was destroyed by fire in 1822 (Horn & Kahle 1935), therefore it is almost certain that type material of Rutela caesarea no longer exists. Gyllenhal probably recognized that his species was a synonym and relabelled his specimens, so we consider these two specimens to be his type material. The UUZM lectotype was clearly labelled as Rutela latreillei and we designate this as lectotype to fix the identity of the species. The synonymy of A. latreillei with A. viridiaeneus was first proposed by Dejean (1833), but with precedence given to the younger name. Anoplognathus viridiaeneus occurs from central New South Wales to central Queensland, mostly near the coast. It was formerly common in the Sydney area but is now a relatively scarce species there (AMS). It is distinguished by its large size, entirely green reflections, and shiny pygidium with apical setal tuft (Reid & Smith 2016; Burleigh & Reid 2017)., Published as part of Seidel, Matthias & Reid, Chris A. M., 2021, Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections, pp. 225-238 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 231-232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4438339, {"references":["Donovan, E. (1805) An Epitome of the Natural History of the Insects of New Holland, New Zealand, New Guinea, Otaheite, and Other Islands in the Indian, Southern, and Pacific Oceans: Including the Figures and Descriptions of One Hundred and Fifty-Three Species of the More Splendid, Beautiful and Interesting Insects, Hitherto Discovered in those Countries, and Which for the Most Part have not Appeared in the Works of any Preceding Author. Rivington, London, 190 pp. [unnumbered pages and plates]","Schonherr, C. J. (1817) Appendix ad C. J. Schonherr Synonymiam Insectorum. Tom. 1. Part 3. sistens Descriptiones Novarum Specierum. Lewerentziana, Skara, 266 pp., pls. 5 - 6.","Burmeister, H. (1844) Handbuch der Entomologie. Bierter Band. Erste Abtheilung. Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela. Enslin, Berlin. Germany, xii + 588 pp.","Dejean, [P. F. M. A.]. (1833) Catalogue des Coleopteres de la collection de M. le Compte Dejean. Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, 443 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8771","Carne, P. B. (1957) A revision of the ruteline genus Anoplognathus Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 5 (1), 88 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9570088","Horn, W. & Kahle, I. (1935) Uber entomologische Sammlungen (ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Entomo-Museologie). Entomologische Beihefte aus Berlin-Dahlem, 2, 1 - 160, pls. 1 - 16.","Reid, C. & Smith, K. (2016) Christmas beetles of NSW. How to identify the Anoplognathus of New South Wales. Available from: https: // keys. lucidcentral. org / keys / v 3 / aus _ museum / christmas _ beetles / key / Christmas % 20 Beetles % 20 of % 20 NSW / Media / Html / key. htm (accessed June 2018)","Burleigh, M. & Reid, C. (2017) Australian Xmas Beetles. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / apps / details? id = air. XmasBeetleIDGuide (accessed 10 December 2020)"]}

Anoplognathus brunnipennis (Gyllenhal, 1817) Rutela brunnipennis Gyllenhal, 1817 (in Schönherr 1817: 62) Rutela chloropyra Drapiez, 1819: 44; new synonym Rutela chloropyga Thunberg, 1822: 311; new synonym Anoplognathus nitidulus Boisduval, 1835: 176; Ohaus 1918: 170; new synonym Types. Rutela brunnipennis Gyllenhal, 1817: lectotype (present designation): ♀: “N: Holland. / Hooker. // NHRS- JLKB / 000029806 ” (NHRS); Rutela chloropyga Thunberg, 1822: lectotype (present designation): ♀: “Uppsala Univ. Zool. Mus. / Thunbergsaml. nr. 3132 / Rutela chloropyga / TYP” (UUZM). Remarks. Lectotypes are designated here for Anoplognathus brunnipennis (Fig. 1 A–D) and Rutela chloropyga (Fig. 1 E–H) to fix their identities. Type material of A. brunnipennis was not seen by Carne (1957) in his revision of the genus. Examination of Gyllenhal’s lectotype makes it clear that the species was misidentified by Carne and is conspecific with A. chloropyrus (Drapiez, 1819), which was described in detail and has been consistently interpreted by subsequent authors (e.g., Carne 1957). Therefore, A. chloropyrus is a junior synonym of A. brunnipennis. The lectotype of Rutela chloropyga (Fig. 1 E–H) is also conspecific with A. brunnipennis and therefore these names are placed in synonymy. The validity of the synonymization of A. nitidulus with A. chloropyrus as proposed by Ohaus (1918) and subsequently listed in Carne (1957), was not examined in this work. Anoplognathus brunnipennis occurs from Victoria to southeastern Queensland and is a common species around Sydney (AMS). It is distinguished by the rough surfaced but glabrous and brilliant green pygidium (Reid & Smith 2016; Burleigh & Reid 2017)., Published as part of Seidel, Matthias & Reid, Chris A. M., 2021, Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections, pp. 225-238 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 226-227, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4438339, {"references":["Schonherr, C. J. (1817) Appendix ad C. J. Schonherr Synonymiam Insectorum. Tom. 1. Part 3. sistens Descriptiones Novarum Specierum. Lewerentziana, Skara, 266 pp., pls. 5 - 6.","Drapiez, [P. A. J.] (1819) Description de huit especes d'insectes nouveaux. Annales generales des Sciences Physiques, 2, 42 - 50, pl. 16.","Thunberg, C. P. (1822) Species novae insectorum e Rutelae genere descriptae. Memoirs de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 8, 308 - 313.","Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Ohaus, F. (1918) Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 66, 1 - 241. [1915]","Carne, P. B. (1957) A revision of the ruteline genus Anoplognathus Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 5 (1), 88 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9570088","Reid, C. & Smith, K. (2016) Christmas beetles of NSW. How to identify the Anoplognathus of New South Wales. Available from: https: // keys. lucidcentral. org / keys / v 3 / aus _ museum / christmas _ beetles / key / Christmas % 20 Beetles % 20 of % 20 NSW / Media / Html / key. htm (accessed June 2018)","Burleigh, M. & Reid, C. (2017) Australian Xmas Beetles. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / apps / details? id = air. XmasBeetleIDGuide (accessed 10 December 2020)"]}

Anoplognathus porosus (Dalman, 1817) Rutela porosa Dalman, 1817 (in Schönherr 1817: 63) Anoplognathus inustus Kirby, 1819: 405; Burmeister 1844: 445 (synonymy) Anoplognathus pectoralis Burmeister, 1844: 443; Carne 1957: 115 (synonymy) Anoplognathus luridus Arrow, 1901: 396; Carne 1957: 115 (synonymy) Types. Rutela porosa Dalman, 1817: lectotype (present designation): ♀: “ Nov: Holland //NHRS-JLKB / 000029805” (NHRS). Remarks. A lectotype is designated here for Rutela porosus (Fig. 3 I–L) to fix the species identity. Type material of Anoplognathus porosus was not seen by Carne (1957) but he correctly interpreted the species. The validity of the synonymization of A. inustus with A. porosus by Burmeister (1844) as well as A. pectoralis and A. luridus with A. porosus by Carne (1957), was not examined in this work. Anoplognathus porosus occurs from Victoria to northern Queensland and is a common species around Sydney (AMS). It is similar to A. olivieri but females lack the lateral elytral expansion and the pygidium is bronze-green, with a border of recumbent white setae (Reid & Smith 2016; Burleigh & Reid 2017)., Published as part of Seidel, Matthias & Reid, Chris A. M., 2021, Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections, pp. 225-238 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 228-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4438339, {"references":["Schonherr, C. J. (1817) Appendix ad C. J. Schonherr Synonymiam Insectorum. Tom. 1. Part 3. sistens Descriptiones Novarum Specierum. Lewerentziana, Skara, 266 pp., pls. 5 - 6.","Kirby, W. (1819), A century of insects, including several new genera described from his cabinet. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12, 375 - 453. [1818] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1817. tb 00239. x","Burmeister, H. (1844) Handbuch der Entomologie. Bierter Band. Erste Abtheilung. Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela. Enslin, Berlin. Germany, xii + 588 pp.","Carne, P. B. (1957) A revision of the ruteline genus Anoplognathus Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 5 (1), 88 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9570088","Arrow, G. J. (1901) Remarks on secondary sexual differences in rutelid Coleoptera, with descriptions of some new forms. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 7, 41, 393 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930108678492","Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Thunberg, C. P. (1822) Species novae insectorum e Rutelae genere descriptae. Memoirs de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 8, 308 - 313.","Reid, C. & Smith, K. (2016) Christmas beetles of NSW. How to identify the Anoplognathus of New South Wales. Available from: https: // keys. lucidcentral. org / keys / v 3 / aus _ museum / christmas _ beetles / key / Christmas % 20 Beetles % 20 of % 20 NSW / Media / Html / key. htm (accessed June 2018)","Burleigh, M. & Reid, C. (2017) Australian Xmas Beetles. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / apps / details? id = air. XmasBeetleIDGuide (accessed 10 December 2020)"]}

Anoplognathus viriditarsis Leach, 1815 Anoplognathus viriditarsis Leach, 1815: 44 Rutela analis Dalman, 1817 (in Schönherr 1817: 61); Dejean 1833: 154 (synonymy) Anoplognathus reticulatus Boisduval, 1835: 169; Carne 1957: 102 (synonymy) Anoplognathus impressifrons Boisduval, 1835: 170; Ohaus 1918: 172 (synonymy with A. reticulatus) Anoplognathus viridicollis Macleay, 1873: 357; Carne 1957: 102 (synonymy) Types. Rutela analis Dalman, 1817: lectotype (present designation): ϐ: “ϐ / N: Hollande / Hooker. // NHRS–JLKB / 000029803” (NHRS); paralectotype (1): ♀: “ ♀ / N: Hollande / Hooker. // NHRS-JLKB / 000029802” (NHRS). Remarks. We designate a lectotype for Rutela analis to fix the identity of this species. Carne (1957) did not locate the type series of R. analis (Fig. 5 A–J), which is deposited in NHRS. Our examination confirms the synonymy of A. analis and A. viriditarsis first proposed by Dejean (1833), although Dejean gave precedence to the younger name. Male and female syntypes of A. viridicollis in ANIC were examined by Carne (1957) and have been re-examined by us, confirming the synonymy of this name with A. viriditarsis. The validity of the synonymy of the two Boisduval species listed under A. viriditarsis in Carne (1957) was not examined in this work. Anoplognathus viriditarsis occurs from Victoria to southeatern Queensland and is a common species around Sydney (AMS). It is distinguished from other species by the shiny pygidium and apical setal tuft, the shovel-shaped male clypeus, and the incomplete bands of setae on the ventrites (Reid & Smith 2016; Burleigh & Reid 2017)., Published as part of Seidel, Matthias & Reid, Chris A. M., 2021, Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections, pp. 225-238 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4438339, {"references":["Leach, W. E. (1815) The zoological miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting animals. Volume 2. Nodder & Son, Covent Garden, 162 pp.","Schonherr, C. J. (1817) Appendix ad C. J. Schonherr Synonymiam Insectorum. Tom. 1. Part 3. sistens Descriptiones Novarum Specierum. Lewerentziana, Skara, 266 pp., pls. 5 - 6.","Dejean, [P. F. M. A.]. (1833) Catalogue des Coleopteres de la collection de M. le Compte Dejean. Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, 443 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8771","Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Carne, P. B. (1957) A revision of the ruteline genus Anoplognathus Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 5 (1), 88 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9570088","Ohaus, F. (1918) Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 66, 1 - 241. [1915]","Macleay, W. J. (1873) Miscellanea entomologica. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, 2, 319 - 370.","Reid, C. & Smith, K. (2016) Christmas beetles of NSW. How to identify the Anoplognathus of New South Wales. Available from: https: // keys. lucidcentral. org / keys / v 3 / aus _ museum / christmas _ beetles / key / Christmas % 20 Beetles % 20 of % 20 NSW / Media / Html / key. htm (accessed June 2018)","Burleigh, M. & Reid, C. (2017) Australian Xmas Beetles. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / apps / details? id = air. XmasBeetleIDGuide (accessed 10 December 2020)"]}

Seidel, Matthias, Reid, Chris A.M. (2021): Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections. Zootaxa 4908 (2): 225-238, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.4

Repsimus manicatus (Swartz, 1817) Rutela manicata Swartz, 1817 (in Schönherr 1817: 64) Rutela bracteatus Drapiez, 1819: 135 Blanchard 1851: 224 (synonymy) Anoplognathus brownii MacLeay, 1819: 144; Burmeister 1844: 450 (synonymy) Anoplognathus dytiscoides MacLeay, 1819: 144; Dejean 1833: 155 (synonymy) Rutela ruficollis Thunberg, 1822: 310; new synonym Types. Rutela manicata Swartz, 1817: lectotype (present designation): ♀: “ Anoplognathus / manicatus / Nova Holl: / Falderm. // Typus // NHRS-JLKB / 000029811 // Sch. macleayi Fischer / type probably in Moscow” (NHRS); paralectotype (1): ♀: “ N. Holl. / Mack Leay // Typus // NHRS-JLKB / 000029811 // Rutela / manicata Swartz ” (NHRS); Rutela ruficollis Thunberg, 1822: lectoype (present designation): ♀: “a // Uppsala Univ. Zool. Mus. / Thunbergsaml. nr. 3898 / Rutela ruficollis / TYP” (UUZM); Anoplognathus brownii MacLeay, 1819: lectotype (present designation): ♀: “ Repsimus brownii ” [in WS MacLeay’s handwriting] (MMS); paralectotypes (3): 3♀: shared label with lectotype (MMS); Repsimus dytiscoides MacLeay, 1819: lectotype (present designation): ϐ: “ Repsimus dytiscoides M.L /— manicatus Schon /—femoratus Dej. / ϐ” [in WS MacLeay’s handwriting] (MMS); paralectotype: (1): ϐ: shared label with lectotype (MMS). Remarks. We designate lectotypes for Rutela ruficollis (Fig. 7 F–G), Repsimus manicatus (Fig. 7 A–D), Anoplognathus dytiscoides (Fig. 7 L–N), and Anoplognathus brownii (Fig. 7 H–J) to fix the identities of these names. Carne (1958) examined syntypes of Repsimus manicatus (Fig. 7 A–E) in NHRS. Rutela ruficollis is conspecific with R. manicatus and therefore placed in synonymy. The types of MacLeay’s two species were recorded in the Macleay Museum, Sydney, by Carne: “type of manicatus in NRS, those of Macleay species in MACL” (Carne 1958: 180). In the 1970s all identified coleopteran type material was removed from the Macleay Museum (Sydney) and placed in ANIC (Canberra) (Britton & Stanbury 1981). Two syntypes of A. brownii were noted (Britton & Stanbury 1981: 250). However, it is evident from their labels that these specimens do not form part of the original type series as they were collected in the 1830s. They do not have a type status, so Carne’s decision was not based on type examination. In MMS we found two sets of specimens associated with old labels written by William Sharp MacLeay (handwriting identified by Jude Philp, personal communication, May 2018), but without any indication of type status. There are four specimens (all females) associated with a label “ Repsimus brownii ” (Fig. 7K) and two specimens (both males) associated with the label “ R. dytiscoides ” (Fig. 7O). All six have the same short pin with a wrapped metal head. These appear to be the original pins used by Alexander MacLeay (Jude Philp, personal communication) and the specimens fit the original descriptions by his son, William Sharp MacLeay (1819). In the absence of any evidence to the contrary we believe that these two sets of specimens represent the type material of A. brownii and A. dytiscoides. We have selected the best-preserved specimens in each series as lectotypes (Fig. 7 H–O). We suspect that Carne overlooked the type material of MacLeay’s species as he was meticulous in labelling specimens he examined and the MacLeay types noted above lack Carne’s labels. Our examination of the type series of R. brownii and R. dytiscoides confirms their synonymy with A. manicatus, as originally proposed by Burmeister (1844) and Dejean (1833), respectively. The validity of the synonymy of R. bracteatus with R. manicatus has not been examined for this work. The status of Repsimus manicatus montanus Lea, 1919 is not dealt with here. Repsimus manicatus occurs from eastern Victoria to southeastern Queensland and is a common species around Sydney (AMS). It is distinguished by the red pronotum, almost glabrous ventrites, and greatly swollen male metatibiae., Published as part of Seidel, Matthias & Reid, Chris A. M., 2021, Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections, pp. 225-238 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 234-236, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4438339, {"references":["Schonherr, C. J. (1817) Appendix ad C. J. Schonherr Synonymiam Insectorum. Tom. 1. Part 3. sistens Descriptiones Novarum Specierum. Lewerentziana, Skara, 266 pp., pls. 5 - 6.","Drapiez, [P. A. J.] (1819) Description de huit especes d'insectes nouveaux. Annales generales des Sciences Physiques, 2, 42 - 50, pl. 16.","Blanchard, C. E. (1851) s. n. In: Museum D'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Catalogue de la collection entomologique, Classe des Insectes. Ordre des Coleopteres. Tome 1. Part 2. Gide et Baudry, Paris, pp. 129 - 240. [1850]","MacLeay, W. S. (1819) Horae Entomologicae: or Essays on the Annulose Animals. Vol. 1. Part 1. Bagster, London, 160 pp., 3 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 48636","Burmeister, H. (1844) Handbuch der Entomologie. Bierter Band. Erste Abtheilung. Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela. Enslin, Berlin. Germany, xii + 588 pp.","Dejean, [P. F. M. A.]. (1833) Catalogue des Coleopteres de la collection de M. le Compte Dejean. Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, 443 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8771","Thunberg, C. P. (1822) Species novae insectorum e Rutelae genere descriptae. Memoirs de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 8, 308 - 313.","Carne, P. B. (1958) A review of the Australian Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 6 (2), 162 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9580162","Britton, E. B. & Stanbury, P. J. (1981) Type specimens in the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney. VIII. Insects: beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 105, 241 - 293."]}

Amblyterus cicatricosus (Gyllenhal, 1817) Melolontha cicatricosa Gyllenhal, 1817 (in Schönherr 1817: 113) Amblyterus geminatus MacLeay, 1819: 142; Blanchard 1851: 224 (synonymy) Types. Melolontha cicatricosa Gyllenhal, 1817: lectotype (present designation): ϐ: “N. Holland / D. Hooker // Typus // Melolontha / cicatricosa Gyll. // NHRS-JLKB / 000029815” (NHRS). Remarks. A lectotype is designated here for Melolontha cicatricosa (Fig. 6 A–F) to fix the species identity. Carne (1958) examined the lectotype in NHRS. The synonymy of A. geminatus with A. cicatricosus was first proposed by Blanchard (1851). MacLeay’s holotype of A. geminatus is in ANIC although it was not listed when all type material was removed from the Macleay Museum, Sydney University (Britton & Stanbury 1981). It was examined by Carne (1958) and re-examined by us and the synonymy is hereby confirmed. Amblyterus cicatricosus occurs from central New South Wales to central Queensland and is a common species around Sydney (AMS). It is distinguished from congeners by its size, colour, leg structure, and large male maxillary palpi (Carne 1958)., Published as part of Seidel, Matthias & Reid, Chris A. M., 2021, Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections, pp. 225-238 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4438339, {"references":["Schonherr, C. J. (1817) Appendix ad C. J. Schonherr Synonymiam Insectorum. Tom. 1. Part 3. sistens Descriptiones Novarum Specierum. Lewerentziana, Skara, 266 pp., pls. 5 - 6.","MacLeay, W. S. (1819) Horae Entomologicae: or Essays on the Annulose Animals. Vol. 1. Part 1. Bagster, London, 160 pp., 3 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 48636","Blanchard, C. E. (1851) s. n. In: Museum D'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Catalogue de la collection entomologique, Classe des Insectes. Ordre des Coleopteres. Tome 1. Part 2. Gide et Baudry, Paris, pp. 129 - 240. [1850]","Carne, P. B. (1958) A review of the Australian Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 6 (2), 162 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9580162","Britton, E. B. & Stanbury, P. J. (1981) Type specimens in the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney. VIII. Insects: beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 105, 241 - 293."]}

Anoplognathus olivieri (Schönherr & Dalman 1817) Rutela olivieri Schönherr & Dalman, 1817 (in Schönherr 1817: 60) Rutela lacunosa Thunberg, 1822: 311; new synonym Anoplognathus impressus Boisduval, 1835: 173; Ohaus 1918: 171 (synonymy) Anoplognathus duponti Boisduval, 1835: 174; Carne 1957: 105 (synonymy) Types. Rutela olivieri Schönherr & Dalman, 1817: lectotype (present designation): ♀: “N. Holland / D. Hooker. // NHRS-JLKB / 000029804” (NHRS); Rutela lacunosa Thunberg, 1822: lectotype (present designation): ♀: “Uppsala Univ. Zool. Mus. / Thunbergsaml. nr. 3137 / Rutela lacunosa / Jamaica. Swartz. TYP // LECTOTYPE / Rutela lacunosa / Thunberg, 1822 / des. Seidel + Reid 2019 // Anoplognathus / olivieri / (Schönherr + Dalman / 1817) / det. M. Seidel 2019 // WORLD / SCARAB. / DATABASE / WSD00344320” (UUZM). Remarks. Lectotypes are hereby designated for Rutela olivieri (Fig. 3 A–D) and Rutela lacunosa (Fig. 3 E–H) to fix their identities. Rutela olivieri was described by Schönherr and Gyllenhal, not Dalman alone (Schönherr 1817: 61). Boisduval (1835), while transferring R. olivierii to Anoplognathus, misspelled the species epithet as “ olivieri ” eliding an “ i ”. This is an incorrect subsequent spelling but has been used by all later authors (for example, Burmeister 1844; Ohaus 1904; Carne 1957; Smith 2003). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) Article 33.3.1. states that “when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling”. Since A. olivieri (Schönherr & Dalman, 1817) is in prevailing usage and has been consistently attributed to the original publication it is deemed to be a correct original spelling. Type material of Anoplognathus olivieri was not examined by Carne (1957) but his interpretation of the species was correct. Rutela lacunosa is conspecific with Anoplognathus olivieri and therefore placed in synonymy. The validity of the synonymization of A. impressus and A. duponti with A. olivieri as proposed by Ohaus (1918) and Carne (1957), respectively, was not examined in this work. Anoplognathus olivieri occurs from Victoria to central Queensland and is a common species around Sydney (AMS). It is distinguished by laterally expanded female elytra, smooth mostly impunctate ventrites and shiny pygidium with apical tuft of setae (Reid & Smith 2016; Burleigh & Reid 2017)., Published as part of Seidel, Matthias & Reid, Chris A. M., 2021, Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections, pp. 225-238 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on page 228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4438339, {"references":["Schonherr, C. J. (1817) Appendix ad C. J. Schonherr Synonymiam Insectorum. Tom. 1. Part 3. sistens Descriptiones Novarum Specierum. Lewerentziana, Skara, 266 pp., pls. 5 - 6.","Thunberg, C. P. (1822) Species novae insectorum e Rutelae genere descriptae. Memoirs de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 8, 308 - 313.","Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Ohaus, F. (1918) Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus, 66, 1 - 241. [1915]","Carne, P. B. (1957) A revision of the ruteline genus Anoplognathus Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 5 (1), 88 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9570088","Burmeister, H. (1844) Handbuch der Entomologie. Bierter Band. Erste Abtheilung. Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela. Enslin, Berlin. Germany, xii + 588 pp.","Ohaus, F. (1904) Revision der Anoplognathiden (Coleoptera Lamellicornia). Stettiner entomologische Zeitung, 65, 57 - 175.","Smith, A. B. T. (2003) A monographic revision of the genus Platycoelia Dejean (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 15, 1 - 202.","International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. Available from: https: // www. iczn. org / the-code / the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature (accessed 10 December 2020)","Reid, C. & Smith, K. (2016) Christmas beetles of NSW. How to identify the Anoplognathus of New South Wales. Available from: https: // keys. lucidcentral. org / keys / v 3 / aus _ museum / christmas _ beetles / key / Christmas % 20 Beetles % 20 of % 20 NSW / Media / Html / key. htm (accessed June 2018)","Burleigh, M. & Reid, C. (2017) Australian Xmas Beetles. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / apps / details? id = air. XmasBeetleIDGuide (accessed 10 December 2020)"]}

Anoplognathus flavipennis Boisduval, 1835 Anoplognathus flavipennis Boisduval, 1835: 176; revised status Anoplognathus castaneipennis Laporte, 1840: 126; Burmeister 1844: 446 (synonymy) Anoplognathus flavipennis quadrimaculatus Ohaus, 1898: 34; Carne 1957: 140 (synonymy) Anoplognathus brunnipennis sensu aucttorum nec Gyllenhal Types. Anoplognathus flavipennis Boisduval, 1835: lectotype (present designation): ϐ: “229 / 35. // flavipennis // A. rugosus / Kirby. / Nlle Hollande // ANOPLOGNATHUS / BRUNNIPENNIS / (GYLLENHAL) / Det:A.B.T.Smith 2001 // TYPE // MNHN / EC1440” (MNHN); paralectotypes (3): ♀: “229 / 35. // TYPE // MNHN / EC1441 ” (MNHN); ♀: “229 / 35. // A. flavipennis / Boisd. / Nlle Hollande // TYPE // MNHN / EC1442 ” (MNHN); ♀: “229 / 35. // TYPE // MNHN / EC1443 ” (MNHN). Remarks. A lectotype is designated here for A. flavipennis to fix its identity (Fig. 2 A–C). The lectotype of Anoplognathus brunnipennis (Fig. 1 A–D) was not seen by Carne (1957) and he misinterpreted the species. Carne (1957) erroneously synonymized A. flavipennis and A. flavipennis quadrimaculatus with A. brunnipennis. Anoplognathus flavipennis (Fig. 2 A–P) is the valid name for this misidentified species, as it is the oldest available name. Anoplognathus flavipennis was considered a valid species until Carne’s (1957) revision of the genus, for example by Ohaus (1898), and old specimens labelled A. flavipennis by W.S. MacLeay in MMS are correctly identified. The validity of the synonymization of A. castaneipennis and A. flavipennis quadrimaculatus (described as a colour variety of A. flavipennis) with A. brunnipennis aucttorum nec Gyllenhal, as proposed by Burmeister (1844) and Carne (1957), was not examined in this work. Anoplognathus flavipennis is a fairly common species from northwest Sydney to southern Queensland (AMS). This species is distinguished by the setose clypeus, setose dull pygidium, and short rounded mesoventral process (Reid & Smith 2016; Burleigh & Reid 2017)., Published as part of Seidel, Matthias & Reid, Chris A. M., 2021, Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections, pp. 225-238 in Zootaxa 4908 (2) on pages 227-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4908.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4438339, {"references":["Boisduval, [J. A.] (1835) Faune entomologique de l'Oceanie, comprenant les Coleopteres, les Hemipteres, les Nevropteres, les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres. Librairie Encyclopedique du Roret, Paris, 705 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65987","Laporte, [F.] (1840) Histoire naturelle des insectes coleopteres. Vol. 2. Dumenil, Paris, 564 pp.","Burmeister, H. (1844) Handbuch der Entomologie. Bierter Band. Erste Abtheilung. Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela. Enslin, Berlin. Germany, xii + 588 pp.","Ohaus, F. (1898) Phanomeridae. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 59, 1 - 41.","Carne, P. B. (1957) A revision of the ruteline genus Anoplognathus Leach (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 5 (1), 88 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9570088","Reid, C. & Smith, K. (2016) Christmas beetles of NSW. How to identify the Anoplognathus of New South Wales. Available from: https: // keys. lucidcentral. org / keys / v 3 / aus _ museum / christmas _ beetles / key / Christmas % 20 Beetles % 20 of % 20 NSW / Media / Html / key. htm (accessed June 2018)","Burleigh, M. & Reid, C. (2017) Australian Xmas Beetles. Available from: https: // play. google. com / store / apps / details? id = air. XmasBeetleIDGuide (accessed 10 December 2020)"]}

Additional file 1: Appendix S1. Seed grants and scholarships directly funded by the CRE in cardiovascular outcomes improvement.

Groehnaltica batophiloides Bukejs, Reid and Biondi, sp. nov. (Figs. 1���17; Appendices 1���4) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 420E9217-A712-4B73-A62D-88E8F86276A2 Type material. Holotype: ���C 7806���, deposited in GPIH collections; adult, male. A complete beetle is included in a transparent, yellow amber piece with dimensions of 14��10�� 3 mm, and preserved without supplementary fixation. Syninclusions are absent. Type strata. A predominantly Bartonian age is interpreted for the extinct Central European resin-producing forests, which produced the amber that has eroded out of Eocene Blue Earth layers (Bukejs et al. 2019). Type locality. Baltic Sea coast, Yantarny settlement (formerly Palmnicken), Sambian (Samland) Peninsula, Kaliningrad Region, Russia. Description. Measurements: body length 1.7 mm, body maximum width 0.85 mm; pronotal length 0.4 mm, maximum pronotal width 0.6 mm; elytral length 1.2 mm, maximum elytral width 0.85 mm. Body ovate, moderately convex; integument reddish brown (as preserved) with antennae, mouth parts, fore and middle legs, and metatarsus paler (pale brown to yellow); glabrous dorsally, abdomen sparsely covered with fine, short, semierect setae. Head. Without distinct punctation; head together with eyes slightly narrower than anterior margin of pronotum. Vertex slightly convex. Eyes large, prominent, entire, with distinct facets, oval, with vertical length 1.4�� transverse width measurement; distance between eyes equal to about 1�� transverse width of eye. Frontal calli lanceolate, rather wide (slightly narrower than diameter of antennal socket), oblique, almost flat, not contiguous, and not well delineated from vertex and frontoclypeal carina. Supracallar sulcus poorly developed. Frontoclypeal carina well developed, convex, narrow, about 0.6�� as wide as diameter of antennal socket. Orbit narrow, about 0.5�� diameter of antennal socket. Orbital sulcus deep, curved. Supraorbital sulcus moderately developed, shallow, almost straight. Supraorbital trichobothrium not visible. Genae impunctate, with sparse, moderately long, semi-erect setae; genae short, about 0.25�� as long as greatest length of right eye. Clypeus transverse, slightly convex, with widely and shallowly concave anterior margin and few, long, setae at posterior margin. Labrum slightly convex, longer than clypeus; with shallowly convex anterior margin and six moderately long setae at posterior margin. Maxillary palpi slender, with 4 palpomeres; palpomere 4 conical, elongate, about 1.7�� times as long as wide; palpomere 3 nearly as long as wide, 0.6�� as long as palpomere 4, with few long setae apically. Mandibles large, moderately curved. Antennae filiform, slender, sparsely pubescent, moderately long, extending to vicinity of posterior one third of elytral length. Scape widest, subcylindrical, 1.8�� as long as wide; pedicel cylindrical, 1.4�� as long as wide, nearly as wide as scape; antennomeres 3���10 subcylindrical, subequal in size, 2.2���2.6�� as long as wide, distinctly narrower than pedicel; antennomere 11 slightly fusiform, pointed apically, 3.3�� as long as wide. Relative length ratios of antennomeres 1���11 equal to 16:11:11:13:15:13:15:15:15:15:20. Distance between antennal sockets nearly equal to diameter of left socket. Prothorax. Pronotum transverse, 1.5�� as wide as long, slightly convex dorsally; widest medially, laterally shallowly convex; pronotal posterior margin distinctly narrower than adjacent region of elytra. Pronotal punctation close and large but shallow. Lateral pronotal margins broadly bordered; posterior margin convex, apparently with narrow bordering; anterior margin almost straight in dorsal view, arcuate in frontal view, without bordering. Posterior pronotal angles obtuse; anterior angles nearly obtuse; anterior and posterior angles with trichobothrium, setae long and erect. Anterolateral callosities large, prominent. Hypomera slightly convex, apparently impunctate. Prosternum slightly convex, with sparse and fine punctation, and row of moderately large punctures at posterior margin; prosternal process about half as wide as transverse diameter of procoxa, with concave lateral margins and convex posterior margin, dilated apically, slightly projecting posterior to procoxae, with narrow carina medially and large coarse punctures either side of this. Pterothorax. Scutellar shield moderately large, triangular, about 1.4�� as wide as long, and impunctate. Elytra weakly convex dorsally, subparallel-sided, slightly narrowed posteriad, widest at middle of elytral length, and narrowly bordered laterally. Elytral strial punctation strong and close, fifth stria deepened at base; distance between punctures in striae about 0.5���1.0�� diameter of one puncture; interstriae slightly convex, apparently impunctate, distance between striae about 1���1.5�� diameter of one puncture. Elytral apices not separately rounded. Elytral epipleura rather wide, gradually narrowed posteriorly, with row of small punctures at inner lateral margin. Mesoventrite narrow, almost flat, with row of large deep punctures along posterior margin. Metaventrite transverse, about 2.6�� as wide as long, convex, shiny, impunctate, with row of large deep punctures along anterior margin; metanepisternum with slightly concave lateral margins, anterior and posterior margins oblique, about 5�� as long as wide, with row of moderately large punctures. Legs moderately long and robust; sparsely covered with fine, recumbent pubescence and very fine punctation. Procoxa widely oval, transverse, 1.6�� as wide as long; mesocoxa nearly spherical; metacoxa elongate oval, transverse, very narrowly separated. Pro- and mesofemora slightly flattened and widened medially, mesofemur 2.7�� as long as wide; metafemur strongly swollen, about 1.8�� as long as wide. Tibiae slightly curved, slightly dilated dis- tally (metatibia strongly dilated distally); pro- and mesotibiae equal in length to pro- and mesofemora respectively, metatibia slightly shorter than metafemur; protibia 0.6�� as wide as profemur, without apical spur; mesotibia 0.6�� as wide as mesofemur, without apical spur; metatibia robust, about 0.3�� as wide as metafemur, with large apical spur and fringe of stout setae apically, with small spines dorsolaterally in apical portion. Pro- and mesotarsi distinctly elongated and dilated. Relative length of mesotarsomeres 1���3 and 5 equal to 5:3:4:4. Metatarsus attached to apex of metatibia; 0.7�� as long as metatibia; metatarsomere 1 moderately long, nearly as long as metatarsomeres 2���4 combined, and 2.1�� as long as mesotarsomere 1; relative length of metatarsomeres 1���3 and 5 equal to 11:5:4:3. Abdomen. Ventrites sparsely covered with fine punctures; ventrite 1 distinctly longer than ventrites 2���4 com- bined (medially), with intercoxal process bordered by large deep punctures; ventrite 5 as long as ventrites 3���4 combined, widely lobed medially, with sharp, moderately shallow incision on either side of lobe. Suture between ventrites 1 and 2 convex; suture between ventrites 2 and 3 almost straight; sutures between ventrites 3���5 concave. Relative median length ratio of ventrites 1���5 equal to 25:7:6:6:12. Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs. 14���17) nearly parallel-sided, laterally strongly ribbed, lanceolate in apical portion, with sharp, triangular, flattened apex; with wide, V-shaped, longitudinal groove ventrally; in lateral view, almost straight, thin in apical fifth, moderately wide mesally and basally. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the apparent similarity of this species with members of the flea beetle genus Batophila., Published as part of Bukejs, Andris, Reid, Chris A. M. & Biondi, Maurizio, 2020, Groehnaltica batophiloides, a new genus and species of flea-beetles (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) from Baltic amber, described using X-ray microtomography, pp. 397-408 in Zootaxa 4859 (3) on pages 403-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4859.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4413196

Groehnaltica Bukejs, Reid and Biondi, gen. nov. (Figs 1���17; Appendices 1���4) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5EC16C11-6DAF-4D53-8EA0-D8832F51940F Type species: Groehnaltica batophiloides Bukejs, Reid and Biondi, sp. nov. by present designation Description. Small, elongate-ovate, length 2�� greatest width; elytra slightly rounded at sides, widest at middle, width at humeri about 1.3�� width pronotum and about 1.6�� width head. Dorsal punctures generally large but sparse and shallow. Dorsum mostly glabrous, except patches of short setae at sides and anterior of head, a pair of trichobothria at anterior of vertex, a trichobothrium at each corner of pronotum and about 3 distinct setae on lateral pronotal margins between trichobothria; elytra without discal setae. Thoracic and abdominal venter mostly impunctate and apparently mostly glabrous. Head. Face with strongly convex profile, abruptly excavated before anterior edge of clypeus; eyes large, later- ally prominent, with straight or feebly concave inner margins, separated by less than eye length but more than eye width; ommatidia convex with minute setae between; vertex medially smooth, without median groove, laterally bounded by deep supraorbital (ocular) sulci which arise at posterior margins of antennal sockets and curve obliquely to posterior of eyes; orbit flat between eye and frontal calli, less than half as wide as antennal socket; frons with pair of lanceolate frontal calli, defined by laterocallar (ocular) sulcus anteriorly, feebly defined posteriorly, widely separated by a median depression; frontoclypeal median ridge prominent, narrow-linear, from middle of antennal sockets almost to anterior edge of clypeus; lateral margins of frontoclypeal area, anterior to antennal sockets, not elevated; interantennal space 0.8���1�� socket diameter (sockets asymmetric), sockets approximately level with middle of eyes and separated from them by 0.3���0.5�� socket diameters, antennal socket entirely defined by a raised ridge; antenna 11-segmented, length about 0.7�� body length; all antennomeres elongate, scape ���1.5�� length pedicel, pedicel slightly longer and much wider than antennomere 3, antennomere 3 shortest, antennomere 11 longest, not apically expanded; labrum with 3 pairs of discal setae, apical margin truncate; apical maxillary palpomere elongate-conical, longer than and as wide as preapical; gena 0.2�� or less eye length (eyes asymmetric in size), without transverse setose ridge between eye and buccal cavity. Thorax. Prothorax distinctly broader than head and narrower than elytra (about 0.8�� width elytra at humeri), widest at middle, sides of pronotum convex; pronotal disc evenly convex; with two large, probably glandular, punctures at lateral margins; pronotum feebly transversely depressed anterior to basal margin, depression not defined laterally, without two short longitudinal grooves; anterior and posterior angles each with trichobothrium, anterior angles rounded, with distinctly swollen pronotal callus, anterior trichobothria inserted on posterior of callus, posterior angles slightly projecting laterally; pronotum with thick raised border present laterally, raised border absent or thin and feebly developed at base (not clear), absent anteriorly; hypomeron without groove near lateral margins; prosternal process slightly convex, elongate, slightly expanded beyond procoxae, transversely grooved at base; procoxal cavities broadly open, gap greater than length of hypomeral process; scutellum semi-ovate; elytra strongly convex in cross-section, covering abdomen, subparallel-sided in basal half, rounded in apical half, with distinct humeri, and nine distinct regularly punctured striae on disc, tenth stria along upper margin of epipleuron and distinct punctate striole about one third of elytral length, without transverse posthumeral depression; epipleuron distinct, entirely laterally visible, gradually narrowed from base to apex, with upper margin open, not fusing with lower margin at elytral apex; fully winged; mesoventrite not covered by metaventrite, with single arcuate cavity at anterior edge (procoxal rest); mesoventrite process exposed, approximately quadrate, apex truncate with narrow projecting lobes at lateral angles; mesocoxae separated by about half width of mesocoxa; middle of metaventrite slightly swollen posteriorly; pro- and mesofemora narrowly fusiform, metafemur much larger, greatest width in basal half, more than twice width mesofemur, dorsal margin strongly convex, ventral margin weakly convex, without distinct keel; tibiae without apical excavation on outer edge; protibia not expanded to apex; metatibia not prolonged beyond tarsal insertion (insertion apical), curved in lateral view with ventral face convex, apically expanded and flattened dorsally, with row of spines on outer edge and possibly thickened spiniform setae on either side of apex; pro- and mesotibiae without apical spurs, metatibia with small conical apical spur, inserted on outer side of apex, about half apical tibial width or less; length metatarsus about 0.8�� length metatibia; metatarsomere 1 long, about 0.4�� metatibia, longer than metatarsomeres 2���5 combined; tarsomere 3 deeply bilobed; apical metatarsomere not arched or inflated; tarsal claws appendiculate, appendage slightly less than right-angled, more than half claw length. Abdomen. Pygidium rounded at apex, without longitudinal median sharp edged groove; abdominal ventrites free, not fused; surface ventrite 1 evenly convex, without median ridges, intercoxal process broadly triangular; ventrites 1���5 laterally bordered; male ventrite 5 with median flat lobe, apex convex; median lobe of aedeagus symmetrical, apex entire, base without recurved lobes, dorsum with small transverse foramen, venter probably mostly membranous (cuticle absent); tegmen unknown; female genitalia unknown. Comparison. This new fossil genus differs from other flea-beetles described from Eocene fossil resins in hav- ing the combination of the following characters: frontal calli lanceolate, rather wide and separated by a broad groove at midline; pronotum without antebasal transverse impression, and without short sublateral longitudinal impressions; elytral punctation large and close, arranged in regular striae; metafemora strongly swollen, about 1.8�� as long as wide; metatibiae with small spines dorsolaterally in apical portion; metatarsi attached to apices of metatibiae; metatarsomere 1 moderately long, nearly as long as metatarsomeres 2���4 combined; tarsal claws appendiculate; and small body size (1.7 mm). Amongst extant European genera, Groehnaltica is similar to Batophila Foudras, 1859, a flea beetle genus widespread in the Palaearctic. The similarities include: small size, postantennal tubercles weak or not distinguish- able, strongly punctured pronotum, pronotum without either well defined antebasal transverse impression or short longitudinal grooves; strongly punctured elytral striae with convex intervals, procoxal cavities broadly open, metatibia flattened apicodorsally with thickened setae on apex of outer margin, third tarsomere bilobed, and tarsal claws appendiculate. However, Batophila species are flightless and have typical features of loss of flight which are absent from this fossil: scutellum reduced, elytra rounded without humeri, and metaventrite foreshortened. In addition, Groehnaltica is easily distinguishable from Batophila because it possesses the following characters: postocular sulci present (absent in Batophila); distal antennomeres elongate, at least twice as long as wide and not expanded apically (triangular to subglobose in Batophila); epipleural upper margin open, not fused with lower margin at or before apex (fused in Batophila); metatibiae robust, slightly curved and with small spines dorsolaterally in apical portion (slender, straight and without evident spines in Batophila); male protarsomere 1 distinctly dilated and suboval (not dilated, subtriangular in Batophila). Furthermore, in Batophila species with distinct postantennal tubercles, these are anteriorly elongately pointed and juxtaposed, reaching between the antennal sockets (e.g. in B. acutangula Heikertinger, 1921). The unusual and possibly unique lateral pronotal pits on Groehnaltica may also be a diagnostic generic attibute. Groehnaltica is also similar to several Asian genera which have been identified as possibly monophyletic (Ruan et al. 2019), particularly Bikasha Maulik, 1931 (distributed in Asia, Australasia and the Afrotropics) and Lanka Maulik, 1926 (distributed in Asia). With Bikasha and Lanka�� the new fossil genus shares similar eye shape, postocular grooves, narrow frontoclypeal ridge, elongate antennomeres, thickened pedicel, shape of pronotum and prosternum, punctate elytral striae, open-ended epipleuron, deep punctures on margins of pterothoracic sclerites, swollen posterior of metaventrite, strongly inflated metafemur, elongate metatarsomere 1, and claw shape (Konstantinov & Prathapan 2008; Ruan et al. 2019). Furthermore, Bikasha has a small body (1.5���2.5 mm), and the outer margin of metatibia with a row of small spinules. However, both Bikasha and Lanka have undivided tarsomere 3, Bikasha has well-defined postantennal calli with the postocular groove poorly developed, and Lanka has paired ridges on the intercoxal process of abdominal ventrite 1 (note that the type species of Bikasha lacks these, despite statements to the contrary). In contrast, the new fossil genus has plesiomorphic attributes of the bilobed tarsomere 3 and simple unridged abdominal ventrite 1, which may indicate its relationship to these extant palaeotropical genera. Etymology. The name of this new fossil genus consists of two parts: the first is dedicated to Carsten Gr��hn (Glinde, Germany), who provided the specimen for examination, and the second - the name of the extant genus Altica Geoffroy, 1762. Gender feminine., Published as part of Bukejs, Andris, Reid, Chris A. M. & Biondi, Maurizio, 2020, Groehnaltica batophiloides, a new genus and species of flea-beetles (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) from Baltic amber, described using X-ray microtomography, pp. 397-408 in Zootaxa 4859 (3) on pages 398-403, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4859.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4413196, {"references":["Ruan, Y., Yang, X., Konstantinov, A. S., Prathapan, K. D. & Zhang, M. (2019) Revision of the Oriental Chaetocnema species (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini). Zootaxa, 4699 (1), 1 - 206.","Konstantinov, A. S. & Prathapan, K. D. (2008) New generic synonyms in the Oriental flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Coleopterist's Bulletin, 62 (3), 381 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 1089.1"]}

Maurodus, gen. nov. (Figs 4���9) Type species: Caccomolpus ornatus Broun, 1910 Diagnosis. Body length greater than 3.0 mm and less than 8.0 mm; elliptical and moderately convex; colour uniform to tricoloured, metallic sheen absent. Antennae weakly clavate or subfilliform. Procoxal cavities externally open. Hindwings absent. Anterior edge of metaventrite straight; metaventral lines parallel and not extending to middle of ventrite. First abdominal ventrite with subcoxal lines parallel to coxal cavity and not extending to middle of ventrite. Description. Length 3.2���5.1 mm. Body elliptical and moderately convex. Colour of body typically bicoloured to tricoloured, red, orange, black or white, rarely uiform, lacking metallic sheen. Head not forming a short muzzle with genae extending a short distance beyond level of antennal and maxillary insertions, scarcely visible from above with mouthparts directed anteriorly, wide vertex or frons, nearly flat to feebly convex; postantennal calli weakly developed, but lacking pale areas; antennal groove present or absent. Eyes relatively well-developed, not protuberant, coarsely facetted and consisting of over 30 ommatidia; inner margin of eye without a small seta. Antennae long and weakly clavate, scape short and somewhat elliptic, shorter than the A2+3 combined, last four antennomeres forming a weak club, reaching beyond the hind margin of the pronotum; eye not contacting insertion, with distance between insertion and margin of eye less than diameter of insertion, distance between insertions about 6 times length of the scape. Clypeus transverse to trapezoidal, anterior margin usually straight; frontoclypeal suture usually present; lateral and medial postclypeal lines present or absent and deeply to weakly impressed. Labrum somewhat rectangular and distinctly transverse, anterior margin weakly emarginated and sides rounded, surface with 3 elongate setae per side, anterior margin at middle lacking distinct setal fringe, tormae long and thin, about 2 times longer than labral plate. Mandible with terebral edge simple. Maxillary palpus relatively short, palpomere 1 about as long as wide, palpomere 2 transverse and shorter than wide, palpomere 3 about 2 times longer than wide, greater in length than palpomere 2, conical to weakly acute. Labium with relatively wide ligula, greater or equal in width to the lengths of palpomeres 1 and 2 combined, apex not or very weakly divided at apex, palpal insertions separated by at least the width of the basal palpomere, palpi relatively short, palpomere 1 shorter than long, palpomere 2 as long as wide, palpomere 3 twice longer than wide with narrowed and truncated apex. Mentum rectangular and transverse, width of mentum equal to or shorter than the length of labial palpomere 3. Intermaxillary process short and not extending anteriorly far beyond maxillary insertions, delimited behind by a ridge or a bead. Pronotum transverse and convex, with a bead along anterior and lateral margins; posterior edge as wide as or slightly narrower than base of elytra; anterior margin weakly emarginated, anterior angles weakly projecting and rounded; sides distinctly converging anteriad and straight or curved, posterior margin weakly convex, sinuate or straight; posterior angles acute; disc moderately convex without sublateral groove, trichobothria absent, punction not uniform and generally coarse and more dense at middle of posterior margin; lateral carinae complete. Prosternum not vaulted at middle, without transverse notches in front of coxal cavities; prosternal lines present and usually parallel, convergent anteriorly in some species or rarely polymorphic and extending forward almost reaching anterior edge of sternite; prosternal process broad, short and extending a short distance behind procoxae, expanded laterally behind coxae but not contacting the hypomeral process; posterior margin straight, procoxal cavities partially externally closed. Notopleural suture distinct. Scutellary shield visible and relatively small, triangular with rounded or subacute apex. Elytra strongly convex, well-developed humeral calli absent but a weak humeral impression may be present; midbasal stria or impression present; surface smooth, punctures weakly impressed and striate, epipleura wide and well developed, visible in lateral view, apex without ctenidium. Hind wings absent. Mesoventrite mostly hidden in ventral view, posterior portion between mesocoxae visible as a narrow strip; mesal part of mesoventrite with vertical surface confluent with prepectus. Meso- and metacoxae widely separated. Metaventrite shorter than abdominal ventrite 1 at midline, mesocoxal process very short and broad with a straight anterior margin, metaventral lines parallel, discrimen present but weakly impressed, transverse metaventral (metakatepisternal) suture present does not cross the midline or weakly impressed. Metendosternite lacking stalk and laminae, widely spaced lateral arms with subapical anterior tendons. Legs with tibiae flattened in cross section, meso- and metatibiae clubbed with abrupt constriction at basal 1/3 or approximately at midlength with lateral edge sinuate (sometimes the protibiae, and weakly sinuate in M. impressus and M. maculatus), apically setose; tarsomeres 5-5-5 and variable, tarsomere 1 nearly as long as T2 or longer (lengthened or enlarged or not in males), 1.5 times longer than wide or equilateral, T2 transverse and wider than long and wider or narrower than T3, T3 about as wide as long or slightly transverse and deeply incised (bilobed), tarsomere 4 minute, T5 about twice as long as T3, claws simple. Abdominal ventrite 1 long, but shorter than ventrites 2���5 combined, with a broad metacoxal process that is wider than long and with a curved apical margin, ventrites 2���4 equal in length and much shorter than ventrite 1, ventrite 5 longer than ventrites 3 and 4 combined with rounded posterior margin; first abdominal ventrite with subcoxal lines parallel to coxal cavity that do not extend to middle of ventrite. Aedeagus variable, curved to weakly curved or straight in lateral view and rounded to weakly laterally compressed in cross section; apex in dorsal view acute to rounded or apiculate; flagellum present or absent. Ovipositor with coxite 2 times longer than wide, stylus apically inserted and about 1/6 the length of coxite. Spermatheca curved, C- or V- shaped, collum absent with spermathecal duct inserted onto base, spermathecal gland absent or very weakly sclerotised. Comments. This endemic genus has 11 species, including one transferred here from Aphilon (A. impressus Broun) and four transferred here from Caccomolpus (C. cinctiger Broun, C. maculatus Broun, C. ornatus Broun, and C. plagiatus Sharp). All are ground-dwelling, collected mostly by sifting leaf litter, and are flightless with relatively short metaventrites. Species are similar to Caccomolpus but can be distinguished by by their less rounded shape, parallel-sided metacoxal lines, and gaudy colouration. Many species are rare, some decribed only from singletons (M. arcus, M. lepidus, M. nunni, and M. owenensis). Etymology. Patrynomic for Mauro Daccordi for his lifelong commitment to the study of Chrysomelinae (masculine). Included species. Maurodus arcus sp. nov., M. cinctiger Broun, comb nov. (from Caccomolpus), M. impressus Broun, comb nov. (from Aphilon), M. lepidus sp. nov., M. maculatus Broun, comb nov. (from Caccomolpus), M. nunni sp. nov., M. occiduus sp. nov., M. ornatus (Broun), comb nov. (from Caccomolpus), M. owenensis sp. nov., M. plagiatus Sharp, comb nov. (from Caccomolpus), M. supernus sp. nov. Distribution. North Island, South Island., Published as part of Leschen, Richard A. B., Reid, Chris A. M. & Nadein, Konstantin S., 2020, Generic Review of New Zealand Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), pp. 1-66 in Zootaxa 4740 (1) on pages 26-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4740.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3672681, {"references":["Broun, T. (1910) Descriptions of new genera and species of Coleoptera. New Zealand Institute Bulletin, 1, 3 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930908692601"]}

Caccomolpus nigristernis Broun, 1917 Caccomolpus nigristernis Broun, 1917:465. Type locality: Hollyford. Comments. Broun based this species on one specimen which was in the NZAC. There was one specimen in the BMNH which matches the date and locality published by Broun, but was labelled as a variant and, moreover, Broun made no mention of a variant in the original publication. We confirm that the NZAC specimen is the holotype. Type examined. Holotype (NZAC): Hollyford. 19.2.1914. [in Broun���s hand] // 3936. // T. Broun Collection // A. E. Brookes Collection // Caccomolpus nigristernis. ♂. [in Broun���s hand] // HOLOTYPE [printed] Caccomolpus nigristernis Broun, 1917 R. Craw det. 1983 [in Craw���s hand on cosmic orange label]���., Published as part of Leschen, Richard A. B., Reid, Chris A. M. & Nadein, Konstantin S., 2020, Generic Review of New Zealand Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), pp. 1-66 in Zootaxa 4740 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4740.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3672681, {"references":["Broun, T. (1917) Descriptions of new genera and species of Coleoptera. Part V. New Zealand Institute Bulletin, 1 (5), 347 - 474. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 17491"]}

Chalcolampra fuscipes (Broun, 1917) Allocharis fuscipes Broun, 1917: 464. Type locality: Moa Basin. Chalcolampra fuscipes: Implied combination based on Allocharis as an objective synonym of Chalcolampra in Daccordi, 1994: 77. Comment. Broun based the description on a single specimen. Type examined. Holotype (BMNH): card-mounted, ���3960. [in Broun���s hand] // New Zealand. [red underline] Broun Coll. Brit. Mus. 1922-482. // Moa Basin. 20.10.1913. [in Broun���s hand] // Allocharis fuscipes [in Broun���s hand]���., Published as part of Leschen, Richard A. B., Reid, Chris A. M. & Nadein, Konstantin S., 2020, Generic Review of New Zealand Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), pp. 1-66 in Zootaxa 4740 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4740.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3672681, {"references":["Broun, T. (1917) Descriptions of new genera and species of Coleoptera. Part V. New Zealand Institute Bulletin, 1 (5), 347 - 474. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 17491","Daccordi, M. (1994) Notes for phylogenetic study of Chrysomelinae, with descriptions of new taxa and a list of all the known genera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). In: Furth, D. G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the third International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae, Beijing, 1992. Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 60 - 84."]}