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L’article s’intéresse, à partir d’un passage de Vitruve sur la mitoyenneté (De architectura, 2, 8, 8-9) dont une nouvelle interprétation est proposée, à l’expertise et aux figures d’experts dans le droit romain de la construction privée. Il s’agit d’abord, d’un point de vue plus technique, d’identifier qui sont les arbitri parietum communium mentionnés par Vitruve et de déterminer dans quelles circonstances et selon quelles méthodes ils opèrent pour estimer la valeur d’un mur. D’autre part, dans une perspective plus historique, il s’agit de s’interroger sur la double culture – tant en architecture qu’en droit – dont pouvaient ou devaient disposer les différents acteurs impliqués dans les conflits sur la mitoyenneté : propriétaires, architectes et juges. Starting from a new interpretation of a passage from Vitruvius on co-ownership (De architectura, 2, 8, 8-9), the paper focuses on expertise and expert figures in Roman private construction law. Firstly, from a more technical point of view, its aim is to define who the arbitri parietum communium mentioned by Vitruvius were and to determine in what circumstances and according to what methods they operated to estimate the value of a wall. On the other hand, from a more historical perspective, the papers questions the double culture – both in architecture and in Roman law – that the different actors (owners, architects and judges) involved in the conflicts over co-ownership could or should possess.

The Tower of Hercules is an icon of the city where it is located, A Coruña, and it is supposed to be the world’s only surviving Roman lighthouse. Its function continues today: it provided a warning to shipping in antiquity and continues to do so now, in the 21st century. Furthermore, it is a paradigmatic case of architectural intervention in an ancient monument: in the 18th century, the Spanish engineer Eustaquio Giannini restored the tower, applying scientific criteria and maintaining the authenticity of the monument. For all these reasons, the Tower of Hercules is an exceptional benchmark through which the development and evolution of the different signaling and navigation aid systems can be studied from the beginning of our era to the present day.

Conferences worldwide focus on a range of disciplines relating to the construction of the built environment. They tend to emphasize either the art or the science of building, the former focusing on architectural theory and design while the latter targets a range of topics from civil and/or building engineering to building physics. Vitruvius’s De Architectura Libri Decem is a seminal treatise more than two millennia old which addresses these themes in a holistic manner. This text remains valid today for students and professionals engaged in architecture and building engineering. Translated as Ten Books on Architecture, it not only presents an overall view of the disciplines of town planning, architecture and civil engineering, along with the qualifications required to practice them, but also addresses building materials, civil-engineering structures and the science influencing buildings. Although grounded in the practice and technology of Ancient Rome, the principles put forward in this treatise are still valid nowadays for effective, sustainable architectural-engineering design based on rigorous education and good knowledge of building materials and construction. Vitruvius’s definition of architecture—the one still customarily used—is an inclusive philosophical statement on the essence of building for humanity to house humanity. It recalls the symbiotic relation between architecture and building engineering that is often forgotten in the contemporary emphasis on specialization., peer-reviewed

Some authors have downplayed the importance of complex vaulted systems in ashlar in Roman architecture. This has led them to seek the origins of Early Modern stonecutting in Christian Syria or Languedocian Romanesque. However, some examples in many regions of the Empire, including Lazio, argue for the existence of advanced stonecutting techniques in the Roman world. In this paper, we will study an interesting example of these structures, the Grotta dei Massacci in Osteria Nuova, now in the municipality of Frasso Sabino. Starting with a precise survey carried out by 3D laser scanning and automated photogrammetry, we will put forward some hypotheses about its measurement system, proportion, stonecutting technique and the hoisting systems used in its execution.

The renewal of the archaeological excavations of Timacum Minus in 2019 initiated extensive analyses and an additional interpretation of the results of previous excavations of its buildings. One of the buildings outside the fortification has attracted special attention, because of both its constructive solutions and its dimensions. Although the archaeological research of ?the building with a hypocaust? has never been completed, there are enough discovered segments that indicate the applied building techniques and constructions. In addition to under-floor and wall heating systems, this building had vaults built of terracotta tubes. The rarely discovered and insufficiently documented examples of this type of vaulted structure in Roman architecture in south-eastern Europe necessitate a deeper analysis of their remains in Timacum Minus, with the aim of obtaining relevant information important not only for the reconstruction of the construction process and appearance of ?the building with a hypocaust?, but also for future architectural analyses of Roman buildings in the territory of Serbia and in the surrounding region.

Razvoj i raster rimskog naselja s jaškim supstratom na vrlo važnom strateškom položaju današnjeg grada Daruvara, koje je doseglo municipalni status, zbog nedostatka sustavnih arheoloških istraživanja uopće nije poznat, iako temeljem slučajnih reprezentativnih nalaza možemo smatrati da su postojale tri glavne njegove cjeline: civilno naselje na padinama Starog Slavika, balneološki dio s hramom na prostoru današnjeg Julijevog parka te forum na mjestu današnjeg središnjeg trga. Sustavna arheološka iskopavanja Gradskog muzeja Bjelovar na području oko židovskog groblja na Starom Slaviku po prvi puta su registrirali ostatke rimske arhitekture u vidu objekta vjerojatno vojne namjene te ostatke perimetralnog zida, koji je okruživao cijelo naselje. Ustanovljene su najmanje tri građevinske faze, a provedene su i određene geološke analize na nepokretnim i pokretnim nalazima kako bi se utvrdila njihova starost i porijeklo sirovine za gradnju., The development and raster of Roman settlement with Iasic substratum, situated at the very important strategic position of the present Daruvar, which had reached municipal status, has due to lack of systematic archaeological research remained completely unknown. However, on the basis of random representative finds, it may be concluded that it consisted of three main parts: civic settlement on the slopes of the Stari Slavik hill, balneological part with a temple in the area of the present Julius’ park, and forum on the location of the present central square. Remains of Roman architecture – probably of a facility serving a military purpose, as well as remains of perimetral wall that encircled the entire settlement were for the first time recorded as a result of systematic archaeological research conducted by the Bjelovar Home Museum in the area around Jewish cemetery on the location of Stari Slavik. At least three building phases have been established, and certain geological analyses of immovable and movable finds have been conducted in order for their age and the origin of the building material to be determined.

En el tractat De Architectura, Vitruvi va descriure les característiques del temple toscànic, una tipologia procedent de l’arquitectura etrusca. Les interpretacions que es fan d’aquest text es poden agrupar en les que ho consideren un reflex d’un estadi evolutiu del temple toscà, i les que ho veuen com la creació, per part de l’autor, d’un cànon a mode de síntesi. La motivació d’aquesta comunicació és comparar una sèrie d’exemples reals amb el temple vitruvià per tal d’esclarir quin d’aquests corrents és el més encertat., En su tratado De Architectura, Vitruvio describió las características del templo toscánico, una tipología procedente de la arquitectura etrusca. Las interpretaciones que se hacen del texto se pueden agrupar en aquellas que lo consideran el reflejo de un estadio evolutivo del templo toscano, y las que lo ven como la creación, por parte del autor, de un cánon a modo de síntesis. La motivación de esta comunicación es comparar una serie de ejemplos reales con el templo vitruviano para esclarecer cúal de estas dos corrientes es la más acertada., In his treatise De ArchitecturaVitruvius described the features of the Tuscanic temple, a tipology of Etruscan origin. The interpretations of this text within etrusco-Roman architecture take two main positions: those who view it as capturing a form within the evolution of the Tuscan temple, and those who understand it as the building of a synthesis canon by the author. The aim of my comunication is to compare a series of real examples with the vitruvian temple in order to clarify wich one of these perspectives is better.

La present comunicació recull el projecte de tesi de màster sobre l'estudi d'un edifici republicà tipus domus a la ciutat púnicorromana de Carteia (San Roque, Cadis). L'edifici en si va ser excavat pel professor F. Presedo de la Universitat de Sevilla durant els anys '70, els resultats es recullen en el llibre "Carteia I" (1982) però, lamentablement, en la citada publicació no es va arribar a proposar una seqüència estratigràfica, qüestió aquesta determinant per a la seva comprensió cultural , així com la seva interpretació funcional i l'adscripció cronològica de les estructures exhumades. Com a conseqüència d'aquestes peculiaritats, és oportú realitzar un estudi arqueoarquitectónico de les estructures conservades, la qual cosa complementa els treballs arqueològics que segueixen desenvolupant en l'actualitat., La presente comunicación recoge el proyecto de tesis de máster sobre el estudio de un edificio republicano tipo domus en la ciudad púnicorromana de Carteia (San Roque, Cádiz). El edificio en si fue excavado por el profesor F. Presedo de la Universidad de Sevilla durante los años ´70, cuyos resultados se recogen en el libro “Carteia I” (1982) pero, lamentablemente, en la citada publicación no se llegó a proponer una secuencia estratigráfica, cuestión ésta determinante para su comprensión cultural, así como su interpretación funcional y la adscripción cronológica de las estructuras exhumadas. Como consecuencia de estas peculiaridades, es oportuno realizar un estudio arqueoarquitectónico de las estructuras conservadas, lo cual complementa los trabajos arqueológicos que siguen desarrollándose en la actualidad., The present communication collects the master’s degree project concerning the study of a domus-type republican building in the Punic-Roman city of Carteia (San Roque, Cádiz). The building itself was excavated by F. Presedo lecturer of Universidad de Sevilla during the 70’s, whose results are collected in the publication “Carteia I” (1982) but, sadly, in the mentioned publication a stratigraphic sequence was never proposed, this issue being decisive for its cultural comprehension, as well as its functional interpretation and chronological assignment of the exhumation structures. As a consequence of these peculiarities, it is appropriate to carry out an archeo-architectural study of the preserved structures, which considers the archeological works that are still being done at present.

La pérdida de importancia de las explotaciones rurales y la poca disposición a adaptarse al tiempo, ha generado un estado de abandono en gran parte de estas infraestructuras, dejándolas obsoletas y en ruinas. Esta transformación ha derivado un cambio paisajístico, apagándose con el tiempo, siendo visible para cualquier ser vivo que lo habite. Dos Hermanas, Sevilla, es un gran ejemplo de ello. Esta investigación recorre el estudio de la explotación agraria a diferentes escalas, partiendo desde la importancia agraria andaluza, sevillana y finalmente nazarena (Dos Hermanas), donde nos encontraremos con un punto de reflexión importante sobre la pérdida de la arquitectura agropecuaria y la poca capacidad de adaptarse al tiempo. Tras ello se realiza una investigación profunda sobre la Hacienda Ibarburu, patrimonio histórico desde el 2002.Una vez entendido en el contexto histórico-cultural que nos encontramos, se realiza un estudio de valoración e interpretación del mal estado en el que se encuentra, par-tiendo de una información escasa, con un objetivo primordial como proponer nuevas estrategias de intervención, que tomarán como referencias intervenciones desde el campo del arte y la arquitectura, que servirán como punto de enfoque para una posible activación de la Hacienda Ibarburu, obsequiando el valor que ha ido perdiendo a lo largo del tiempo. The loss of importance of rural farms and the unwillingness to adapt to the weather, has generated a state of neglect in much of these infrastructures, leaving them obsolete and in ruins. This transformation has derived a landscape change, fading overtime, being visible to any living being that inhabits it. Dos Hermanas, Seville, is a great example of this. This research covers the study of agricultural exploitation at different scales, starting from the Andalusian, Sevillian and finally Nazarene agrarian importance (Dos Hermanas), where we will find an important point of reflection on the loss of agricultural architecture and the low capacity of adapt to time. After this, an in-depth investigation is carried out on the Hacienda Ibarburu, a historical heritage since 2002.Once understood in the historical-cultural context that we find ourselves, a study is carried out to assess and interpret the poor state in which it is found, based on scarce information, with a primary objective such as proposing new intervention strategies, which will take as references interventions from the field of art and architecture, which will serve as a focus point for a possible activation of the Hacienda Ibarburu, giving away the value that it has been losing over time. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Fundamentos de la Arquitectura

For centuries antiquarians and archaeologists have tried to reconcile the terminology of ancient writers on architecture, such as Vitruvius, with the perceived realities of the material record. One particular issue of debate concerns the interpretation of different words for “brick” in Latin. In this paper it is argued that earlier attempts to settle this question are unsatisfactory and leave several problems unresolved. A thorough examination of literary and epigraphic sources, combined with new insights in Hellenistic brick usage, suggests that primary distinctions in Latin brick terminology were based on shape and size, rather than on a mere division between fired and unfired bricks. Thus, it is argued that later basically signified a large moulded block, but normally was used to indicate mud bricks; that laterculus changed over time from being a diminutive (a small later) to becoming the standard term for the relatively thin fired bricks of the Roman Imperial period; and that tes­ta originally and primarily signified a fragment of a roof tile (or a potsherd), but from the 1st century AD also may designate typical Roman Imperial bricks, after they have been divided into smaller, often triangular, pieces.

[ita] Gli scavi archeologici, promossi dalla Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, hanno portato alla luce due complessi abitativi edificati tra metà del I e il II sec. d.C., largamente modificati nel corso del IV e, infine abbandonati nel V/VI sec. e che attualmente si conservano nel loro aspetto tardo antico. Del più antico, la domus A, restano un peristilio e un piccolo triclinio ricoperti da preziosi tappeti musivi e affacciati a Ovest su un’area aperta, molto probabilmente pertinente all’abitazione; la domus B, edificata alla fine del II sec. d.C., presenta una grande aula absidata riccamente decorata da rivestimenti in opus sectile di marmi colorati, interpretabile come sala di rappresentanza. Un vano scala di notevoli dimensioni permette di intuire l’esistenza di un secondo piano; infine, un cortile interno a Nord-Est ha conservato una sequenza stratigrafica di notevole interesse. L’analisi dei contesti e lo studio dello straordinario campione di classi e produzioni ceramiche imperiali e tardo antiche rinvenuto nelle domus ha consentito di ripercorrere il lungo e articolato excursus temporale delle due abitazioni, dalla loro prima edificazione passando per la ristrutturazione e la probabile unificazione delle due fabbriche nel IV sec., fino al loro definitivo abbandono. I materiali presi in esame ci hanno permesso, inoltre, di identificare e interpretare gli spazi delle domus, i gusti dei loro abitanti, le modalità di abbandono, e infine, di ravvisare, pur nei limiti di una dimensione privata, quelle che erano le tendenze economiche generali, seguendo passo a passo i momenti di sviluppo, di crisi e di cambiamento dell’economia imperiale., [eng] The archeological excavations carried out in 2005 in the subterranean area of Palazzo Valentini have led us to the discovery of two housing complexes built between the 1st and the 2nd century AD, modified throughout the 4th century and abandoned in the 5th/6th century. The analysis of the ceramic contexts and of the stratigraphy have led us to study the articulated temporary excursus of both houses, from their first construction to the renovation and their likely unification through the 4th century to their final abandonment. The examined materials have also led us to interpret the Domus spaces, their abandon forms, and finally, identify, even though inside the limit of a private dimension, what the tendencies were, following the different stages of development, crisis and imperial economy changes progressively., [spa] Las excavaciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo en el 2005 en el area subterránea del Palazzo Valentini han permitido descubrir dos complejos de viviendas construidos entre los siglos I y II d.C., modificado durante el siglo IV y abandonado en el siglo V/VI. El análisis de los contextos cerámicos y de la estratigrafía han permitido estudiar el articulado excursus temporal de las dos casas, desde su primera construcción hasta la renovación y la probable unificación durante el siglo IV, hasta su abandono definitivo. Los materiales examinados también nos han permitido interpretar los espacios de las Domus, las formas de abandono, y finalmente, identificar, incluso dentro de los límites de una dimensión privada, cuáles fueron las tendencias siguiendo los momentos de desarrollo, crisis y cambio de la economía imperial paso a paso.

This article presents our discovery of the astronomical orientation of the city of Aventicum, the capital of ancient Roman Helvetia, where the sacred complex formed by the Temple of the Cigognier and the Theater were oriented along the axis that links the sunset of the Summer Solstice and the sunrise of the Winter Solstice. Also the East and West doors of the city were astronomically oriented on the axis that links the sunrise of the Summer Solstice and the sunset of the Winter Solstice. On July 13th, 2017 I had the fortune to visit two extraordinary Roman sites in Switzerland, Avenches and Vallon, together with friend Cristiano Castelletti, a great scholar as well as an excellent journalist of the Swiss-Italian Radio. This article is dedicated to his memory, because unfortunately Cristiano passed away in 2017, leaving a great void for us all.

The use of hypocausta in non-thermal rooms has been little studied, in fact, in almost all occasions it is associated with the domestic balnea of the villas or the public baths. But it is also frequent in the Roman villas the existence of hypocausta that provide thermal conditioning to dependencies not necessarily related to the baths of the villa. In La Olmeda some of them are indeed part of the thermal installation of the bath circuit, but most of those that have been discovered constitute only a domestic heating system, much needed, on the other hand, in these lands of long and cold winters. The objective of this article is the study of them, its description and possible evolution in Roman times, the planimetry of how they could be constituted and an approximation to its functioning. From the analysis of the obtained data it has been concluded that the characteristics and the constructive systems of the hypocausta are related to the moment of its conception depending if it was a new implantation or some of the reforms due to the own evolution of The Roman villa. El uso de hypocausta en estancias de uso no termal ha sido poco estudiado, de hecho, en casi todas las ocasiones se asocia al balnea doméstico de las villas o a las termas públicas. Pero también es frecuente en las villas romanas la existencia de hypocausta que proporcionan acondicionamiento térmico a dependencias no necesariamente relacionada con los baños de la villa. En La Olmeda algunos de ellos efectivamente forman parte de la instalación termal del circuito de baños, pero la mayor parte de los que se han descubierto constituyen únicamente un sistema calefactor doméstico, muy necesario, por otra parte, en estas tierras de inviernos largos y fríos. El objetivo de este artículo es el estudio de los mismos, su descripción y posible evolución en época romana, la planimetría de cómo pudieron estar constituidos y una aproximación a su funcionamiento. Del análisis de los datos obtenidos se ha llegado a la conclusión de que las características y los sistemas constructivos de los hypocausta están en relación con el momento de su concepción dependiendo de si se trataba de una nueva implantación o de alguna de las reformas debidas a la propia evolución de la villa romana.

Special issue: SEAC 25th Joint Conference, held in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 18th - 22nd September 2017., Inthis work we try to identify if there exist specific patterns in the orientation of Roman towns and military settlements across the Roman Empire, and whether this can be explained by astronomy, as suggested in a number of ancient texts and latter discussed by contemporary scholars. In order to check if cosmology was present in the urban planning at Roman times we have analyzed the orientations of more than 250 Roman sites located in different regions, from the Roman West to the East, and is the largest datasetof this kind ob-tained so far. Our results present suggestive orientation patterns and point towards an astronomical inten-tionality, maybe by the integration of important dates ofRoman andpre-Roman calendars into the urban layout., This work is partially financed within the framework of the projects Orientatio ad sidera III (AYA2011-26759) and Orientatio ad sidera IV (AYA2011-66787-P) of Spain MINECO. A. C. González-García is a Ramon y Cajal Fellow of MINECO.

Introduction Le projet Teatri di Pompei se donne pour objectif de développer une nouvelle étude monographique conjointe du grand théâtre et du theatrum tectum (théâtre couvert) de Pompéi. Ces deux édifices, érigés l’un à côté de l’autre dans la partie méridionale de la ville, furent découverts dès le début des fouilles, respectivement en juillet 1764 et mars 1769, puis dégagés progressivement, de 1765 à 1795 (fig. 1). Ils ont depuis lors et jusqu’à récemment subi d’importantes restaurations. ...

Este trabajo hace un recorrido por las noticias historiográficas del siglo XVIII a inicios del siglo XX, sobre el patrimonio arqueológico de la primitiva Urso, en su mayoría perdido en la actualidad. This paper explores the historical news since the XVIIIth to XXth century, referring to archaeological items from Urso (Osuna, Sevilla) unknown at present

Publication based on PhD dissertation, Study funded by the National Science Centre Poland grant no. UMO-2012/07/N/HS3/00878 "Auctoritas et dignitas: studium prestiżu i propagandy w okresie późnej republiki rzymskiej na przykładzie rodu Pompejuszy (gens Pompeia Magna) w świetle źródeł archeologicznych i pisanych".

The temples of Fortuna and Mater Matuta in Rome's Forum Boarium underwent numerous modifications during the Roman republic, from the initial construction of the twin temples on a large square podium in the years ca. 500 B.C.E. to the reconstruction of the sanctuary following a fire in 213 B.C.E., before a sitewide restructuring perhaps in the Late Republic or Early Imperial period. The Sant'Omobono Project, a collaboration between the Sovrintendenza Capitolina, the Università della Calabria, and the University of Michigan, aims at a full reconsideration of the archival, monumental and artifactual evidence from the site. Based on my work with the project since 2011, and especially on work undertaken during the summer of 2016, I present new conclusions and new questions about the architectural development of the site during the republic, including results offurther chemical analysis of tuff types used in the construction of the sanctuary structures and advances in understanding the Republican architectural terracottas.

Despite the fact that iconographic studies are recognized as an important tool for understanding antiquity, there are few references of Roman window glass among scholars in this field. This paper, which analyses images in reliefs, mosaics and wall paintings, shows how representations of window glass are more common than hitherto argued. The data from these analyses provides important information about the chronology, use and availability of this type of material, adding to the small body of knowledge regarding an object little understood in scholarly circles, even though windows are believed to be one of the most widespread applications of glass in the Roman era. A pesar de que los estudios iconográficos son considerados una herramienta importante para el conocimiento del pasado, existen escasas alusiones en relación con el vidrio romano de ventana en las publicaciones referentes a esta temática. En este artículo, en el cual se procede al análisis de imágenes en relieves, mosaicos y pinturas murales, se demuestra cómo las representaciones de vidrio de ventana de época romana son más frecuentes de lo expuesto hasta el momento. Los datos arrojados por este análisis han proporcionado una importante información sobre la cronología, el uso y la instalación de este tipo de material, permitiendo indagar más sobre un objeto poco conocido entre los investigadores y que ha sido considerado como una de las grandes aplicaciones de este material durante el periodo romano.

El uso conjunto del escáner láser y de la prospección geofísica nos ha permitido definir la forma del teatro romano de Osuna. Una actividad de bajo costo y nulo impacto sobre las ruinas que debe servir de base para una posterior planificación de su futuro.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Geophysical survey and laser scanning allows us to define the shape of the Osuna¿sroman theater. It is a low cost activity with no impact on the ruins that should serve as a basis for further planning of its future., Artículo revisado por pares

Se analiza el criptopórtico este del foro romano de Los Bañales (Uncastillo, Zaragoza), el cual fue construido a base de potentes muros de arenisca local en opus quadratum. Se pretende establecer la función del piso superior que muy probablemente albergó la basílica jurídica de la ciudad y de la que se han recuperado importantes piezas de su decoración arquitectónica en orden toscano provincial. Study of the cryptoporticus from the forum of Los Bañales (Uncastillo, Zaragoza). It has been built with strong walls of local sandstonein opus quadratum. The objective is to establish the function of the first floor, probably the Civil Basilica of the city, where have been found important pieces of its architectural decoration in provincial Tuscan order.

It has recently been argued that a group of five monuments at Sant'Omobono were part of a single building program, attributed to the Roman consul M. Fulvius Flaccus in 264 BCE, a program that also included a monument at Orvieto, loc. Campo della Fiera. The monuments in question include two altars, a circular 'donarium' and fragments of two bases carrying inscriptions of a M. Folvios, all at S. Omobono, and a trachyte donarium or altar at Campo della Fiera. Evaluating this suggestion provides an opportunity to re-examine the monuments at S. Omobono individually and on their own terms, before being brought into comparison with the Campo della Fiera monument. The evidence does not support the hypothesis of a single building program for the five Roman monuments as a group nor for the inclusion of the Orvietan monument in such a group

The present paper aims to report early applications of the domical vaults on a square plan supported by four arches and spherical-triangle pendentives, which remain in Levant of Roman Empire. They are made of cut stones, and the technique of which traces back to Hellenistic tradition. New measurements confirm that these domical vaults with pendentives form a hemisphere. They were probably constructed in the second century AD. A shallow dome made of cut stone voussoir was adequate to create a geometrical form, but it was considerably inapplicable to a monument more than 10 m in diameter. This method was a tentative solution before the pendentive dome was innovated in the second half of the sixth century AD.

The scaenae frons, the façade of the Roman scene building of the Theater at Massene has been dated to between the middle of the 2nd century and the 3rd century A.D. by the excavator from uncertain evidences. The present paper demonstrates based on a stylistic analysis of the architectural ornamentation that the scaenae frons of the Messenian Theater dates not to the middle of the 2nd century but to the second half of the 1st century A.D.In addition, based on the same analysis, it is confirmed that the Roman theater of Messene was influenced not by the west including the city of Rome but rather by Asia Minor. The new chronology implies that the Roman construction boom of Messene belong to the second half of the 1st century A.D.

The ancient cult place under the church of Sant'Omobono in Rome's Forum Boarium has been the focus of archaeological investigation since its chance rediscovery during demolitions in the 1930s. The bulk of scholarly attention since then has focused on the remains of the deeply buried archaic temple and its associated material culture. Most of the remains visible today, however, are dated broadly between the early fifth century B.C.E. and the second century C.E., and yet many basic questions about these "later" periods of the sanctuary lack satisfying answers. For instance, which elements on-site can be assigned to discrete architectural phases? What materials were used in these phases, and how can these phases be dated? The ongoing work of the Sant'Omobono Project, which aims at a definitive publication of the site, has included a total station survey of all visible remains in conjunction with chemical analysis of the types of tufo used and archival research on the past 80 years of archaeological exploration; I present preliminary results of this work and identify prospects for future research.

Dentro del marco del estudio de la arquitectura pública romana, este trabajo pretende presentar una revisión del papel que juega el cromatismo como símbolo y medio transmisor de ideas, ya sea a través del empleo de marmora de color o bien con la aplicación de la pintura en la edilicia oficial, destacando algunos edificios religiosos béticos en los que, recientes investigaciones, han documentado complejos programas decorativos en los que la policromía estaba siempre presente jugando un papel principal a través de estos dos canales. Desde la Antigüedad, el color ha sido un factor fundamental en los códigos sociales de todas las culturas y civilizaciones. Repleto de significado dentro de la memoria colectiva, podemos considerarlo como un eficaz instrumento de expresión del pensamiento dentro del discurso visual (Sánchez, 2013: 192). Su alto grado representativo ligado de forma ineludible a la arquitectura oficial romana, hace necesaria una inmersión más profunda y directa en el estudio de sus usos y significación, ya que de ese modo, podremos tener una visión más clara y amplia del ideario de este periodo. As part of the study of Roman public architecture, this paper aims to present a review of the role of the colour as a symbol and means of transmitting ideas, either through the use of coloured marble or with the application of painting to the official buildings, highlighting some Religious buildings in Baetica, which some recents researches have documented complex decorative programs. In these programs, polychromy plays a main role through these two channels. Since Ancient Times, colour has been a key factor in social codes of all cultures and civilizations. Full of meaning in the collective memory, we can consider it as an effective instrument to express thoughts within the visual discourse (Sánchez, 2013: 192). Its high representative level, inescapably linked to the official Roman architecture, makes it necessary to dive deeper in the study of its use and significance, and thus we will have a clearer and broader view of the ideology of this Period.

The article brings a detailed formal analysis of the Roman capitals from Sirmium, in the light of the stone analysis conducted on the material at the Museum of Srem and elsewhere in Sremska Mitrovica. The capitals dot the historical development of the town from the first half of the 2nd century until the 4th century. First made of regional limestone, they were later joined by those of limestone and marbles of distant source, whereby different stones in capitals coexisted almost throughout the town?s development. This was certainly the situation during the flourishing times of the late 3rd and the 4th century, when Sirmium, as one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire, stood within several formal circles of capitals. The plain-leaved capitals tie it to the rest of Pannonia, the Corinthianizing capitals to the provinces to the east and south, while part of the Asiatic capitals, the largest group, tie it to the wider area of the Mediterranean.

This study examines public water-displays throughout the Early and High Roman Empire (first three centuries CE) to understand the meaning behind their placement in the built environment. There are two main goals of the dissertation: to explore ancient Roman perceptions of water and to investigate fully an individual’s interaction and reaction to its display. In order to accomplish these goals, an approach that employs the framework of the archaeology of the senses, along with those of memory and identity. By laying the groundwork for understanding the sensorial pleasures that all humans gain from their encounters with moving water, we can begin to comprehend how both memory and identity are created in an architectural space. A wide variety of evidence is employed to gain a fuller understanding of exactly why Romans displayed water in certain locations. Ancient literary sources of both prose and poetry, particularly from the first century CE, demonstrate the Romans’ fascination with water, due to its inherent pleasure, its necessity, and its related sensorial response. The archaeological evidence is based on 151 examples of public water-displays collected from throughout the High Roman Empire and located in 17 modern countries. Previous studies have excluded a number of examples of water-displays, based on modern terminologies (e.g., nymphaea and “monumental” fountains) that are predicated primarily on size. In an effort to cast the net as widely as possible, as many examples as possible of public fountains installed at least in part for display are included here. By examining water-displays, that is structures that show water flowing into some sort of basin (allowing the water to serve a secondary function), this dissertation is able to tap into a wide variety of public fountains related to civic, religious, and entertainment-related settings. The three contexts help to illustrate the following: throughout the Empire, no matter the date, location, or context, water-displays were present; public fountains connect all individuals in the Empire, due to the omnipresence of water-displays, the sensorial experience related to moving water, and a sense of shared identities; fountains also alter the physical interaction an individual has with a particular space. The demonstration of moving water allows for sensory reactions in a built environment that all humans, regardless of their time or place, inherently and inevitably respond to in a positive way. By investigating the contexts of public water-displays, the meaning behind their placement is demonstrated, both in terms of the inherent experiences and the notion of identity that they created.

Roman city, developed mainly from 1st BC to III AD, in the area named "Los Bañales", is located at the south of the current town of Uncastillo (Zaragoza, Spain) in Comarca de las Cinco Villas. From 2008 the archaeological site is been studied in a interdisciplinar research project leaded by Fundación Uncastillo under the autorizathion of Gobierno de Aragón. Last seasons of excavation have been focused in the forum, the ancient public square of the roman town, still in process of research. It was a quite small square but following all the requeriments of those type of buildings in Roman Achitecture. Using Blender software, a model of recreation of the forum is being done. The following paper presents a brief summary of the dossier of decissions concerning this recreation result, however, of the interdisciplinar cooperation between historians, archaeologists and architects. Ciudad romana, desarrollada principalmente desde el siglo I aC al III dC, en la zona denominada "Los Bañales", está situada al sur de la actual localidad de Uncastillo (Zaragoza, España) en la Comarca de las Cinco Villas. Desde 2008 el yacimiento arqueológico es objeto de estudio en un proyecto de investigación interdisciplinar liderado por la Fundación Uncastillo con la autorización del Gobierno de Aragón. Las últimas temporadas de excavación se han centrado en el foro, la antigua plaza pública de la ciudad romana, todavía en proceso de investigación. Era una plaza bastante pequeña pero que cumplía con todos los requisitos de ese tipo de edificios de la arquitectura romana. Utilizando el software Blender se está realizando una maqueta de recreación del foro. El siguiente artículo presenta un breve resumen del dossier de decisiones sobre esta recreación fruto, sin embargo, de la cooperación interdisciplinar entre historiadores, arqueólogos y arquitectos.

Treballs Finals de Grau Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2014-2015, Tutor: Gisela Ripoll, La domus de Sant Honorat es uno de los ejemplos más versátiles de la arqueología de Barcelona. La casa se sitúa alrededor de los siglos IV con una pervivencia hasta el VI, momento en el que se abandona el espacio doméstico. Esta domus tenía unos antecedentes estructurales que funcionaron del siglo I hasta el siglo III de los cuales fue complejo determinar su utilidad. Quizá se tratasen de los cimientos de la casa de la Antigüedad tardía o un macellum. La finca sufre un dinamismo constante en su aparejo arquitectónico, desde las tabernae contemporáneas y anexas a la casa que perviven hasta el siglo VIII, llegando a la transformación del Call judío en época medieval en el que la parcela de Sant Honorat se transformó en un almacén o „‟alfòndenc‟‟, llegando así a su última transición con la construcción del edificio diseñado por el arquitecto Josep Oriol en el 1851, situado actualmente entre las calles de la Fruita y Sant Honorat.

[ES]: Este Trabajo Final de Grado estudia el paramento exterior del anfiteatro romano de Mérida desde una perspectiva arqueológica. El estudio se enfoca en los aspectos arquitectónicos y constructivos mediante la metodología de análisis utilizada por la Arqueología de la construcción. Se identifican y registran los elementos arqueológicos presentes en el paramento, cuya lectura permite una interpretación global sobre el proceso de construcción, sus dinámicas y particularidades., [EN]: In this Degree Dissertation the external wall of the Roman amphitheatre of Merida is studied from an archaeological perspective. The study focuses on the architectural and structural features using the methodology of the Archaeology of architecture. The archaeological elements present on the wall have been identified, registered and integrated into a global interpretation about its construction process, dynamics and distinctive features., Gracias al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas por concederme la Beca de Introducción a la Investigación para estudiantes universitarios, que me ha ofrecido la posibilidad de colaborar con el Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida (IAM-CSIC).

El uso conjunto de tomografía eléctrica y georrádar, en un actuación limitada, de bajo costo y nulo impacto sobre el monumento, han permitido definir las líneas generales del tamaño, diseño y forma del teatro romano de Carteia y proponer una simulación de su volumen e implantación sobre el terreno.----------------------------------------------------------------------The set of ETR and GPR used in a limited activity, low cost and no impact on the monument, allowed us to define the outline of the size, design and shape of the Roman theater in Carteia and to propose a simulation of its volume and implementation on the ground., Artículo revisado por pares

Because of the importance of the color as a basic artistic tool during ancient times, it is appropriate to investigate about its application in Roman Architecture, focusing on Cordoba during the early Empire. The first objective is to show the results of the polychrome analysis realized over a group of pieces which belong to the Roman Architectural group in Morería Street in Cordoba, through VIL (Visible Induced Luminiscence Digital Imaging) technique. Dada la importancia del color como herramienta básica en la plástica de la Antigüedad, hemos creído oportuno realizar indagaciones sobre la aplicación del mismo en la arquitectura romana de la primera etapa imperial en el marco de la ciudad de Córdoba. Es, por tanto, objetivo fundamental de este estudio presentar los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de restos de policromía efectuado a un conjunto de piezas pertenecientes al complejo arquitectónico romano de la calle Morería de Córdoba, a través de la técnica de luminiscencia inducida VIL (Visible Induced Luminiscence Digital Imaging)

El treball que es presenta tracta l'estudi arquitectònic i constructiu del Fòrum Provincial de Tarraco. El conjunt arquitectònic de la capital de la província de la Hispania Citerior, consta de tres espais: el Recinte de Culte, la Plaça de Representació i el Circ. Es tracta d'una construcció excepcional, tant per la integració dels imponents volums arquitectònics en opus quadratum i el seu entorn paisatgístic a la part més alta de la ciutat, com pel context antròpic previ a la seva realització. Una ubicació escenogràfica intencionada que, junt a la majestuositat de l'arquitectura i de la decoració del complex tarragoní, va aconseguir transmetre amb força i eficàcia el missatge ideològic del monument. Per a la realització d'una recerca coherent i crítica, s'ha pres com a punt de partida l'estudi de les dades materials. L'anàlisi de les característiques constructives de les estructures que constitueixen els tres espais del Fòrum Provincial, ha tingut com a objectiu investigar els coneixements tecnològics i l'organització de l'obra, més enllà d’aproximar-se a comprendre els aspectes arquitectònics d'un dels monuments més imponents de les províncies d'Occident. Una anàlisi puntual de les fases de desenvolupament de l'obra, ha posat de manifest com aquesta ha estat capaç d'adaptar-se a les noves exigències o als replantejaments del projecte. La capacitat i l’experiència dels constructors del fòrum imperial, si per una banda reflecteix la maduresa assolida per l'enginyeria romana, per l'altre evidencia com l'experimentació de solucions constructives és contínua i com, en el nostre cas, no deixa de ser absolutament reeixida., El trabajo que se presenta se refiere al estudio arquitectónico y constructivo del Foro Provincial de Tarraco. El conjunto arquitectónico de la capital de la provincia de la Hispania Citerior, consta de tres espacios - el Recinto de Culto, la Plaza de Representación y el Circo- y se trata de una construcción excepcional por la integración de los volúmenes arquitectónicos imponentes en opus quadratum tanto en el entorno paisajístico de la parte más alta de la ciudad, como en el contexto antrópico previo a su realización. Una ubicación escenográfica intencionada y que, junto a la majestuosidad de la arquitectura y de la decoración del complejo tarraconense, consiguió transmitir con fuerza y eficacia el mensaje ideológico ínsito en el monumento. Para la realización de una investigación coherente y crítica, se ha tomado como punto de partida el estudio del dato material. El análisis de las características constructivas de las estructuras que componen los tres espacios del Foro Provincial ha tenido la finalidad de investigar los conocimientos tecnológicos, la organización de la obra de construcción, además que aproximarse a comprender los aspectos arquitectónicos de uno de los monumentos más imponentes de las provincias de Occidente. Un análisis puntual de las fases de desarrollo de la obra de construcción ha puesto en relieve como ésta ha sido capaz de adaptarse a exigencias nuevas o a replanteos de un mismo proyecto. La capacidad y experiencia constructiva de los constructores del foro imperial si por un lado refleja la madurez alcanzada por la ingeniería romana, por el otro lado evidencia como la experimentación de soluciones constructivas es continua y como, en nuestro caso, no deja de ser absolutamente exitosa., Herein, a study is presented that embraces the architectural and constructive aspects of the Provincial Forum of Tarraco. The architectural complex of the capital of the Provincia Hispaniae Citerioris is comprised of three areas - the Worship Area, the Representation Square and the Circus- and stands as an exceptional example characterized by the harmonious integration of mighty structures made in opus quadratum in both the anteceded anthropic context and in the landscape of the upper town. The impressive architectural elements and detailed decorations set in a scenic landscape convey a powerful and ideological message. In order to achieve a study both coherent and critical, the research presented here started from the material data. The resulting analysis of the constructive features of the three areas of the Provincial Forum provided insight into the technological knowledge, the organization of constructive processes and the architectural perspectives required to construct of one of the most important monuments in the Western provinces. The detailed analyses of the different building phases revealed a constructive process that permitted adaptation to new contingencies or deliberate modification of the original plans. The Roman builders exhibited their substantial engineering expertise as well as their willingness to implement experimental building solutions at Tarraco, which resulted in the successful construction of the Provincial Forum.

In this paper the metrological study of Astigi Founding Forum’s archaeological remains is made public, upon which the authors can confirm the existence of a careful design based on the Golden proportion, which would complete its urban configuration from a theoretical perspective. This allows us to interpret and integrate structures located in the archaeological interventions. En este trabajo se da a conocer el estudio metrológico de los restos arqueológicos conservados del foro fundacional de Astigi, que constata la existencia de un cuidadoso diseño sobre proporciones teóricas basadas en el número áureo, completando de forma teórica la configuración urbanística del mismo. Esto nos permite interpretar e integrar estructuras localizadas en las intervenciones arqueológicas.

Este artículo analiza las características arquitectónicas de las casas urbanas de la «neapolis» de Ampurias, el asentamiento griego de la ciudad. La particularidad histórica de esta población al noreste de la península ibérica ofrece la oportunidad de estudiar un urbanismo con muchas influencias culturales. Esta riqueza es muy evidente en su arquitectura doméstica, donde se puede examinar cómo una población de origen griego adaptó en sus paredes privadas, nuevos esquemas romanos. En los restos arqueológicos de Emporion, también se observa el resultado del contacto y la convivencia de esta sociedad con el mundo autóctono a lo largo de los siglos, así como la relación con otras culturas mediterráneas. En resumen, el estudio de la arquitectura doméstica de la «Neapolis» de Ampurias nos muestra una casa específica de un momento y un lugar con unos condicionantes históricos muy concretos. This article analyses the architectural features of urban houses in the «neapolis» of Empúries, the Greek settlement of the city. The historical uniqueness of this city in the northeastern side of the Iberian Peninsula gives a unique opportunity to study an type of urbanism with many different cultural influences. This richness is obvious in its domestic architecture, where people of Greek origin adapted new Roman planning schemes for their private houses. In the archaeological remains of Emporion we can also see the result of the contact and coexistence of this Greek population with native societies and other Mediterranean cultures over the centuries. In short, the analysis of the domestic architecture in the «neapolis» of Empúries shows a type of house at a specific moment in time, and in a place with very particular historical factors.

This article focuses on a specific aspect of the work of G.B. Piranesi: the knowledge of the technical engineering elements linked to the Venetian author’s education. His entire works have been studied in order to find the greatest number of references to help to understand Roman building technology filtered by the original shape of the designs on the illustrations. In this sense, several groups of graphic representations have been identified allowing us to establish a connection with the world of construction which is evident in all of the illustrations that deal with older buildings. Our goal is to reevaluate the details in the works of Piranesi which try to penetrate in the anatomy of Roman structures aiming to learn and show «how» they were built. En este artículo se ha prestado atención a un aspecto específico de la obra de G. B. Piranesi: el conocimiento de los elementos técnico-constructivos de la arquitectura romana. Se ha realizado un análisis de la totalidad de su obra, en el intento de encontrar el mayor número posible de referencias útiles para la comprensión de la tecnología edilicia romana, filtrada por la forma original de las composiciones de las láminas. En este sentido, se han identificado varios grupos de representaciones gráficas que nos permiten plantear la presencia de un hilo conductor constante en relación con el mundo de la construcción, evidente en la casi totalidad de láminas que tratan edificios antiguos. El objetivo final es la reevaluación de aquellos detalles de las obras de Piranesi que intentan penetrar en la anatomía de las estructuras romanas para aprender y demostrar las modalidades constructivas.

The archaeologically accepted plan of the House of the Faun at Pompeii serves as the basis for an initial 3D computer model that employs a simulated lighting script to render the lighting conditions of interior spaces at different times of the year. The model reveals that the Alexander Mosaic, lifted in 1843 and moved to the Museo Nazionale in Naples, was apparently never seen under optimum lighting conditions in its original setting. The problem is solved by providing a new interpretation of modifications made to the colonnades associated with the mosaic and then reconfiguring the model accordingly. The result is a new reconstruction of the architectural setting of the Alexander Mosaic and a new understanding of its original lighting conditions.

This article offers a general interpretation of Iuliobriga’s forum, emphasizing its characteristics and peculiarities from the information obtained in the latest archaeological research. It focuses on the results of an excavation made in 2004 inside the church of Santa María in Retortillo. This archaeological dig has allowed us to broaden the view we had of the forum’s square, thanks to the discovery of a new functional space inside it. The archaeological research has also revealed information about the origin of the habitat in Iuliobriga and permits the forum to be dated with certainty in the Flavian period. Se ofrece una interpretación general del foro de Iuliobriga, destacando sus características y peculiaridades tras la información obtenida en las últimas investigaciones arqueológicas. En especial, se presentan los resultados de una excavación realizada en 2004 en el interior de la iglesia de Santa María de Retortillo, la cual ha permitido ampliar la visión que se tenía de la plaza porticada del foro, con el descubrimiento de un nuevo espacio funcional dentro de éste. La misma intervención arqueológica ha aportado datos sobre el origen del hábitat en Iuliobriga y sobre la datación flavia del conjunto monumental del foro.

Presentamos el análisis e interpretación arqueológica del grupo más significativo de edificios del conjunto monumental de Complutum. El grupo, que cerraba el Foro por el Oeste, conoce importantes modificaciones a lo largo de los siglos: en época de Claudio se construyen una Basílica civil y, junto a ella, unas Termas de estructura lineal. A finales del siglo III se rehabilita la Basílica, las Termas se amortizan y transforman en una curia, a la que se adosa un criptopórtico embellecido por una fachada monumental escénica. The paper shows Forum of Complutum most significant group of buildings analysis and archaeological reading. This group closed the Forum at West, and knew some important modifications trough the centuries: During Claudio’s government, there were built a civil basilica and the public bath building. At the end of IIIrd century baths were closed and replaced by a curia. Also, they built a cryptoporticus and a great monumental façade.

El artículo que presentamos intenta hacer una revisión exhaustiva de los capiteles romanos de la antigua Astigi. Tras su análisis y la correspondiente asignación cronológica que se deriva de sus características, pretendemos dar una visión de la evolución de la decoración arquitectónica a través del elemento que mejor puede definir un orden. Las piezas nos hablan de una ciudad rica y muy romanizada, con vínculos con la Urbs, de la presencia de talleres marmóreos que trabajan activamente en Astigi y de dos impulsos constructivos principales: el primero, fundacional, de inicios del siglo I d. C. y otro, de gran envergadura, realizado en el siglo II d. C. The present article try to make an exhaustive review of roman chapiters at the ancient Astigi. After the analysis and the correspondent chronologist assignation that derives from their characteristics, we try to give an overview of the evolution of the architectonic decoration through the elements that best defines an order. The pieces tell us about an opulent and very romaniced city linked to the Urbs, about the presence of marmorean workshops that actively works in Astigi, and about two main constructions tendencies: the first one, foundational, at the begining of the s. I a. D. and the other, of great breadth, realized at the s. II a. D.

Fins fa poques dècades el coneixement del poblament romà al curs inferior de l'Ebre recolzava sobre una barreja precària de dades literàries, epigràfiques, numismàtiques i arqueològiques; dades escasses, de valor desigual, que es concentraven en Dertosa i en un període limitat a finals de la República i els primers segles de l'Imperi. La manca d'una documentació adequada ha provocat un cert endarreriment, pel que fa les possibilitats d'anàlisis històrica, respecte al que mostra la resta de la vall de l'Ebre.

[esp] La villa romana Romeral ha sido objeto de diversas intervenciones arqueológicas: de forma discontinua, entre 1961-1968, con la intención de proteger y recuperar una parte de sus mosaicos; de forma regular, en el marco de un programa global de investigación, a partir de 1995. Las excavaciones han permitido identificar un gran establecimiento y definir sus principales fases de ocupación, entre los siglos I y V d.C. La fase más importante corresponde al siglo IV, cuando el edificio se reorganiza totalmente en torno a un peristilo, utilizando los programas arquitectónicos y decorativos propios de las grandes residencias de la aristocracia de la antigüedad tardía. [fra]La villa romaine du Romeral a fait l'objet de plusieurs interventions archéologiques: de façon discontinue entre 1961 et 1968, dans le seul but de protéger et de récuperer une partie des mosaïques; puis régulièremet, à partir de 1995, dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche globale. Les fouilles ont permis de documenter l'existence d'un grand site et d'en définir les phases d'occupation principales, du Ier au Vème siècle. La plus importante, datant du IVème siècle, a comporté une réorganisation générale autour d'un péristyle, que a été menée à terme suivant les programmes architecturaux et décoratifs propres des grandes résidences aristocratiques de l'Antiquité Tardive., [fra]La villa romaine du Romeral a fait l'objet de plusieurs interventions archéologiques: de façon discontinue entre 1961 et 1968, dans le seul but de protéger et de récuperer une partie des mosaïques; puis régulièremet, à partir de 1995, dans le cadre d'un programme de recherche globale. Les fouilles ont permis de documenter l'existence d'un grand site et d'en définir les phases d'occupation principales, du Ier au Vème siècle. La plus importante, datant du IVème siècle, a comporté une réorganisation générale autour d'un péristyle, que a été menée à terme suivant les programmes architecturaux et décoratifs propres des grandes résidences aristocratiques de l'Antiquité Tardive.

A arquitectura das villae foi cuidadosamente pensada para permitir o máximo desfrute de uma vivência de gosto urbano e cosmopolita. A atenção dada à inserção da construção na paisagem, as soluções para harmonizar o espaço exterior criando atmosferas favoráveis, a contemplação para o exterior e a criação de espaços e ambientes construídos que permitissem potenciar o otium e o convivium são discutidos neste trabalho, com exemplos de sítios no Alto Alentejo.Roman villae were carefully designed to fulfil the urban and cosmopolitan way of living. Considering some archaeological sites in Alto Alentejo (Portugal), one intends to discuss the adjustment of the built structure to the landscape, the creation of chosen atmospheres by modelling the outer space, the countryside contemplation and the creation of spaces and indoor environments that would promote otium and convivium.

Sous la direction de Alain Bouet.Edition papier : ISBN 2-910023-57-5.Edition numérique : ISBN 978-2-35613-295-6.Titre parallèle : Les machines élévatrices d'eau dans l'antiquité (français).; International audience; La pompe à eau à pistons naît probablement à Alexandrie, dans la première moitié du IIIe siècle a.C., dans le contexte des travaux de Ctésibios sur la pompe à air pour l’orgue hydraulique et sur la catapulte à air comprimé. L’ouvrage de Philon de Byzance intitulé Pneumatiques, au milieu du IIIe siècle a.C., est le premier texte conservé à mentionner (et à décrire) la pompe à eau. Ensuite nous avons un « trou » de deux siècles, jusqu’au texte du De architectura de Vitruve qui décrit la « machine de Ctésibios » (machina Ctesibica) vers 25 a.C. Entre deux, aucune mention dans les textes, aucun témoignage archéologique ; les plus anciens restes de pompe découverts datent du début du Ier siècle p.C. Nous laissons de côté le texte de Philon qui pose divers problèmes de transmission pour commencer notre étude au Ier siècle a.C. qui nous paraît marquer le début de la véritable diffusion de cet appareil. L’essentiel de notre enquête porte donc sur la période impériale romaine avec juste une « excursion tardive » dans les textes des lexicographes et encyclopédistes du VIe - VIIe p.C. Nous parcourons d’abord les sources littéraires et épigraphiques, puis les sources archéologiques avant de nous arrêter sur les textes de Vitruve et de Héron d’Alexandrie qui nous permettront d’approfondir les modes de construction et de fonctionnement de la pompe à pistons destinée à puiser de l’eau.

A detailed analysis of the architectural items from the excavations undertaken more than 25 years ago at the Roman theatre of Italica provides the basis for an essay of graphical anaparastasis of its architectural orders. The most recognisable of these are from the scaenae frons and its porticus post scaenum. This paper not only provides a brief formal reconstruction of the former and its modules but also provides new fundamental data for describing the process of the theatre's construction., Por medio del análisis pormenorizado de los elementos arquitectónicos recuperados a lo largo de las excavaciones que, desde hace ya más de veinticinco años, se vienen desarrollando en el teatro romano de Itálica, hemos intentado llevar a cabo un ensayo de anaparastasis gráfica de sus órdenes arquitectónicos. Los mejor caracterizados son los de su scaenae frons y su porticus post scaenam. El presente estudio se ocupa del primero de ellos, permitiendo no solamente una reconstrucción puramente formal del mismo y sus módulos, sino también la propuesta de una importante reforma de la escena en época severiana, dato fundamental para la determinación del proceso constructivo del edificio.

This paper proposes the restoration of the elevation of the so-called Temple of Jupiter in Clunia, based on different architectural elements, inter-related by a stylistic and dimensional criterion. Some typological traces of the plan are also evaluated, while establishing a relationship with other known temples in the western part of the Roman Empire., En este trabajo se propone una restitución del alzado del llamado templo de Júpiter de Clunia a partir de diferentes elementos arquitectónicos relacionados entre sí con un criterio estilístico y dimensional. Se valoran también algunos rasgos tipológicos de la planta, todo ello con el objeto de intentar enmarcar cronológicamente su construcción y al mismo tiempo de establecer una relación con otros templos conocidos en la parte occidental del Imperio romano.