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Scholars have long considered the post–World War I minorities regime—defined and encompassed by a series of “minorities treaties” with various Balkan, Eastern European, and Middle Eastern states and the construction of a “Minorities Commission” in the new League of Nations to enforce them—as a basically well-intentioned, if ultimately misguided, first step toward the concept of internationally guaranteed human rights. In fact, the minorities treaties had vanishingly little to do with European concern for actual minority populations anywhere. Rather, they represented a new iteration of an imperial vision that had marked relations between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers of Britain, France, and Russia since the late eighteenth century: the idea, enshrined in the so-called capitulations agreements, that non-Muslim communities within the Ottoman sphere could represent a site of European economic, political, and military intervention and redefine the Ottoman state—and now the emerging nation-states of Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Anatolia, and the Levant—as possessing a lesser form of sovereignty.

This work is a supplement to earlier literature reviews of research on the production control scheme known as CONWIP. In this paper, we chronicle the origins of CONWIP and address many of the issue...

The theory of agency has found applications across the social sciences as well as in management fields; there are literally thousands of papers that employ it. Unlike many popular theoretical appro...

As the question of appropriation of the surplus value is independent of the question of economic valuation of it, Sraffa succeeds in removing the conflation between the problem of production of the surplus product and its appropriation, which, it is argued, sits at the core of the discrepancy between Marx’s physics of production and his metaphysics of human labour. JEL Codes: B1, B2, B3, B4, B5

Предметом дослідження в статті є існуючі методи генерації відображення контенту веб-сторінок для користувачів веб-ресурсів. Мета роботи – аналіз переваг та недоліків основних підходів у створенні візуального веб-контенту для користувача, їхнє порівняння. Висновки: в сучасних системах веб-сайтів головним засобом спілкування з користувачем є інтерфейс, який має бути гнучким і зручним, а отже динамічно змінюватися відповідно до дій користувача. При цьому рівень обчислювальних потужностей сучасних пристроїв, що використовуються для доступу до веб-сайтів, є достатньо високим для швидкого та зручного відображення контенту, а динамічні сторінки адаптованими до різних цільових пристроїв. Таким чином забезпечується комфортний перегляд контенту та в той же час економне використання серверних ресурсів.

In 2004, Robert Stake published a provocative article that asked: “How Far Dare an Evaluator Go Toward Saving the World?” This question raises the issue of what role evaluators’ values play in the conduct of evaluations. Following review of Stake’s premises, I present value statements from a diverse group of 40 evaluators working with philanthropic foundations. The results update and revise Stake’s list of “six advocacies common in evaluation.” The findings capture changes in evaluation language and substantive concerns over the last 15 years regarding evaluators’ values and engagement. The conclusion affirms Stake’s original overarching principle. In closing, I offer an additional concern toward saving the world not on Stake’s list or that of the evaluators sampled: global sustainability and environmental justice in the face of the global pandemic and climate emergency. This process of inquiry generated a facilitation tool for use by evaluators, presented here, to support reflective practice about evaluators’ values.

Over the last decade, a growing number of public administration theorists have taken up the question of how ontology—assumptions about the nature of existence—shapes our understanding of governance. This substantially updated primer, originally published in Public Administration Review, introduces the essay, provides a basic explanation of ontology, describes the fundamental debates in philosophies of ontology, and discusses why ontology is important to social and political theory and therefore public administration theory and practice. Using an ideal-type approach grounded in differing ontological assumptions, a Governance Typology is provided to support analysis of differing public administration theories. An integrative approach to governance is offered that is grounded in relational process ontology—a foundation that may support a viable synthesis of the other four primary ideal-types. The essay concludes with a call for personal reflection on the part of scholars and practitioners regarding their own ontological commitments and an invitation to collaborative inquiry.

How can we think about modes of martial operability that are responsive to the transformative conditions engendered by the information age? This article assumes an exploratory stance and reconsiders the theory of network-centric warfare (NCW) in concert with some elements of Gilbert Simondon’s work. It suggests that the Simondonian concepts of individuation, transduction and information, coupled with his understanding of technical objects, help us shift our focus from the platform-centric to the network-centric, thus enabling us to reengage with the theory of NCW in a manner that is responsive to the information age.

In August 1836, African Americans in Boston dramatically rescued two fugitives from slavery in an episode that demonstrates the interpretive challenges in surviving accounts. As well, the slavecatcher's assumptions around legal procedure suggest that these events may be key background for Prigg v. Pennsylvania in 1842.

This article returns to the figure of the mouth in Gotthold Ephraim Lessing’s Laocoön: An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry. While many scholars treat Lessing’s attention to the statue’s mouth as a sign of his contempt for the body, the article argues that Lessing’s interest in orality is a test of the limits of the eighteenth century’s neoclassicism. The article concludes that Lessing is thus not a representative of conservative aesthetics but a proto-Freudian thinker who inadvertently challenged the foundations of his own aesthetic project.

In pursuit of a broader disciplinary understanding of the building site as a social artifact, this experimental seminar undertook the design of prototypical approaches to the representation of hist...

With the digital assets increase, Digital Asset Management (DAM) has become more crucial than ever before. DAM increases the efficiency of managing contents and helps maximize the value of content. This research through two case studies discovers the core elements necessary for effective DAM practice, including BBC Redux and The World Digital Library. Findings show that in selecting a DAM system, managing metadata and understanding user needs are the most necessary elements for effective DAM practice. In addition, this research highlights that in the process of DAM practice, every element interacts with the others. People still have to look at the DAM from a comprehensive perspective of a DAM ecosystem.

Nowadays, due to constant innovations in technology, there are many available libraries to help developers in the process of designing and code visual and functional websites. Among all of them, React is currently one of the most popular in the developer community. When developers work with React, there are three common approaches used in the community. The purpose of this project is to provide a comparison between those approaches and an insight of how they perform in a real world situation. For this task, chrome developer tools was used for debugging. The three different approaches (Classes, functional and Hooks components) were tested using 4 different projects. Each project had 3 different versions. One solely relies on state management, the second one on an API response and the third one an API call and the use of Redux. After performing all tests, Hooks was the clear winner overall but still there are developers which use the other two approaches, classes approach performed better than functional but it can lead to misuse of class lifecycle which can result in a performance downgrade, that is why if possible, the use of functional when the manage of state is not required is still recommended instead of class based components for that work. React is being updated regularly and further improvement may be expected. Further studies may be needed to cover new incoming features, optimizations and improvements.

We analyse the role of economic and security considerations in bilateral trade agreements. We use the pre‐World War I period to test whether trade agreements are governed by standard gravity variables, or by instead—or in addition—geopolitical factors. While we like others find support for standard gravity variables, we also find that defence pacts boost the probability of trade agreements by as much as 20 percentage points. Our estimates imply that were the U.S. to alienate its geopolitical allies, the likelihood and benefits of successful bilateral agreements would fall significantly. Trade creation from an agreement between the U.S. and E.U. countries would decline by about 0.6 per cent of total U.S. exports.

This cliometric study evaluates efficiency outcomes from America’s telecommunications sector acquisitions, based on data for 1988–2001, as the sector’s horizontal acquisition processes have repeated themselves. Sector ownership has been comprehensively reconcentrated. Concepts from the size and structural capital literatures enable defining mechanisms to establish causality between horizontal ownership influence and efficiency. For the measure of size, smaller-sized firms display positive efficiency impacts, while medium-sized firms display lower performance than average and large-sized entities display substantially lower performance. Entities experiencing a lesser level of structural capital influence enjoy better performance, while entities experiencing a medium level of structural capital influence experience lower performance than average and entities experiencing a high level of structural capital influence experience much lower efficiency. The evidence implies that negative motivations associated with size and power acquisition may be spilt over to acquired entities, and increasing negative size impact suggests these motives have strengthened as larger controlling entities have brought more units under their ambit. Restraining concentration is a fundamental policy concern to restore competitive economy fundamentals and prevent ruining America’s entrepreneurial spirit.

We revisit Munro and Derwing (1995a), providing retrospective commentary on our original methods and findings. Using what are now well-established assessment techniques, the study examined the interrelationships among accentedness, comprehensibility, and intelligibility in the speech of second-language learners. The key finding was that the dimensions at issue are related, but partially independent. Of particular note was our observation that speech can be heavily accented but highly intelligible. To provide a fresh perspective on the original data we report a few new analyses, including more up-to-date statistical modeling. Throughout the original text we intersperse insights we have gained over the past 25 years. We conclude with retrospective interpretations, including thoughts on the relevance of the study to contemporary second language teaching and especially pronunciation instruction.

This article unpacks how voters of color continue to be disenfranchised by policy and administrative action. In 2013, the US Supreme Court issued a decision in Shelby County v. Holder, which struck...

An actor in a crumpled red suit and clown make-up sits down on a stool and begins to tell a story about the beginning of the world. As he speaks, he is repeatedly interrupted by unsolicited technic...

Recent advances in understanding of the biology of appendicitis are reviewed. Immunological aspects are discussed in the setting of a changing microbiome. Implications for practice are summarized.

With international arrivals surpassing 1.5 billion for the first time in 2019 the long-term evolution of tourism demonstrates prolific path dependence with a decade of growth since the global finan...

The need for sustained scholarly analysis and knowledge building on issues of race and ethnicity in social work research is as compelling as ever given the intensification of global racial inequali...

As a woman who is both loved and hated, revered and reviled, the celebrity trainwreck can be read as a powerful and creative model of subversion. That is not how Whitney’s Houston’s life story is f...

FQ Columnist Bilal Qureshi observes that while think pieces and popular culture alike depict heterosexual relationships as in crisis in the age of Tinder, gay love is blossoming in mainstream cinema, breaking out of its marginalized festival circuits to help redefine what it means to love and be loved in 2019. As his starting point, Qureshi discusses Lucio Castro's End of the Century (2019), a deeply personal film (for both the director and this critic) that Qureshi sees as emblematic of the ways in which a new generation of films have expanded the canon of gay romance. No longer burdened by tragedy and the fight for equal rights, films such as End of the Century, Moonlight, and Call Me By Your Name are free to focus instead on the universal mysteries of love, in ways that appeal to straight and queer audiences alike.

Вместе с развитием интернета растет количество веб-приложений их сложность, из-за чего становится необходимым использовать для их разработки эффективные паттерны проектирования, предлагающие простые и оптимальные подходы к управлению состоянием приложения. В данной статье сравниваются два популярных паттерна проектирования приложений, которые активно используются в веб-разработке., Along with the development of the Internet, the number of web applications is increasing in their complexity, which makes it necessary to use efficient design patterns that offer simple and optimal approaches to managing the state of the application. This paper compares two popular application design patterns that are actively used in web development.

Welcome to a new ReactJS project, which is going to be a career-related social media app built in ReactJS. Also, we will use Redux and a lot of other wonderful technologies to create this app.

The importance of nontechnical skills in surgery is widely recognized. We demonstrate the feasibility of administering and assessing the results of a formal Non-Technical Skills in Surgery (NOTSS) curriculum to cardiothoracic surgery residents.Eight cardiothoracic surgery residents participated in the NOTSS curriculum. They were assessed on their cognitive (situation awareness, decision-making) and social (communication and teamwork, leadership) skills based on simulated vignettes. The residents underwent pretraining NOTSS assessments followed by self-administered confidence ratings regarding the 4 skills. Subsequently, a formal NOTSS lecture was delivered and additional readings from the NOTSS textbook was assigned. A month later, the residents returned for post-training NOTSS assessments and self-administered confidence ratings. Changes across days (or within-day before vs after curriculum) were assessed using Wilcoxon signed rank test.There was a significant improvement in the overall NOTSS assessment score (P = .01) as well as in the individual categories (situation awareness, P = .02; decision-making, P = .02; communication and teamwork, P = .01; leadership, P = .02). There was also an increase in resident self-perception of improvement on the post-training day (P = .01).We have developed a simulation-based NOTSS curriculum in cardiothoracic surgery that can be formally integrated into the current residency education. This pilot study indicates the feasibility of reproducible assessments by course educators and self-assessments by participating residents in nontechnical skills competencies.

Scholars have increasingly urged researchers to evaluate prior findings through replication studies that can help test, refine, and extend claims made in previous research. We agree that this is an important aspect of social science that deliberative scholarship has underutilized. To help fill this lacunae, we test our previous findings from an analysis of data from Citizen Initiative Reviews (CIRs) in 2016 by replicating our methodology on data from CIRs in 2018. We set out to determine if the patterns we discovered earlier and developed into the Deliberative Procedures Frame theory appeared again in 2018 CIRs. We find repeating across the two sets of data, including consistent levels of enthusiasm, slow rising happiness, and the relationships between certain emotions on the final day and participants’ evaluations of deliberative quality, and these indicate that our theory remains a viable explanation for emotions in mini-public deliberation. We remain confident that the sources of anger and frustration identified in our previous analysis remains correct. On the basis of this replication, we clarify that what we call the Procedures Frame enables the identification of the most likely time points during deliberation when the threat to democratic legitimacy and the risk to quality deliberation will most likely arise and result in expressions of emotion. Finally, our study reinforces how important deliberative design is to the role of emotions in the success of mini-publics.

The purpose of this research project was to develop a cross-platform mobile application to collect field sample data for the Grbic team. The frontend of the application was prototyped in Figma, then developed in React Native with Expo. The application uses React Navigation v5.0 and Redux v4.1 to handle navigation and state management. Expo’s APIs allow the app to leverage native device features such as GPS, Camera, Microphone and Camera Roll to collect data seamlessly from users. The app also supports barcode reading to assign collected data to the appropriately labelled physical sample. The backend will still need to be established, to handle user authentication and data storage. However, the final survey screen builds a completed JSON object and after it is parsed, data can be stored in the appropriate database tables.

The queueing delay faced by a packet is arguably the largest source of uncertainty during its journey. It therefore seems crucial that we understand how big the buffers should be in Internet routers. Our 2004 Sigcomm paper revisited the existing rule of thumb that a buffer should hold one bandwidth-delay product of packets. We claimed that for long-lived TCP flows, it could be reduced by √ N , where N is the number of active flows, potentially reducing the required buffers by well over 90% in Internet backbone routers. One might reasonably expect that such a result, which supports cheaper routers with smaller buffers, would be embraced by the ISP community. In this paper we revisit the result 15 years later, and explain where it has succeeded and failed to affect how buffers are sized.

This article interrogates the notion of state capitalism, exploring the contributions and limits of the concept as a means of theorizing the more visible role of the state across the world capitalist economy. We critically synthesize the key arguments, outlining commonly cited properties and practices of state capitalism, in three bodies of literature: strategic management, comparative capitalism, and international political economy. We find that the term not only lacks a unified definition, but actually refers to an extremely wide array of policy instruments, strategic objectives, institutional forms, and networks, that involve the state to different degrees. For this proliferation of competing usages to be productive and not lead to analytical impasses, we argue that there is a need for a heightened level of reflexive scrutiny of state capitalism as a category of analysis. In that spirit, we identify three issues that the literature must further grapple with for the term to be analytically meaningful, that is, capable of rendering (state)capitalist diversity amenable to analysis and critique: (1) the ‘missing link’ of a theory of the capitalist state, (2) the time horizons of state capitalism, or the question of ‘periodization’, (3) territorial considerations, or the question of ‘locating’ state capitalism.