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like this were built for poor factory workers and coal miners in many cities and towns. "Terrace houses" are a type of row house where each house has a similar front to its neighbours. Row houses are not always small. Some cities have large beautiful row houses, such as the Royal Crescent, which was built 200 years ago at Bath in England and is a famous example of Georgian architecture

rraced house (see the picture in the introduction) is a house that is part of a row of houses joined at the side walls. Many cities and towns have thousands of row houses because they are a good way to build lots of houses close together. Many row houses have two rooms downstairs

wash area at the back. Houses like this were built for poor factory workers and coal miners in many cities and towns. "Terrace houses" are a type of row house where each house has a similar front to its neighbours. Row houses are not always small. Some cities have large beautiful row houses, such as the Royal Crescent, which was built 200 years ago at Bath in England and is a famous example of Georgian architecture.

A row or terraced house (see the picture in the introduction) is a house that is part of a row of houses joined at the side walls. Many cities and towns have thousands of row houses because they are a good way to build lots of houses close together. Many row houses have two rooms downstairs and two rooms upstairs, with a kitchen or wash area at the back. Houses like this were built for poor factory workers and coal miners in many cities and towns. "Terrace houses" are a type of row house where each hou

Natural daylight is desirable in locations where winter days are short. With narrow front and long depth, row houses interiors in Toronto tend to be dark, as natural light cannot penetrate to the central portion of the house. This study aims to contribute to the development of guidelines for designers using courtyards to create better space quality and to add to occupants’ delight, health and wellbeing. It examines the potential benefits and drawbacks of internal courtyards in houses located in cold climates and the implications of such design on the energy performance, natural light and lighting consumption. The simulations showed that the window to wall ratio doesn’t have major influence on the hours of daylight inside the house. The main results also show significant improvement of the hours of illuminance in the interior, with higher increases in the shorter days of the year when light is more needed.

The focus of this paper is liveable, low-rise high-density urban morphologies of residential architecture and urban planning practices in Tokyo. Over the last several decades, historically established qualities in cities worldwide are increasingly sacrificed in favour of globalization–led ‘universal’ typologies. Tokyo is not an exception: it is gradually changing to a high-rise, high-density built city environment. From a morphological point of view, the paper demonstrates bioclimatic and cultural disadvantages of such developmental paradigm shift in Tokyo. Presented case studies elaborate upon the ways in which low-rise high-density environments and subsequent urban forms better facilitate human interaction and, consequently, can aid in reducing social isolation and contribute to mental well-being. Presented case studies, observed over the period of six years depict how residential environments created by row-houses can be seen as a collection of adjoining private spaces. The emphasis is on the interconnected set of phenomena: low-rise high-density morphologies, climate-responsive semi-exterior spaces, facilitating human and public-private interaction. The conducted morphological and functional analysis shows how design requirements of bioclimatic responsive semi-exterior space fully coincide with those of desirable public-private interface and human interaction. However, site-specific constraints critically affect spatial configurations of low-rise high-density developments in contemporary Tokyo, emphasizing the requirement for case-by-case attention in design and management of such places. Only design processes conscious of spatial management aware of the potential embedded in the design process can enhance socio-cultural interplay and bioclimatic performance.

In the spectrum of the cities buried by Vesuvius, studies of humble dwellings have suffered from poor preservation, a lack of documentation and a general disinterest. Small commercial spaces frequented by non-élites, such as tabernae, thermopolia, cauponae, popinae and cenacula, remain difficult to identify as they often doubled as domestic spaces and Latin terminology does not always match the architectural remains. A few studies have focused on the place of such spaces within Roman architecture as well as on the economic rôles of tabernae and/or rental accommodations.1 This paper expands on these approaches by offering the preliminary results of research at Oplontis B (Torre Annunziata) by the Oplontis Project, one of the few sites where a series of row houses sheds light on the domestic aspects of tabernae and their rôle in urban development along the Bay of Naples.2

The building ventilation of seventy-seven row houses in eight districts in Chiang Mai province of Thailand was surveyed and investigated. A typical row house re-purposed as a restaurant refers to a 3.5 m high space with two stoves in the front of the building and a closed rear area to serve as storage. As a base-case, restaurants had an average capacity of 24 customers in the dining area. Measurements of internal air quality of a selected restaurant were conducted in the summer season of 2015 and 2017, and the results revealed average air temperatures of 36°C and 33°C, relative humidity values of 46% and 33%, and air speed values of 0.28 m s-1 and 0.10 m s-1, respectively. The Computerised Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the Center for the Built Environment (CBE) thermal comfort tool were used to simulate the efficiency of current and proposed ventilation techniques and also analyse thermal comfort conditions for each scenario. Low-cost cooling techniques of air speed and humidity adjustment were chosen to improve thermal conductions. By applying the combined techniques, the overall temperature was reduced by 2°C and the thermal comfort levels were improved from the ‘hot’ to the ‘warm’ zone. Some conditions in the second restaurant are in the expanded ‘adaptive thermal comfort zone’. Although most results appear to exceed the ‘adaptive thermal comfort zone’, conditions could not be further ameliorated since 1.5 m s-1 was the maximum air speed that could be employed in the dining area to avoid wind discomfort. Limited investment in ventilation improvement was the main challenge since air-conditioners and multiple fans were not affordable and were also insufficient for the re-adaptation option. Feasibility study of ventilation improvement technique is limited in this study.

Indonesia has backlog issue against landed houses. While the needs of houses increase every year, land availability decreases in cities that causes landed house prices become unaffordable. One of the solutions offered by the government is RISHA (Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat) or a simple design innovation of healthy house especially for low-income family. One of its successful projects was Petogogan Row Houses. However, after few years of occupancy the occupants perceive that there are some things which are considered incompatible with the rooms they inhabit. The qualitative approach applied in this study is to uncover the occupants’ perception of the post occupancy of RISHA row houses. Through this research it was found that things that are considered inappropriate by occupants are caused by (1) the furniture (non-fixed elements) capacity exceeds the RISHA room standard; (2) the physical elements (fixed-elements) of walls and ceilings set by RISHA do not provide possibilities for occupants to install non-fixed elements; (3) inadequacy of indoor natural light capacity related to the improper occupants’ considerations.Keywords: RISHA row houses, occupants’ perception, room physical elements.

Natural daylight is desirable in locations where winter days are short. With narrow front and long depth, row houses interiors in Toronto tend to be dark, as natural light cannot penetrate to the central portion of the house. This study aims to contribute to the development of guidelines for designers using courtyards to create better space quality and to add to occupants’ delight, health and wellbeing. It examines the potential benefits and drawbacks of internal courtyards in houses located in cold climates and the implications of such design on the energy performance, natural light and lighting consumption. The simulations showed that the window to wall ratio doesn’t have major influence on the hours of daylight inside the house. The main results also show significant improvement of the hours of illuminance in the interior, with higher increases in the shorter days of the year when light is more needed.

Five full-scale reinforced concrete wall specimens with openings typical of the first story backside exterior walls of row houses in Taiwan were tested using lateral cyclic loading to study their seismic behavior. The effects of location and size of the window opening were studied. Test results showed that the wall with the window opening on the side of the wall web showed a higher average lateral strength than that with the opening placed around the center of the wall web. The increase of the opening length reduced more the lateral strength than the increase of the opening height. A critical wall segment tended to show a lower lateral strength when the edge of the segment is bordered by a door than by a boundary column. To estimate the lateral strength of the wall specimens, a detailed and three simplified models are proposed. Comparison with the test results shows that ignoring variation in the axial force among the wall segments and columns does not change the average prediction but increases the scatter of prediction. Simply summing the lateral strengths of all the wall segments and columns together further increases the scatter and greatly reduces the degree of conservatism. Summing the lateral strengths of all the web segments requires the least computational effort but greatly increases the degree of conservatism.

Chapter 4 deals with the old townhouses and shophouses of Melaka’s World Heritage site. It first traces the reasons for their decline in the post-war period. Things started to change in the 1990s with the repeal of rent control. This period coincided with the revaluation of these buildings as heritage and economic assets, but not without side effects, such as illegal demolitions, the displacement of residents, and tourism gentrification. The authorities have always been reluctant to interfere with private property, but during the application for the World Heritage inscription they were forced to step in with stricter conservation rules. Instead of a homogeneous approach, this chapter displays the diversity of discourses and practices of conservation as encountered on the ground.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007, 14, 18, 22 No’lu sıra evler, Fatih ilçesi Balat semtinin Hızırçavuş Mahallesi’nde, Ayan Caddesi üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Balat’taki benzer pek çok sıra ev gibi 19. yüzyıl sonu, 20. yüzyıl başı gibi bir zaman dilimine tarihlenen yapıların yapım yılı bilinmemektedir. Yaptıran kişi hakkında da herhangi bir bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Yapılar, 1881 ada 14 parselde bulunan Aya Strati Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi ve Rum okuluna çok yakındır. Yapılan literatür araştırmasında, 20. yüzyıl başında kilise çevresinde Rum ailelerin yaşadığı öğrenilmiştir. Dolayısıyla, yapıların Rum azınlıklara ait olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Tez kapsamında incelenen yapıların bulunduğu 1879 ada 7 parselde, 14, 18, 22 no’lu yapılar dışında 5 birimden oluşan bir sıra ev grubu ve bir adet tek yapı bulunmaktadır. Bir bütün halinde bakıldığında yapıların birbirleriyle ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Mahalle sakinlerinin Şakir Paşa Akaretleri olarak da isimlendirdiği yapı grubunun geçmişi hakkında daha fazla bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Sıra evlerden, en korunmuş olanı 22 no’lu birimdir. 14 no’lu yapı 1999 yılında geçirdiği bir müdahale sonucunda cephe biçimlenişi dışında tüm özgün detaylarını kaybetmiştir. Günümüzde her katında bir kiracının oturduğu sıra evler oldukça bakımsız durumdadır ve kullanıcıların değişen ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda günbegün özgün yapı detaylarını kaybetmektedir. Bu yapılar, ‘’Fener ve Balat Semtleri Rehabilitasyon Programı’’na bir katkı olması amacıyla tez konusu olarak seçilmiş, fakat mülkiyet sorunlarının çözülememesi ve ev sahiplerinin isteksizliği sonucu yapılar program dışı kalmıştır. Tezin amacı mevcut durumun belgelenmesi, belgeleme aşamasında yapının kendisinden edinilen bilgilerin literatür araştırmaları ile birleştirilerek yapının tarihinin aydınlatılması ve kullanımına yönelik uygun işlevin belirlenerek, yapının onarımı için gerekli teknik müdahalelerin saptanmasıdır. Bu amaçla yapının 1/50 ölçeğinde rölöve, restitüsyon ve restorasyon projeleri hazırlanmıştır. Yapım tekniğine dair çeşitli detaylar ve farklı türdeki kapı ve pencere detayları 1/10 tekniği ile çizilmiştir Bu çizimler ayrıntılı anlatımlar ve fotoğraflarla desteklenmiştir., The row houses, studied in this work, are located on Ayan Street in Balat with the apartment numbers 14, 18 and 22. Like many buildings in this part of the city, the construction period of the buildings is not exactly known but may be dated at the end of the nineteenth or at the beginning of twentieth centuries. Further more there is no information about the architect nor the establishers. The literature work and the interviews made with the local residents lead us that around the construction period of those buildings, although there was a domination of Jewish community from the demographic point of view in Balat, there were many “Rum ” families as residents living specially in this part of the quarter. Due to the close distance between the apartments and the Orthodox Church - school of the “Rum” community, there is a great possibility that the buildings were owned by “Rum” minority. There are other buildings in the plot on which the row houses stand; a structure formed by 5 houses and another building which is standing alone. From the point of integrity there is a possibility that those buildings had been related to the structure focused in this work. The most maintained unit comparing with the other parts of the structure is the unit with door number 22. The interventions made in 1999 destroyed almost all original details of the house with door number 14, except the form of external facades. Nowadays all the apartments are in bad condition, rented forming an independent habitation at each floor level and loosing its authentic construction details due to the necessity of minimum comfort level and neglect. The structure was intentionally chosen for this study in order to make a contribution to the project of “Rehabilitation Project of Balat and Fener”, but unfortunately due to the ownership problems of the real estate and the opposition of “owners”, the structure is out of project. The aim of this study is to document the existing condition of the structure, to enlighten the past of the building using the information gained during the literature work, to decide future function and finally to obtain the interventions for the restoration work. In order to get this point; the survey, restitution and restoration projects are prepared in 1/50 scale. In addition to the work made in 1/50 scale, construction technique details and different details of windows-doors are prepared in 1/10 scale. All the drawings are supported by photographs and detailed descriptions., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

A traditional row house was re-designed to be adapted to the hot and arid climate of the Middle East. The vernacular design features include a number of cooling devices such as an open courtyard, wind towers and heat-storing building materials to reduce overheating during the summer months. This paper reports on the results of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling study of the performance of a wind tower incorporated into the row house to replace the traditional ventilation devices. The study investigated the ways in which the resulting natural air flows in the house operated using the ANSYS Fluent CFD tool to develop a numerical model of an optimized wind tower system. Achieved ventilation rates and temperature distribution inside the structure were investigated. The results demonstrated that the proposed wind tower configuration was able to increase the average indoor air velocity by 63%. An improved airflow distribution is observed inside the modified row housing model.

Excavators have put forward opposing interpretations of the architectural sequence at the Early Bronze Age site of Troy. C.W. Blegen suggested that freestanding ‘megaron’ houses determined the visual pattern of the earliest settlement, while M.O. Korfmann compared Troy I to the circular layout of the Early Bronze Age site at Demircihüyük (the ‘Anatolian settlement plan’). Post-excavation analysis of the archaeological record from the excavations (1987–1992) in ‘Schliemann's Trench’ at Troy suggests a modification of the views of both Blegen and Korfmann. The local building tradition at Troy I was characterised by flat-roofed, long-room dwellings arranged in rows and sharing lateral walls. This peculiar settlement layout, recurrent at coastal and inland sites in the western part of Anatolia during the early centuries of the third millennium BC but unfamiliar at this time in the neighbouring regions of central Asia Minor and the Aegean, can be described as an Anatolian ‘row-house’ style. The present study applies the concept of vernacular architecture to the architectural record of Troy I and other contemporary ‘row-house’ sites to elucidate the social and cultural factors that shaped the domestic architectural traditions of early third-millennium western Asia Minor.

The determination of built-in material properties is a difficult step during the structural assessment of historical structures. Large variations of material characteristics and the difficulty of obtaining an adequate number and type of material samples are among the major problems. In this study, the material characterization of the approximately 135 years old historical Akaretler Row Houses was carried out. Since several structural walls of the row house complex were to be removed according to the restoration design, a large number of different types of specimens could be collected for laboratory tests and a considerable amount of in situ destructive and nondestructive tests was carried out. The laboratory tests included mechanical, physical, and chemical tests on original materials such as bricks, mortar, brick prisms, cores consisting of two layers of bricks and one layer of mortar between bricks, and wallets. The in situ tests included destructive shear tests and nondestructive rebound hammer tests. At the end of the extensive experimental study, the basic material characteristics of the late period Ottoman construction system were obtained. In addition relations between various mechanical characteristics of the construction materials, as well as the relations between the results of the laboratory and in situ tests, and destructive and nondestructive tests are presented.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the Chitlada State Railway of Thailand (SRT) Housing in Bangkok by examining at the transition of multipurpose space of row houses. Row houses a...

One of the applications of generation to the production of designs is embodied in the idea of the shape grammar. In this paper, a shape grammar model, which is based on the generative capability of grammar and the reasoning capabilities of knowledge-based systems and their integration in a prototype, is introduced. The model, which operates in a top-down manner, can be described at three levels. At the first level, a vocabulary for an architectural language of row-houses is formed by analysing this type of house syntactically and formally. At the second level, this vocabulary is transformed into a shape grammar. Finally, a syntactic system is defined as a space of possible designs according to these analyses. An interface design has been carried out to facilitate the communication between the users and the model during the design process.

Shake table tests are evaluating how well the unreinforced masonry structures in New York City known as row houses would withstand even a moderate earthquake.

Living in the city requires a balance between public and private modes and individual and communal identities. This project explores the subtleties and intricacies of architectural responses to these concerns in a housing development for a tight, typical urban block. Recognizing that the equilibrium between these opposites fluctuates and is different for each inhabitant, the connecting thresholds are expandable and changeable. Master of Architecture

This study discusses housing densification as a sustainable housing strategy. Furthermore, it investigates how housing densification can improve the shading performance of open spaces with respect to row-house typology. The analysis considers a real-time case study of linear courtyards enclosed by row houses. Urban analysis was followed by a numerical shading analysis to examine the impact of housing attachment method (aligned or stepped) on courtyard shading potential. Row houses were found to be an acceptable housing densification solution in Saudi Arabia, with well-integrated open spaces. The stepped-attached housing pattern showed a higher potential for urban shading (by ~55% with an east–west orientation of row houses) than that of the aligned–attached pattern. In addition, the stepped-attached housing pattern improved the visual quality and created a serial visual effect. This study recommends the promotion of compact housing patterns in Saudi Arabia to reduce the rapidly increasing domestic electrical-energy demand and improve urban shading. Housing densification is considered as an effective passive design and planning strategy for this purpose.

The problem of designing row-house aggregations to get maximum winter insulation and summer shade. A program for lowcost personal computer that evaluates the percentage of sunny sur face of each wall and roof of the tested block unit has been set up. Two basic row-house aggregations for three different orientations are shown as examples of the computer program application.

The history of the architecture and development of New York City’s Upper West Side row-houses is a subject that has been written upon extensively but never specifically looked at from the point of view of the speculative real estate developer and how he influenced and marketed design. When making the case for historical significance of a building, one generally looks only to the architect or any notable inhabitants or users of that building to fulfill National Register of Historic Places criteria. Why has the real estate or speculative developer been excluded so often in the discussion of a place’s significance? Arguably, these men helped to shape design, space, and even entire neighborhoods on equal footing with the architects whom they chose to hire and probably more so than those who purchased their homes. October 27th, 1904 marked the opening of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company’s (IRT) subway-line for New York City, which resulted in highly escalated land values near the line and effectively, for developers, rendered speculative row-houses uneconomical compared to high-rise apartment construction. Concentrating on speculative row-house construction between 1879 and 1905, the duration of such construction on the Upper West Side, this thesis seeks to examine what developers of the period saw as standard amenities or novelty selling-points for the designs of row-houses in order to keep them desirable but also competitive when compared with apartment living. The turn of the century speculative real estate developer, particularly those active on the Upper West Side, had an array of media through which he was able to market his rows. Week after week completed and projected designs appeared in the Real Estate Record and Guide, in advertisements in the city’s newspapers, or through private publications and prospectuses produced by the developer himself. Ultimately, the speculative row house developer with his desire to make both the neighborhood in which he built and the houses which he sold beautiful and desirable directly impacted the feel and atmosphere of the Upper West Side. Perhaps in light of this investigation we can begin to assign and evaluate new areas of significance for historic row houses. Those being not the ties to famous residents or acclaimed architects, but also to the previously rather anonymous speculative developers which shaped the history, architecture, and development of New York City’s Upper West Side and, indeed, row-house neighborhoods across the country.

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2010, Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2010, Bu çalışmada, tarihi bir yığma yapıdan alınan numuneler üzerinde kapsamlı bir deneysel çalışma yapılmıştır. Numuneler, 18. yy. da inşaatı gerçekleştirilen tarihi Akaretler sıraevlerinin taşıyıcı duvarlarından alınmıştır. Mevcut yapıların değerlendirilmesi için gerekli aşamalardan biri olan mevcut malzeme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi aşaması, incelenen yapının durumunun gerçekçi bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi için gereklidir. Türkiye’deki tarihi yapıların malzeme karakteristiklerine ilişkin kapsamlı ve sistematik bir veri mevcut olmadığı için; tarihi yığma ve yığmayı oluşturan birim ve harcın özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, üzerinde çalışılması gerekli bir konudur. Bu çalışma çerçevesinde, eğilme, basınç ve kayma deneyleri yapılarak, söz konusu malzemenin mekanik açıdan davranışı belirlenmiştir. Regresyon analizi yardımıyla, mekanik özellikler arasında ilişkiler kurulabilmiştir. İncelenen yapıyla aynı döneme ait olan birkaç yapının duvarlarındaki tuğlaların yüzey sertlik ölçümleri, hasarsız test yöntemlerinden olan Schmidt çekici ile ölçülmüş ve bu yapılardan alınan karot numunelerinin basınç dayanımları da deneysel olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen ortalama sertlik değerleri ve ilgili ortalama basınç dayanımları arasında bir ilişki kurulabilmiştir. Basınç gerilmesi-düşey şekildeğiştirme arasındaki ilişkinin parabolik fonksiyonlarla ifade edilebileceği saptanmıştır. Ortalama kayma dayanımları ve bunlara karşı gelen basınç gerilmeleri ve eksenel basınç dayanımı kullanılarak, kayma ve basınç gerilmeleri arasındaki etkileşimi ifade eden diyagram ve bağıntılar, farklı numune grupları için elde edilebilmiştir., In this study, a comprehensive experimental study conducted on historical masonry samples, which were obtained from a historical structure, is realized. The historical structure is the Akaretler Row Houses built in 19th century in İstanbul. Identification of the in-place material characteristics, which is a step of the procedure of the assessment of the existing structures, is needed to derive realistic results, such as the prediction of responses of them to possible seismic actions. The material characterization of the historical masonry and masonry constituents is a challenging subject due to both the lack of sufficient data concerning these materials in Turkey. In the frame of the thesis, mechanical characteristics of the historical masonry and its constituents are determined by testing different specimens in terms of size and composition under flexural tension, compression and shear loads. Several relations between the mechanical characteristics can be established based on the simple regression analysis. By evaluating the results of destructive and non-destructive tests, an equation is suggested to find compressive strength of masonry core specimens from the in situ rebound number of bricks. To express compressive stress-vertical strain relations, parabolic functions are derived for brick, mortar and masonry specimens. Using the shear test results and average compressive strengths, the interaction curves of shear strength and compressive stress can be captured for core, prism and wall specimens. The obtained relations and values are also evaluated in a comparative manner with the related codes and the inspected literature., Doktora, PhD

Tot i que la normativa permet edificar dues plantes pis, la tipologia escollida desenvolupa la casa en dues plantes potenciant així la relació de la zona d’estar i cuina amb el patí en planta superior on també apareix in petit patí que permet articular-les sense necessitat d’obrir-se directament a façana.L’aparcament es col•loca de tal manera que permet la seva possible incorporació al programa funcional de l’habitatge.

Qualificació obtinguda: 10 Estudi de les plantes baixes de la ciutat de Barcelona. S'analitza la relació entre local i espai públic i entre ús i vianant per a trobar noves possibilitats de relació entre l'espai exterior i interior de la mansana de l'eixample i noves maneres d'entendre l'agrupació dels edificis de l'illa.