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To measure the Anterior Chamber depth, Anterior chamber angle with Anterior segment OCT and measuring intra ocular pressure before and after Laser Peripheral Iridotomy in Primary Angle closure Disease. Methods:In primary angle closure patients both males and females are selected with variable ages. Anterior chamber (AC) angles examined with Gonioscopy and the angle configuration classified with Shaffer System (1960) (1)The Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) recorded with applanation Tonometer. Laser Peripheral Iridotomy(LPI) performed in indicatedcases and AC angle and IOP recorded after 3 days, 6 weeks and 6 months. Conclusions: In Angle closure Glaucoma AC depth andAC Angle are remarkably increased after LPI. IOP also is decreased in Primary Angle closure Glaucoma with Ocular Hyper Tension. LPI proved to beeffective in almost all the Primary Angle Closure Suspect, Primary Angle Closure, Primary Angle Closure with OHT, Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma. &nbsp

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by ovarian dysfunction. Ovulation was induced either by Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS: Clomiphene citrate) or aromatase Inhibitors (Letrozole). Hence, the present study was conducted with an aim to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of Letrozole v/s Clomiphene Citrate in ovulation induction in patients with the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Methodology: A randomised trial was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly among 96 women with infertility in the age group of 21-35 years. All the eligible cases were randomly divided into two groups. Group A and group B were administered 50 mg Clomiphene Citrate and 2.5 mg Letrozole, respectively. Both groups were subjected to transvaginal ultrasonographic monitoring for detecting ovulation. The analysis was carried out on SPSS 24.0 version. Observations: Letrozole-treated patients (66.7%) had better ovulation rates than Clomiphene Citrate-treated patients (52.1%). With Letrozole, 52.1% of patients developed monofollicle and the mean endometrial thickness was 8.6 mm. However, the mean diameter of the largest follicle was more with clomiphene (21.15 mm). Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that aromatase inhibitors are safer and more effective in comparison to clomiphene citrate in terms of ovulation induction. With some limitations of the present study, we found that the advantages of administering Letrozole were more than clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in women with PCOS. &nbsp

East Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is highly valued for its heartwood and its oil. There have been no efforts to comparative study of high and low oil yielding genetically identical sandalwood trees grown in similar climatic condition. Thus we intend to study a genome wide transcriptome analysis to identify the corresponding genes involved in high oil biosynthesis in S. album. In this study, 15 years old S. album (SaSHc and SaSLc) genotypes were targeted for analysis to understand the contribution of genetic background on high oil biosynthesis in S. album. A total of 28,959187 and 25,598869 raw PE reads were generated by the Illumina sequencing. 2.12 million and 1.811 million coding sequences were obtained in respective accessions. Based on the GO terms, functional classification of the CDS 21262, & 18113 were assigned into 26 functional groups of three GO categories; (4,168; 3,641) for biological process (5,758;4,971) cellular component and (5,108;4,441) for molecular functions. Total 41,900 and 36,571 genes were functionally annotated and KEGG pathways of the DEGs resulted 213 metabolic pathways. In this, 14 pathways were involved in secondary metabolites biosynthesis pathway in S. album. Among 237 cytochrome families, nine groups of cytochromes were participated in high oil biosynthesis. 16,665 differentially expressed genes were commonly detected in both the accessions (SaHc and SaSLc). The results showed that 784 genes were upregulated and 339 genes were downregulated in SaHc whilst 635 upregulated 299 downregulated in SaSLc S. album. RNA-Seq results were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR. Maximum Blast hits were found to be against Vitis vinifera. From this study we have identified additional number of cytochrome family in SaHc. The accessibility of a RNA-Seq for high oil yielding sandalwood accessions will have broader associations for the conservation and selection of superior elite samples/populations for further genetic improvement program.

To evaluate success of nasal loop myopexy as a primary procedure in correcting the ocular deviation in primary position when combined with recession and resection procedure (RR) in exotropia hypotropia complex in high myopia and to explore the probable cause for deviation.We present a case series of three adult males with exotropia hypotropia complex and high myopia with large angle exotropia and hypotropia, with deflection of the courses of superior and medial recti seen intraoperatively. We performed a conventional recession and resection procedure, which was combined with a nasal loop myopexy between the superior rectus (SR) and medial rectus (MR) in the same session, under local anesthesia, to correct the deflected course of SR and MR; with the aim of correcting the deviation in primary position and improving ocular motility, mainly elevation in abduction.We present a case series of three adult males with exotropia hypotropia complex, who were operated between March 2017 and October 2017. In all the three cases described above, it was noted that the preoperative exotropia and hypotropia improved following the combination of nasal loop myopexy with a conventional recession and resection procedure, as shown by improvement in ocular deviation in the primary position (measured by prism bar cover test, PBCT). First patient improved from 50 prism exotropia with 16 prism hypotropia to 5 prisms exophoria and 6 prisms hypotropia in left eye. Second patient improved from 45 prism right exotropia and 10 prism hypotropia to 10 prisms exotropia and 6 prism hypotropia. Third patient improved from 40 prism left exotropia and 20 prisms hypotropia to 10 prism esotropia and 5 prisms hypotropia. Ocular motility showed no restriction following surgery in any of the gazes. Limitation of elevation in abduction, caused due to SR deflection, improved due to repositioning of SR and MR in their anatomical positions in all the cases. In the first patient elevation in abduction improved from -4 to -1; in the second and third patients, it improved from -2 to 0. None of the three adult patients experienced any side effects following the procedure.The combination of recession and resection procedures with nasal loop myopexy was found to be effective in correcting the ocular deviation and limitation to elevation in abduction by correcting the deflected course of superior rectus and medial rectus to result in an effective improvement of elevation in abduction. One case had an overcorrection of exotropia. There were no other major complications.

Fatty acid beta-oxidation occurs in both mitochondria and peroxisomes. Mitochondria catalyze the beta-oxidation of the bulk of short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids derived from diet, and this pathway constitutes the major process by which fatty acids are oxidized to generate energy. Peroxisomes are involved, preferentially, in the beta-oxidation chain shortening of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and in the process produce H2O2. Long-chain fatty acids and VLCFAs are also metabolized by the cytochrome P450 CYP4A omega-oxidation system to toxic dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) that serve as substrates for peroxisomal beta-oxidation, and this process also leads to the production of superoxide and H2O2. The genes encoding peroxisomal, microsomal, and certain mitochondrial fatty acid metabolizing enzymes in liver are transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha). Deficiencies of the enzymes of peroxisomal beta-oxidation have been recognized as important causes of disease. Evidence from mice deficient in PPAR alpha (PPAR alpha-/-), deficient in peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX-/-), the first enzyme of the classical beta-oxidation system, and deficient in both PPAR alpha and AOX (PPAR alpha-/-AOX-/-) points to the critical importance of PPAR alpha-inducible peroxisomal and microsomal oxidation systems that metabolize LCFAs and VLCFAs in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic microvesicular hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. These and other mouse models should provide greater understanding of the molecular mechanism responsible for hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. Deficiency of AOX disrupts the oxidation of VLCFAs, DCAs, and other substrates leading to extensive microvesicular steatosis and steatohepatitis. Loss of this enzyme also causes sustained hyperactivation of PPAR alpha, leading to transcriptional up-regulation of PPAR alpha-regulated genes, indicating that unmetabolized substrates of AOX function as ligands of PPAR alpha. beta-Oxidation is the major process by which fatty acids are oxidized to generate energy, especially when glucose availability is low during periods of starvation. Mice deficient in PPAR alpha and those nullizygous for both PPAR alpha and AOX show a minimal steatotic phenotype under fed conditions but manifest an exaggerated steatotic response to fasting, indicating that defects in PPAR alpha-inducible fatty acid oxidation determine the severity of fatty liver phenotype to conditions reflecting energy-related stress.

Aim The aim of the present study was to compare the remaining dental thickness (RDT) in the mesiobuccal root of mandibular first molars at 3 and 7 mm from the anatomic apex after instrumentation with ProTaper, light speed LSX, K3 and M2 and to compare with that of K-files. Materials and methods In this study, 60 extracted, untreated human mandibular first molars with fully formed apices, with curvature less than 35° and no root resorption were used. Prepared specimens were cut horizontally at 3 and 7 mm short of anatomic apex. The least dentin thickness from canal to external root surface was observed under 3× magnification and recorded using Clemax measuring tool and the sections were reassembled. Group I—instrumentation with ProTaper, group II—instrumentation with K3, group III—instrumentation with Light Speed LSX, group IV—instrumentation with M2 and group V— instrumentation with K-files and RDT was measured. Results Results showed that group V removed lesser amount of dentin compared to all other groups while all the three instrumentation techniques removed almost equal amount of dentin apically. Clinical significance Cleaning and shaping of the root canal space involves the elimination of pathogenic contents as well as attaining a uniform specific shape. However, the RDT following the use of various intraradicular procedures is an important factor to be considered as an iatrogenic cause that may result in root fracture. To avoid this, newer rotary instruments are being introduced. How to cite this article Rao MSR, Shameem A, Nair R, Ghanta S, Thankachan RP, Issac JK. Comparison of the Remaining Dentin Thickness in the Root after Hand and Four Rotary Instrumentation Techniques: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):712-717.

The Semi-arid Southwest part of the Punjab has intense agricultural and industrial activity and this part is affected by groundwater salinity problems. To identify the groundwater salinity using isotopes (δ18O) and ion chemistry 22 random samples were collected from semi-arid region of South West Punjab i.e. Bhatinda district. The hydro-chemical analysis shows that the southern and western parts have high values of EC. Some areas in the district especially in north, central and small patches in south-western and eastern parts showing high values of fluoride exceeding the permissible limit of 1.5 mgL-1 for drinking water standards. The water belongs to the category of very hard water. The Na% in groundwater indicates that from 17 groundwater water sampling locations water can be used for irrigation leaving only 5 sampling locations which is found unsuitable for irrigation. The enriched δ18O values are found in the eastern and western parts of the district, while southern and northern parts are showing highly depleted values. The enriched values found between the canals Bhatinda branch and Kotla branch may be attributed to evaporation from shallow water table areas. The enriched δ18O values of groundwater are indicator of salinity. There is an increase in EC and enrichment in isotopic composition as observed in some samples due to the evaporation effect and in some samples the increase is EC is found but the isotopic composition remains constant indicating the increase in EC due to geogenic reasons. Therefore, the integrated data of ion chemistry and isotope is useful for identifying the salinity in semi-arid region.

The biologic behavior of hemangiopericytoma is difficult to predict using clinical or histologic criteria. The authors studied 22 hemangiopericytomas (including "angioblastic meningiomas") from 16 patients. Included in the study were six recurrent tumors and one metastatic tumor. DNA flow cytometric analysis was performed on 21 tumors for which paraffin-embedded material was available. All of the tumors were DNA diploid. However, among patients with adequate follow-up information, all tumors that exhibited aggressive behavior (local recurrence, metastasis, death due to invasive disease) had S-phase fractions of greater than 9% and proliferative indices (S-phase plus G2M phase) of greater than 11%. There was also a trend toward aggressive behavior in tumors with necrotic foci. Tumors arising in the central nervous system behaved more aggressively than primary tumors at other sites. This study showed a trend toward more aggressive behavior in hemangiopericytomas with higher proliferative indices. DNA ploidy, however, was not a useful indicator of biologic behavior in these tumors.

Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and women in the United States. An estimated 104,950 new cases of colon cancer and 40,340 new cases of rectal cancer will occur in the United States in 2005. During the same year, an estimated 56,290 people will die from colon and rectal cancer. Because patients with localized colon cancer have a 90% 5-year survival rate, screening is a critical and particularly effective procedure for colorectal cancer prevention. Screening options include colonoscopy; combined fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy; sigmoidoscopy alone; or double-contrast barium enema. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org

Guar meal was subjected to various detoxification pretreatments, and their effect on the proteins was determined by chemical and physicochemical methods. Ethanol treatment removed the high and low molecular weight protein fractions and decreased the carbohydrate content. These two protein fractions were also not observed in the proteins of the autoclaved samples, while there was no appreciable change in the carbohydrate content. Autoclaving also reduced the available lysine content of the total meal protein. Acid treatment dissociated the high molecular weight protein fractions and reduced both the available lysine and carbohydrate contents.

Our experience of 30 selected cases in whom circle cystostomy was used for postoperative drainage of the urinary bladder is described. Technical details and considerations used in the preferential selection of this method of urinary drainage over the standard balloon catheter (Foley) drainage are discussed.

Long wavelength spectral distortions in the Cosmic Microwave Background arising from the 21-cm transition in neutral Hydrogen are a key probe of Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization. These features may reveal the nature of the first stars and ultra-faint galaxies that transformed the spin temperature and ionization state of the primordial gas. SARAS~2 is a spectral radiometer purposely designed for precision measurement of these monopole or all-sky global 21-cm spectral distortions. We use 63~hr night time observing of the radio background in the frequency band 110-200~MHz with the radiometer deployed at the Timbaktu Collective in Southern India to derive likelihoods for plausible redshifted 21-cm signals predicted by theoretical models. First light with SARAS 2 disfavors the class of models that feature weak X-ray heating (with $f_X \leq 0.1$) and rapid reionization (with peak $\frac{dT_b}{dz} \geq 120~\textrm{mK per unit redshift interval}$ )., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letters