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PURPOSE: The main objective of the paper is to present the possibilities of using the Port Community System (PCS) as an integrated IT system in the area of ship-generated waste management in the context of sustainable circular economy in seaports., PROJECT/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The research carried out enabled the development of a model for ship-generated waste management in seaports using the PSC IT system. Such measures should contribute to the protection and improvement of the status of the environment, as well as result in measurable economic benefits in the future., FINDINGS: The PCS IT system presented in this paper enables sustainable waste management encompassing the circular economy approach. This platform optimises, manages, automates and improves the performance of a range of port processes through a single submission of data, connecting them in a coherent system and reducing the administrative burden., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The PCS-based module to ship-generated waste management have been identified a continuous ship monitoring with regards to waste, provision of thorough control over waste movement (system tightening up), transparent information overview (permanent view of all activity stages). This interactive collaboration tool allows for optimal cooperation between port companies and European Union seaports., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Considering the concept of circular economy, which offers a great opportunity to improve business processes, a waste management model with the PCS may serve as the basis for the development of logistics chains for waste and for the elimination of undesirable incidents caused by poor management practices with respect to ship-generated waste and cargo residues in ports., peer-reviewed

Despite solid wastes’ landfill disposal limitation due to recent European legislation, landfill leachate disposal remains a significant problem and will be for many years in the future, since its production may persist for years after a site’s closure. Among process technologies proposed for its treatment, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be effective, achieving both contaminant removal and simultaneous energy recovery. Start-up and operation of two dual-chamber MFCs with different electrodes’ structure, fed with mature municipal solid waste landfill leachate, are reported in this study. Influent (a mix of dairy wastewater and mature landfill leachate at varying proportions) was fed to the anodic chambers of the units, under different conditions. The maximum COD removal efficiency achieved was 84.9% at low leachate/dairy mix, and 66.3% with 7.6% coulombic efficiency (CE) at a leachate/dairy ratio of 20%. Operational issues and effects of cells’ architecture and electrode materials on systems’ performance are analyzed and discussed.

Purpose: The main objective of this article is to assess the intensity of odour nuisance in urban areas, as resulting from the current solid waste disposal management policy. Design/Methodology/Approach: During the study severaal parameters were evaluated: in-situ odour concentration using the NasalRanger method (expressed in ouE/m3), hedonic odour sensory quality and description of odours using predefined descriptors (the list of descriptors included 109 items). For the purpose of evaluation of the hedonic sensory quality, a five-point scale was used in accordance with VDI 3883 recommendation: 1- pleasant, 2-neutral, 3-unpleasant, 4-very unpleasant, and 5-extremely unpleasant. Findings: The analysis of the results has confirmed a considerable impact of the average air temperature on the occurrence of odour nuisance. Practical Implications: A solution that may translate into the reduction of odour nuisances in urban areas is a closed-loop economy, which has become an important issue for the future and competitiveness of enterprises. Reuse and recycling of materials are two of the main characteristics of a closed-loop economy. Originality/Value: On the basis of the conducted sensory tests it is plausible to state that the smell nuisance depends on numerous factors., peer-reviewed

Orientador: Egle Novaes Teixeira Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Resumo: O meio rural não é mais um espaço onde são desenvolvidas atividades exclusivamente agrícolas, já que, tem passado por intensas mudanças, que induzem a pluriatividade, fazendo com que o espaço seja tido como um continuum da zona urbana. Estas mudanças que assemelham o rural ao urbano trazem, a reboque desta reestruturação, mazelas há muito discutidas e pouco solucionadas, das" cidades", como uso e ocupação do solo de maneira desregrada, ausência de saneamento básico, entre outras. A respeito do saneamento, o Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduo Sólido ainda é uma realidade bem distante, para as comunidades rurais, mesmo para aquelas juntas às zonas urbanas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é a elaboração de um Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduo Sólido para o Assentamento Sumaré II, localizado no município de Sumaré, no Estado de São Paulo, através do diagnóstico da situação do resíduo no local, caracterizando-o, bem como avaliando o programa de coleta de resíduo desenvolvido na comunidade. Para tanto, foi feita uma análise do espaço e dos indivíduos, por meio de dados bibliográficos e questionários de campo, bem como a caracterização do resíduo, para determinar a composição gravimétrica e a taxa de resíduo gerada na comunidade. O trato com o resíduo da comunidade, por parte da prefeitura, é incipiente e inconsistente. Há uma grande distinção de hábitos dos assentados, identificada pelo material que constitui o resíduo de cada família, bem como o modo de descarte do mesmo. De maneira geral, as taxas de resíduo não são geradas com a mesma magnitude, não havendo período do ano com uma produção diferenciada de resíduo. A partir das análises do resíduo é possível afirmar que existe uma "urbanização dos hábitos" dos assentados, realçando a idéia de que esta zona torna-se um continuum das urbanidades Abstract: The agricultural area is not more a space where exclusively agricultural activities are developed since it has being passed for intense changes that induce the pluriactivities, making that the space is had as a continuum of the urban zone. These changes create, when comparing the agricultural and the urban area, problems that are very argued and little solved about the "cities", such as use and occupation of the ground in disordered way, absence of basic sanitation, among others. Regarding the sanitation, the Integrated Management of Solid Waste still is a very distant reality, for the agricultural communities, even for those near to the urban zones. The objective of this work is to elaborate a Solid Waste Management Plan for the li Assentamento Sumaré II", located in Sumaré city, in São Paulo State, through making a situation inventory of the waste in the place, characterizing it, as well as evaluating the existing program of waste collection developed in the community. In order to get it, analysis of the space and the individuals were made, by bibliographical data and field questionnaires, as well as the characterization of the waste to determine the gravimetrical composition and the taxes of waste generated in the community. The community waste management made by the city hall was incipient and inconsistent. It has a great distinction of habits of these rural people, identified by the waste content of each family, as well as the way of discarding it. In general way, the waste taxes are not generated with the same magnitude, not having a differentiated production of waste by period of the year. From the waste analysis it is possible to affirm that a "urbanization of the customs" of the rural people exists, corroborating with the idea that this zone becomes one continuum of the urbanities Mestrado Saneamento e Ambiente Mestre em Engenharia Civil

The present paper evaluates the efficiency of sustainable activated carbons obtained from the valorization of lignocellulosic waste in removing siloxanes and volatile organic compounds for the purification of anaerobic digester biogas. Pyrolized and non-pyrolized lignocellulosic residues generated in food and wood industries were used as precursor materials to obtain experimental adsorbents by a chemical activation process using several activating agents. The highest porosity was obtained by non-pyrolized residue activated by K2CO3 at 900 °C. The performance of the experimental materials was compared with that of commercial activated carbons in gas adsorption tests of siloxanes (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and hexamethyldisiloxane) and volatile organic compounds (toluene and limonene). The waste-based activated carbons developed in this work proved to be more efficient for the removal of both siloxanes and VOCs than the commercial samples in most of the conditions tested. Adsorption capacities correlated with porosity, while the more relevant pore size depends on the adsorbate., This work was funded by MINECO – Spain (CTQ2014-53718-R) co-funded by FEDER and University of Girona. Eric Santos-Clotas thanks Universitat de Girona for his predoctoral grant (IFUdG-2015/51). Alba Cabrera-Codony acknowledges support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS) and from the Agency for Business Competitiveness of the Government of Catalonia (TECSPR16-1-0045). LEQUIA has been recognized as consolidated research group by the Catalan Government (2017-SGR-1552).

[eng] Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is the most widely used solution in those countries where landfilling areas are limited. Incineration allows reducing the total volume of waste (up to 90%) and generating energy resulting from combustion. The main by-product generated in waste-to-energy plants is known as incineration bottom ash (IBA), which is a heterogeneous mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ceramics, and glass. IBA is classified as a non- hazardous material due to its composition rich in calcium oxide, silica, and iron. IBA composition and morphology are very similar to natural siliceous aggregates after an ageing treatment where the weathered bottom ash (WBA) is obtained. This maturation process makes feasible the WBA valorisation as a secondary aggregate in the field of construction and civil engineering. Moreover, the high percentage of glass and aluminium found in the WBA would allow its valorisation as a precursor in the alkali-activated binders (AABs) formulation. The main goal of this PhD thesis was the scientific and technological development of new AABs based on the alkali activation of WBA (AA-WBA binders), to reduce the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in building and civil engineering fields. In this sense, this aim is related to the use of more sustainable cement-based materials, which promote the circular economy and zero-waste principle through the valorisation of WBA. The potential of WBA as a precursor in the AA-WBA binders’ formulation was evaluated along with the PhD thesis through different studies that can be classified into four blocks. The first block was based on the evaluation of the WBA potential as a precursor in AABs based on its particle size. This study demonstrated the variability in the reactive SiO2 and Al2O3 availability as a function of the particle size. The potential of the entire fraction (EF) and the 8-30-mm fraction highlighted the possible use of them as precursors in the AABs formulation. The second block of this thesis was focused on the study of AA-WBA binders using the WBA as a sole precursor. Mixtures of sodium silicate (WG) and NaOH (2M, 4M, 6M, and 8M) were used as alkaline activator solutions to assess the effect of the NaOH concentration on the final properties. It was demonstrated the possibility of developing AA-WBA. The influence of alkaline activator solution concentration on the final properties of the AA-WBA was evidenced, obtaining better mechanical performance with the use of the WG/NaOH 6M solution. The results revealed the enhancement in the mechanical properties when the 8-30-mm fraction was used. However, the environmental results revealed arsenic and antimony leaching values that require further research to validate the environmental feasibility of AA-WBA. In the third block, the 8-30-mm fraction was mixed with other precursors with greater availability of Al2O3 (metakaolin and PAVAL®). The main purpose was to improve the mechanical properties and the heavy metal stabilisation effect of the AA- WBA obtained in the second block. In both cases, mechanical performance was improved due to the inclusion of Al2O3. However, the environmental properties continued to show leaching values that did not ensure the environmental viability of the AA-WBA binders. Finally, the fourth block of the thesis was focused on carrying out an environmental and ecotoxicological assessment to validate the use of AA-WBA binders as construction material. The results showed a medium-low level of ecotoxicity in the AA-WBA formulated with the 8-30-mm fraction, similar to the binders activated with MK (AA-MK)., [cat] El principal subproducte generat durant la incineració de residus sòlids urbans es coneix com a cendra de fons. La seva composició és molt similars als agregats silícics naturals després d’un tractament d’envelliment on s’obté la cendra de fons madurada (weathered bottom ash; WBA segons les sigles angleses). El seu alt contingut en vidre i alumini el converteixen en un potencial candidat com a precursor en la fabricació d’aglutinants activats alcalinament (alkali-activated binders, AABs segons les sigles angleses). L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va consistir en el desenvolupament de AABs mitjançant l’activació alcalina de WBA (aglutinants AA-WBA). El potencial de la WBA i els aglutinants AA-WBA es va avaluar mitjançant diferents estudis que es poden classificar en quatre blocs. Al primer bloc es va avaluar el potencial de WBA com a precursor en funció de la seva mida de partícula. Aquest estudi va demostrar el potencial de la fracció sencera i de la fracció 8-30 mm. El segon bloc es va centrar en l’estudi d’aglutinants AA-WBA que utilitzaven el WBA com a únic precursor. Es va evidenciar la influència de la concentració de la solució activadora alcalina en les propietats finals dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Els resultats van revelar la millora de les propietats mecàniques quan es va utilitzar la fracció 8-30 mm. No obstant, els resultats ambientals van revelar valors de lixiviació d'arsènic i antimoni que requerien la validació a nivell ambiental dels aglutinants. Al tercer bloc, la fracció 8-30 mm es va barrejar amb altres precursors rics en d’Al2O3 (metakaolin i PAVAL®) per millorar les propietats mecàniques i l’estabilització de metalls pesants dels aglutinants obtinguts al segon bloc. En ambdós casos, es va millorar el rendiment mecànic, tot i que les propietats ambientals van continuar mostrant valors de lixiviació que no asseguraven la viabilitat ambiental dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Finalment, al quart bloc es va realitzar una avaluació ambiental i ecotoxicològica per validar l’ús d’aglutinants AA-WBA com a material de construcció. Els resultats van mostrar un nivell mitjà-baix d’ecotoxicitat a l’AA-WBA formulat amb la fracció de 8 a 30 mm, similar als aglutinants activats amb MK (AA-MK).

El Pla d'acció per l'emergència climàtica 2030 és l'actualització del Pla clima a la llum de la Declaració d'emergència climàtica.

Aquest treball es basa en l’informe publicat per l’organització Greenpeace España “Ecoembes Miente”, en el qual es denuncia l’empresa de reciclatge Ecoembes. S’ha escollit aquest informe perquè Greenpeace és una organització mundialment coneguda que lluita pel medi ambient i alhora perquè es vol comprovar si la informació que publica sobre Ecoembes és veraç. Per assolir aquest objectiu es tenen en compte les lleis espanyoles que tracten la gestió dels residus i la preservació del medi ambient

Informe de seguiment del Pla d'Acció per l'Emergència Climàtica 2030

El Pla d'Acció per l'Emergència Climàtica 2030 és l'actualització del Pla Clima a la llum de la Declaració d'emergència climàtica

The concern about the large amount of weathered bottom ash (WBA) produced in waste-to-energy plants (WtE) has caused an increased search for alternatives to reduce their environmental impact. The present study aims to provide an added value through the WBA valorization from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) for its use as a sole precursor for developing alkali-activated binders (AABs). Alkali-activated weathered bottom ash binders (AA-WBA) were formulated with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 1.0 and using sodium silicate (80 wt.%) and NaOH (20 wt.%) at different concentrations (2, 4, 6, and 8M) as alkali-activator solutions. AA-WBA were cured at room temperature to extend their applicability. The effect of the alkali-activator solution molarity on the final properties of the AA-WBA was evaluated. The physicochemical characterization by XRD, FTIR, and SEM evidenced the presence of the typical phases (calcium silicate hydrate and gehlenite) of C-(A)-S-H gel. Leaching concentrations of As, Cu, and Mo exceed the acceptance in landfills for inert waste, while the leaching concentration of Sb exceeds the one for non-hazardous waste. The structure of the binders depends on the alkalinity of the activator, obtaining better results using NaOH 6M in terms of microstructure and compressive strength (6.7 MPa). The present study revealed that AA-WBA for non-structural purposes can be obtained. The AA-WBA formulation contributes to the WBA valorization and development of low-carbon cements, therefore, it is an encouraged alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Considering the amounts and costs of the WBA, sodium silicate, NaOH, and water, the total cost of the developed formulations is comprised in a range between 137.6 and 153.9 &euro, /Tn.

Informe elaborat en el context de desconfinament davant l’emergència provocada per la COVID-19. Report prepared in the context of deconfinement to the emergency caused by COVID-19. Informe elaborado en el contexto de desconfinamiento ante la emergencia provocada por la COVID-19.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) system in Kathmandu, Nepal was looked over by Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC). The three stages of SWM systems: collection, transportation, and disposal were all under its purview. Once, the waste was out of people’s personal property; then the waste would be the property of the city. With the gap in the amount of waste generation and the amount of waste that KMC was treating, there was a rise of privatization in the SWM system which led to the decentralization of SWM systems. The primary objectives of this study are: • to examine the effects and impacts of decentralization in the SWM systems in Kathmandu on the city, the people and the systems themselves, • to evaluate the drivers of SWM system operations, and • to analyze the efficiency of any SWM system and its operation in Kathmandu. With the qualitative approach of systematic observation and analysis through interviews of key players in the multiple systems, this study found that SWM in Kathmandu is seldom collaborative. There is instead an added financial expense on the locals for their desire of a clean neighborhood. Furthermore, findings revealed that there is a lack of vision and contingency plans for KMC’s system and a lack of regulation for multiple private sector operations. This study concludes with recommendations for SWM systems and practices and the implications for planning research in SWM.

The circular economy represents a powerful new paradigm for materials consumption and solid waste management. Instead of beginning with extraction and ending with waste, the circular economy begins with material already in use, or else material designed for iterative uses, moves through production and consumption, and into waste management, which secures a revived or altered source material, which in turn moves though production and consumption, and so on, over and over again. Achieving significant greenhouse gas reductions in this area requires widespread shifts in production and consumption toward what can be expressed succinctly in a familiar refrain: “reduce, reuse, recycle.” There are a number of legal pathways to achieving emissions reductions through materials consumption and solid waste management. Corporate governance as well as research and development of new materials can play a significant role, and significant advances can be made through regulatory interventions.

El present Treball final de Grau té com objectiu primer, avaluar quina és la gestió dels residus de construcció i demolició que es realitza en l'actualitat, realitzant una revisió de la normativa, tipologies de residus RCD, instal•lacions per a la seva gestió, classificació segons el seu tractament, descripció i obligacions dels agents que intervenen tant en el procés de producció de residus com el de la gestió i finalment una descripció de la documentació necessària per dur-la a terme. En segon terme i centrant-nos exclusivament en els residus que es generen durant el procés de construcció d'un habitatge, és a dir, els residus generats de col•locació i els d'embalatges

Treballs finals del Màster "Estudios Internacionales: organizaciones internacionales y cooperación – Colección Memorias MEI", Facultat de Dret, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs:2016-2017. Tutores: Mar Campins i Aurelia Mañé, [spa] Este trabajo de investigación busca analizar si las políticas de reciclaje en los países en vías de desarrollo se encuentran motivadas por estímulos jurídicos y medio ambientales, enmarcados en la lógica del desarrollo sostenible o si, en cambio, dichas políticas resultan motivadas por otros factores socio-económicos, lo que lo enmarcaría en cambio en relación a los conceptos de justicia ambiental y ecologismo de los pobres. A partir del análisis de un caso de estudio específico, el fenómeno de los cartoneros –o recuperadores informales- en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, se intentará demostrar esta superposición y superación que se da entre los conceptos de desarrollo sostenible por el de justicia ambiental. El estudio de este caso concreto sirve para ejemplificar una dinámica que se observa en buena parte de los países en vías de desarrollo y en particular en los países latinoamericanos, donde la ausencia de políticas de gestión de residuos sumado a altos niveles de desempleo redundan en un sistema de recuperación de residuos y reciclaje en manos de los sectores más vulnerables de la sociedad., [eng] This research work seeks to analyse whether recycling policies in developing countries are motivated by legal and environmental reasons, framed in the logic of sustainable development, or if, on the other hand, such policies are motivated by other socio-economic factors, which would frame it instead in relation to the concepts of environmental justice and environmentalism of the poor. From the analysis of a specific case of study, the phenomenon of the „cartoneros‟– or informal pickers -in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, will try to demonstrate this overlap and overcoming that happens between the concepts of sustainable development and environmental justice. The study of this particular case it‟s a good way to exemplify a dynamic that is observed in most of the developing countries and in particular in the Latin American countries, where the absence of waste management policies and high levels of unemployment result in a system where waste recovery and recycling rest in the hands of the most vulnerable sectors of the society.

Textile manufacturing is one of the most polluting industrial sectors because of the release of potentially toxic compounds, such as synthetic dyes, into the environment. Depending on the class of the dyes, their loss in wastewaters can range from 2% to 50% of the original dye concentration. Consequently, uncontrolled use of such dyes can negatively affect human health and the ecological balance. The present study assessed the toxicity of the textile dyes Direct Black 38 (DB38), Reactive Blue 15 (RB15), Reactive Orange 16 (RO16), and Vat Green 3 (VG3) using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos for 144 h postfertilization (hpf). At the tested conditions, none of the dyes caused significant mortality. The highest RO16 dose significantly delayed or inhibited the ability of zebrafish embryos to hatch from the chorion after 96 hpf. From 120 hpf to 144 hpf, all the dyes impaired the gas bladder inflation of zebrafish larvae, DB38 also induced curved tail, and VG3 led to yolk sac edema in zebrafish larvae. Based on these data, DB38, RB15, RO16, and VG3 can induce malformations during embryonic and larval development of zebrafish. Therefore, it is essential to remove these compounds from wastewater or reduce their concentrations to safe levels before discharging textile industry effluents into the aquatic environment.

New York City's waste management system is a diverse assembly of public and private partnerships that have continually amended its waste management policies throughout the years. The Bottle Bill of 1982 and Single-Stream proposal of 2020 are examples of policies intended to improve municipal recycling and minimize the need for disposing waste by landfill. The New York State Bottle Bill (NYSBB) diverts waste form landfills by allowing consumers to redeem a five-cent deposit for every empty beverage container they recycle at specific retailers or designated redemption centers. The New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY) single-stream recycling system intends to replace the current dual-stream recycling system in order to address an array of recently proposed city initiatives such as zero waste to landfill by the year 2030. Of the many environmental initiatives proposed in Mayor De Blasio's OneNYC plan, this report focuses on pollution and environmental justice by analyzing the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) associated with the following three recycling systems: the New York State Bottle Bill, DSNY's current Dual-Stream system and DSNY's proposed Single-Stream system. A combination of open source data, network analyses, field research, and interviews, were synthesized in order to quantify the VMT produced by each of the three recycling streams analyzed. Field research and data acquisition revealed that, although the NYSBB had annual data at the regional level, it currently lacks the granular information needed to accurately compare recycling at the municipal level. At the same time, interviews with New York City policy makers and environmental justice advocates revealed health and safety hazards at the district level that are currently overlooked at the municipal level. Ultimately, this report reveals that the elimination of redemption centers in New York City would increase VMT for DSNY's municipal recycling collection yet acknowledges the need to expand the NYSBB's currently weak regulations in order to comply with New York City's environmental goals. Creating synergy between state and municipal recycling policies will allow New York City to achieve the legislative agendas of OneNYC, improve environmental equity for burdened communities and increase incentives for recycling.

Aggregates (gravel and sand) are, after water, the Earth’s second most used natural resource, representing about 50% of all consumed mineral resources. Aggregate production generates a large quantity of waste from the aggregate washing process. This waste is made up of suspended solids – sludge – which has a great environmental impact. It is deposited in huge troughs because of the impossibility of discharging it directly into rivers. Many plants have incorporated decanters and filter presses to separate the solid from the liquid fraction. This paper evaluates the possibility of exploiting the solid fraction (i.e. sludge) in the manufacture of fired clay bricks. The added value of these bricks is, on the one hand, the exploitation of sludge as a currently useless waste product, and on the other, the use of this sludge to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of conventional fired clay bricks.Los áridos son la segunda materia prima más consumida en la Tierra después del agua, representando alrededor del 50% de todos los recursos minerales consumidos. El proceso de elaboración de estos áridos genera una gran cantidad de residuos procedentes de su lavado. Se trata de partículas sólidas en suspensión – lodos – de gran impacto ambiental, que se depositan en grandes charcas ante la imposibilidad de verterlos directamente al rio. Muchas empresas han incorporado decantadores y filtros de prensa para separar la fracción solida de la líquida. El presente trabajo evalúa la posibilidad de utilizar la fracción sólida, es decir el barro, para la fabricación de piezas cerámicas. El valor añadido de estas piezas es por un lado el aprovechamiento del barro como producto residual, que en estos momentos es desechable, y por otro, conseguir que este barro mejore las propiedades físico-mecánicas de la cerámica convencional.

The heavy metal content of several rubbish bags used to collect the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is shown in this paper. Nowadays, several public awareness campaigns carried out by municipalities have promoted rubbish bags based mainly on their appearance, without concern for their heavy metal content. A high amount of heavy metals was detected in some polyethylene bags promoted in different campaigns for OFMSW source-sorted collection, while compostable bags presented low quantities of heavy metals. Some other rubbish bags, as well as commercial bags, were also analysed for comparison. These results should be taken into account before promoting the use of one or other type of bag. Moreover, the rubbish bag manufacturers should reduce the heavy metal content in order to avoid heavy metal scattering in the environment, and also to reduce the consumption of raw materials.

Solid waste management is a challenge for large urban areas around the world. Removing garbage from residential, institutional and commercial locations in cities is a major logistical and operational task. Waste management is usually a function of local government, and is often a city’s largest budget item. Solid waste generation rates are rising fast, particularly in cities experiencing increasing population rates and higher economic activity, putting pressure on municipal governments to deal with rising costs and environmental impacts. This case study examines waste management practices in three cities: New York City, Hong Kong and Beijing. We begin by assessing New York City to provide an overview of waste management practices in a large, complex U.S. city. We then focus on Hong Kong, and finally on Beijing, to provide detail on the waste management practices of two major Chinese cities and learn how they are dealing with the growing volume of waste generated by these large cities. In each of the three cases we describe the history of waste management in that locale, the status of waste management today, and discuss the challenges faced in each location. Finally, we compare the practices in these cities, and detail the technical, managerial and political issues that define the waste management system in each place.

In 1995, the Palestinian Authority (PA) was established as an interim Palestinian government on shreds of land within the West Bank and Gaza. One of the new authority’s lesser-known administrative mandates is protection of the environment from pollution. Though the PA was to have a semblance of “self-rule,” the Oslo Accords that established the PA also stipulated that the latter seek Israeli approval when building most large-scale infrastructures—including those designed to manage waste. Meanwhile, emergent ideas about the environment defined it as a limitless expanse. The environment projected out from PA enclaves on thirty percent of the land in all directions—including into the air above and into the subterrain below. The Accords projected environmental responsibility into Israel proper as well as into areas it “shares” with Palestinians in the occupied territories. As a consequence, Palestinian waste infrastructures are objects of concern not only to the Palestinian communities they are designed to serve but also to the Israeli state, to Israeli settlements, to regional neighbors and to foreign donors in far-flung offices who are concerned with “environmental security.” This dissertation investigates a series of multimillion dollar PA projects aimed at protecting what came to be called the “shared” environment through management of Palestinian wastes. In doing so it analyzes the tension between the insistence, on the one hand, that the PA govern “its” population within strictly defined borders as part of a hierarchical system of nested sovereignties in which Israel’s is the superior form, and the imperative, on the other hand, that this territorially-defined, officially interim government perform care for the territory’s longterm ecological future. It tends to be taken for granted that Oslo produced a period of separation by enclosing the West Bank and Gaza and cleaving them off from Israel proper. Millions of West Bank Palestinians are no longer permitted to work in, travel through or even visit Jerusalem or Israel. Israel has prohibited Israeli citizens’ entry into PA areas of the West Bank. This allows PA areas to appear relatively autonomous—insofar as they are viewed as separate from Israel. But in a number of significant ways, Israel continues to control and to direct the daily experiences and future possibilities of West Bank Palestinians. Separation and control are thus equally accurate characterizations of Palestinians’ experiences post-Oslo. This dissertation contends that their particular combination in the post-Oslo period has allowed people living in the West Bank to experience PA governance as what, borrowing a term I heard there, I call a phantom state (shibih dowlah). Palestinians see the limits of PA autonomy vis-a-vis Israel and the PA’s many donors. The PA is specter-like: an appearance without stable material follow-through. People nevertheless treat the PA as a matter-of-fact, tangible part of their lives: as an address for appeal, requests and complaints, as a distinct entity upon which responsibility, blame and, very occasionally, even praise is bestowed. Studies of garbage at the turn of the twenty-first century show that modern waste has the capacity to destabilize and to undermine political systems because of the risks it is perceived to pose and because of the difficulty of keeping it stable and contained. Unlike water, oil and electricity, waste is an infrastructural substrate whose flows should move out from inhabited areas rather than into them. As mobile, abject matter that perpetually threatens the environment, it requires constant monitoring. It is managed at regional scales. In the Palestinian context, waste therefore reveals some of the spatial-geographical complexities that render the treatment of separation and control as an either/or dynamic impossible to sustain. It also reveals the ways in which believing both separation and control to be true for the people experiencing them in combination means living, working and planning within a logic of constant contradiction. Waste is not the only infrastructural substrate that reveals the Mobius strip of separation and connectedness of the post-Oslo period. But waste and its infrastructures are uniquely useful for showing the impossibility and the partialness of a politics of separation more broadly in an emergent era of environmental securitization. This dissertation thus analyzes an incommensurable tension in what Achille Mbembe has called a “late-modern colonial occupation” that operates in the style of older forms of indirect colonial rule. That tension renders governance of people and territory both difficult and incoherent. It produces environmental hazards while seeking to eliminate them. And it performs major political displacements among colonized and colonizers alike.

The triple processes of urbanisation, industrialisation and globalisation are positively correlated with municipal solid waste generation and energy consumption in all the world urban centres. Heavy reliance on fossil fuels in most world cities has contributed not only to new challenges of global warming and climate change, but also to astronomic increases and volatility in the prices of energy sources. Africa has not been spared from the shortages of energy and climate change concerns as it has not only very low oil reserves but also depends heavily on finite and environmental unfriendly coal resources; thus making the need for innovations and rethinking in renewable energy generation more urgent than ever. It has repeatedly been observed that the African continent is endowed with several renewable energy sources that range from solar, hydro, municipal solid waste and wind. This article discusses the experiences of converting waste to energy in eThekwini municipality, one of the metropolitan cities of South Africa and also highlights prospects of implementing the same experiences in other African countries. The study unearthed cutting-edge innovations by the Department of Cleansing and Solid Waste of eThekwini municipality that adopted modern municipal solid waste management and treatment systems. For almost a decade now, the municipality has demonstrated to the wholly of the continent and the world at large that it is possible for African cities to achieve the twin objectives of generating clean renewable energy sources that contributes to economic development at the same time reducing urban social and environmental problems associated with improper disposal of waste, a common blot on the African city-landscape. It also reveals that there exist great opportunities to improve waste management, financial investments, technological take-up and skills sets to support the continent���s green energy revolution in the African Continent.

The governance of public services has become increasingly important to sustained economic development and spatial management in Sub-Saharan cities. Therefore, administration of public services that facilitates a paradigmatic shift towards participatory local development that prescribes interaction between various institutional actors and stakeholders is key to management of these urban areas. This study examines opportunities for institutional expansion of governance, specifically, household solid waste collection in Accra. It solicits the perspective of end users in low and middle-income neighborhoods, District Assembly representatives, who are elected members of Ghana’s decentralized government structure, and chiefs, the highest tier of leadership within the indigenous political system. Through the collection of primary data, this research investigates the legitimacy of an informal institutional actor to suggest new institutional arrangements that could influence the delivery of household waste collection in middle and low-income neighborhoods of Accra.

The challenges of waste management have persistently troubled local and national governments across the Global South. Target 7c of the Millennium Development Goals is specifically focused on urban waste management. In sub-Saharan Africa the failure of waste management is especially pronounced in non-capital urban environments. The failures of waste management are often attributed to failures to adequate collect and properly manage disposal, both failures are often attributed to lack of funding. A waste management system built around anaerobic digestion has the potential to provide multiple economic incentives for full waste collection and treatment. This thesis model���s the likely cost and economic returns to small and medium sized cities in West Africa if they operate a waste management system that incorporates locally constructed anaerobic digesters.

Thesis (Msc Env Science) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013 The proper handling and disposal of medical waste in accordance with national guidelines is very important. This study was undertaken to investigate the state of medical waste and management practices in different hospitals in the north-eastern Free State Province, South Africa. A random sample of ten (10) hospitals was selected. Observation of operations was carried over a period of six months. A stratified random sample of 138 staff members spread across the ten medical facilities was selected and face-to-face interviews were conducted. The hospitals were grouped into 3 categories namely large, medium and small in terms of the number of hospital beds. Data collection through observation and covered waste generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment and management procedures. Data analysis made use of SPSS to generate descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients and t-tests in hypothesis testing. The findings reveal that medical personnel do not treat medical waste as specified in official guidelines, there is no formal training for personnel, medical waste is not a key priority, there are low levels of environmental awareness, inappropriate treatment of waste at some sites, and inadequate budget allocations for medical waste management. These findings indicate that there is an urgent need for addressing issues of awareness for managers, better on-the job training for personnel, better systems for on-ward conveyance of waste from facilities to official medical waste treatment plants, an up-grade of existing incinerators and a consistent schedule of data capture should be implemented. Masters

The proper handling and disposal of medical waste in accordance with national guidelines is very important. This study was undertaken to investigate the state of medical waste and management practices in different hospitals in the north-eastern Free State Province, South Africa. A random sample of ten (10) hospitals was selected. Observation of operations was carried over a period of six months. A stratified random sample of 138 staff members spread across the ten medical facilities was selected and face-to-face interviews were conducted. The hospitals were grouped into 3 categories namely large, medium and small in terms of the number of hospital beds. Data collection through observation and covered waste generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment and management procedures. Data analysis made use of SPSS to generate descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients and t-tests in hypothesis testing. The findings reveal that medical personnel do not treat medical waste as specified in official guidelines, there is no formal training for personnel, medical waste is not a key priority, there are low levels of environmental awareness, inappropriate treatment of waste at some sites, and inadequate budget allocations for medical waste management. These findings indicate that there is an urgent need for addressing issues of awareness for managers, better on-the job training for personnel, better systems for on-ward conveyance of waste from facilities to official medical waste treatment plants, an up-grade of existing incinerators and a consistent schedule of data capture should be implemented. Thesis (Msc Env Science) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

M.A. In present-day society, solid waste can no longer be treated as a non-valuable resource. Municipal waste produced from residential and commercial sources has become an economic resource for the poor on landfill sites. Urban poor, rural-urban migrants and urban-urban migrants are the ultimate symbol of the informal economy on landfill sites. These migrants have identified waste as an economic resource to extract a livelihood. In their presence on landfill sites, South Africa has introduced waste management policies which endorse the notion of sustainable development. Sustainable development is the notion through which South Africa shapes and parallels its environmental directive to avoid destruction and depletion of natural resources. Sustainable development is a theoretical framework adopted by this study to evaluate the effect of legislation on informal waste salvagers and waste salvaging. Waste salvaging is often frowned upon and neglected by local municipal authorities who are constitutionally mandated to ensure preservation of natural resources. Amongst other things, local municipalities need to recreate economic opportunities and curb the unemployment rate. Furthermore, South African municipalities deliberated during the tabling of the Polokwane Declaration to reduce waste disposal by 50% in 2012 through waste recycling and waste minimisation. In the absence of employment opportunities, local municipalities in South Africa are continually faced with the dilemma of incorporating informal waste salvaging into their waste management directives. This study uses Weltevreden landfill site in Polokwane as a case study to evaluate the effects of legislation on informal waste salvaging. A waste management and sustainability framework towards career waste salvagers was developed as a paradigm to incorporate elements of sustainable livelihood approach. The framework allowed the study to comprehend the synergy and the discords that waste management directives in South Africa unravel on informal waste salvaging. Furthermore, this led to the procreation of a model to unlock the economic potential of waste in South African municipalities. The model recognises the elements of waste management directives such as National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No.107 of 1998) and National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008). Despite that, the model resonates on the promulgations made in the Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008) on informal waste salvaging. This study intends to evaluate the extent to which contemporary waste management directives in South Africa support waste salvaging within the three pillars of sustainable development, namely economic, social and environmental. However, this research hypothesises that waste management directives in South Africa fail to support the three pillars of sustainable development. In light of the hypothesis, this research has identified waste salvagers, waste Thaba Makgafela Richard iii management officials and the public as instrumental respondents to evaluate perceptions and challenges linked to the informal waste economy. A desktop review of available regulatory instruments informed recommendations and the model procreated in this study. The key lessons are highlighted and followed in Chapter 7 which provides analytical conclusions and recommendations for all the chapters.

This thesis is focused on two environmental issues. The first one is the recovery of different wastes, such as sewage sludge and fly ashes, and the second one is related to the removal of odour causing compounds which are generated in the same waste water treatment plant (WWTP), like NH3 and H2S. Direct alkaline activation with NaOH and KOH of two sludges which have different specific treatments in the sewage sludge line, has been studied, and it has been compared with the activation of their chars. Two different heating mechanisms were applied: conventional heating and microwave oven heating. All the sewage sludge-derived materials are tested for NH3 removal adsorption experiments. On the other hand it has been studied the preparation of adsorbents by mixing on sewage sludge with fly ashes heated in a microwave oven. The materials adsorbents have a limited development of porosity and are tested for H2S removal., Esta tesis se centra en dos problemáticas medioambientales. Una es la valorización de residuos, como son los lodos de depuradora y cenizas volantes, y la otra incide en la eliminación de compuestos causantes de malos olores que se generan en las estaciones depuradoras de agua residual (EDARs), como son el NH3 y el H2S. Se ha estudiado la activación alcalina directa con NaOH y KOH de dos lodos, que emplean procesos diferentes en su línea de lodos, y se ha comparado con la activación de sus respectivos pirolizados, usando dos tipos de calentamiento: convencional y microondas. Todos estos materiales se han aplicado a la eliminación de NH3. Por otro lado se estudió la obtención de adsorbentes a partir de un lodo mezclado con distintas proporciones de cenizas volantes en un horno microondas. Estos materiales presentan un desarrollo de la porosidad limitado, y han sido empleados para la eliminación de H2S.

In response to the critical lack of solid waste and wastewater management facilities in towns and cities around Lebanon, the YMCA of Lebanon implemented the Sustainable Environmental Practices and Policies (SEPP) program from 2003 to 2009. The overall goal of the SEPP program was to improve environmental practices and policies for the management of both solid waste and wastewater in rural Lebanon. This included the Ain Baal solid waste treatment plant (SWTP) serving the city of Tyre and nine wastewater treatment plants in municipalities in southern and central areas of the nation. The project built the capacity of local governments, and it ensured the use of reliable, low cost, low maintenance technologies that improve long-term sustainability. The project attests to the hard work of national civil society organizations to improve environmental practices and increase the accountability of local governments. This project has helped reduce tensions between communities and foster more democratic participation at the local level., Consilience, No 8 (2012): Issue Eight: 2012

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Environmental Science and Technology, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/es301257c, Slags collected from the basic oxygen furnaces of two Linz-Donawitz steel making plants were tested as adsorbents for H2S removal at room temperature (298 K). Two different particle size fractions, namely, This work was partially funded by the PCTI-Asturias (Projects PEST08-07, PEST08-14 and PC10-71).

M.Sc. Large development initiatives are currently being implemented in South Africa. Many small towns such as the town of Roossenekal are affected by large developments, especially in terms of their service delivery capacity and resources. This study attempts to illustrate how effective waste management can be implemented in small rural towns such as Roossenekal by incorporating current legislation and development plans as a driving force. The waste stream generated in this town comprises large enough volumes of recyclable waste to attain the national waste-to-landfill reduction targets. Various measures such as at-source separation and the bulk storage of recyclables for collection by commercial recyclers, as well as domestic composting, are considered to be relevant. This study shows that fairly simple interventions could have overridingly positive effects on the management of waste in the town of Roossenekal and that the vision of attaining national strategic goals and objectives could in fact be realised. Cognisance has been taken of the current policy governing waste management and it is evident that by applying the waste hierarchy approach, simple and custom-made solutions can be identified. This study identifies development and national policy as key drivers in implementing effective waste management strategies. Large projects such as the construction of the De Hoop dam, as well as commercial ventures such as the mines and commercial recyclers that are currently operating in the town and its surrounds, are considered to be major role-players which could make a valuable contribution to waste management.

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The 1972 amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act provide for major changes to reduce and eventually eliminate water pollution by 1985. In contrast, projections indicate that the volume of wastes generated by population and economic growth in the near future will be very large and the cost of treating it by standard methods will be extremely high. Hence, all possible systems and methods of waste disposal must be considered and ways of reducing the amount of waste discharges sought. In attempting to reach the goal of zero waste discharges, one alternative which must be considered in certain situations is the employment of deep well waste disposal (DWWD). This method accomplishes long term isolation of highly toxic liquid industrial wastes in confined subsurface geologic strata. This study undertakes a preliminary investigation of the potential of DWWD as a waste management tool. The analysis is conducted from an economic standpoint with the relevant economic concepts and issues being identified and examined as they apply to both users and regulators of the method as well as the general public. The direct cost for the system and its operation was discussed with particular attention paid to its derivation. Numerous site specific variables prevent generalizations concerning the cost of DWWD relative to surface treatment methods. On occasions, however, the method appears to have a greater initial capital outlay requirement but a much less operating and maintenance cost than alternative forms of wastewater management achieving the same effect. The social costs and benefits of deep well waste disposal were viewed in detail. Suggestions were made as how society might compensate the firm for the creation of social benefits in excess of social costs, and how they may be internalized into the firm's decision making process. Finally, the industrial potential for employing DWWD in the study area, designated as the Mid and South Atlantic states, is derived and discussed. Master of Science

Many civic groups and local governments are involved in campaigns to safely collect and dispose of "household hazardous waste." Although it is difficult to define, household hazardous waste is generally considered to be any chemical waste generated in a family dwelling which, if disposed of improperly, may be harmful to human health or the environment. Growing concerns are centered around the disposal of these potentially toxic wastes by burying them in landfills or pouring them down drains or storm sewers. The most popular method of addressing the problem of household hazardous waste is that of holding "collection days," at which householders are encouraged to bring their hazardous waste to some central location for proper handling by responsible authorities. Although the availability of information about the total costs of holding these collections days is presently limited, it is apparent that the expense per household served is quite high. Some people have questioned whether the expense is justified, since there has been little documentation of the risks associated with the handling of household hazardous waste in the municipal waste stream. This thesis presents the findings to date of a study examining the quantities of household hazardous waste present in the municipal waste stream (in order to assess the risks associated with their disposal) and the costs associated with collection days. A telephone survey was used to develop a preliminary estimate of the nature and quantity of hazardous waste generated by households in a Virginia city. Cost data from collection days held in Virginia and elsewhere in the United States are documented and discussed. Master of Science

Nowadays “waste management” is a topic largely studied and questioned among government and Institutional organizations, as a complex phenomenon with a range of consequences for the involved stakeholders and society. In an European scenario, the Northern countries, where waste is considered as a resource, implement an efficient management of the solid residues, while the Southern countries, like Italy, seem to have a slowly evolution on waste treatment. Although different waste management options are now available the development of a sustainable waste management system needs to be discussed from a broader systems perspective, taking the environmental, social and economic issues into account. In this study, Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) in accordance to ISO 14040/44 standards, helps to expand the perspective beyond the waste management system. Scope of this study is using LCA method to compare the environmental performance of two different waste management systems in the municipality of Avezzano (Southern Italy). These are landfilling, the Avezzano's original waste management, and incineration for supplying heat and electricity to household; Waste to Energy is a system largely experimented in Sweden, that has been agreed upon in Avezzano, but not yet implemented. After data collection, models have been developed using GaBi 4, an LCA tool that allows to account material and energy flows and carry out environmental impact assessment from a life cycle perspective. Life cycle impact assessment has been addressed at mid-point level (i.e. problem-oriented); at the end incineration results to be negative for the air quality, and consequently for human health, due to CO2 and SOX emissions in the atmosphere. These substances affect not only the Climatic Change but also phenomena like Acidification that impact flora, fauna, humans and artistic building. Although Landfilling is more toxic for the soil quality. Incineration produces 35% more energy than landfilling and this is ideal for the Avezzano inhabitants, as the city, like the whole Italy, depends strongly of foreign Countries for the energy production. Implementing an incineration plant result 30% less economical than landfilling, and currently in Italy there are no economic incentive to build Waste to Energy plants, and also there are still problem of legality that make incineration project even more difficult to be implemented.

Corrosion reduces the lifetime of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) superheater tubes more than any other cause. It can be minimized by the careful selection of those materials that are most resistant to corrosion under operating conditions. Since thousands of different materials are already known and many more are developed every year, here the selection methodology developed by Prof. Ashby of the University of Cambridge was used to evaluate the performance of different materials to be used as MSWI superheater tubes. The proposed materials can operate at steam pressures and temperatures over 40 bars and 400 °C, respectively. Two case studies are presented: one makes a balanced selection between mechanical properties and cost per thermal unit; and the other focuses on increasing tube lifetime. The balanced selection showed that AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel (wrought, hard tempered) is the best candidate with a good combination of corrosion resistance, a relatively low price (0.83-0.92 €/kg) and a good thermal conductivity (23-27 W/m K). Meanwhile, Nitronic 50/XM-19 stainless steel is the most promising candidate for long-term selection, as it presents high corrosion resistance with a relatively low price (4.86-5.14 €/kg) compared to Ni-alloys.

Actualment no hi ha una gestió específica dels residus d’obra que contenen nanomaterials. I que per tant, existeix la necessitat de protocols per a la gestió de residus d’obra amb nanomaterials. El principal objectiu és que en les fases d’execució d’obra, no es barregin residus que contenen nanomaterials amb els que no en contenen. I dintre dels que tenen nano mirar de discriminar-los tant com sigui possible segons el nivell de risc ambientals i sobre les persones, i com a pas previ de tot això, s’haurà de conèixer característiques dels residus i llistarem les principals característiques que haurem de conèixer. Inclou identificar punts crítics, en els treballs d’enderroc o en les diferents fases constructives, que necessitaran un tractament diferencial. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu general, s’abordaran els següents apartats: 1. Conèixer els nanomaterials a la construcció 2. Identificar materials de construcció utilitzats a les obres d’edificació que contenen nanomaterials. 3. Identificar el tipus de nanomaterials que s’hi presenten. 4. Recopilar la informació que es coneix a l’actualitat sobre toxicitat ambiental dels nanomaterials utilitzats a la construcció 5. Relacionar el cicle de vida amb els nanomaterials que es poden trobar

Two mathematical models (structured and simplified) were developed and calibrated with experimental data for anaerobic biodegradation of source-sorted household solid waste

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es calcular el impacto ambiental generado por los aceites minerales usados en una obra y proponer medidas para su reducción. Para la elaboración del mismo se plantearon cuatro objetivos específicos: 1) identificar un listado completo de los residuos peligrosos que intervienen en la fase constructiva de una obra; 2) presentar toda la legislación que afecta a estos residuos; 3) calcular el impacto ambiental de los aceites residuales producidos en una obra concreta y 4) presentar propuestas para reducir el impacto de los aceites usados. Estos cuatro objetivos llevaron a su vez a la resolución de un objetivo mayor, que es el de llamar la atención sobre los residuos que no aparecen bajo el concepto de “residuos de la construcción ˮ, y simultáneamente marcar un camino para que otros compañeros posteriormente puedan hacer la misma investigación dedicada a otro residuo no considerado en el presente trabajo. Para acotar el ámbito de aplicación del trabajo, este se focaliza solamente en la fase de ejecución de obra y los aceites usados que se generan en esta, dejando al margen los procesos de obtención de las materias primas naturales y de fabricación de los materiales o productos usados. El trabajo ha sido dividido en seis capítulos, quedando estos divididos de la siguiente manera según su contenido: en el primero se presenta toda la normativa vigente en relación a los residuos peligrosos que son producidos debido a la actividad de una obra siguiendo el método de recopilación de datos y trabajo de campo; en el segundo capítulo se enumeran, describen y relacionan dichos residuos con los diferentes trabajos en la obra; en el tercero se describen los tratamientos de aceites usados existentes y permitidos por la legislación; en el cuarto se hace una comparativa cuantitativa del impacto ambiental de los tratamientos tomando los KgCO2 producidos como indicador; en el quinto se realiza un cálculo de repercusión del impacto sobre una obra concreta, y en el sexto se hacen propuestas dirigidas tanto a los responsables de las obras como a otras figuras legales encaminadas a la reducción o mejora de la gestión de este residuo. Se ha llegado a la conclusión de que la cantidad de emisiones de CO2 generadas por el aceite usado en una obra es considerable, sobre todo en las fases de movimientos de tierras y estructuras, predominando la maquinaria en la primera y el transporte de los materiales en la segunda. Se ha probado que el tratamiento menos agresivo con el medio ambiente es la regeneración y que una de las medidas a adoptar es asegurarse que el gestor final usa este método. Entre otras medidas a adoptar y que están en nuestra mano podemos mencionar; el uso de los aceites sintéticos, revisiones diarias de la maquinaria para evitar vertidos incontrolados, elegir gestor final por su grado de eficiencia en la gestión y promover equipos mecánicos primarios más eficientes. Para obtener el material necesario del trabajo los métodos de estudio han sido predominantemente la recopilación de información y datos, y el trabajo de campo mediante entrevistas con empresas gestoras y productoras de residuos. Cabe destacar la importancia de las referencias que se han usado, y la información obtenida de la empresa Sertego Servicios Medioambientales.

Material complementari del cas estudi "Technical aspects of municipal solid waste collection: case studies from East Africa", part component del llibre "Case studies for developing globally responsible engineers"