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This article analyzes the evolution of the design regulatory framework in Ukraine and the EU countries.The purposeis to identify the features of the evolution of the design legal framework in Ukraine and the EU.The research methodologyconsists in applying a number of approaches: analytical for comprehending the literature on the topic of the article; interdisciplinary for a comprehensive study of factual material and obtaining new knowledge; systematic with the use of a whole range of methods (biographical, semiotic, cultural, hermeneutical, historical, theoretical generalization) for a comprehensive understanding of the stated purpose of the study.Scientific novelty.For the first time, the European experience of developing the regulatory framework of design in comparison with the Ukrainian one is systematically studied. The results of the article can be used in the preparation of didactic materials for teaching courses on the regulatory framework of design.Сonclusions.Ukraine’s legislative framework currently does not sufficiently address the humanitarian factor, including its design and ergonomic factors, which does not contribute to the optimization of the state’s social sphere. In view of this, it is advisable to optimize the legislative framework in line with the best European practices to ensure the effective development of design and ergonomics in our country. The fundamental rationale for the EU design legal environment is that the protection of design legal property should ultimately lead to the economic well-being of countries in the EU region. The design harmonization program has always been part of the EU’s larger program for a harmonized legal environment and the completion of the internal market, especially with regard to intellectual property rights. The harmonization by means of the Design Directive and the Design Regulation in the EU is necessary in view of the significant differences in the protection of intellectual property for design objects in the various member states of the European Union.

The next generation of mobile networks, namely 5G, promises significant qualitative and quantitative advances for multiple vertical domains. However, most studies and investigations assess these advances under the implicit assumption of a single network service provider, with typical national coverage. In this article, we take a close look at the automotive sector and highlight a series of challenges emerging in the context of its inherent (inter)national mobility and the corresponding importance of cross-border and/or multioperator environments. Our target is to pinpoint the key influential factors affecting the transition toward seamless (cooperative) connected and automated mobility services within and across national borders. To this end, we identify and analyze a series of challenges in the areas of, networking, application, security, and regulation. We further present and discuss a series of corresponding solutions investigated in the pragmatic context of our experimental activities.

This article uses the example of alcohol regulation in England and Wales to explore how historical change can be understood within criminology. Pivoting away from criminology’s tendency to understand historical change as occurring in rapid, radical bursts (usually followed by periods of stability), it takes inspiration from the emerging use of historical institutionalist and Koselleckian approaches within historical criminology. Alcohol regulationin England and Wales is complex, overlapping and sometimes even contradictory. It is shown here that this regulatory messiness reflects the plurality of temporalities which, following Koselleck, animate alcohol regulation in the contemporary historical moment. It is further demonstrated that historical institutionalist concepts (e.g. near misses, transformation by accumulation, layering) can be used to help identify and analyse the non-contemporaneousorigins and discrete lineages of these currently co-existing temporalities. The article thus provides a new and original account of the historical development and contemporary character of alcohol regulation in England and Wales. Moreover, its theoretical synthesis of Koselleckian and historical institutionalist ideas offers a promising theoretical framework which could be used more widely in criminological studies to examine the connections between historical change and crime or its control in contemporary societies.

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the stringency of red tape and the entry and exit rates of firms. To do so, we use a panel dataset on firm entry and exit rates, obtained from Eurostat Business Demography, covering 22 European countries and 14 manufacturing sectors observed over the period 2013–2019. We complement the information on firm dynamics with country-level data on red tape from the World Bank’s Doing Business database. Five dimensions of red tape are considered: regulations for starting a business, construction permits, procedures for getting electricity, registering property, and contract enforcement. In addition, both the cost and the time taken to complete the administrative procedures are used as metrics of red tape. Using a difference-in-difference approach à la Rajan and Zingales (1998), we find a negative effect of administrative burdens on the entry and exit rates of firms across European countries. Moreover, we find that the negative effect is more pronounced for smaller firms. Finally, the time taken to comply with bureaucratic procedures is a greater impediment to smooth entry and exit than the monetary costs associated with these administrative barriers.

This article proposes a mode-switching-based phase shift control (MS-PSC) for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, which is able to achieve power regulation, load matching, and wide ZVS operations simultaneously without using additional dc-dc converters. Based on the mode transitions between the full-bridge, mixed-bridge, and half-bridge modes of both the inverter and the rectifier, the MS-PSC method guarantees a wide-range ZVS with minimized circulation of reactive power. Therefore, the system efficiency is improved over a wider power range compared to the conventional triple-phase-shift (TPS) control and the existing hybrid modulation control. The principles of different operating modes are analyzed. Then, the implementation of the proposed MS-PSC method and the mode selection strategy are presented. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed MS-PSC method is validated in a WPT prototype. Experimental results show that the proposed MS-PSC method can achieve a high overall efficiency in a wide power range. Compared with the conventional TPS control, the MS-PSC method further optimizes the efficiency in 10%-63% of the rated power, with efficiency improvements ranging from 1.5% to 6%. As a result, the system efficiency remains at 93.5%-96.1% in the power range of 1-10 kW, with the transformer coupling coefficient k = 0.19.

Introduction: The Krebs cycle is an important set of reactions that synthesize different molecules and substances that affect various organs. The objective of this paper was to compare the effects of Krebs cycle intermediates on the endocrine system and the immune system. Methods and Materials: The articles used in this paper were obtained from a systematic search of PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and primary databases. The search terms were “Krebs cycle,” “intermediates,” “endocrine system,” “tricarboxylic acid,” “citric acid cycle,” and “immune system,” and Boolean operators (AND/OR) were used to combine terms. Results: A review of the selected studies showed that Krebs cycle intermediates influence how the endocrine system regulates and controls body processes, including energy uptake. Moreover, these intermediates have both direct and indirect effects on immune function, memory, and activation. Discussion: An understanding of the effects of Krebs cycle intermediates on endocrine and immune processes will provide valuable insights for the development of new therapies. Additionally, this knowledge is a basis for exploring the pathogenesis of the complications related to endocrine system function and for evaluating the immune system response to pathogens. Conclusions: The evidence gathered in this review shows that Krebs cycle intermediates have significant effects on immune and endocrine processes. However, further human and in vivo studies are required to generate additional evidence for the underlying pathways and to identify the potential strategies for targeting these mechanisms to manage specific disorders.

An increasingly important form of electronic currency is the ‘stablecoin’. Unlike other high-profile ‘cryptocurrencies’, such as Bitcoin, stablecoins claim to be matched by a corresponding amount of secure assets in a national currency to which the stablecoin can be converted at par. These crypto-assets, however, create significant legal and economic problems. Notably, issues about trust in both issuers and backing assets, the risk of runs, and particular challenges associated with public and private law regimes resist the adoption of stablecoin both in Europe and beyond. This article draws from previous experiences to analyse these issues and propose solutions. Taking a multi-disciplinary approach, the article argues that the legal and economic issues surrounding today’s stablecoins could be addressed using the lessons from prior centuries.

Water scarcity and security drive attention to water reuse in policy and business. However, water reuse may generate new water loops and challenge water governance with new and different types of water, risks, involved actors, and responsibilities. These challenges demand robust institutional arrangements related to water governance. This article assesses the institutional arrangements associated with four case studies in Spain, Italy, Croatia, and Israel. The findings reveal that the more diverse the water uses and users, the more challenges and risks, particularly those associated with institutional arrangements such as quality standards, sanctions, and conflict prevention, are likely to emerge. The weaknesses of governance models and regulations to deal with changes, uncertainties, and public resistance call for special attention to the design of the institutional arrangements before the adoption. Independent of the type of technology adopted, governance may be improved by ensuring internal and external water monitoring; integrating water management with spatial concerns; improving training, expert engagement, and civil society awareness; and reducing water reuse costs. In addition, alternative models that guarantee the efficiency of governance in attaining objectives and assuring the participation of new water users in the management of water reuse loops may also improve governance.

The problem of voltage restoration and current balancing has been a hot topic in the study of DC microgrids (MGs), and how to engineer a secondary controller to solve the conflict between these two is the concern of this paper. With the above consideration, an optimal distributed data-driven secondary control strategy is proposed in this paper, which relies entirely on the input and output (current measurements) data of DC MGs. The proposed framework completes the design of a secondary control strategy for DC MGs based on a data model for the first time, which incorporates the physical coupling relationship between voltage and current into the controller design and is independent of the global circuit parameters and topology information. As a result of the proposed cost function with future current prediction, the designed secondary control strategy not only retains the advantages of consensus control, such as facilitating the plug-and-play of generation units, but also enables DC MGs to achieve better output current quality at steady state, fast dynamic response and improves robustness to external disturbances. Unlike the existing schemes based on average voltage observer, this paper resorts to a combination of limiting the voltage reference value generated by the secondary controller and a current cooperative strategy based on the learned data model to achieve an easy-to-use trade-off between the two objectives of voltage regulation and current sharing in DC MGs. From the design and implementation point of view, the solution proposed in this paper is going to be simpler. Then, an analytical model of a closed-loop DC MG system under the proposed control scheme is developed, and the analysis of stability and consensus of weighted output current is given accordingly. Finally, the proposed control strategy is tested on a hardware DC MG system with solar panels and an MPPT controller to verify its feasibility.

Objectives: Commercial gambling markets have undergone unprecedented expansion and diversification in territories across Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This gambling boom has popularised the uptake of gambling products in existing circuits of popular culture, sport and leisure and raised concerns about the extent to which state legislation is equipped to regulate the differentiated impacts of gambling on public health.Study design: Comparative policy analysis. Methods: This article provides a systematic mapping of the regulatory environment pertaining to gambling across SSA. The review was conducted by obtaining and triangulating data from a desk review of online materials, consultation with regulatory bodies in each territory and the VIXIO Gambling Compliance database.Results: Gambling is legally regulated in 41 of 49 (83.6%) SSA countries, prohibited in 7 (14.3%) and is not legislated for in 1 (2.0%). Of those countries that regulate gambling, 25 (61.0%) countries had dedicated regulators and 16 (39.0%) countries regulated via a government department. Only 2 of 41 (4.9%) countries have published annual reports continuously since the formation of regulatory bodies, and 3 (7.3%) countries have published an incomplete series of reports since the formation. In 36 (87.8%) countries, no reports were published. Enforcement activities were documented by all five regulators that published reports.Conclusion: The review uncovered a lack of coherence in regulatory measures and the need for more transparent public reporting across SSA territories. There are also variations in regulating online products and marketing, with most countries lacking apt guidelines for the digital age. Our findings suggest an urgent need to address the regulatory void surrounding online forms of gambling and the promotion of gambling products. This underlines the importance of a public health approach to protect against an increase in gambling-related harms.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

In this paper, a converter-based multi-bus DC microgrid (MG) in series is studied, in which the trade-off between voltage recovery and current equalization has been a hot topic of interest. To solve this problem, a distributed learning-based high-order fully actuated (DL-HOFA) secondary control is proposed in this paper, and the simple structure of this control technique facilitates its application in various modern DC MGs with different configurations. Before designing the secondary control protocol, this paper provides a comprehensive description of DC MGs in advance. In the suggested control strategy, the controller design is tightly related to the underlying physical characteristics of the MG, and this prominent feature represents a significant improvement in its adaptability. In addition, the DL-HOFA control obtains fast dynamic and accurate current sharing performance by virtue of the high-order fully actuated DC MG model. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is verified on a real photovoltaic- and battery-based hardware system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller.

For decades, scholars of the sociology of development have investigated how “underdeveloped” countries might be able to “catch up” to what have traditionally been considered the advanced economies. The developmental state literature is one well-established interdisciplinary subfield that emerged to explain development outcomes in newly industrialized countries (NICs) during the second half of the 20th century—a period when development was largely synonymous with industrialization. In the contemporary global economy, attempts to achieve sustainable economic growth have generally shifted from manufacturing towards economic activity centered on knowledge-intensive fields. If, previously, the definition of development focused on the promotion of industrialization, what does development entail today? What are the new strategies that latecomer states and firms can adopt in this ever-evolving context? Today, the accrual and dissemination of intellectual property and the globe-spanning activities of frontier technology firms make the role of the regulatory environment ever more critical for answering these questions. Using a knowledge-intensive sector, pharmaceuticals, in a country often advanced as a paradigmatic successful late developer, South Korea, as a primary case study, the dissertation explores how the regulatory landscape is now a key domain of government action for a developmental state. The dissertation also explores the Argentine agri-biotech industry to provide a point of comparison. While regulation is by definition an application of state authority, how well a country navigates what I term an interconnected global regulatory chain—a worldwide chain of regulation that impacts many different stages of production processes—is what fundamentally determines its developmental trajectory in the knowledge economy era. Not all states are equally well-positioned to overcome the range of regulatory hurdles this process presents, however, and the difficulties are more pronounced for latecomer states lacking large domestic markets –the case of most late developers, which generally do not have a domestic economy capable of absorbing the bulk of their local production. This leaves them heavily reliant on export, and, therefore, on the global regulatory landscape. That does not mean that countries with little power to contest global standards remain mere passive regulatory-takers; rather, they regularly reorient domestic regulatory frameworks to cope with changing circumstances. By combining the global value chain (GVC) perspective with insights from scholarship on regulation and governance, this dissertation demonstrates that the contemporary developmental state strategically employs available regulatory means, depending on the links or segments in the relevant global value chain the state has the practical ability to affect, with the goal of supporting domestic firms in their efforts to participate in global market. The global regulatory chain perspective, in this sense, provides a new way to conceptualize both the possibilities and challenges that await latecomer states in the global knowledge economy.

This dissertation adopts a socio-legal approach to explore the interaction between regulation and contracts in the independent television production industry. “Regulation” is defined as a system of *ex ante* and *ex post* rules intended to govern behaviour, which involves monitoring compliance and sanctioning, and has a stable source. “Contract” is defined as a mode of coordinating exchange that operates within the framework of rules set by regulation, while itself operating as a source of rules. The dissertation studies the way in which contracts and regulation interact and evolve over time in such a way as to shape industry structure. This issue is first examined at a theoretical level. Two sets of theories are reviewed: new institutional economics, with particular reference to transaction cost economics and norms theory; and autopoietic social systems theory. Despite their different methodological foundations, these theories are shown to be reconcilable and to provide a common set of research questions concerning the interaction of contracts and regulation. The research questions are then explored at an empirical level through the use of a cross-national case study. The study analyses the role of compulsory independent production quotas, licensing models of terms of trade, and social norms in creating competitive markets for television production in the United Kingdom and Portugal. Case study evidence indicates that there has not been a straightforward move from in-house television production to a competitive market in either country. The elements of regulation intended to introduce competition in television production have so far accommodated norms that sustain contractual relationships and which have emerged to safeguard quality in television programming. But as independent production firms increase their commercial orientation, television programming is reconfigured as a commodity, with significant consequences for the concept and practice of public service broadcasting. Changes in terms of trade and legal rules are having an effect on the boundaries of firms and markets, but the norms that sustain contracts in television production are also influencing the way in which legal rules and terms of trade are being redesigned and interpreted. The dissertation demonstrates the role played by both regulation and contract in redrawing organisational boundaries, reconstituting inter-firm relationships and engendering new financial flows, in ways which are fundamentally changing the nature and structure of the television production industry.

Universities have increasingly been subjected to policy- and industry demands to produce multi- and interdisciplinary knowledge. This paper explores the extent to which different higher education policy instruments are used to promote interdisciplinarity in teaching and research at universities in the German higher education system comparing them across different federal states. Based on a manifest content analysis of higher education laws and performance agreements with universities in the 16 German states, we were able to distinguish between three types of states: Those a) with a general use of policy instruments aimed at all universities in a state, whereas considerable differences could be observed with regard to the degree of coercion (enabling versus prescriptive provisions) and scope (teaching or research), b) a directed use of policy instrument, targeting specific universities, and c) a hybrid use of policy instruments using both general and directed elements. This paper provides a novel mapping of the promotion of interdisciplinarity in German higher education policies through a variety of policy instruments and hereby contributes to the extant literature on interdisciplinarity in higher education., Tertiary education and management;28(4)

Key Points:We conceptualise innovation as new interactions being created by the digital platform, in contrast to coordination which facilitates existing interactions or market transactions.We apply this framework to the DMA to assess two of the most contentious practices: self-preferencing and data-sharing.We show that these practices differ hugely in the extent to which they replace existing interactions (little to negative innovation effect), sustain existing interactions (moderate, positive innovation effect), or trigger new interactions (large, positive innovation spillovers).We thus derive that the business model agnostic approach to digital platforms taken in the DMA risks treating practices that increase the value created by an interaction equally to those that simply shift the distribution of value.

Novel genetically modified biological control products (referred to as “GM biocontrol products”) are being considered to address a range of complex problems in public health, conservation, and agriculture, including preventing the transmission of vector-borne parasitic and viral diseases as well as the spread of invasive plant and animal species. These interventions involve release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment, sometimes with intentional dissemination of the modification within the local population of the targeted species, which presents new challenges and opportunities for regulatory review and decision-making. Practices developed for GMOs, primarily applied to date for GM crops may need to be adapted to accommodate different types of organisms, such as insects, and different technologies, such as gene drive. Developers of new GM biocontrol products would benefit from an early understanding of safety data and information that are likely to be required within the regulatory dossier for regulatory evaluation and decision making. Here a generalizable tool drawing from existing GM crop dossier requirements, forms, and relevant experience is proposed to assist researchers and developers organize and plan their research and trialing. This tool requires considering specifics of each investigational product, their intended use, and country specific requirements at various phases of potential product development, from laboratory research through contained field testing and experimental release into the environment. This may also be helpful to risk assessors and regulators in supporting their systematic and rigorous evaluation of new biocontrol products.

Since May 2015 several U.S. Bank Holding Companies (BHCs) have been newly classified as small banks by regulators, thus benefiting from a friendlier regulatory capital environment. Using a difference-in-differences setting, we show that less regulation on small BHCs boosts small business lending of the affiliated commercial banks. We employ various tests to demonstrate that these findings are attributable to a capital channel where increases in lending are driven by the preferential capital treatment granted to the small BHC. The regulatory capital relief also has some positive effects for the local economy. Overall, the effects of the regulatory capital relief for small BHCs are consistent with its desired policy objectives. This paper was accepted by Tomasz Piskorski, finance.

The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The purpose of this article is to present the impact of capital gains tax on the returns of the two most popular cryptocurrencies: BITCOIN and Ethereum Classic (ETC).Methodology: In this study, the rates of return on selected cryptocurrencies were proposed as a variable that may be affected by taxes on capital gains. The article presents a new approach to the analysis of issues related to cryptocurrencies.Results of the research: The results show that for selected countries (Hungary, Italy, Poland, the USA) there is a correlation between the tax rate on capital gains and the return on ETC. In the case of BITCON, however, there is no such a relationship. Cel artykułu/hipoteza: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wpływu podatku od zysków kapitałowych na zwroty dwóch najpopularniejszych kryptowalut: BITCOIN i Ethereum Classic (ETC).Metodyka: W niniejszym opracowaniu stopy zwrotu z wybranych kryptowalut zostały za-proponowane jako zmienna, na którą mogą wpływać podatki od zysków kapitałowych. Artykuł przedstawia nowe podejście do analizy zagadnień związanych z kryptowalutami.Wyniki/Rezultaty badania: Wyniki pokazują, że dla wybranych krajów (Węgry, Włochy, Polska, USA) istnieje korelacja między stawką podatku od zysków kapitałowych a zwro-tem z ETC. W przypadku BITCON-u jednak takiej relacji nie ma.

This study investigates housing conditions of single mothers in the context of housing policies. We study single mothers' probability to experience housing deprivation, overcrowded housing, overburdening costs of housing, and neighbourhood problems across European countries. We consider the structural consequences of home ownership rates, and policies related to regulation of rental markets, housing benefits and housing prices. We apply a multi-level framework to EU-SILC data on 21,937 single mothers, from 195 country-years and covering 21 European countries from 2008 to 2017. First, we find a trade-off in the provision of free housing or housing at reduced rents, that helps to reduce housing cost overburden for single mothers, but is also associated with higher rates of housing deprivation, overcrowding and neighbourhood problems. Next, in contexts with stricter rental market regulation, single mothers' housing deprivation is lower. Higher housing benefits reduce the risk of housing deprivation as well as overcrowding, but in contexts where home ownership is common, single mothers tend to experience more overcrowding. Single mothers are more likely to report neighbourhood problems in societies where housing prices are high. Our findings suggest that factors within the control of policy makers can be beneficial to the housing conditions of single mothers.

Phthalates are a group of phthalic acid esters used as plasticisers in a large number of products to improve their flexibility, softness, and extensibility. Their wide use in medical devices, however, raises a lot of concern, as they can enter the organism and have toxic effects on human liver, thyroid, kidneys, lungs, reproductive, endocrine, nervous, and respiratory system and are associated with asthma, obesity, autism, and diabetes. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge about phthalate migration from medical devices during different medical procedures and possible impact on patient health. It also looks at alternative plasticisers with supposedly lower migration rates and safer profile. Not enough is known about which and how many phthalates make part of medical devices or about the health impacts of alternative plasticisers or their migration rates., Ftalati su esteri ftalne kiseline, koji se koriste kao plastifikatori u velikom broju proizvoda kako bi poboljšali njihovu fleksibilnost, mekoću i rastezljivost. Uvelike se primjenjuju u proizvodnji medicinskih proizvoda, što stvara zabrinutost zbog migracije ftalata s proizvoda I njihova utjecaja na ljudsko zdravlje. Pregled objavljenih znanstvenih radova upućuje na povezanost ftalata s poremećajem reproduktivnog i endokrinog sustava, astmom, pretilošću, poremećajima u neurološkom razvoju, negativnim učincima na dišni sustav i toksičnim učincima na nekoliko organa, uključujući jetru, štitnjaču, bubrege i pluća. Cilj je ovoga preglednog rada sažeti dostupne zaključke članaka o migraciji ftalata s medicinskih proizvoda tijekom različitih medicinskih postupaka te o mogućem utjecaju na ljudsko zdravlje. U istraživanje su uključeni i članci o alternativnim plastifikatorima s nižom stopom migracije i sigurnijim profilom kako bi se utvrdio mogući sigurniji pristup medicinskim postupcima. Zaključci upućuju na otpuštanje ftalata u velikom broju različitih kritičnih, čak i kroničnih medicinskih postupaka, što može ozbiljno utjecati na zdravlje pacijenata. Za sada nema dovoljno podataka o udjelu pojedinih ftalata u proizvodnji medicinskih proizvoda ni o migracijskoj stopi i utjecaju na zdravlje alternativnih plastifikatora.

A range of technologies now exist to facilitate sexual desire, pleasure and intimacy. Colloquially known as tech-sex, the growth in the use of such technologies has created a range of new opportunities for sexual expression and connection. Alongside these benefits are harms arising out of their non-consensual use. Drawing on a case study examining management of image-based sexual abuse as part of Australia’s recently reformed online safety laws, we argue for a regulatory approach that is both facilitative in showing due respect for adult sexual agency and protective in mitigating harm caused to affected individuals. Operating along a facilitative-protective regulatory axis, such an approach offers the potential to be suitably responsive to both the opportunities and challenges faced by adult individuals who engage with such technologies.

Diabetes is a widespread disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia so that diabetic individuals usually require the administration of exogenous insulin for survival. As a consequence, in the context of the so-called artificial pancreas, many glucose control methods have been presented in the last few years. In this work, we focus on type-2 diabetes and propose a novel model-based glucose control technique based on the use of symbolic models, which are finite approximations of complex dynamical systems. This framework allows taking into account nonlinearities and delays in the dynamics, uncertainties, and input bounds, as well as nonidealities coming from the interaction between physical plant and digital environment. The methodology is extensively validated over a virtual patient model, broadly accepted as a substitute to animal trials in the preclinical testing of closed-loop glucose control strategies. The results show the effectiveness and the robustness of the approach.

To meet the goal of sustainability and transition to a green economy, renewable energy sources have to be used. Although many countries have declared their transition to a smart, green and sustainable economy, there is still modest evidence of achieving climate change goals, Sustainable Development Goals and other related societal and environmental goals. This paper aims to give an overview of the current global and regional trends, and the strategic frameworks on the use of wind energy with the purpose of clarifying its potential, especially offshore wind energy, using the example of the United Kingdom as one of the global leaders in this area. For several decades, the United Kingdom has implemented various regulations and mechanisms to improve climate action and the transition to a green economy. It offers specific Contract for Difference schemes to offshore wind producers, under which they are entitled to a specially defined purchase price of electricity produced for a period of 15 years. Thus, the United Kingdom is one of the global leaders in offshore wind energy generation. Initiatives, strategic frameworks and regulations in the United Kingdom can serve as guidelines for other countries in developing their own strategic framework.

Dam failures that cause significant adverse downstream impacts continue to occur globally. Hence, effective, adequately resourced dam safety regulation is critical for the safety of dams and downstream communities. This paper explores options for regulatory funding and resourcing according to a selected set of relevant key factors along a continuum of dam safety assurance. An international comparative analysis of 15 jurisdictional case studies against the key factors identifies trends representing indicative precedents. A procedure is developed to help identify increasingly relevant precedents for guiding target jurisdictions on potentially suitable options. Illustrative application to a real case in Australia is provided. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

RESUMO A estratégia de lobbying, caracterizada pelo complexo processo de defesa de interesses diante do poder público, compõe o exercício da Atividade Política Corporativa (APC). Observa-se no Brasil, desde 1984, tentativas malsucedidas de regulamentação do lobby. Com isso, o ambiente em que se dão as relações se torna menos transparente e sensível nas esferas ética, política e empresarial. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é compreender, à luz da perspectiva teóricometodológica da Análise Crítica do Discurso, como os discursos contidos nas propostas vigentes de regulamentação do lobby participam, de forma dialética, das mudanças sociais almejadas pelos seus propositores. Como principais resultados da discussão, ressaltamos que não regulamentar o lobby é um problema, pois mantém-se o status quo. E regulamentar, da forma proposta, trará novos problemas, na medida em que se mantém o status quo de dominação da elite político-empresarial, em detrimento da sociedade; contudo, sob nova roupagem, da falta de transparência na relação público-privado mascarada como regulamentação. The lobbying strategy, characterized by the complex process of defending interests before the public authorities, is part of the exercise of Corporate Political Activity (CPA). Since 1984, unsuccessful attempts at lobby regulation have been observed in Brazil. With this, the environment in which relationships take place becomes less transparent and sensitive in the ethical, political and business spheres. Thus, the objective of this paper is to understand, in the light of the theoretical-methodological perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis, how the discourses contained in the current proposals for lobby regulation participate, in a dialectical way, in the social changes desired by their proponents. As the main results of the discussion, we highlight that not regulating lobbying is a problem, since the status quo is maintained. And regulating, as proposed, will bring new problems, as the status quo of domination by the political-business elite remains, to the detriment of society, however, under a new guise, the lack of transparency in the public-private relationship masquerading as regulation. La estrategia de lobby, caracterizada por el complejo proceso de defensa de los intereses ante los poderes públicos, forma parte del ejercicio de la Actividad Política Corporativa (APC). En Brasil, desde 1984, se han observado intentos infructuosos de regular el lobby. Con ello, el entorno en el que se desarrollan las relaciones se vuelve menos transparente y sensible en los ámbitos ético, político y empresarial. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es comprender, a la luz de la perspectiva teórico-metodológica del Análisis Crítico del Discurso, cómo los discursos contenidos en las actuales propuestas de regulación del lobby participan, de forma dialéctica, en los cambios sociales deseados por sus impulsores. Como principales resultados de la discusión, creemos que no regular los grupos de interés es un problema, pero que se mantiene el statu quo. Y la regulación, tal como se propone, traerá nuevos problemas, ya que se mantiene el statu quo de la dominación de la élite político-empresarial, en detrimento de la sociedad, sin embargo, bajo un nuevo disfraz, la falta de transparencia en la relación público-privada disfrazada como regulación.

Este trabajo analiza y compara el marco regulador aplicable a las plataformas de financiación colectiva existentes en la Unión Europea, España y Latinoamérica, con enfoque en los países de México, Brasil, Argentina, Colombia y Perú. Se concluye la existencia de una gran heterogeneidad en el grado de desarrollo del marco normativo y en el propio contenido de las normas entre la Unión Europea y Latinoamérica, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de una armonización de los marcos regulatorios internacionales en aras de favorecer la expansión de este tipo de industria y la seguridad de los inversores internacionales This paper analyzes and compares the regulatory framework applicable to existing crowdfunding platforms in the European Union, Spain and Latin America, with a focus on the countries of Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Peru. The existence of a great heterogeneity in the degree of development of the regulatory framework and in the content of the regulations between the European Union and Latin America is concluded, which highlights the need for a harmonization of international regulatory frameworks in order to favor the expansion of this type of industry and the security of international investors. Este artigo analisa e compara o quadro regulamentar aplicável às plataformas de crowdfunding existentes na União Europeia, Espanha e América Latina, com foco nos países do México, Brasil, Argentina, Colômbia e Peru. Conclui-se a existência de uma grande heterogeneidade no grau de desenvolvimento do quadro regulamentar e no conteúdo dos regulamentos entre a União Europeia e a América Latina, o que evidencia a necessidade de uma harmonização dos quadros regulamentares internacionais para favorecer a expansão deste tipo de indústria e a segurança dos investidores internacionais.

The article deals with the issues related to the peculiarities of regulation in business risk management, based on the concept of sustainable development for the building enterprise. According to the research results, the principles of increasing the efficiency of implementation of the investment project of the building enterprise, taking into account the risks in the conditions of sustainable development, are proposed. At the same time, the analysis of indicators that characterize the evaluation of the efficiency and the quality of investments in the system of investment projects, taking into account risks, is especially relevant for building enterprises. An optimization task was formulated to ensure the sustainability of the project portfolio for the building enterprise, taking into account the four project systems, which are components of the portfolio and are focused on: adaptation of technological process; integration of communication networks as design objects; unification of regulatory and technical support documentation (regulations and standards); modernization of the system of sustainable development values., У статті розкрито питання, що стосуються особливостей регулювання в управлінні підприємницькими ризиками на засадах положень концепції сталого розвитку для будівельного підприємства. За результатами проведеного дослідження запропоновано принципи підвищення ефективності реалізації інвестиційного проекту будівельного підприємства з урахуванням ризиків в умовах сталого розвитку. При цьому особливо актуальним для будівельних підприємств є аналіз показників, які характеризують оцінювання ефективності та якості інвестицій в системі інвестиційних проектів з урахуванням ризиків. Сформульовано оптимізаційну задачу щодо забезпечення стійкості портфеля проектів для будівельного підприємства з урахуванням 4-х систем проектів, які є складовими портфеля і орієнтовані на: адаптацію технологічного процесу; інтеграцію мереж зв’язків як об’єктів проектування; уніфікацію документації нормативно-технічного забезпечення (регламентів та стандартів); модернізацію системи цінностей сталого розвитку.

While previously a nascent theoretical construct, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) have grown rapidly in recent years. DAOs typically emerge around the management of decentralized financial applications (DeFi) and thus benefit from the rapid growth of innovation in this sector. In response, global regulators increasingly voice the intent to regulate these activities. This may impose an excessive compliance burden on DAOs, unless they are deemed sufficiently decentralized to be regulated. Yet, decentralization is an abstract concept with scarce legal precedence. We investigate dimensions of decentralization through thematic analysis, combining extant literature with a series of expert interviews. We propose a definition of “sufficient decentralization” and present a general framework for the assessment of decentralization. We derive five dimensions for the assessment of decentralization in DAOs: Token-weighted voting, Infrastructure, Governance, Escalation and Reputation (TIGER). We present a discretionary sample application of the framework and five propositions on the future regulation and supervision of DAOs. We contribute new practical insights on the topic of compliance and decentralized organizations to the growing discourse on the application of blockchain technology in information systems (IS) and management disciplines.

Higher regulatory compliance requirements, fast and continuous changes in regulations and high digital dynamics in the financial markets are powering RegTech (regulatory technology), defined as technology‐enabled innovation applied to the world of regulation, compliance, risk management, reporting and supervision. This work builds on a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis of the literature on RegTech, its influential papers and authors, its main areas of research, its past and its future. The resulting multi-dimensional framework bridges across four main dimensions, starting with regulation and technology, where one or more regulations, not necessarily financial ones, are addressed with the support of technologies (e.g. artificial intelligence, DLT, blockchain, smart contracts, API). Data play a central role, as sharing them enables data ecosystems, where additional value can be attained by each market participant, while data automation and machine-readable regulations empower regulators to pull data directly from the banks’ systems and combine these data with data obtained directly from customers or other external sources. Several applications emerge, both for regulated entities, covering matters of compliance, monitoring, risk management, reporting and operations, as well as for authorities, which can leverage on RegTech (SupTech) solutions to make policies, to undertake their authorising, supervising and enforcement operations, for monitoring and controlling purposes, and even to issue fines automatically. As a consequence, stakeholders can reap a series of benefits, such as higher efficiency and effectiveness, accuracy, transparency and lower compliance costs but also risks, such as cyber risk, algorithmic biases, and dehumanization.

The current mode of ocean governance in the biogeographically defined space of the Coral Triangle emerged due to the framing of marine degradation as a de-bounded risk with a transboundary nature. This framing justified the rescaling of the issue’s governance from the national to the regional. This article will explore how ocean governance in the form of the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI-CFF) is an example of a regional multi-level regulatory governance arrangement based on disaggregated, regulatory forms of statehood. These new kinds of regional regulatory governance are defined by the dominance of policy and technical expertise. As such, non-state actors work closely with national and supranational actors in the development, implementation, and regulatory functions of the CTI-CFF. The organizational structure of the CTI-CFF’s governance framework provides an example of how regional regulatory systems are networked into existing national government structures. The CTI-CFF’s Regional Plan of Action and corresponding mechanisms serve as a model for each member country’s National Plan of Action and domestic programs. These plans of action promote the transformation and rescaling of national governance to be consistent with regional standards of marine resource governance. To summarize, CTI-CFF is a multi-level governance structure constructed to strengthen regulatory regionalism.

Inverter based islanded MicroGrids (MGs) are very fascinating but challenging ways to integrate Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in electric networks. Active and reactive power regulation is a major issue due to the necessity of optimally exploiting the sources characteristics and controlling voltage and frequency. Focusing the attention on the reactive power control, the main needs are to regulate voltage at suitable values and ensure a proper reactive power sharing among the energy sources. The conventional control for reactive power presents relevant drawbacks and so an Advanced Droop Control strategy (ADC) is presented to approach primary voltage control and reactive power sharing among Grid-Supporting inverters in islanded MGs. The ADC strategy is presented defining its control law and the control scheme with a stability analysis. Then, an analytical procedure is developed to set the controller parameters. Following, a comparison between the ADC and droop control is performed with dedicated simulations on a common benchmark Microgrid in order to highlight the advantages of the proposed control strategy. Finally, a comparison with other advanced control techniques is proposed in order to show that ADC is able to guarantee improved performance in terms of the combined regulation of voltage and reactive power.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the views of the medical directors of fertility clinics on IVF add-ons?DESIGN: A total of 93 UK clinics were emailed with an invitation for their medical director to participate. Ten IVF clinic medical directors were interviewed to discuss their views on the use of IVF add-ons. Some of the interviewees were medical directors of an IVF clinic with multiple branches across the UK, meaning the total number of clinics accounted for in this study was 35 out of the 93 contacted. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.RESULTS: The participants consisted of seven males and three females, with six from solely private clinics and four with NHS and private patients. Four themes were identified: clinical decision-making and the patient-doctor relationship; regulations and the add-on traffic light system; research and evidence; and commercialization and financialization of the IVF sector.CONCLUSIONS: UK IVF medical directors had a wide variety of views and experienced different pressures to offer IVF add-ons. The add-on discussion touches on core aspects of professional identity and the meaning of medical practice. The add-on debate points to broader changes in the organization of the IVF sector, which affect key aspects of practising (reproductive) medicine, including the patient-doctor relationship and responsibility for clinical decision-making, and the relationship between regulator and IVF clinic and between scientific evidence and clinical practice.

Following the urgency of climate change issues, investments in renewable energy sources and electrification of the transportation sector have enormously increased to facilitate the transition to a more sustainable future. However, as renewable resources like wind parks are replacing conventional power plants, new balancing solutions are required to strengthen grid stability. As responsive loads with quick dynamics, electrolysers operating in HRSs can present flexible balancing services to the power grid. To gain this benefit, this work examines the techno-economic features of providing different frequency grid services by an HRS, considering the possibility of hydrogen injection into the industrial and natural gas pipelines. The ratings of the subcomponents and dispatch plans are optimised to enhance the performance of the plant. A probabilistic mixed-integer linear programming problem is solved over one year with a time resolution of one hour and using real-world historical data based on the European electricity market. The simulation results indicate that the economic profits can be increased significantly as a result of participating in the ancillary service markets and meeting its operation specifications while the stable performance of the HRS is guaranteed.

In this article, we investigate the problem of practical output regulation, i.e., to design a controller that brings the system output in the vicinity of a desired target value while keeping the other variables bounded. We consider uncertain systems that are possibly nonlinear and the uncertainty of their linear parts is modeled element wise through a parametric family of matrix boxes. An optimization-based design procedure is proposed that delivers a continuous-time control and estimates the maximal regulation error. We also analyze an event-triggered emulation of this controller, which can be implemented on a digital platform, along with an explicit estimate of the regulation error.

Regulatory relevance of the EU Research Cluster to understand the health impacts of micro and nano plastics (CUSP) Micro- and nanoplastics: substances of public health concern? The presence of micro andnanoplastics (MNPs) is part of oureveryday life and they find theirway into our bodies through theair we breathe, the water we drinkand the food we eat. It is not knownhow MNPs might be affectinghuman health. Policymakers and regulatory authorities around the world are increasingly implementing regulatory measures to address this concern. For instance, policymakers in the EU have adopted the Single-usePlastics Directive to reduce the environmental impact of certain forms of plastics used once or for a very limited period of time, such as straws, cutlery, plates, cotton swabs and balloon sticks1. Early in 2021, the European Commission funded five large-scale research projects under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (see figure 1) and united them under the European Research Cluster to Understand the Health Impacts of Micro-and Nanoplastics (CUSP) (see https://cusp-research.eu). In total, CUSP unites a multidisciplinaryteam of scientists, industries, and policymakers from 75 organisations across 21 countries. The five projects collaborate in understanding exposure routes; in assessment of hazard and risk; in developing new analytical tools, in data-sharing, in inter-laboratory comparisons, and in communicating and disseminating research results.By establishing six CUSP working groups, our synergies seek to amplify the efforts of individual projects. The close collaboration with the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) and a constant dialogue between scientists, stakeholders and policymakers will enhance the policy relevance and impact of the research.

Bulletin de veille portant sur la régulation de la collaboration en contexte hybride (présentiel-distanciel).

Fiche outil sur "Radar et Reflector", un outil pour favoriser la régulation du travail de groupe dans un environnement hybride de formation.

Постановка проблеми. Електронні гроші набули значної популярності в останні роки, оскільки пропонують низку переваг перед традиційними методами оплати. Однією з головних переваг є зручність. Електронні гроші дозволяють здійснювати прості та швидкі транзакції, часто з низькою комісією або без неї, що особливо привабливо для міжнародних транзакцій. Крім того, електронні гроші часто є більш безпечними, ніж традиційні методи оплати, оскільки вони захищені шифруванням та іншими заходами безпеки. Метою статті є визначення теоретичних засад і практичного застосування електронних грошей в контексті останніх законодавчих ініціатив поряд із виявом спірних питань в їх регулюванні. Методологічна основа дослідження включає в себе сукупність філософських, загальнонаукових і спеціальних правових методів наукового пізнання. Загальний філософський (універсальний) метод пізнання застосовувався на всіх етапах пізнавального процесу, зокрема для формування комплексу висновків щодо функціоналу Закону №1591‑IX. Аристотелівський метод був корисний при аналізі змісту нововведень Закону № 2888-IX, через роз'яснення проблем їх практичного застосування, у тому разі і з точки зору законодавчої техніки. Діалектичний метод використовувався для аналізу доктринальних підходів до визначення терміну "електроні гроші". За допомогою метод порівняння виявлено тотожність та відмінність електронних гаманці з поточними банківськими рахунками. Результати. Обґрунтовані теоретичні засади функціонування електронних грошей; досліджені останні законодавчі ініціативи з регулювання електронних грошей; виявлені спірні питання у нововведеннях у регулюванні електронних грошей; визначено практичне застосування останніх законодавчих ініціатив. Висновки. Визначено, що Закон України "Про платіжні послуги" від 30.06.2021 року №1591‑IX, визначає загальні засади випуску та використання в Україні електронних грошей та цифрових грошей Національного банку України. Електронні гроші в України є самостійною формою одиниці вартості і є відмінними від поняття: фіатних грошей, цифрових грошей Національного банку України (е-гривня або CBDC) та віртуальних активів (криптовалюта). Показано, що одним з технічних завдань Закону 2888-IX є узгодження термінології, яку використовують в Податковому кодексі України, з термінологією Закону України "Про платіжні послуги". Крім того, документ уточнює деякі положення Податкового кодексу України з метою їх відповідності положенням Закону України "Про платіжні послуги". Встановлено, що прийняття Закону 2888-IX є важливим кроком для розвитку GovTech в Україні. Цей закон вносить новації для CashLess-розрахунків, зокрема, повну легалізацію е-грошей та можливість їх використання для оплати податків та комунальних послуг, а також комфортне використання та звітування по коштам з корпоративних карт. Прийняття Закону України 2888-IX, приділено значну увагу протидії шахрайству та регульовані питання клієнтської згоди у "відкритому банкінгу", що забезпечує найкращий рівень захисту даних споживачів фінансових послуг. Закон 2888-IX створив новий правовий інструментарій для стягнення, накладення арештів та примусового списання коштів з платіжних рахунків по аналогії з банківськими рахунками. Problem statement. Electronic money has gained considerable popularity in recent years, as it offers a number of advantages over traditional payment methods. One of the main advantages is convenience. Electronic money allows for simple and fast transactions, often with low or no fees, which is especially attractive for international transactions. In addition, e-money is often more secure than traditional payment methods because it is protected by encryption and other security measures. The purpose of the study is to define the theoretical foundations and practical application of electronic money in the context of recent legislative initiatives, and to identify controversial issues in their regulation. Methodological. The methodological basis of the study includes a combination of philosophical, general scientific and special legal methods of scientific cognition. The general philosophical (universal) method of cognition was used at all stages of the cognitive process, in particular, to form a set of conclusions regarding the functionality of Law No. 1591-IX. The Aristotelian method was useful in analyzing the content of the innovations of Law No. 2888-IX, through explaining the problems of their practical application, including in terms of legislative technique. The dialectical method was used to analyze the doctrinal approaches to the definition of the term "electronic money". The comparison method was used to identify the similarities and differences between electronic wallets and current bank accounts. Results. The article substantiates the theoretical foundations of electronic money functioning; examines the latest legislative initiatives to regulate electronic money; identifies controversial issues in innovations in the regulation of electronic money; and determines the practical application of the latest legislative initiatives. Conclusions. It is determined that the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services" dated 30.06.2021 No. 1591-IX defines the general principles of issuing and using electronic money and digital money of the National Bank of Ukraine in Ukraine. Electronic money in Ukraine is an independent form of a unit of value and is distinct from the concepts of fiat money, digital money of the National Bank of Ukraine (e-hryvnia or CBDC) and virtual assets (cryptocurrency). It is shown that one of the technical tasks of Law 2888-IX is to harmonize the terminology used in the Tax Code of Ukraine with the terminology of the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services". In addition, the document clarifies certain provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine in order to comply with the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services". It is established that the adoption of Law 2888-IX is an important step for the development of GovTech in Ukraine. This law introduces innovations for CashLess payments, in particular, the full legalization of e-money and the possibility of using it to pay taxes and utilities, as well as the convenient use and reporting of funds from corporate cards. The adoption of the Law of Ukraine 2888-IX, which pays significant attention to combating fraud and regulates the issues of client consent in "open banking", ensures the best level of data protection for financial services consumers. Law 2888-IX created a new legal instrument for recovery, seizure and forced debiting of funds from payment accounts similar to bank accounts.

Постановка проблеми. Електронні гроші набули значної популярності в останні роки, оскільки пропонують низку переваг перед традиційними методами оплати. Однією з головних переваг є зручність. Електронні гроші дозволяють здійснювати прості та швидкі транзакції, часто з низькою комісією або без неї, що особливо привабливо для міжнародних транзакцій. Крім того, електронні гроші часто є більш безпечними, ніж традиційні методи оплати, оскільки вони захищені шифруванням та іншими заходами безпеки. Метою статті є визначення теоретичних засад і практичного застосування електронних грошей в контексті останніх законодавчих ініціатив поряд із виявом спірних питань в їх регулюванні. Методологічна основа дослідження включає в себе сукупність філософських, загальнонаукових і спеціальних правових методів наукового пізнання. Загальний філософський (універсальний) метод пізнання застосовувався на всіх етапах пізнавального процесу, зокрема для формування комплексу висновків щодо функціоналу Закону № 1591‑IX. Аристотелівський метод був корисний при аналізі змісту нововведень Закону № 2888-IX, через роз'яснення проблем їх практичного застосування, у тому разі і з точки зору законодавчої техніки. Діалектичний метод використовувався для аналізу доктринальних підходів до визначення терміну "електроні гроші". За допомогою метод порівняння виявлено тотожність та відмінність електронних гаманці з поточними банківськими рахунками. Результати. Обґрунтовані теоретичні засади функціонування електронних грошей; досліджені останні законодавчі ініціативи з регулювання електронних грошей; виявлені спірні питання у нововведеннях у регулюванні електронних грошей; визначено практичне застосування останніх законодавчих ініціатив. Висновки. Визначено, що Закон України "Про платіжні послуги" від 30.06.2021 року № 1591‑IX, визначає загальні засади випуску та використання в Україні електронних грошей та цифрових грошей Національного банку України. Електронні гроші в України є самостійною формою одиниці вартості і є відмінними від поняття: фіатних грошей, цифрових грошей Національного банку України (е-гривня або CBDC) та віртуальних активів (криптовалюта). Показано, що одним з технічних завдань Закону 2888-IX є узгодження термінології, яку використовують в Податковому кодексі України, з термінологією Закону України "Про платіжні послуги". Крім того, документ уточнює деякі положення Податкового кодексу України з метою їх відповідності положенням Закону України "Про платіжні послуги". Встановлено, що прийняття Закону 2888-IX є важливим кроком для розвитку GovTech в Україні. Цей закон вносить новації для CashLess-розрахунків, зокрема, повну легалізацію е-грошей та можливість їх використання для оплати податків та комунальних послуг, а також комфортне використання та звітування по коштам з корпоративних карт. Прийняття Закону України 2888-IX, приділено значну увагу протидії шахрайству та регульовані питання клієнтської згоди у "відкритому банкінгу", що забезпечує найкращий рівень захисту даних споживачів фінансових послуг. Закон 2888-IX створив новий правовий інструментарій для стягнення, накладення арештів та примусового списання коштів з платіжних рахунків по аналогії з банківськими рахунками. Problem statement. Electronic money has gained considerable popularity in recent years, as it offers a number of advantages over traditional payment methods. One of the main advantages is convenience. Electronic money allows for simple and fast transactions, often with low or no fees, which is especially attractive for international transactions. In addition, e-money is often more secure than traditional payment methods because it is protected by encryption and other security measures. The purpose of the study is to define the theoretical foundations and practical application of electronic money in the context of recent legislative initiatives, and to identify controversial issues in their regulation. Methodological. The methodological basis of the study includes a combination of philosophical, general scientific and special legal methods of scientific cognition. The general philosophical (universal) method of cognition was used at all stages of the cognitive process, in particular, to form a set of conclusions regarding the functionality of Law No. 1591-IX. The Aristotelian method was useful in analyzing the content of the innovations of Law No. 2888-IX, through explaining the problems of their practical application, including in terms of legislative technique. The dialectical method was used to analyze the doctrinal approaches to the definition of the term "electronic money". The comparison method was used to identify the similarities and differences between electronic wallets and current bank accounts. Results. The article substantiates the theoretical foundations of electronic money functioning; examines the latest legislative initiatives to regulate electronic money; identifies controversial issues in innovations in the regulation of electronic money; and determines the practical application of the latest legislative initiatives. Conclusions. It is determined that the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services" dated 30.06.2021 No. 1591-IX defines the general principles of issuing and using electronic money and digital money of the National Bank of Ukraine in Ukraine. Electronic money in Ukraine is an independent form of a unit of value and is distinct from the concepts of fiat money, digital money of the National Bank of Ukraine (e-hryvnia or CBDC) and virtual assets (cryptocurrency). It is shown that one of the technical tasks of Law 2888-IX is to harmonize the terminology used in the Tax Code of Ukraine with the terminology of the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services". In addition, the document clarifies certain provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine in order to comply with the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Payment Services". It is established that the adoption of Law 2888-IX is an important step for the development of GovTech in Ukraine. This law introduces innovations for CashLess payments, in particular, the full legalization of e-money and the possibility of using it to pay taxes and utilities, as well as the convenient use and reporting of funds from corporate cards. 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Indonesian Regulations Related to State Losses in Persero State-Owned Enterprises Partly Owned by the State. Persero SOE as a form of SOE has capital in the form of share ownership which is wholly or at least 51% (fifty-one percent) of its shares owned by the Republic of Indonesia. The main objective is to pursue profit. Thus, it is possible that in an SOE Persero, the shares are not only owned by the state but also partially owned by other parties. Therefore, the capital of the SOE is partly or wholly derived from state finances. The type of research used was qualitative research, especially doctrinal legal research. It used a statute approach, collecting data and legal materials through library research and analyzing using qualitative analysis. The research results obtained were state assets that have been transformed into SOE capital whose management was subject to the business paradigm (business judgment rules). However, the separation of state assets does not turn them into SOEs assets which are independent of state assets. Therefore, the operationalization of SOEs is based on both private law and public law.

Planning has historically been used as a tool to regulate queer people in urban space and parades have long been a vibrant, yet overlooked, practice for resisting such municipal regulation—although parades themselves require spatial planning practices. We analyze the 50-year history of the Los Angeles Pride parade through archival materials, asking to what extent and how the historical planning of LA Pride demonstrates a radical planning praxis, especially in relation to policing. We find that LA Pride was initially (a) a ritual of remembrance and (b) a political organizing device. In contrast to heteronormative readings of Pride as an opportunity to “come out” and transform the “straight state,” we argue that the early years of Pride demonstrated intersectional and insurgent planning wherein heterogeneous queer people claimed agency through collectively expressing joy as an act of resistance to municipal governance. Based on theories of Black joy and the feminist killjoy, we conceptualize this experience as a “spatialized queer joy.” This concept is particularly germane given ongoing debates regarding the relationship between queer and BIPOC urban life and policing. We suggest that spatialized queer joy complicates conventional readings of Pride and queer urban space, offering instead powerful tools for radical queer planning praxis.

International audience; This paper highlights the procyclical and unstable behaviour of mutual funds, characterized by a varying sensitivity on common asset pricing factors. It proposes a novel factor model that allows for regime changes associated with macroeconomic and financial state variables. Estimated on a panel covering 825 US equity mutual funds over a period of 30 years, it appears that the yield curve, the dividend yield, short term interest rates and the industrial production coincide with regimes switches in the Fama-French factors. Furthermore, the estimated regimes coincide with financial crises and economic downturns, thus confirming the procyclical behaviour of mutual funds' returns. These findings, coupled with the emerging systemic role of mutual funds, promote the consideration for a specific macroprudential regulatory framework targeted at the mutual fund industry.

International audience; The research aims to empirically investigate the banks' capital structure determinants by considering 386 listed and unlisted banks categorized into 74 IBs, 256 CBs, and 56 HBs from 20 countries for 2008-2016 based on corporate and regulatory approaches. The main findings are interesting. From a corporate approach, we find differences between IBs, CBs and HBs regarding the determinants of their capital structure which offer an empirical confirmation of the reduced information asymmetry in an Islamic finance context. From a regulatory approach, the findings show similarities regarding the negative impact of deposit insurance schemes on the regulatory capital for all types of banks. When focusing on IBs, we evidence that banks subject to Shari'ah-compliant deposit insurance schemes hold lower capital than those subject to conventional deposit insurance schemes.

Growing awareness of the genetic basis of disease is transforming the opportunities for improving patient care by accelerating the development, delivery and uptake of personalised medicine and diseases diagnostics. This can mean more precise treatments reaching the right patients at the right time at the right cost. But it will be possible only with a coherent European Union (EU) approach to regulation. For clinical and biological data, on which the EU is now legislating with its planned European Health Data Space (EHDS), it is crucial that the design of this new system respects the constraints also implicit in the testing which generates data. The current EHDS proposal may fail to meet this requirement. It risks being over-ambitious, while taking insufficient account of the demanding realities of data access in daily practice and current economics/business models. It is marred by imprecision and ambiguity, by overlaps with other EU legislation, and by lack of clarity on funding. This paper identifies key issues where legislators should ensure that the opportunities are not squandered by the adoption of over-hasty or ill-considered provisions that jeopardise the gains that could be made in improved healthcare.

The Coalition Government announced in 2010 that it would “cut red tape by introducing a ‘One In, One Out’ rule whereby no new regulation would be brought in without other regulation being cut by a greater amount”. The One IN, One OUT regime came into effect on 1 January 2011. It was superseded by One IN, Two OUT with effect from 1 January 2013. That was followed by a One IN, Three OUT requirement in 2016, accompanied and then replaced by a statutory target for impact reduction (the Business Impact Target or BIT). But how effective are these targets and regulatory off-setting requirements? What can they reveal about regulatory practices in the period 2010 to 2019? And what are their broader implications? After tracing the origins of the burden reduction mechanisms and describing their scope, methodology and compliance systems, the research creates a lens by coding primary and secondary legislation passed during the period 2010 to 2019 according to its status under those mechanisms, thereby isolating measures with an impact on business and civil society and categorising them according to their contribution towards burden reduction and/or their qualification for exclusion or exemption. As a first step, the research then turns the lens inwards to gain insights into the operation of the system of burden reduction itself, and it uses those insights to discuss the ramifications of a mandated system of burden reduction. Next, the research analyses the relationship between the drive for burden reduction and how regulatory legislation was structured and effected between 2010 and 2019. It starts by using the lens to quantify the prevalence, association with burden reduction and broader connotations of the three ancillary mechanisms associated with the burden reduction mechanisms: namely, Legislative Reform Orders, the Red Tape Challenge and special treatment for smaller businesses. Then, having collated themes associated with what Tony Blair’s Government rebranded the “Better Regulation” initiative from reports issued under the auspices of the Better Regulation Task Force and Better Regulation Commission, the data is used to evaluate those themes. Finally, the research explores what is termed “the fragmentation of regulation”, a phenomenon that captures the net effect (and logical extension) of several of the Better Regulation-inspired practices identified earlier.

Biofilm and hypha formation are central to virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The G1 cyclin gene HGC1 is required for hypha formation under diverse in vitro and in vivo growth conditions. Hgc1 is required for disseminated infection and is a linchpin in the argument that hyphal morphogenesis itself is required for pathogenicity. We report here that HGC1 is dispensable for hypha formation during biofilm formation both in vitro, under strong inducing conditions, and in vivo, in a mouse oropharyngeal candidiasis model. These findings are validated with two or more C. albicans isolates. Systematic screening of overexpressed cyclin genes indicates that CCN1 and CLN3 can compensate partially for Hgc1 function during biofilm growth. This conclusion is also supported by the severity of the hgc1Δ/Δ ccn1Δ/Δ double mutant biofilm defect. Our results suggest that hypha formation in biofilm is accomplished by combined action of multiple cyclins, not solely by Hgc1. IMPORTANCE The HGC1 gene encodes a cyclin that is required for virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. It is required to produce the elongated hyphal filaments of free-living planktonic cells that are associated with virulence. Here, we show that HGC1 is not required to produce hyphae in the alternative growth form of a biofilm community. We observe Hgc1-independent hyphae in two infection-relevant situations, biofilm growth in vitro and biofilm-like oropharyngeal infection. Our analysis suggests that hypha formation in the biofilm state reflects combined action of multiple cyclins.

Sustainability standards verify that goods and services meet minimum social and environmental norms. They have rapidly gained traction in value chains that connect lead firms with dispersed global suppliers. Historically, such standards have been created by firms, civil society and state regulators in the global North to govern global value chains sourcing goods and services from Southern producers. However, this century has witnessed the emergence of Southern-led sustainability standards. While a few studies have investigated this development, little is yet known about how Southern standards are shaped by public and private actors, or how domestic as well as global value chain dynamics impact their development. We address these gaps through a comparative study of Chinese clothing and Indian tea standards. Drawing upon the concepts of synergistic and antagonistic forms of governance, this article analyses how, when and why Southern actors (public, private and social) choose to develop new sustainability programmes which either emulate or else disrupt established transnational standards within this governance arena. Recognising the agency of Southern actors, but also their constraints to act within this established field, we examine how the sector-specific political economy dynamics of apparel and tea production shape the mechanisms, processes and relations through which Southern sustainability standards are forged in this increasingly multi-polar world of trade and production.