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Working Group II of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report focuses on climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability in the context of sustainable development. This IPCC evaluates climate model simulations from CMIP5 and CMIP6 of the World Climate Research Programme. Depending on global warming levels after 2040, climate change will threaten natural and human systems. Mid- and long-term consequences are several times higher for 127 identified major hazards. Climate change is having increasingly dire, interconnected, and often irreversible effects on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human systems, and risk provides a framework for comprehending these effects and for devising strategies to prevent unfavourable outcomes for present and future generations. As climate change implications and actions are enacted, more is known about how they affect justice and socioeconomic advancement. AR6 emphasises change and quick climate action to achieve such goals.

With increased urbanization and industrialization, there is an emerging global epidemic of obesity which is a forerunner of metabolic syndrome. The most significant underlying cause of the metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance and its consequences. The metabolic syndrome causes lipogenesis and fat deposition. It is one of the most important risk factors for the development of catastrophic health consequences such as coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus Type II, fatty liver, and malignant diseases. While most of these patients are treated by pharmacotherapy, there is a growing interest in studying the effectiveness of alternative therapies, including Yoga. Yoga has been practiced in India for thousands of years. Yoga, particularly Asana and Pranayama, is effective not only in improving the overall health and well-being of an individual but also reported to be effective in managing chronic medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. Various studies have found Yoga to be not only preventive but also of therapeutic value. Yoga not only has physical elements but also consists of breathing techniques, mindfulness, meditation, and relaxation techniques; hence it not only strengthens the body (secondary to physical exercise) but also positively impacts the psychosocial well-being of individuals practicing Yoga regularly. We undertook this review to determine the effectiveness of Yoga in patients with metabolic syndrome and to know whether Yoga has therapeutic benefits in patients with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, an attempt was also made to determine whether there was a significant reduction in the risk of secondary cardiovascular complications in these patients.

The study is based on the data collected from the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy - Government of India to assess energy consumption across the country. This study also collected data from relevant agencies responsible for energy supply to various residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors. The equivalent carbon emissions from the selected fuel and energy sources operations are calculated using Gen Less Tools, a unique and customised emissions calculation tool. India has surpassed Germany to become the world's fourth-largest solar power installation country. Solar power capacity has increased more than sevenfold in the last five years, from 6.7 GW in 2016 to 44 GW in August 2021. Solar tariffs in India are highly competitive and have reached grid parity. In nine states with a considerable percentage of solar power installed, emissions were reduced by 42227 thousand tonnes.

The paper centers to plan a self-driving vehicle model with the assistance of Raspberry Pi as a handling chip. The model will perform five undertaking's that remember self-driving for track, identifying traffic signal, rain identification, fog discovery and will help in impediment recognition and crash evasion. The essential information from this present reality to the vehicle is given by camera. It utilizes a HC-SR04 following sensor module that data to the framework through raspberry pi to our framework which is associated with PC with a similar organization. The gathered information is then prepared and examined and pertinent data and subtleties is made back aware of vehicle for proper moves to be initiated. The gamble of human blunders is in this way kept away from securely and keenly as the vehicle can arrive at the given destination. Path Detection, Obstacle Detection, Traffic Light Detection, Rain and Fog are distinguished. The vehicle is halted when impediment and traffic signal red is noticed. As a section one static is planned with Arduino to make Bluetooth (HC-05) communication between the vehicles. This association between two vehicles will keep away from accidents.

Although industries are showing a substantial progress in controlling occupational hazards, health and safety, recurrences of accidents and industrial disasters have caused studies related to enhancing the emergency responses and safety capability assessments across industries. This study emphasises primarily for the need for an increased attention associated with human factors and its association with organizational policies and practices in occupational safety and health management (OSHM) and the study furthermore proposes an effective approach for analysing its effects with goal for addressing on reinforcing the industrial safety protocols and regulations with regards to hazards assessment. The present study addresses on key concerns attributing on whether the present industrial policies, objectives, protocols, critical communication, safety culture, training and competency development programmes and facilities and services within the industry are in correlation with OSHM standards as it is pivotal for the safety department and improving standard protocol for further strengthening, coordinating and collectively monitoring the execution of all the actions intended to deal with an industrial accident and its impacts. The findings from the rendered cross-sectional regression data from the series of sessions were explored over the course of the study investigation.

Karnataka is the third largest producer of pomegranate in India. Pomegranate holds 6th position in overall fruit production with share of 4.5% next to Papaya (6%) in the state of Karnataka during 2019-20. Chitradurga and Tumkur districts were selected based on the major pomegranate cultivating areas in South Karnataka. This study was proposed to identify the marketing channels and it’s efficiency, and factors influencing the selection of marketing channels by the pomegranate growers in Karnataka. From the selected pomegranate producing districts, four taluks were selected for the study, i.e., Hiriyur and Hosadurga taluks from Chitradurga district, Sira and Pavagada taluks from Tumkur district. From each taluk 30 sample respondents were selected, a total of 120 sample respondents were selected randomly for the study. In addition a sample of 40 market intermediaries were selected, i.e., pre-harvest contractors, commission agents cum wholesalers, wholesalers, and retailers from each 10 respondents were selected, to workout marketing cost and marketing margins for pomegranate. Based on the study findings, three different marketing channels were prominently followed by the pomegranate growers in the selected districts. Channel I: Producer → Pre-harvest contractor → Commission agent cum wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer, Channel II: Producer → Commission agent cum wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer and Channel III: Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer. The study also revealed that 59.2% of the sample respondents followed channel I, 26.7%, followed channel II and 14.2% followed channel III. Further, it was found out that, channel I has low marketing efficiency i.e., 1.412, compared to Channel II (1.542) and channel III (1.932).The Channel III has more efficiency (1.932) because the total marketing cost incurred in the channel III was low i.e., ₹. 2258.7 per quintal, compared to channel I (₹. 2914.26 per quintal), and channel II (₹. 3067.5 per quintal). The results on the factors influencing the selection of marketing channels by the pomegranate growers was analyzed by using the relative importance index. The findings revealed that factors influencing to select channel I are high price fluctuations in the market, distant market, high transportation cost, ease of selling at the farm gate, and non-availability of storage and warehouse facilities, are relatively more important factors. The study also concluded that factors influencing to select channel II and channel III in the study area are availing market regulated prices, bulk sales, availing better rates or prices, timely payment, and price fixation by APMC are relatively more important factors. Profit maximization and searching for fruit exporters and bulk buyers is the main intention to choose channel II and channel III by the pomegranate growers. By considering all aspects, it is concluded that majority of the sample respondents preferred to sell their produce through channel I because the ease of selling the produce at the farm gate, and to reduce the risk of transportation, storage etc.

Internet technologies enable us to rethink traditional teaching approaches, which opens the floodgates to educational innovation. The Asynchronous Learning Networks Participatory Examination (APE) approach utilizing Internet technologies to actively engage students online in the entire exam life cycle, which includes letting them create, answer, grade, and dispute exam questions. Our framework allows instructors to become mentors or facilitators instead of the dominant center of attention, as in a traditional class. This process, in turn, could empower students with deep or higher-order thinking and learning processes.

India's agricultural products export touched $ 50 billion for the financial year FY22, the highest level ever achieved. Basmati and Non-basmati rice are major exports and doubled during 2010-20 compared to 2000-2010. Export value of basmati and non-basmati rice were about Rs. 32,000 crores and Rs. 23,000 crores respectively during 2019-20. Exports of processed vegetables, fruits, nuts and fresh grapes are growing nearly 3 times during 2010-2020 (Rs.500 crores each) compared to 2000-2010 (around Rs. 3,000 crores each). Exports of cucumbers, gherkins, jaggery and confectionary items are growing at a faster rate in the recent decade (Rs.400 crores during 2005-06 to Rs. 1600 crores during 2019-20). Export basket of agricultural commodities is highly diversified (Herfindahl Index: 0.09 – 0.26) and non-conventional exports like processed vegetables, fruits and vegetables are increasing in faster rate. Hence, policy support to the non-conventional and high value exports as well as small and new exporters has to be continued. Aggregation of small exports and Farmers Producers Companies will directly benefit the farmers.

The present study contrasts the thermodynamics analysis of modified diesel engines with traditional diesel engines. Thermodynamics study is done by the use of energy and exergy analysis for diesel, B20 (blend of 80 per cent diesel by volume with 20 per cent mahua biodiesel) and LHR modification and LTC 15 per cent EGR fuelled with B20 blend and 5 per cent ethanol with various loads ranging from no load to full load. Implemented two technologies for increasing engine efficiency. One of the primary techniques is the Low Heat Rejection (LHR) concept (or the so-called “Adiabatic” engine) applied. In the engine cylinder, a ceramic layer of Alumina (Al2O3) was used to modify the Low Heat Rejection (LHR). Another technique is Low-temperature combustion (LTC) modes are added by joining the inlet and exhaust pipes through valves to control the exhaust gas at an optimal rate of 15 per cent. The findings of energy and exergy distribution in the engine were compared using optimum alterations with fuel blends such as 20 per cent mahua biodiesel and 5 per cent ethanol. From energy distribution, best shaft power (QBP) (2.8kW) is transformed from heat input observed in the optimum altered engine at full load conditions compared to others. Due to modifications employed in the engine and fuels. Maximum unaccounted energy (QUN) loss in diesel (44 %). And highest thermal efficiency (31.2 %) is revealed in B20E5 (LHR+15 % LTC). From exergy distribution, it noticed that the same trend of energy distribution and at 100 per cent load condition, maximum (12.54kW) in diesel and minimum (8.45 kW) in B20E5 (LHR+15 % LTC) has obtained input availability (Ain).The maximum conversion rate of availability in brake power (Abp) (0.61 kW) in B20 (LHR). Compared to diesel, second law or exergetic efficiency more in B20E5 (LHR+15 % LTC).

The marine environment is a prolific resource for the isolation of less exploited microorganisms, and as a matter of fact in the sea, untapped habitats exist with unique characteristics. This is partly caused by the lack of effort spent in exploring marine actinomycetes, whereas terrestrial actinomycetes have been, until recently, a successful source of novel bioactive metabolites. Furthermore, scepticism regarding the existence of indigenous population of marine actinomycetes arises from the fact that the terrestrial bacteria produce resistant spores that are known to be transported from land into sea, where they remain available but dormant for many years. Thus, it has been frequently assumed that actinomycetes isolated from marine samples are merely of terrestrial origin. It may be better to seek evidence instead that marine derived actinomycetes are metabolically active or capable of growing in the marine environment. Other useful characteristics include the display of specific marine adaptations, the formation of associations with plants or invertebrates and the demonstration of a role in nutrient cycling, all of which provide an indication that these bacteria are not merely present as dormant spores. When coupled with phylogenetic novelty, evidence for any of the above traits provides a strong case that the specific population under study can be considered as marine. As marine organisms live in a significantly different environment from those of the terrestrial organisms, it is reasonable to expect that their metabolites will differ considerably. Although actinomycetes can be readily isolated from marine sediments using appropriate selective isolation techniques, it is only through the use of molecular phylogenetics, a clear picture of the diversity, distributions and taxonomic uniqueness of certain populations can be obtained. Once recognized as unique, this population can then be selected as the focal point for intensive natural product studies. Clearly, actinomycetes have the potential to continue to play a major role in microbial drug discovery, and the recent observations on significant population of marine-adapted actinomycetes occur in ocean sediments, could certainly emphasize the potential importance of these strains in future drug discovery efforts.

Nanoparticles are potential candidates for numerous biological as well as chemical applications due to their exotic properties 1 - 3. Low lattice energy ions are found in deep eutectic solvents (DES). A quaternary ammonium salt is frequently complexed with a metal salt or hydrogen bond donor to produce these compounds (HBD) 4 - 6. The green synthesis of nanoparticles using DESs is always eco-friendly and attractive. The current study focuses on the synthesis of mercuric sulphide, Zirconium oxide, Manganese oxide and Copper oxide nanoparticles using the Choline Chloride - Ethylene Glycol DES as the solvent in presence of a reducing agent, hydrazine hydrate. The UV-Visible, FTIR spectra, XRD, SEM and EDAX analysis were carried out on these metal nanoparticles. The average sizes of these metal nanoparticles were found to be 50 to 150 nm. Hence the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using Ch. Cl – EG can be considered as an alternative route in chemical synthesis of metal nanoparticles.

A surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor is investigated theoretically and mathematically. The proposed sensor is a multilayered structure of titanium disilicide and graphene along with Ag metal. These layers are stacked over a BK7 prism. The thickness of the metal, titanium disilicide, and graphene layers is 45 nm, 2 nm, and 1.7 nm, respectively. Titanium disilicide is an air-stable two-dimensional (2D) material. The performance of the biosensor is analyzed using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method. The proposed configuration exhibits a maximum sensitivity of 183.4°/RIU, being 47.45% higher than that of the conventional sensor. The designed sensor has wide applications in chemical, medical, and biological analyte sensing.

Phenolic compounds are present as a recalcitrant chemical in the effluents of industrial wastewater. They are highly carcinogenic and need proper treatment for their degradation to prevent human health. Even though conventional methods are available for degrading the phenolic compounds in the aqueous medium, they are not effective and are associated with high costs. Thus, in the current work, we deal with the degradation of O-Nitrophenol by using ZrO2 nanoparticles and ZrO2-RGO nanocomposite produced by a hydrothermal process with a lower cost under the visible light photolytic activity. The ZrO2-RGO nanocomposite outperformed the ZrO2 nanoparticles with higher degradation efficiencies. Though many researchers attempted to reduce the phenolic compound in the waste-water, according to the available literature, we have achieved the highest removal efficiencies, i.e., 98.4% in removing O-Nitrophenol. The morphology of the ZrO2-RGO nanocomposite was using BET, SEM-EDX, XRD, FT-IR, and UV-DRS analysis. XRD patterns revealed that the ZrO2 is highly crystalline, which might be attributed to the higher degradation. SEM pictures show that ZrO2 particles exhibit a limited size distribution and a consistent needle-like nanostructure. Through synthesis, FT-IR patterns showed the graphene oxide (GO) with reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The improved visible light degrading activity of ZrO2-RGO NC supported the UV-vis DRS. Thus, from the results, we conclude that ZrO2-RGO NC in the photodegradation of O-Nitrophenol, when illuminated with visible light, might be the best solution for the degradation of the phenolic compound.

Euclidean distance matrices (EDM) are symmetric nonnegative matrices with several interesting properties. In this article, we introduce a wider class of matrices called generalized Euclidean distance matrices (GDMs) that include EDMs. Each GDM is an entry-wise nonnegative matrix. A GDM is not symmetric unless it is an EDM. By some new techniques, we show that many significant results on Euclidean distance matrices can be extended to generalized Euclidean distance matrices. These contain results about eigenvalues, inverse, determinant, spectral radius, Moore-Penrose inverse and some majorization inequalities. We finally give an application by constructing infinitely divisible matrices using generalized Euclidean distance matrices.

In this work, an eight-channel Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) demultiplexer is designed with a 2D Photonic Crystal (PC) Triangular lattice. The proposed demultiplexer consists of a centre bus waveguide, an isosceles trapezium resonant cavity, and an eight circular ring cavity (CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5, CR6, CR7, and CR8). The point defect resonant cavity consists of seven rods to drop different wavelengths from eight cavities, each of eight drop waveguides. The design is very simple for realistic systems. The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and Plane Wave Expansion Method (PWE) methods are used to determine the proposed design's band structure and transmission spectrum. The resonant wavelengths are 1.5441μm, 1.5443μm 1.54449μm 1.5447μm 1.5449μm 1.5551μm 1.5553μm, and 1.5555μm respectively. The proposed device provides a high-quality factor, transmission efficiency, and low Crosstalk. The device's footprint is 451.2 μm2 easily incorporated into a Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC).

Traditionally, calcium hydroxide was the material of choice for apexification technique. However, the disadvantages of this technique includes delayed treatment, improper apical seal and increased risk of root fractures. Research for improved biocompatible materials resulted in evolving of higher characteristic materials such as Biodentine, a tricalcium silicate cement that possesses good handling and bioactive properties. This report describes the case of a 13-year-old boy who had traumatised his upper right central incisor which stunted the growth of root leaving it with open apex. The treatment of apexification with Biodentine and PRF as matrix was done. Prosthetic rehabilitation of endocrown fabricated with Lithium disilicate ceramic was delivered. Follow-ups were performed at 3rd, 6th and 12th month. The promising clinical and radiographic outcome in this case demonstrated that Biodentine may be an successful alternative to the conventional apexification materials and endocrown can be a conservative alternative to post and cores in such cases. Keywords: Apexification, Biodentine, Post endodontic restoration, Endocrown

In this work, an eight-channel dense wavelength division multiplexing demultiplexer is designed with a 2D photonic crystal triangular lattice. The proposed demultiplexer consists of a centre bus waveguide, an isosceles trapezium resonant cavity, and an eight-circular ring cavity (CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5, CR6, CR7, and CR8). The point defect resonant cavity consists of seven rods to drop different wavelengths from eight cavities, each of eight drop waveguides. The design is very simple to realise. The finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion method methods were used to analyse the proposed design’s band structure and transmission spectrum. The resonant wavelengths are 1.5441 μm, 1.5443 μm, 1.544 49 μm, 1.5447 μm, 1.5449 μm, 1.5451 μm, 1.5453 μm, and 1.5455 μm respectively. The proposed device provides a high-quality factor, transmission efficiency, and low crosstalk. The device’s footprint is 490.0 μm2, which can be easily incorporated into photonic integrated circuits.

Let n ≥ 4 be an even integer and W n be the wheel graph with n vertices. The distance d i j between any two distinct vertices i and j of W n is the length of the shortest path connecting i and j. Let D be the n × n symmetric matrix with diagonal entries equal to zero and off-diagonal entries equal to d i j . In this paper, we find a positive semidefinite matrix L ˜ such that rank ( L ˜ ) = n − 1 , all row sums of L ˜ equal to zero, and a rank one matrix w w T such that D − 1 = − 1 2 L ˜ + 4 n − 1 w w T . An interlacing property between the eigenvalues of D and L ˜ is also proved.

Formation of oil-suspended sediment aggregates (OSAs) is believed to be one of the natural cleaning processes in the marine environment. In this study, we have investigated the formation processes of OSAs under different mixing periods (continuous mixing and with the addition of sediments in between), oil-sediment ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 2:1) and crude oils (Arabian Light (AL), Kuwait (KW) and Murban (MB)). The results revealed that size of OSAs significantly increased (up to ≈ 1.41 mm) with the addition of sediments. Aggregates (total 36) were extracted for n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to quantify and assess their weathering and toxic levels. The maximum n-alkane depletion was 84% (111-02), 94% (212-02) and 84% (321-02) and PAH depletion was ≈ 72% (111-02), 79% (212-02) and 81% (311-03) for the OSAs of AL, KW and MB crude oils, respectively, for the different samples considered, indicating that n-alkanes were depleted relatively higher than the PAHs. The highest depletion of both n-alkane and PAHs has occurred in OSAs of 10-h continuous mixing. The depletion of both n-alkane and PAHs reduced after the addition of sediments, however, escalated the growth of OSAs, resulting in bigger size OSAs. The concentration of PAHs of all 36 OSAs is greater than 5000 ng/g, indicating very high PAH pollution. Though the formation of OSAs helps in cleaning the spill sites, the carcinogenic threat to the marine ecosystem caused by these OSAs cannot be ignored. This study is funded by the Department of Science and Technology through Climate Change Programme to VS.

In recent days, the role of the stir casting process has been increased in metal manufacturing sectors. It can be produced the components with good quality and less casting defects. The experimental work has been discussed about the effect of stir casting process parameters for synthesized Copper Metal Matrix Composite (Cu-MMC) reinforced with Titanium Carbide (TiC). The hardness, impact, and tensile strength were determined through the variation of input stir casting factors such as particle size, the weight percentage of TiC, and stirring time. The experiment was conducted as per L9 orthogonal based Taguchi design. The influential factor was measured through variance test.

Let W n denote the wheel graph having n-vertices. If i and j are any two vertices of W n , define d i j := 0 if i = j 1 if i and j are adjacent 2 else . Let D be the n × n matrix with ( i , j ...

Internet Gateway(IGW) main role is detecting availability nodes and providing internet to Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET) have whenever connected to internet. Discovery time of gateway is changed based on the throughput and packet delay. Many of the situations the mobile nodes are have fixed host connection to the internet using minimum hop path, it is not good for waiting packets because of that packets are have longer path interface queue. This research paper object is avoided above the problem mentioning using a novel approach of SPAHN (Solving Problem of Ad-Hoc Network). This paper mainly focus is classify the routing protocols of load-aware in MANET and from this classify discover the proactive load-aware gateway (PL-AG) from a device into interface queue size and min-hop-metric. This novel approach has been allowing and gives better handoff between two internet gateways for fixed host seamless connectivity. We justify the performance of the SPAHN approach using two metrics like average end-to-end delay and throughput based on this examination the SPAHN system yield good simulation results comparably existing systems.

Electrochemical methanol reformation (ECMR) is an alternative promising technology for producing hydrogen at low energy consumption compared to water electrolysis. In this process, solid polymer electrolyte Nafion® is widely employed, due to its superior proton conductivity. However, major limitations are the utilisation of expensive platinum based catalysts, high cost of the above membrane and the crossover of methanol through the polymer electrolyte membrane. In the present work, attempt has been to made to use low cost polymer electrolyte membrane and less noble electro catalyst. A series of Anion Exchange Membranes (AEM) are synthesized from Poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) for its application in ECMR. PPO is successfully made into anion conducting by chloromethylation followed by quaternization. Two AEM's are synthesized by optimizing chloromethylation reaction time to 5 h and quaternization time to 5 and 8 h and are labelled as QPPO (C5, Q5) and QPPO (C5, Q8) respectively. Further, with the view to improve the anion conductivity further, composite AEMs are prepared by incorporating inorganic anion conducting quaternized graphene oxide particles in the matrix of PPO and QPPO (C5, Q8) polymers separately to obtain two polymers PPO/QGO and QPPO/QGO. The anionic conductivity of PPO/QGO and QPPO/QGO polymer is 1.2 × 10−4 and 1.5 × 10−4 S cm−1 respectively. Both the membranes are subjected as electrolyte for ECMR application using membrane electrode assembly made by with in house synthesized nitrogen doped graphene supported Pd catalyst (Pd/NG) as anode catalyst and commercial Pt/C as cathode catalyst. The performance of composite membrane was compared with the commercial Fumasep® FAA anion exchange membrane. The polarization studies of ECMR cell with composite membrane shows comparable performance with that of commercial Fumasep® FAA-2 FAA membrane. The durability of the membrane(s) in the electrolysis environment was tested for about 20 h.

In this present work, the fabrication of polymer composites from the scrapped cigarette filter and coconut coir has been made in a diligent manner. Concerning the useful properties imparted on polymer composites, coconut coir and cigarette filter have been the foremost material to be employed in preparation of composite. The fabricated polymer has undergone tensile, flexural strength and impact strength tests. The results were much appreciable in the sense of the effectiveness of strength imparted by the blend of coconut coir and cigarette filter. The tensile strength of composite was found to be increased corresponding to value of filler content added to composite. Nevertheless, the tensile strength decreased when the filler content was beyond 40%. Flexural testing, Wear Test and impact strength and has followed the same trend corresponding to the filler content. Evidently, the impartation of mechanical properties on polymer composites by the coconut coir and cigarette filter blend has been clearly visible in the results obtained from the tests. The blending of coir and cigarette filter has been significant in enriching the strength and other mechanical properties.

Nowadays many emerging countries have seen a substantial increase in supply for fresh water. In present scenario water comes into a drought. This paper represents converting of sea water into Drinking water processing machine. To reach the demands of the basic needs filtration and purification of water has been investigated. This paper presents on the effects of purifying water in behavior of activation carbon in comparison to conventional method. Activated carbon is used to investigate the efficiency in the water filtration mechanism Activated Carbon frequently used to extract water contaminants from tap water and salt water in water treatment. In domestic water filters, activated carbon is used because of its excellent ability of adsorption. In this research, the grades A of Activated Coal are used to analyze their efficiency in the filters. Ultraviolet radiation is used for the purification of water without abandoning hazardous chemicals. Prototype is produced through the use of a water treatment with activated carbon and ultraviolet radiation. Two activated carbons perform surface region and porosity observation. The magnified image of Granulized Activated Carbon is used for the contrast between ground structures by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Before and after water treatment, two forms of water tests investigated, the ground water and the bore-well water are evaluated. The pH test, total suspended solid particle test, biochemical oxygen requirement check, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) experiment were used to evaluate the water samples. The assessment conducted is an initial effort to deal with such an issue. The maximum intensity of the radiation is 256 nm which is the most effective wavelength in inactivating bacteria. The UV-C portion is totally blocked out with prevalent bottles. A fraction of UV-C radiation exits. However, the purified water layer that implemented in larger containers. Thus, paper examines an effectiveness of technology and economics in future studies.

Nowadays accidents are an increasing concern all over the world. In present scenario accidents are happening due to the factors of improper implementation and usage of helmets while driving Un-Prediction of other vehicle motions, utilizing of low quality helmets. All this carelessness and irresponsible activities plays a dominant role in accidents that are leading to cause of death and disability. Helmets plays a major role for protecting a human head injury in case of accidents. The purpose of this research is to create a smart and secure electronic helmet that plays a vital role in protecting human lives from accidents and this helmet help to send and monitor the information about the vehicle and also the person driving the vehicle. This research mainly focuses on giving indication of alerts to the driver about the surrounding vehicle movements while “changing the lane” and also helps to navigate the driver in correct way for travelling. The effect of a high-speed motorcyclist without wearing a helmet is highly dangerous and can lead to a fatality. Wearing a helmet can reduce damage and save a life. This project is specifically designed to improve the safety of motorcycle riders. Motorcyclists will be alerted if their speed limits are crossed and vehicles that enter the vehicle nearby hit. The helmet system emerging message using cloud-based service will send message to receiving contents in which the database has been stored. There are many countries enforcing a regulations requiring that the motorcycle driver wears a helmet while riding on his motorcycle. Most accidents are caused by reckless driving, drunk or mobile phone use, while traffic laws and rules are violated. Many People lose their lives due to late notification of accident due to that the people are not able to monitor the accident area's precise GPS coordinates. The significant reason that people get injured in head due to not wearing helmet while driving the bike. For the tracking of the rider's head and the acceleration of motorcycle, a Force Sensing resistor (FSR) are used. The motorcycle engine will only be started when the driver buckled the helmet. A LED will flash in helmet while some obstacles or a critical risk. Thus this research helps the researches for implementing and adopting the helmets in various aspects of security and protection of humans in future studies.