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4. Second asymptomatic carotid surgery trial (ACST-2): a randomised comparison of carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy

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Alison Halliday, Richard Bulbulia, Leo H Bonati, Johanna Chester, Andrea Cradduck-Bamford, Richard Peto, Hongchao Pan, John Potter, Hans Henning Eckstein, Barbara Farrell, Marcus Flather, Averil Mansfield, Boby Mihaylova, Kazim Rahimi, David Simpson, Dafydd Thomas, Peter Sandercock, Richard Gray, Andrew Molyneux, Cliff P Shearman, Peter Rothwell, Anna Belli, Will Herrington, Parminder Judge, Peter Leopold, Marion Mafham, Michael Gough, Piergiorgio Cao, Sumaira MacDonald, Vasha Bari, Clive Berry, S Bradshaw, Wojciech Brudlo, Alison Clarke, Robin Cox, Susan Fathers, Kamran Gaba, Mo Gray, Elizabeth Hayter, Constance Holliday, Rijo Kurien, Michael Lay, Steffi le Conte, Jessica McManus, Zahra Madgwick, Dylan Morris, Andrew Munday, Sandra Pickworth, Wiktor Ostasz, Michiel Poorthuis, Sue Richards, Louisa Teixeira, Sergey Tochlin, Lynda Tully, Carol Wallis, Monique Willet, Alan Young, Renato Casana, Chiara Malloggi, Andrea Odero Jr, Vincenzo Silani, Gianfranco Parati, Giuseppe Malchiodi, Giovanni Malferrari, Francesco Strozzi, Nicola Tusini, Enrico Vecchiati, Gioacchino Coppi, Antonio Lauricella, Roberto Moratto, Roberto Silingardi, Jessica Veronesi, Andrea Zini, Emanuele Ferrero, Michelangelo Ferri, Andrea Gaggiano, Carmelo Labate, Franco Nessi, Daniele Psacharopulo, Andrea Viazzo, Giovanni Malacrida, Daniela Mazzaccaro, Giovanni Meola, Alfredo Modafferi, Giovanni Nano, Maria Teresa Occhiuto, Paolo Righini, Silvia Stegher, Stefano Chiarandini, Filippo Griselli, Sandro Lepidi, Fabio Pozzi Mucelli, Marcello Naccarato, Mario D'Oria, Barbara Ziani, Andrea Stella, Mortalla Dieng, Gianluca Faggioli, Mauro Gargiulo, Sergio Palermo, Rodolfo Pini, Giovanni Maria Puddu, Andrea Vacirca, Domenico Angiletta, Claudio Desantis, Davide Marinazzo, Giovanni Mastrangelo, Guido Regina, Raffaele Pulli, Paolo Bianchi, Lea Cireni, Elisabetta Coppi, Rocco Pizzirusso, Filippo Scalise, Giovanni Sorropago, Valerio Tolva, Valeria Caso, Enrico Cieri, Paola DeRango, Luca Farchioni, Giacomo Isernia, Massimo Lenti, Gian Battista Parlani, Guglielmo Pupo, Grazia Pula, Gioele Simonte, Fabio Verzini, Federico Carimati, Maria Luisa Delodovici, Federico Fontana, Gabriele Piffaretti, Matteo Tozzi, Efrem Civilini, Giorgio Poletto, Bernhard Reimers, Barbara Praquin, Sonia Ronchey, Laura Capoccia, Wassim Mansour, Enrico Sbarigia, Francesco Speziale, Pasqualino Sirignano, Danilo Toni, Roberto Galeotti, Vincenzo Gasbarro, Francesco Mascoli, Tiberio Rocca, Elpiniki Tsolaki, Giulia Bernardini, Ester DeMarco, Alessia Giaquinta, Francesco Patti, Massimiliano Veroux, Pierfrancesco Veroux, Carla Virgilio, Nicola Mangialardi, Matteo Orrico, Vincenzo Di Lazzaro, Nunzio Montelione, Francesco Spinelli, Francesco Stilo, Carlo Cernetti, Sandro Irsara, Giuseppe Maccarrone, Diego Tonello, Adriana Visonà, Beniamino Zalunardo, Emiliano Chisci, Stefano Michelagnoli, Nicola Troisi, Maela Masato, Massimo Dei Negri, Andrea Pacchioni, Salvatore Saccà, Giovanni Amatucci, Alfredo Cannizzaro, Federico Accrocca, Cesare Ambrogi, Renzo Barbazza, Giustino Marcucci, Andrea Siani, Guido Bajardi, Giovanni Savettieri, Angelo Argentieri, Riccardo Corbetta, Attilio Odero, Pietro Quaretti, Federico Z Thyrion, Alessandro Cappelli, Domenico Benevento, Gianmarco De Donato, Maria Agnese Mele, Giancarlo Palasciano, Daniela Pieragalli, Alessandro Rossi, Carlo Setacci, Francesco Setacci, Domenico Palombo, Maria Cecilia Perfumo, Edoardo Martelli, Aldo Paolucci, Santi Trimarchi, Viviana Grassi, Luigi Grimaldi, Giuliana La Rosa, Domenico Mirabella, Matteo Scialabba, Leonildo Sichel, Costantino L D'Angelo, Gian Franco Fadda, Holta Kasemi, Mario Marino, Francesco Burzotta, Francesco Alberto Codispoti, Angela Ferrante, Giovanni Tinelli, Yamume Tshomba, Claudio Vincenzoni, Deborah Amis, Dawn Anderson, Martin Catterson, Mike Clarke, Michelle Davis, Anand Dixit, Alexander Dyker, Gary Ford, Ralph Jackson, Sreevalsan Kappadath, David Lambert, Tim Lees, Stephen Louw, James McCaslin, Noala Parr, Rebecca Robson, Gerard Stansby, Lucy Wales, Vera Wealleans, Lesley Wilson, Michael Wyatt, Hardeep Baht, Ibrahim Balogun, Ilse Burger, Tracy Cosier, Linda Cowie, Gunaratnam Gunathilagan, David Hargroves, Robert Insall, Sally Jones, Hannah Rudenko, Natasha Schumacher, Jawaharlal Senaratne, George Thomas, Audrey Thomson, Tom Webb, Ellen Brown, Bernard Esisi, Ali Mehrzad, Shane MacSweeney, Norman McConachie, Alison Southam, Wayne Sunman, Ahmed Abdul-Hamiq, Jenny Bryce, Ian Chetter, Duncan Ettles, Raghuram Lakshminarayan, Kim Mitchelson, Christopher Rhymes, Graham Robinson, Paul Scott, Alison Vickers, Ray Ashleigh, Stephen Butterfield, Ed Gamble, Jonathan Ghosh, Charles N McCollum, Mark Welch, Sarah Welsh, Leszek Wolowczyk, Mary Donnelly, Stephen D'Souza, Anselm A Egun, Bindu Gregary, Thomas Joseph, Christine Kelly, Shuja Punekar, M Asad Rahi, Sonia Raj, Dare Seriki, George Thomson, James Brown, Ragunath Durairajan, Iris Grunwald, Paul Guyler, Paula Harman, Matthew Jakeways, Christopher Khuoge, Ashish Kundu, Thayalini Loganathan, Nisha Menon, Raji O Prabakaran, Devesh Sinha, Vicky Thompson, Sharon Tysoe, Dennis Briley, Chris Darby, Linda Hands, Dominic Howard, Wilhelm Kuker, Ursula Schulz, Rachel Teal, David Barer, Andrew Brown, Susan Crawford, Paul Dunlop, Ramesh Krishnamurthy, Nikhil Majmudar, Duncan Mitchell, Min P Myint, Richard O'Brien, Janice O'Connell, Naweed Sattar, Shanmugam Vetrivel, Jonathan Beard, Trevor Cleveland, Peter Gaines, John Humphreys, Alison Jenkins, Craig King, Daniel Kusuma, Ralph Lindert, Robbie Lonsdale, Raj Nair, Shah Nawaz, Faith Okhuoya, Douglas Turner, Graham Venables, Paul Dorman, Andrea Hughes, Deborah Jones, David Mendelow, Helen Rodgers, Aidas Raudoniitis, Peter Enevoldson, Hans Nahser, Imelda O'Brien, Francesco Torella, Dave Watling, Richard White, Pauline Brown, Dipankar Dutta, Lorraine Emerson, Paula Hilltout, Sachin Kulkarni, Jackie Morrison, Keith Poskitt, Fiona Slim, Sarah Smith, Amanda Tyler, Joanne Waldron, Mark Whyman, Milda Bajoriene, Lucy Baker, Amanda Colston, Bekky Eliot-Jones, Gita Gramizadeh, Catherine Lewis-Clarke, Laura McCafferty, Deborah Oliver, Debbie Palmer, Abhijeet Patil, Suzannah Pegler, Gopi Ramadurai, Aisling Roberts, Tracey Sargent, Shivaprasad Siddegowda, Ravi Singh-Ranger, Akintunde Williams, Lucy Williams, Steve Windebank, Tadas Zuromskis, Lanka Alwis, Jane Angus, Asaipillai Asokanathan, Caroline Fornolles, Diana Hardy, Sophy Hunte, Frances Justin, Duke Phiri, Marie Mitabouana-Kibou, Lakshmanan Sekaran, Sakthivel Sethuraman, Margaret L Tate, Joyce Akyea-Mensah, Stephen Ball, Angela Chrisopoulou, Elizabeth Keene, Alison Phair, Steven Rogers, John V Smyth, Colin Bicknell, Jeremy Chataway, Nicholas Cheshire, Andrew Clifton, Caroline Eley, Richard Gibbs, Mohammad Hamady, Beth Hazel, Alex James, Michael Jenkins, Nyma Khanom, Austin Lacey, Maz Mireskandari, Joanna O'Reilly, Antony Pereira, Tina Sachs, John Wolfe, Philip Davey, Gill Rogers, Gemma Smith, Gareth Tervit, Ian Nichol, Andrew Parry, Gavin Young, Simon Ashley, James Barwell, Francis Dix, Azlisham M Nor, Chris Parry, Angela Birt, Paul Davies, Jim George, Anne Graham, Leon Jonker, Nicci Kelsall, Caroline Potts, Toni Wilson, Jamie Crinnion, Larissa Cuenoud, Nikola Aleksic, Srdan Babic, Nenad Ilijevski, Đorde Radak, Dragan Sagic, Slobodan Tanaskovic, Momcilo Colic, Vladimir Cvetic, Lazar Davidovic, Dejana R Jovanovic, Igor Koncar, Perica Mutavdžic, Miloš Sladojevic, Ivan Tomic, Eike S Debus, Ulrich Grzyska, Dagmar Otto, Götz Thomalla, Jessica Barlinn, Johannes Gerber, Kathrin Haase, Christian Hartmann, Stefan Ludwig, Volker Pütz, Christian Reeps, Christine Schmidt, Norbert Weiss, Sebastian Werth, Simon Winzer, Janine Gemper, Albrecht Günther, Bianka Heiling, Elisabeth Jochmann, Panagiota Karvouniari, Carsten Klingner, Thomas Mayer, Julia Schubert, Friederike Schulze-Hartung, Jürgen Zanow, Yvonne Bausback, Franka Borger, Spiridon Botsios, Daniela Branzan, Sven Bräunlich, Henryk Hölzer, Janin Lenzer, Christopher Piorkowski, Nadine Richter, Johannes Schuster, Dierk Scheinert, Andrej Schmidt, Holger Staab, Matthias Ulrich, Martin Werner, Hermann Berger, Gábor Biró, Hans-Henning Eckstein, Michael Kallmayer, Kornelia Kreiser, Alexander Zimmermann, Bärbel Berekoven, Klaus Frerker, Vera Gordon, Giovanni Torsello, Sebastian Arnold, Cora Dienel, Martin Storck, Bernhard Biermaier, Hans Martin Gissler, Christof Klötzsch, Tomas Pfeiffer, Ralph Schneider, Leander Söhl, Michael Wennrich, Angelika Alonso, Michael Keese, Christoph Groden, Andreas Cöster, Andreas Engelhardt, Christoph-Maria Ratusinski, Bengt Berg, Martin Delle, Johan Formgren, Peter Gillgren, Lotta Jarl, Torbjörn B Kall, Peter Konrad, Niklas Nyman, Claes Skiöldebrand, Johnny Steuer, Rabbe Takolander, Jonas Malmstedt, Stefan Acosta, Katarina Björses, Kerstin Brandt, Nuno Dias, Anders Gottsäter, Jan Holst, Thorarinn Kristmundsson, Tobias Kühme, Tilo Kölbel, Bengt Lindblad, Mats Lindh, Martin Malina, Tomas Ohrlander, Tim Resch, Viola Rönnle, Björn Sonesson, Margareta Warvsten, Zbigniew Zdanowski, Erik Campbell, Per Kjellin, Hans Lindgren, Johan Nyberg, Björn Petersen, Gunnar Plate, Håkan Pärsson, Peter Qvarfordt, Pavel Ignatenko, Andrey Karpenko, Vladimir Starodubtsev, Mikhail A Chernyavsky, Maria S Golovkova, Boris B Komakha, Nikolay N Zherdev, Andrey Belyasnik, Pavel Chechulov, Dmitry Kandyba, Igor Stepanishchev, Csaba Csobay-Novák, Edit Dósa, László Entz, Balázs Nemes, Zoltán Szeberin, Pál Barzó, Mihaly Bodosi, Eniko Fákó, Béla Fülöp, Tamás Németh, Szilárd Pazdernyik, Krisztina Skoba, Erika Vörös, Eleni Chatzinikou, Athanasios Giannoukas, Christos Karathanos, Stylianos Koutsias, Georgios Kouvelos, Miltiadis Matsagkas, Styliani Ralli, Christos Rountas, Nikolaos Rousas, Konstantinos Spanos, Elias Brountzos, John D Kakisis, Andreas Lazaris, Konstantinos G Moulakakis, Leonidas Stefanis, Georgios Tsivgoulis, Spyros Vasdekis, Constantine N Antonopoulos, Ion Bellenis, Dimitrios Maras, Antonios Polydorou, Victoria Polydorou, Antonios Tavernarakis, Nikolaos Ioannou, Maria Terzoudi, Miltos Lazarides, Michalis Mantatzis, Kostas Vadikolias, Lukasz Dzieciuchowicz, Marcin Gabriel, Zbigniew Krasinski, Grzegorz Oszkinis, Fryderyk Pukacki, Maciej Slowinski, Michal-Goran Stanišic, Ryszard Staniszewski, Jolanta Tomczak, Maciej Zielinski, Piotr Myrcha, Dorota Rózanski, Stanislaw Drelichowski, Wojciech Iwanowski, Katarzyna Koncewicz, Pawel Bialek, Zbigniew Biejat, Wojciech Czepel, Anna Czlonkowska, Anatol Dowzenko, Julia Jedrzejewska, Adam Kobayashi, Jerzy Leszczynski, Andrzej Malek, Jerzy Polanski, Robert Proczka, Maciej Skorski, Mieczyslaw Szostek, Piotr Andziak, Maciej Dratwicki, Robert Gil, Miroslaw Nowicki, Jaroslaw Pniewski, Jaroslaw Rzezak, Piotr Seweryniak, Pawel Dabek, Michal Juszynski, Grzegorz Madycki, Bartosz Pacewski, Witold Raciborski, Piotr Slowinski, Walerian Staszkiewicz, Martin Bombic, Vladimír Chlouba, Jirí Fiedler, Karel Hes, Petr Koštál, Jindrich Sova, Zdenek Kríž, Mojmír Prívara, Michal Reif, Robert Staffa, Robert Vlachovský, Bohuslav Vojtíšek, Tomáš Hrbác, Martin Kuliha, Václav Procházka, Martin Roubec, David Školoudík, David Netuka, Anna Šteklácová, Vladimír Beneš III, Pavel Buchvald, Ladislav Endrych, Miroslav Šercl, Walter Campos Jr, Ivan B Casella, Nelson de Luccia, André E V Estenssoro, Calógero Presti, Pedro Puech-Leão, Celso R B Neves, Erasmo S da Silva, Cid J Sitrângulo Jr, José A T Monteiro, Gisela Tinone, Marcelo Bellini Dalio, Edwaldo E Joviliano, Octávio M Pontes Neto, Mauricio Serra Ribeiro, Patrick Cras, Jeroen M H Hendriks, Mieke Hoppenbrouwers, Patrick Lauwers, Caroline Loos, Laetitia Yperzeele, Mia Geenens, Dimitri Hemelsoet, Isabelle van Herzeele, Frank Vermassen, Parla Astarci, Frank Hammer, Valérie Lacroix, André Peeters, Robert Verhelst, Silvana Cirelli, Pol Dormal, Annelies Grimonprez, Bart Lambrecht, Philipe Lerut, Eddy Thues, Guy De Koster, Quentin Desiron, Alain Maertens de Noordhout, Danielle Malmendier, Mireille Massoz, Georges Saad, Marc Bosiers, Joren Callaert, Koen Deloose, Estrella Blanco Cañibano, Beatriz García Fresnillo, Mercedes Guerra Requena, Pilar C Morata Barrado, Miguel Muela Méndez, Antonio Yusta Izquierdo, Fernando Aparici Robles, Paula Blanes Orti, Luis García Dominguez, Rafael Martínez López, Manuel Miralles Hernández, José I Tembl Ferrairo, Ángel Chamorro, Juan Macho, Víctor Obach, Vincent Riambau, Luis San Román, Frank J Ahlhelm, Kristine Blackham, Stefan Engelter, Thomas Eugster, Henrik Gensicke, Lorenz Gürke, Philippe Lyrer, Luigi Mariani, Marina Maurer, Edin Mujagic, Mandy Müller, Marios Psychogios, Peter Stierli, Christoph Stippich, Christopher Traenka, Thomas Wolff, Benjamin Wagner, Martina M Wiegert, Sandra Clarke, Michael Diepers, Ernst Gröchenig, Philipp Gruber, Andrej Isaak, Timo Kahles, Regula Marti, Krassen Nedeltchev, Luca Remonda, Nadir Tissira, Martina Valença Falcão, Gert J de Borst, Rob H Lo, Frans L Moll, Raechel Toorop, Bart H van der Worp, Evert J Vonken, Jaap L Kappelle, Ommid Jahrome, Floris Vos, Wouter Schuiling, Hendrik van Overhagen, Rudolf W M Keunen, Bob Knippenberg, Jan J Wever, Jan W Lardenoije, Michel Reijnen, Luuk Smeets, Steven van Sterkenburg, Gustav Fraedrich, Elke Gizewski, Ingrid Gruber, Michael Knoflach, Stefan Kiechl, Barbara Rantner, Timur Abdulamit, Patrice Bergeron, Raymond Padovani, Jean-Christophe Trastour, Jean-Marie Cardon, Anne Le Gallou-Wittenberg, Eric Allaire, Jean-Pierre Becquemin, Frédéric Cochennec-Paliwoda, Pascal Desgranges, Hassan Hosseini, Hicham Kobeiter, Jean Marzelle, Mohammed A Almekhlafi, Simerpreet Bal, Phillip A Barber, Shelagh B Coutts, Andrew M Demchuk, Muneer Eesa, Michelle Gillies, Mayank Goyal, Michael D Hill, Mark E Hudon, Anitha Jambula, Carol Kenney, Gary Klein, Marie McClelland, Alim Mitha, Bijoy K Menon, William F Morrish, Steven Peters, Karla J Ryckborst, Greg Samis, Supriya Save, Eric E Smith, Peter Stys, Suresh Subramaniam, Garnette R Sutherland, Tim Watson, John H Wong, L Zimmel, Vojko Flis, Jože Matela, Kazimir Miksic, Franko Milotic, Božidar Mrdja, Barbara Stirn, Erih Tetickovic, Mladen Gasparini, Anton Grad, Ingrid Kompara, Zoren Miloševic, Veronika Palmiste, Toomas Toomsoo, Balzhan Aidashova, Nursultan Kospanov, Roman Lyssenko, Daulet Mussagaliev, Rafi Beyar, Aaron Hoffman, Tony Karram, Arthur Kerner, Eugenia Nikolsky, Samy Nitecki, Silva Andonova, Chavdar Bachvarov, Vesko Petrov, Ivan Cvjetko, Vinko Vidjak, Damir Halužan, Mladen Petrunic, Bao Liu, Chang-Wei Liu, Daniel Bartko, Peter Beno, František Rusnák, Kamil Zelenák, Masayuki Ezura, Takashi Inoue, Naoto Kimura, Ryushi Kondo, Yasushi Matsumoto, Hiroaki Shimizu, Hidenori Endo, Eisuke Furui, Søren Bakke, Kristen Krohg-Sørensen, Terje Nome, Mona Skjelland, Bjørn Tennøe, João Albuquerque e Castro, Gonçalo Alves, Frederico Bastos Gonçalves, José de Aragão Morais, Ana C Garcia, Hugo Valentim, Leonor Vasconcelos, Fernando Belcastro, Fernando Cura, Patricio Zaefferer, Foad Abd-Allah, Mohamed H Eldessoki, Hussein Heshmat Kassem, Haytham Soliman Gharieb, Mary P Colgan, Syed N Haider, Joe Harbison, Prakash Madhavan, Dermot Moore, Gregor Shanik, Viviane Kazan, Munier Nazzal, Vicki Ramsey-Williams, ACST-2 Collaborative Group, Group, ACST-2 Collaborative, Halliday A., Bulbulia R., Bonati L.H., Chester J., Cradduck-Bamford A., Peto R., Pan H., Potter J., Henning Eckstein H., Farrell B., Flather M., Mansfield A., Mihaylova B., Rahimi K., Simpson D., Thomas D., Sandercock P., Gray R., Molyneux A., Shearman C.P., Rothwell P., Belli A., Herrington W., Judge P., Leopold P., Mafham M., Gough M., Cao P., MacDonald S., Bari V., Berry C., Bradshaw S., Brudlo W., Clarke A., Cox R., Fathers S., Gaba K., Gray M., Hayter E., Holliday C., Kurien R., Lay M., le Conte S., McManus J., Madgwick Z., Morris D., Munday A., Pickworth S., Ostasz W., Poorthuis M., Richards S., Teixeira L., Tochlin S., Tully L., Wallis C., Willet M., Young A., Casana R., Malloggi C., Odero A., Silani V., Parati G., Malchiodi G., Malferrari G., Strozzi F., Tusini N., Vecchiati E., Coppi G., Lauricella A., Moratto R., Silingardi R., Veronesi J., Zini A., Ferrero E., Ferri M., Gaggiano A., Labate C., Nessi F., Psacharopulo D., Viazzo A., Malacrida G., Mazzaccaro D., Meola G., Modafferi A., Nano G., Occhiuto M.T., Righini P., Stegher S., Chiarandini S., Griselli F., Lepidi S., Pozzi Mucelli F., Naccarato M., D'Oria M., Ziani B., Stella A., Dieng M., Faggioli G., Gargiulo M., Palermo S., Pini R., Puddu G.M., Vacirca A., Angiletta D., Desantis C., Marinazzo D., Mastrangelo G., Regina G., Pulli R., Bianchi P., Cireni L., Coppi E., Pizzirusso R., Scalise F., Sorropago G., Tolva V., Caso V., Cieri E., DeRango P., Farchioni L., Isernia G., Lenti M., Parlani G.B., Pupo G., Pula G., Simonte G., Verzini F., Carimati F., Delodovici M.L., Fontana F., Piffaretti G., Tozzi M., Civilini E., Poletto G., Reimers B., Praquin B., Ronchey S., Capoccia L., Mansour W., Sbarigia E., Speziale F., Sirignano P., Toni D., Galeotti R., Gasbarro V., Mascoli F., Rocca T., Tsolaki E., Bernardini G., DeMarco E., Giaquinta A., Patti F., Veroux M., Veroux P., Virgilio C., Mangialardi N., Orrico M., Di Lazzaro V., Montelione N., Spinelli F., Stilo F., Cernetti C., Irsara S., Maccarrone G., Tonello D., Visona A., Zalunardo B., Chisci E., Michelagnoli S., Troisi N., Masato M., Dei Negri M., Pacchioni A., Sacca S., Amatucci G., Cannizzaro A., Accrocca F., Ambrogi C., Barbazza R., Marcucci G., Siani A., Bajardi G., Savettieri G., Argentieri A., Corbetta R., Quaretti P., Thyrion F.Z., Cappelli A., Benevento D., De Donato G., Mele M.A., Palasciano G., Pieragalli D., Rossi A., Setacci C., Setacci F., Palombo D., Perfumo M.C., Martelli E., Paolucci A., Trimarchi S., Grassi V., Grimaldi L., La Rosa G., Mirabella D., Scialabba M., Sichel L., D'Angelo C.L., Fadda G.F., Kasemi H., Marino M., Burzotta F., Codispoti F.A., Ferrante A., Tinelli G., Tshomba Y., Vincenzoni C., Amis D., Anderson D., Catterson M., Clarke M., Davis M., Dixit A., Dyker A., Ford G., Jackson R., Kappadath S., Lambert D., Lees T., Louw S., McCaslin J., Parr N., Robson R., Stansby G., Wales L., Wealleans V., Wilson L., Wyatt M., Baht H., Balogun I., Burger I., Cosier T., Cowie L., Gunathilagan G., Hargroves D., Insall R., Jones S., Rudenko H., Schumacher N., Senaratne J., Thomas G., Thomson A., Webb T., Brown E., Esisi B., Mehrzad A., MacSweeney S., McConachie N., Southam A., Sunman W., Abdul-Hamiq A., Bryce J., Chetter I., Ettles D., Lakshminarayan R., Mitchelson K., Rhymes C., Robinson G., Scott P., Vickers A., Ashleigh R., Butterfield S., Gamble E., Ghosh J., McCollum C.N., Welch M., Welsh S., Wolowczyk L., Donnelly M., D'Souza S., Egun A.A., Gregary B., Joseph T., Kelly C., Punekar S., Rahi M.A., Raj S., Seriki D., Thomson G., Brown J., Durairajan R., Grunwald I., Guyler P., Harman P., Jakeways M., Khuoge C., Kundu A., Loganathan T., Menon N., Prabakaran R.O., Sinha D., Thompson V., Tysoe S., Briley D., Darby C., Hands L., Howard D., Kuker W., Schulz U., Teal R., Barer D., Brown A., Crawford S., Dunlop P., Krishnamurthy R., Majmudar N., Mitchell D., Myint M.P., O'Brien R., O'Connell J., Sattar N., Vetrivel S., Beard J., Cleveland T., Gaines P., Humphreys J., Jenkins A., King C., Kusuma D., Lindert R., Lonsdale R., Nair R., Nawaz S., Okhuoya F., Turner D., Venables G., Dorman P., Hughes A., Jones D., Mendelow D., Rodgers H., Raudoniitis A., Enevoldson P., Nahser H., O'Brien I., Torella F., Watling D., White R., Brown P., Dutta D., Emerson L., Hilltout P., Kulkarni S., Morrison J., Poskitt K., Slim F., Smith S., Tyler A., Waldron J., Whyman M., Bajoriene M., Baker L., Colston A., Eliot-Jones B., Gramizadeh G., Lewis-Clarke C., McCafferty L., Oliver D., Palmer D., Patil A., Pegler S., Ramadurai G., Roberts A., Sargent T., Siddegowda S., Singh-Ranger R., Williams A., Williams L., Windebank S., Zuromskis T., Alwis L., Angus J., Asokanathan A., Fornolles C., Hardy D., Hunte S., Justin F., Phiri D., Mitabouana-Kibou M., Sekaran L., Sethuraman S., Tate M.L., Akyea-Mensah J., Ball S., Chrisopoulou A., Keene E., Phair A., Rogers S., Smyth J.V., Bicknell C., Chataway J., Cheshire N., Clifton A., Eley C., Gibbs R., Hamady M., Hazel B., James A., Jenkins M., Khanom N., Lacey A., Mireskandari M., O'Reilly J., Pereira A., Sachs T., Wolfe J., Davey P., Rogers G., Smith G., Tervit G., Nichol I., Parry A., Young G., Ashley S., Barwell J., Dix F., Nor A.M., Parry C., Birt A., Davies P., George J., Graham A., Jonker L., Kelsall N., Potts C., Wilson T., Crinnion J., Cuenoud L., Aleksic N., Babic S., Ilijevski N., Radak, Sagic D., Tanaskovic S., Colic M., Cvetic V., Davidovic L., Jovanovic D.R., Koncar I., Mutavdzic P., Sladojevic M., Tomic I., Debus E.S., Grzyska U., Otto D., Thomalla G., Barlinn J., Gerber J., Haase K., Hartmann C., Ludwig S., Putz V., Reeps C., Schmidt C., Weiss N., Werth S., Winzer S., Gemper J., Gunther A., Heiling B., Jochmann E., Karvouniari P., Klingner C., Mayer T., Schubert J., Schulze-Hartung F., Zanow J., Bausback Y., Borger F., Botsios S., Branzan D., Braunlich S., Holzer H., Lenzer J., Piorkowski C., Richter N., Schuster J., Scheinert D., Schmidt A., Staab H., Ulrich M., Werner M., Berger H., Biro G., Eckstein H.-H., Kallmayer M., Kreiser K., Zimmermann A., Berekoven B., Frerker K., Gordon V., Torsello G., Arnold S., Dienel C., Storck M., Biermaier B., Gissler H.M., Klotzsch C., Pfeiffer T., Schneider R., Sohl L., Wennrich M., Alonso A., Keese M., Groden C., Coster A., Engelhardt A., Ratusinski C.-M., Berg B., Delle M., Formgren J., Gillgren P., Jarl L., Kall T.B., Konrad P., Nyman N., Skioldebrand C., Steuer J., Takolander R., Malmstedt J., Acosta S., Bjorses K., Brandt K., Dias N., Gottsater A., Holst J., Kristmundsson T., Kuhme T., Kolbel T., Lindblad B., Lindh M., Malina M., Ohrlander T., Resch T., Ronnle V., Sonesson B., Warvsten M., Zdanowski Z., Campbell E., Kjellin P., Lindgren H., Nyberg J., Petersen B., Plate G., Parsson H., Qvarfordt P., Ignatenko P., Karpenko A., Starodubtsev V., Chernyavsky M.A., Golovkova M.S., Komakha B.B., Zherdev N.N., Belyasnik A., Chechulov P., Kandyba D., Stepanishchev I., Csobay-Novak C., Dosa E., Entz L., Nemes B., Szeberin Z., Barzo P., Bodosi M., Fako E., Fulop B., Nemeth T., Pazdernyik S., Skoba K., Voros E., Chatzinikou E., Giannoukas A., Karathanos C., Koutsias S., Kouvelos G., Matsagkas M., Ralli S., Rountas C., Rousas N., Spanos K., Brountzos E., Kakisis J.D., Lazaris A., Moulakakis K.G., Stefanis L., Tsivgoulis G., Vasdekis S., Antonopoulos C.N., Bellenis I., Maras D., Polydorou A., Polydorou V., Tavernarakis A., Ioannou N., Terzoudi M., Lazarides M., Mantatzis M., Vadikolias K., Dzieciuchowicz L., Gabriel M., Krasinski Z., Oszkinis G., Pukacki F., Slowinski M., Stanisic M.-G., Staniszewski R., Tomczak J., Zielinski M., Myrcha P., Rozanski D., Drelichowski S., Iwanowski W., Koncewicz K., Bialek P., Biejat Z., Czepel W., Czlonkowska A., Dowzenko A., Jedrzejewska J., Kobayashi A., Leszczynski J., Malek A., Polanski J., Proczka R., Skorski M., Szostek M., Andziak P., Dratwicki M., Gil R., Nowicki M., Pniewski J., Rzezak J., Seweryniak P., Dabek P., Juszynski M., Madycki G., Pacewski B., Raciborski W., Slowinski P., Staszkiewicz W., Bombic M., Chlouba V., Fiedler J., Hes K., Kostal P., Sova J., Kriz Z., Privara M., Reif M., Staffa R., Vlachovsky R., Vojtisek B., Hrbac T., Kuliha M., Prochazka V., Roubec M., Skoloudik D., Netuka D., Steklacova A., Benes III V., Buchvald P., Endrych L., Sercl M., Campos W., Casella I.B., de Luccia N., Estenssoro A.E.V., Presti C., Puech-Leao P., Neves C.R.B., da Silva E.S., Sitrangulo C.J., Monteiro J.A.T., Tinone G., Bellini Dalio M., Joviliano E.E., Pontes Neto O.M., Serra Ribeiro M., Cras P., Hendriks J.M.H., Hoppenbrouwers M., Lauwers P., Loos C., Yperzeele L., Geenens M., Hemelsoet D., van Herzeele I., Vermassen F., Astarci P., Hammer F., Lacroix V., Peeters A., Verhelst R., Cirelli S., Dormal P., Grimonprez A., Lambrecht B., Lerut P., Thues E., De Koster G., Desiron Q., Maertens de Noordhout A., Malmendier D., Massoz M., Saad G., Bosiers M., Callaert J., Deloose K., Blanco Canibano E., Garcia Fresnillo B., Guerra Requena M., Morata Barrado P.C., Muela Mendez M., Yusta Izquierdo A., Aparici Robles F., Blanes Orti P., Garcia Dominguez L., Martinez Lopez R., Miralles Hernandez M., Tembl Ferrairo J.I., Chamorro A., Macho J., Obach V., Riambau V., San Roman L., Ahlhelm F.J., Blackham K., Engelter S., Eugster T., Gensicke H., Gurke L., Lyrer P., Mariani L., Maurer M., Mujagic E., Muller M., Psychogios M., Stierli P., Stippich C., Traenka C., Wolff T., Wagner B., Wiegert M.M., Clarke S., Diepers M., Grochenig E., Gruber P., Isaak A., Kahles T., Marti R., Nedeltchev K., Remonda L., Tissira N., Valenca Falcao M., de Borst G.J., Lo R.H., Moll F.L., Toorop R., van der Worp B.H., Vonken E.J., Kappelle J.L., Jahrome O., Vos F., Schuiling W., van Overhagen H., Keunen R.W.M., Knippenberg B., Wever J.J., Lardenoije J.W., Reijnen M., Smeets L., van Sterkenburg S., Fraedrich G., Gizewski E., Gruber I., Knoflach M., Kiechl S., Rantner B., Abdulamit T., Bergeron P., Padovani R., Trastour J.-C., Cardon J.-M., Le Gallou-Wittenberg A., Allaire E., Becquemin J.-P., Cochennec-Paliwoda F., Desgranges P., Hosseini H., Kobeiter H., Marzelle J., Almekhlafi M.A., Bal S., Barber P.A., Coutts S.B., Demchuk A.M., Eesa M., Gillies M., Goyal M., Hill M.D., Hudon M.E., Jambula A., Kenney C., Klein G., McClelland M., Mitha A., Menon B.K., Morrish W.F., Peters S., Ryckborst K.J., Samis G., Save S., Smith E.E., Stys P., Subramaniam S., Sutherland G.R., Watson T., Wong J.H., Zimmel L., Flis V., Matela J., Miksic K., Milotic F., Mrdja B., Stirn B., Tetickovic E., Gasparini M., Grad A., Kompara I., Milosevic Z., Palmiste V., Toomsoo T., Aidashova B., Kospanov N., Lyssenko R., Mussagaliev D., Beyar R., Hoffman A., Karram T., Kerner A., Nikolsky E., Nitecki S., Andonova S., Bachvarov C., Petrov V., Cvjetko I., Vidjak V., Haluzan D., Petrunic M., Liu B., Liu C.-W., Bartko D., Beno P., Rusnak F., Zelenak K., Ezura M., Inoue T., Kimura N., Kondo R., Matsumoto Y., Shimizu H., Endo H., Furui E., Bakke S., Krohg-Sorensen K., Nome T., Skjelland M., Tennoe B., Albuquerque e Castro J., Alves G., Bastos Goncalves F., de Aragao Morais J., Garcia A.C., Valentim H., Vasconcelos L., Belcastro F., Cura F., Zaefferer P., Abd-Allah F., Eldessoki M.H., Heshmat Kassem H., Soliman Gharieb H., Colgan M.P., Haider S.N., Harbison J., Madhavan P., Moore D., Shanik G., Kazan V., Nazzal M., Ramsey-Williams V., and Gargiulo M

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Time Factor, medicine.medical_treatment, Carotid Stenosi, MEDLINE, Carotid endarterectomy, Rate ratio, Risk Assessment, Asymptomatic, law.invention, Randomized controlled trial, law, Risk Factors, carotid artery stenting (CAS), carotid endarterectomy (CEA), Stent, medicine, Humans, Carotid Stenosis, Stroke, Endarterectomy, Aged, Endarterectomy, Carotid, business.industry, carotid artery, Risk Factor, Articles, General Medicine, trial, medicine.disease, Settore MED/22 - CHIRURGIA VASCOLARE, Surgery, Stenosis, Treatment Outcome, Settore MED/11 - MALATTIE DELL'APPARATO CARDIOVASCOLARE, Female, Stents, Human medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Human
Abstract

Summary Background Among asymptomatic patients with severe carotid artery stenosis but no recent stroke or transient cerebral ischaemia, either carotid artery stenting (CAS) or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can restore patency and reduce long-term stroke risks. However, from recent national registry data, each option causes about 1% procedural risk of disabling stroke or death. Comparison of their long-term protective effects requires large-scale randomised evidence. Methods ACST-2 is an international multicentre randomised trial of CAS versus CEA among asymptomatic patients with severe stenosis thought to require intervention, interpreted with all other relevant trials. Patients were eligible if they had severe unilateral or bilateral carotid artery stenosis and both doctor and patient agreed that a carotid procedure should be undertaken, but they were substantially uncertain which one to choose. Patients were randomly allocated to CAS or CEA and followed up at 1 month and then annually, for a mean 5 years. Procedural events were those within 30 days of the intervention. Intention-to-treat analyses are provided. Analyses including procedural hazards use tabular methods. Analyses and meta-analyses of non-procedural strokes use Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN21144362. Findings Between Jan 15, 2008, and Dec 31, 2020, 3625 patients in 130 centres were randomly allocated, 1811 to CAS and 1814 to CEA, with good compliance, good medical therapy and a mean 5 years of follow-up. Overall, 1% had disabling stroke or death procedurally (15 allocated to CAS and 18 to CEA) and 2% had non-disabling procedural stroke (48 allocated to CAS and 29 to CEA). Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-year non-procedural stroke were 2·5% in each group for fatal or disabling stroke, and 5·3% with CAS versus 4·5% with CEA for any stroke (rate ratio [RR] 1·16, 95% CI 0·86–1·57; p=0·33). Combining RRs for any non-procedural stroke in all CAS versus CEA trials, the RR was similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (overall RR 1·11, 95% CI 0·91–1·32; p=0·21). Interpretation Serious complications are similarly uncommon after competent CAS and CEA, and the long-term effects of these two carotid artery procedures on fatal or disabling stroke are comparable. Funding UK Medical Research Council and Health Technology Assessment Programme.

Published
2021

5. An Improvement Operating System: A Case for a Digital Infrastructure for Continuous Improvement

Author

Kapil Raj Nair and Daniel Baily

Subjects
Process management, Quality management, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Investment (macroeconomics), Organizational performance, law.invention, Leadership studies, law, Health care, CLARITY, Quality (business), Business, Healthcare system, media_common
Abstract

Over the years, healthcare systems have invested significantly in safety and quality improvement projects. Despite the investment, opportunity remains to systematize organizational quality and safety improvement activities. In an era of constant and complex change, healthcare leaders are struggling to create and maintain focus and clarity on improvement efforts. These problems are exacerbated with internal gaps in organizational leadership and infrastructure, improvement processes, and data.

Published
2020
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6. Potential Consequences of the Red Blood Cell Storage Lesion on Cardiac Electrophysiology

Author

Nina Ciccarelli, Tomas Prudencio, Manelle Ramadan, Marissa Reilly, Chantal Bruno, Naomi L.C. Luban, Nikki Gillum Posnack, Devon Guerrelli, and Raj Nair

Subjects
Bradycardia, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Erythrocytes, Time Factors, Hyperkalemia, Physiology, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Cell Culture Techniques, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, red blood cell storage lesion, Electrocardiography, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Myocytes, Cardiac, Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 030212 general & internal medicine, Original Research, Blood Specimen Collection, Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiac electrophysiology, business.industry, Effective refractory period, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Storage lesion, hyperkalemia, Atrioventricular node, Rats, Electrophysiology, Disease Models, Animal, Red blood cell, medicine.anatomical_structure, Animal Models of Human Disease, Ventricle, Cardiology, Biomarker (medicine), medicine.symptom, Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac, Erythrocyte Transfusion, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, cardiac electrophysiology, Basic Science Research
Abstract

The red blood cell (RBC) storage lesion is a series of morphological, functional and metabolic changes that RBCs undergo following collection, processing and refrigerated storage for clinical use. Since the biochemical attributes of the RBC unit shifts with time, transfusion of older blood products may contribute to cardiac complications, including hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. We measured the direct effect of storage age on cardiac electrophysiology and compared with hyperkalemia, a prominent biomarker of storage lesion severity. Donor RBCs were processed using standard blood banking techniques. The supernatant was collected from RBC units (sRBC), 7-50 days post-donor collection, for evaluation using Langendorff-heart preparations (rat) or human stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes. Cardiac parameters remained stable following exposure to ‘fresh’ sRBC (day 7: 5.9+0.2 mM K+), but older blood products (day 40: 9.7+0.4 mM K+) caused bradycardia (baseline: 279±5 vs day 40: 216±18 BPM), delayed sinus node recovery (baseline: 243±8 vs day 40: 354±23 msec), and increased the effective refractory period of the atrioventricular node (baseline: 77+2 vs day 40: 93+7 msec) and ventricle (baseline: 50+3 vs day 40: 98+10 msec) in perfused hearts. Beating rate was also slowed in human cardiomyocytes after exposure to older sRBC (−75+9%, day 40 vs control). Similar effects on automaticity and electrical conduction were observed with hyperkalemia (10-12 mM K+). This is the first study to demonstrate that ‘older’ blood products directly impact cardiac electrophysiology, using experimental models. These effects are likely due to biochemical alterations in the sRBC that occur over time, including, but not limited to hyperkalemia. Patients receiving large volume and/or rapid transfusions may be sensitive to these effects.New & noteworthyWe demonstrate that red blood cell storage duration time can have downstream effects on cardiac electrophysiology, likely due to biochemical alterations in the blood product. Hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest have been reported following blood transfusions, but this is the first experimental study to show a direct correlation between storage duration and cardiac function. Infant and pediatric patients, and those receiving large volume and/or rapid transfusions may be sensitive to these effects.

Published
2020
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7. Market Backwardation and The Theory of Storage: An Empirical Investigation of Indian Gold Futures Markets

Author

Sarveshwar Kumar Inani, Jyoti Raj Nair, and Brajesh Kumar

Subjects
Convenience yield, Theory of storage, Financial economics, Risk premium, Normal backwardation, Economics, Contango, Business and International Management, Investment (macroeconomics), Futures contract
Abstract

The backwardation and contango in the futures markets are explained by two popular theories, namely the theory of storage and the theory of risk premium. The investment assets tend to follow the theory of risk premium, whereas the consumption assets are likely to follow the theory of storage. As India is the largest importer of gold, and gold is used for consumption purposes (mostly by jewellers, who store gold as a consumption commodity), we empirically test whether backwardation in the gold market is explained by the theory of storage. We use the indirect test of the theory of storage developed by Fama and French (1988 , Journal of Finance, Vol. 4, p. 1075), calculate the interest adjusted basis (IAB) and test the implications of the theory of storage. We also use two asymmetric models of the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) family to understand the asymmetric volatility of IAB. We find that the Indian gold futures markets partially follow the theory of storage; however, we do not find any support of asymmetric behaviour of IAB in the contango and backwardation markets. Our results suggest that in the context of the Indian gold market, keeping inventory has minimal benefits, and gold behaves more like an investment asset.

Published
2021
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8. Flow Noise Predictions for Single Cylinder Engine-Mounted Muffler Using a Lattice Boltzmann Based Method

Author

Adrien Mann, Raj Nair, Jaspreet Singh Gill, Brett Birschbach, and Patrick Crowley

Subjects
Muffler, Physics, Acoustics, Single-cylinder engine, Lattice Boltzmann methods, 02 engineering and technology, General Medicine, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Flow noise, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, law, 0103 physical sciences
Published
2017
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9. A case report on cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis

Author

Abino Mariya Babu, Raj Nair, Emill Jame David, Shyju Rajendran, and Mareena John

Subjects
Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Achilles tendon, Natural course, Juvenile cataract, business.industry, Cholestanol, Leukodystrophy, Disease, medicine.disease, Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis, Surgery, White matter, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, business
Abstract

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare hereditary neuro-metabolic disease in which deposition of cholesterol and cholestanol occurs in various tissues including CNS. It is characterized by juvenile cataract, tendon xanthomas and progressive neurological defects. It is one of a group of neurologic disorder collectively referred to as leukodystrophy, which predominantly affects the CNS white matter. We are presenting a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, who is now 36 years old, and shows the natural course of disease in an untreated patient. He presented with xanthomas on Achilles tendon, elbow and knees and showed cerebellar and pyramidal signs. He had recurrent seizures and was mentally subnormal.

Published
2015
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13. Mobile video delivery with HTTP

Author

Swapnil Bhatia, Kevin J. Ma, Radim Bartos, and Raj Nair

Subjects
Multimedia, Computer Networks and Communications, Computer science, business.industry, Mobile computing, Mobile Web, Transcoding, computer.software_genre, Live streaming, Computer Science Applications, Server, Scalability, Mobile telephony, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Adaptation (computer science), Mobile device, computer, Computer network
Abstract

Expansion in 3G cellular coverage and the emergence of more powerful mobile devices has increased demand for massively scalable mobile video delivery. The rapid adoption of the third screen as a primary screen for video has highlighted inefficiencies in the mobile delivery ecosystem and scalability issues in the mobile delivery infrastructure. This article provides an overview of the current mobile content delivery ecosystem and discusses the expanding role of HTTP-based mobile video delivery. A new class of HTTP-based mobile delivery protocols seeks to address existing quality and scalability issues by simplifying and standardizing mobile video delivery. This article shows how segment-based delivery has enabled HTTP-based live streaming and dynamic bitrate adaptation while increasing scalability through the use of existing CDN infrastructure.

Published
2011
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14. Anti-citrullinated peptide antibody assays and their role in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis

Author

Rohit Aggarwal, Sarah Ringold, Katherine P. Liao, Raj Nair, and Karen H. Costenbader

Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases, Autoimmune disease, medicine.medical_specialty, biology, business.industry, Immunology, Autoantibody, Arthritis, medicine.disease, Rheumatology, immune system diseases, Immunopathology, Internal medicine, Rheumatoid arthritis, medicine, biology.protein, Immunology and Allergy, Rheumatoid factor, Pharmacology (medical), Antibody, skin and connective tissue diseases, business
Abstract

Increasingly, assays for the detection of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) are used in RA diagnosis. This review summarizes the biologic basis and development of ACPA assays, available ACPA assays and their performance characteristics, and diagnostic properties of ACPA alone and compared to rheumatoid factor (RF) in early RA. We also review correlations, precision, costs and cost-effectiveness, availability, stability and reproducibility of the available assays. Taken together, data indicate that ACPA has a higher specificity than RF for early RA, good predictive validity, high sensitivity, apparent cost-effectiveness and good stability and reproducibility. Given its superior performance characteristics and increasing availability, ACPA is emerging as the most useful single assay for the diagnosis of RA.

Published
2009
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15. Better breathing for life

Author

Joanna Ireland, Noel Baxter, Craig Davidson, Patrick White, and Raj Nair

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, COPD, Leadership and Management, business.industry, Health Policy, Breathing, medicine, Psychological intervention, Physical therapy, Pulmonary disease, Intensive care medicine, medicine.disease, business
Abstract

The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ‘Better Breathing for Life’ Project is an exciting and innovative scheme that aims to improve care for patients with COPD throughout Lambeth and Southwark. Charitable funding was secured in the expectation that successful improvement of patient outcomes would be reflected in reduced hospital admissions, and that the associated savings would justify long-term funding of the initiative. This article will highlight the aims and interventions of the project.

Published
2009
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16. Ureteroscopic Holmium Laser Endopyelotomy for Ureteropelvic Junction Stenosis After Pyeloplasty

Author

J. Abbaraju, I.K. Dickinson, Peter L. Acher, Raj Nair, Anil Vohra, and Seshadri Sriprasad

Subjects
Adult, Nephrology, medicine.medical_specialty, Pyeloplasty, Urology, Radiography, medicine.medical_treatment, Holmium laser, Ureteropelvic junction, Lasers, Solid-State, Internal medicine, Ureteroscopy, Intravenous urogram, Humans, Medicine, Treatment Failure, Intraoperative Care, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Plastic Surgery Procedures, medicine.disease, Surgery, Stenosis, medicine.anatomical_structure, business, Ureteral Obstruction
Abstract

Pyeloplasty is a standard and highly successful treatment for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. However, stenosis is a late complication causing symptom recurrence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of holmium laser stenosis incision-"laser endopyelotomy"-to manage this.Fifteen adult patients were referred for loin pain recurrence after pyeloplasty. Subsequent to ureteropelvic junction stenosis confirmation with intravenous urogram and dynamic isotope renogram investigations, the patients underwent ureteroscopic laser endopyelotomy. Eleven patients had stents in situ before endopyelotomy. Ureteric stents (7F) were placed for 6 weeks postprocedure when ureteroscopy was repeated and stents removed. All patients had repeat intravenous urogram and renograms at 3 months postprocedure.Patients presented at a median of 3.2 years (range, 9 months to 8 years) after pyeloplasty (nine open dismembered, three Culp, and three laparoscopic). Three patients (all nonstented) required a second incision. All patients were discharged from hospital within 23 hours with no complications. Symptomatic improvement was documented in all of the patients, and improved drainage was recorded in the 3-month nuclear scans.Laser endopyelotomy is an appropriate minimally invasive procedure for postpyeloplasty stenosis. Results are better in patients with ureteric stents in situ before the procedure.

Published
2009
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19. Superficial Temporal Artery Cut Down to Facilitate Endovascular Treatment of External Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysms

Author

Wissam Al-Jundi, Stephen D. Goode, Trevor J. Cleveland, and Raj Nair

Subjects
Aortic arch, medicine.medical_specialty, Aorta, business.industry, External carotid artery, medicine.disease, Superficial temporal artery, Surgery, Pseudoaneurysm, Aneurysm, medicine.artery, cardiovascular system, medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, cardiovascular diseases, Radiology, Common carotid artery, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Penetrating trauma
Abstract

Carotid pseudoaneurysms are rare but may present a lifethreatening condition, particularly when associated with rupture, occlusion, or thromboembolism [1]. The etiology of carotid pseudoaneurysms includes blunt or penetrating trauma and vasculitis, as well as iatrogenic and unknown causes [1]. Historically, carotid pseudoaneurysms have been managed operatively by repair or ligation with percutaneous stenting and coil embolization emerging during the past two decades [2]. The surgery often is complicated due to the presence of associated scarring; therefore, the endovascular option has become attractive alternative with minimal morbidity and high success rate. However, introduction of a sheath or guiding catheter into the common carotid artery (CCA) can be difficult in patients with adverse aortic arch anatomy or concomitant atherosclerotic disease in the peripheral vessels or aorta. In addition, selectively catheterizing the external carotid artery (ECA) can be challenging due to the distorted anatomy by the pseudoaneurysm. We submit an exceptional case of superficial temporal artery cut down to facilitate ECA coil embolization after failed conventional approach from the common carotid artery route. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature that describes this technique to treat ECA false aneurysm.

Published
2012
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20. Simulation Study of Active Vibration Control of Cantilever Beam by Using State and Output Feedback Control Laws

Author

Raj Nair, S. M. Khot, and Nitesh P. Yelve

Subjects
Vibration, Mechanical system, Engineering, business.industry, Control theory, Control system, Active vibration control, Law, Vibration control, Control engineering, business, Optimal control, Finite element method
Abstract

Undesired noise and vibrations have a detrimental effect in many areas. Hence the control of vibrations has become a relevant technological challenge. Active vibration control of structures using smart materials especially is in vogue. It involves sensing the motion of the structure using sensors, generating a control signal using a controller and applying a control force on the structure using actuators. To design the control system of any vibrating structure, the mathematical model of the system is required. However, it is not possible, to theoretically construct the model of complex structures. On the other hand, it is relatively simpler to model such systems in an Finite Element (FE) environment like ANSYS©. This paper deals with the extraction of the mathematical model of a cantilever beam from its FEA model. This procedure of extraction is applicable to any mechanical system under dynamics study. Then again, the matrices thus formed are usually very large and require a lot of computational time to process. Hence an attempt is made to construct the reduced model of the system which approximates the actual model to the desired extent. In this paper, the full model of the beam is reduced by discarding those modes which do not contribute to the overall response on the basis of their dc gains in MATLAB©. It is found that the frequency and transient responses of the full and reduced models match closely. Hence the reduced model may be used to represent the system instead of the full model with reasonable accuracy. Design of controller is attempted using the theory of state and output feedback control laws. The controller is modeled by calculating the optimal control gain by formulating an algorithm to solve the equations involved. The transient and frequency responses of the controlled full model and reduced models are then plotted. The procedure for designing controller described in this paper may be extended to any real world system.

Published
2013
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21. Tree Theft Control System

Author

Hameem C. Hamza, M. K. Krishna Raj Nair, Salah Abdul Gafoor, V. Haseel, and S. Indulal

Subjects
ALARM, Signal processing, Tree (data structure), Microcontroller, Engineering, business.industry, Control system, Real-time computing, Fast Fourier transform, Electrical engineering, Wireless, Transceiver, business
Abstract

This project aims at a device which helps to control the illegal tree theft in reserved forests and other important areas where such acts are still prevalent and not desired. The use of this device, which is hammered on to a tree, will sense the sound of the tree-cutting along with a vibration sensor, and alarm the concerned forest personnel who have a hub nearby. The ultra low power processor can last up to decades without battery replacement. The signal processing study was done using FFT and the frequency of the cutting mechanism was checked on with band pass filters and the danger signal was sent.

Published
2013
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24. DRM workflow analysis for over-the-top HTTP segmented delivery

Author

Kevin J. Ma, Radim Bartos, and Raj Nair

Subjects
Key generation, Digital rights management, Computer science, business.industry, Mobile computing, Key distribution, Transcoding, Encryption, computer.software_genre, Workflow, Server, Key (cryptography), business, computer, Computer network
Abstract

Monetization of premium video content requires two key components: quality and security. In the mobile space, quality issues have been largely address in recent years through faster CPUs and segment-based HTTP adaptive bitrate delivery (e.g., Apple® HTTP Live Streaming, Adobe® HTTP Dynamic Streaming, and Microsoft® Silverlight™ Smooth Streaming). This has enabled plethora of new services to deliver high definition video to smart phone and tablet devices. This in turn has brought mobile digital rights management (DRM) under increased scrutiny. Existing DRM guidelines are geared toward monolithic file distribution to fixed end-points. The emergence of segment-based HTTP distribution protocols has produced unforeseen issues in existing content delivery workflows. Support for over-the-top (OTT) delivery has further complicated DRM enforcement. In this paper we analyze the impact of segmented OTT delivery on traditional content preparation and distribution workflows. We discuss the use of pipelining for optimizing transcoding, segmentation, and encryption workflows. We also address security and scalability concerns related to key generation, device registration, and key distribution workflows. Together, these workflows provide the necessary components for an efficient and secure OTT content delivery platform.

Published
2011
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25. Congestion Control in High Speed Networks via Alternate Path Routing

Author

Deepinder P. Sidhu, Raj Nair, and Shukri Abdallah

Subjects
Static routing, Dynamic Source Routing, Computer Networks and Communications, business.industry, Computer science, Equal-cost multi-path routing, ComputerSystemsOrganization_COMPUTER-COMMUNICATIONNETWORKS, Path vector protocol, Geographic routing, Private Network-to-Network Interface, Link-state routing protocol, Hardware and Architecture, Computer Science::Networking and Internet Architecture, Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing, business, Information Systems, Computer network
Abstract

This paper presents a congestion control scheme based on alternate path routing. In the scheme, if a node encounters congestion or loses its preferred neighbor on its primary path to a destination, it sends data packets to that destination over precomputed alternate paths. The scheme ensures that data packets do not travel in loops and limits the spread of congestion to neighboring nodes. Simulations of the scheme show that alternate path routing reduces the number of dropped packets, achieves a more uniform link utilization and alleviates congestion in networks under light to moderate loading. When using alternate path routing, it is observed that the loss ratio closely follows the load ratio which is not true when using shortest path routing.

Published
1992
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26. Therapy Insight: preserving fertility in cyclophosphamide-treated patients with rheumatic disease

Author

Mary Anne Dooley and Raj Nair

Subjects
Male, endocrine system, Cyclophosphamide, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, medicine.drug_class, medicine.medical_treatment, Physiology, Rheumatology, Rheumatic Diseases, medicine, Humans, Gonads, Testosterone, Chemotherapy, business.industry, Antral follicle, Antirheumatic Agents, Infertility, Toxicity, Immunology, Hormonal therapy, Female, Gonadotropin, business, Hormone, medicine.drug
Abstract

Cyclophosphamide is an important therapy for patients with severe rheumatic diseases; it is, however, responsible for gonadal toxicity. There are a number of interventions aimed at reducing this toxicity, including estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, hormone agonists and antagonists of gonadal receptors in females, and testosterone therapy and storage of gametes for male patients. These strategies are outlined in this article. Cyclophosphamide remains a necessary treatment for severe rheumatic diseases, despite the continued search for alternative therapies with less gonadal toxicity. The risk of premature gonadal failure and sterility might lead young patients to delay treatment with cyclophosphamide. The patient's age at treatment and the cumulative dose received remain important risk factors for cyclophosphamide-induced gonadal failure in both males and females. Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives for females and testosterone for males are suggested to reduce the gonadal toxicity of cyclophosphamide, although few studies support these interventions. Owing to increased side effects, hormonal therapy is often avoided in patients with edema, hypertension, nephrotic syndrome or antiphospholipid antibodies. Agonists and antagonists of gonadotropin receptors are under study. Gonadotropin-receptor agonists might have beneficial effects in addition to suppression of sex-hormone production. The outcome of attempted cryopreservation of eggs, embryos or ovaries remains uncertain for women seeking to preserve their reproductive potential. Storing male gametes before chemotherapy is widely practiced and technically successful. As recovery of menses or production of testosterone does not predict individual fertility, identification of biomarkers of gonadal function and reserve, including serum levels of several hormones, ultrasonographic measurements of ovarian volume and antral follicle count, are necessary.

Published
2007

27. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment of gout

Author

Gim Gee Teng, Kenneth G. Saag, and Raj Nair

Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases, Adult, Male, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, medicine.medical_specialty, Gout, Allopurinol, Gout Suppressants, chemistry.chemical_compound, Pharmacotherapy, Risk Factors, Intervention (counseling), medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Hyperuricemia, Intensive care medicine, Aged, business.industry, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Surgery, chemistry, Purines, Acute Disease, Uric acid, Female, Febuxostat, business, Colchicine, medicine.drug, Patient education
Abstract

Gout is a common form of inflammatory arthritis that has been managed primarily in general medical practices for centuries. It appears that there has been an increasing prevalence of gout over the past decades, implying a growing public health burden. Accurate diagnosis and recognition of the various stages and manifestations of gout enable realistic goal setting for management. Recent evidence suggests new risk factors and potentially refutes others. Management of gout requires characterising and modifying risk factors and associated disorders, and commonly initiating drug therapy. Pharmacotherapy of gout includes the management of acute flares with anti-inflammatory agents such as NSAIDs and glucocorticoids and long-term treatment with urate-lowering drugs. Although pharmacotherapy is generally safe and effective, there are caveats and limitations to all gout therapies. Patient non-adherence and errors with the use of drugs for gout treatment are important factors leading to medical failures. With early intervention, careful monitoring and patient education, gout is a condition that can be managed very effectively. The advent of new drugs (such as febuxostat and urate oxidase [uricase]) and enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of gout continue to improve our therapeutic options, particularly in a subset of patients with refractory disease and those who are intolerant to currently available medications.

Published
2006

28. On the techniques of clock extraction and oversampling

Author

Henning Braunisch and Raj Nair

Subjects
Theoretical computer science, Robustness (computer science), business.industry, Serial communication, Computer science, Automatic identification and data capture, Oversampling, Probabilistic analysis of algorithms, business, Algorithm, Data recovery, Numerical integration, Jitter
Abstract

Based on a probabilistic analysis, we compare and contrast the characteristics of two well known techniques for data recovery in communication links based on serial data streams: clock extraction and oversampling. The approach chosen is that of determining the probability of error in recognizing the transmitted symbols in the presence of additive noise and sampling time uncertainty or jitter. Based on a simple signal model it is shown that the probability of error for a single sample and as a function of the sampling time point is a functional involving the probability densities of additive noise and time uncertainty and the symbol shape function. The resulting formulations lend themselves to an evaluation using numerical quadrature. Furthermore, the analysis can be used for a prediction of the bit error rates (BER) that may be expected in the clock extraction and oversampling techniques. The motivation for this study is to advance the understanding of the two approaches in this specific aspect of data capture robustness.

Published
2002
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30. The use of low- dose glucocorticoids for the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis: What can we learn about bone effects of glucocorticoids from randomized controlled trials?

Author

Kenneth G. Saag and Raj Nair

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Osteoporosis, medicine.disease, Rheumatology, law.invention, Randomized controlled trial, Prednisone, law, Internal medicine, Rheumatoid arthritis, medicine, Prednisolone, Physical therapy, Observational study, Adverse effect, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Introduction: The use of low-dose glucocorticoids for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been debated for many years. Glucocorticoids were first introduced as RA treatment in 1950 and Hench and Kendall received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their efforts in discovering this novel treatment [1]. Over the subsequent years, adverse effects of glucocorticoids began to restrict their use to lower doses. Indeed, newer data on their apparent disease modifying properties have further rejuvenated their use and it is now estimated that at least 40% of RA patients in the United States receive glucocorticoids at some point during their disease course [2]. Despite their widespread use, the one glucocorticoid adverse event that has continued to generate the greatest discussion is osteoporosis. An observational study suggested that patients taking a mean of only 8.6 mg daily of prednisone had a 34% chance of experiencing a fracture after 5 years of follow-up [3]. Data of this type have reasonable generalizability, but suffer from selection biases inherent in therapeutic observational studies. The randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) recently have suggested mixed, but generally only modest effects of low-dose glucocorticoids on the bone [4–7]. Two recent studies have examined the use of low-dose prednisolone in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in early RA during a 2-year period. Both of these RCTs also have included data on the adverse effects of glucocorticoids—in particular, their effects on bone.

Published
2006
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31. Prevalence of oral lesions in a selected Vietnamese population

Author

Raj Nair, Lp, Samaranayake, Hp, Philipsen, Rg, Graham, and Itthagarun A

Subjects
Adult, Male, Periapical Abscess, Adolescent, Dental Fistula, Mucocele, Cohort Studies, Lymphadenitis, Prevalence, Humans, Mandibular Diseases, Child, Exostoses, Ulcer, Refugees, Papilloma, Palate, Periapical Diseases, Dental Pulp Diseases, Middle Aged, Maxillary Diseases, Cheilitis, Vietnam, Child, Preschool, Hong Kong, Female, Mouth Neoplasms, Mouth Diseases
Abstract

Clinical examination of the oral and peri-oral regions of a cohort of 550 Vietnamese living in a refugee camp in Hong Kong was conducted. They comprised 216 (39 per cent) males and 334 (61 per cent) females and their age ranged from 2 to 60 years. A positive clinical finding was observed in 14 per cent, 35 males and 43 females. The most common condition observed was periapical infection (36 per cent), either with an abscess or a sinus. Other lesions noted include mucocele (10 per cent), traumatic ulcers (9 per cent), tori, either palatal (6 per cent) or mandibular (3 per cent), lymph node enlargement (7 per cent), pulp polyp (6 per cent), angular cheilitis (4 per cent), papillomas (3 per cent), cellulitis (3 per cent) and herpes lesions (2 per cent), 7 out of 9 (78 per cent) mucoceles were found in females. No malignant lesions were noted.

Published
1996

32. Detection of HIV antibodies in saliva and its implications

Author

Anil S, Vt, Beena, Raj Nair, and Bj, Varghese

Subjects
Population Surveillance, HIV-1, Humans, HIV Infections, HIV Antibodies, Saliva
Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus has been detected in almost all body fluids. With a silent disease such as HIV infection, testing for HIV antibodies currently is the most cost effective means for determining the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection in the community and for identifying HIV infection in the individuals. HIV antibodies are found in human saliva and can be detected by sensitive ELISA. Saliva collection is easy to perform, non-invasive, safe to use and thus provides alternative method to blood collection. Research is underway to develop a low-cost saliva assay, thus saliva could become the HIV antibody testing medium of choice for much of the developing countries.

Published
1995

34. Open shortest path first (OSPF) routing protocol simulation

Author

Rob Coltun, Deepinder P. Sidhu, Tayang Fu, Raj Nair, and Shukri Abdallah

Subjects
Routing protocol, Router, Computer science, computer.internet_protocol, Open Shortest Path First, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, Real-time computing, Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol, Metrics, Core router, One-armed router, Forwarding plane, Link state packet, Zone Routing Protocol, business.industry, Network packet, ComputerSystemsOrganization_COMPUTER-COMMUNICATIONNETWORKS, Path vector protocol, Hot Standby Router Protocol, Flooding (computer networking), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol, Private Network-to-Network Interface, Link-state routing protocol, P Router, business, computer, Computer network
Abstract

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a dynamic, hierarchical routing protocol designed to support routing in TCP/IP networks. A simulation of the OSPF Election Protocol shows three results: (1) The Designated Router (DR) can be elected in constant time. (2) If a router has a limited number of input buffers, a competition for buffers between the Election and the Flooding Protocols increases the election time and causes an oscillatory behavior.At each router, the Router-ID of the DR continuously changes causing instability. (3) In the worst case, when the DR and the BDR fail at the same time, the DR-agreement-time is bounded above by twice the HelloInterval. A simulation of the OSPF Flooding Protocol, using 20, 50 and 80 router point-to-point networks, shows three results: (1) For the 50 router network, as link speed exceeds 4000 Kbps, the probability of overflowing the input buffers increases causing retransmissions. The increase in bootup-convergence-time from retransmissions is bounded by two and three times the RxmtInterval for link speeds of 4000 to 6000 Kbps and above 50 Mbps respectively. The increase in the bootup-convergence-time is due to large number of unacknowledged flooding packets received within RxmtInterval. (2) For 20 and 50 router networks, the input buffer size has little impact on the bootup-convergence-time. For the 80 router network, a small change in the input buffer size drastically changes the bootup-convergence-time. (3) Reducing the value of the RxmtInterval lowers the bootup-convergence-time at high link speeds.

Published
1993
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37. Immunoglobulins in the saliva of diabetic patients with periodontitis

Author

Anil S, Remani P, Vt, Beena, Raj Nair, and Vijayakumar T

Subjects
Adult, Male, Immunodiffusion, Incidence, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Immunoglobulin M, Case-Control Studies, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin A, Secretory, Humans, Female, Antigens, Periodontitis, Saliva
Abstract

The study was conducted to estimate the concentration of immunoglobulins in the saliva of diabetic and nondiabetic patients with periodontitis. The salivary immunoglobulins G, A and M (IgG, IgA, IgM) were determined in 50 patients with type II or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 50 non diabetic patients with periodontitis. The values were compared with that of 50 age and sex matched controls. IgG, IgA were found to be significantly increased in diabetic patients with periodontitis, compared to nondiabetic patients and controls. Though an increase in IgM was found in diabetic patients it was not significant. The altered immune response observed may be due to the response to a greater antigenic challenge which in turn may be responsible for the increased incidence of periodontitis in diabetic patients. Further studies in this field may help to establish this association.

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