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To deepen our understanding of the behavior of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) and its response to various external forcings, we investigate the variation of TC genesis potential over the WNP during the past 20 ka that experienced several large forcings. Using a set of transient simulations and a genesis potential index, our results indicate that TC genesis potential in the storm season shows an overall increase averaged over the WNP during the Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1; ∼17–16 ka) relative to the Last Glacial Maximum. Subsequently, there is a sharp decrease in genesis potential during the Bølling–Allerød (BA; ∼13.5 ka) relative to the HS1, which is followed by an increase during the Younger Dryas (YD; ∼12.9–11.7 ka). During the Holocene, TC genesis potential shows a slight decrease during the early–middle Holocene (∼11.7–6 ka) and a significant increasing trend afterward. Further analysis shows that the contribution of each genesis factor to the genesis potential change varies greatly with time, which is in turn tied to changes in external forcings. The increased meltwater fluxes dominate the increased genesis potential during the HS1 and YD, whereas all external forcings (i.e., changes in meltwater, ice sheets, CO2, and insolation) contribute to genesis potential change during the BA. The long-term increasing trend from the mid-Holocene to the present is controlled by orbital insolation. These results may help improve our understanding on past TC activity and shed lights on TC response to various external forcings in a long-term future.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of bowel inflammation and disease activity in Crohn's disease (CD).MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases of biomedical literature were systematically searched to identify studies that investigated the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in diagnosing bowel inflammation and disease activity in CD by comparing it with reference standards. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool was used to assess study quality. The summary sensitivity and specificity were estimated using the bivariate model, and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) parameters were calculated and plotted.Of 5492 citations of interest, 34 articles contained the diagnostic accuracy data. Of these, results for the small bowel and the colorectum were reported separately in 19 studies and jointly by 21 studies. The meta-analytic summary sensitivity and specificity under the bivariate model were 90.9% (95% CI, 85.8%-94.2%) and 90.2% (95% CI, 81.9%-95.0%), respectively. The sensitivities and specificities of individual studies ranged from 55% to 100% and 51% to 100%, respectively. Substantial heterogeneity was observed in both sensitivity (IAlthough the meta-analytic summary accuracy of MRI was high for the diagnosis of bowel inflammation in CD, the summary estimates might be unreliable due to the presence of high heterogeneity.

Greenland experienced multiple extreme weather/climate events in recent decades that led to significant melting of the ice sheet. However, how the intensity of extreme climate events over Greenland varied under recent warming has not been fully examined. Here, we collect 176 in situ observations over Greenland and demonstrate that the observed extreme temperature/precipitation events over Greenland are well captured by the RACMO2.3p2 model, in terms of climatological distribution, interannual variability, and long-term trend. Thus, we then investigate the spatiotemporal features of extreme events over Greenland during 1958–2019, using the daily model outputs at 5.5-km resolution. The simulated annual maximum temperature exhibits a significant increasing trend (∼0.13°C decade−1) during 1958–2019, whereas there is a weakening trend (−0.24°C decade−1) in annual minimum temperature over Greenland, especially after the 1990s (−1.24°C decade−1). For the interannual variability, changes in temperature extremes between warm and cold temperature years share large similarities with the distributions of long-term trends. The extreme precipitation events measured by annual maximum daily precipitation amount show a profound increasing trend (0.52 mm day−1 decade−1) over northeastern Greenland during 1958–2019, with large interannual variability in the ice-free coastal region and southern Greenland. Additionally, the changes in extreme warm and cold events are generally linked with the variation of Greenland blocking in summer and Arctic polar vortex in winter, respectively, in terms of favorable circulation background; and the extreme precipitation events are often associated with the position of the polar jet stream.

The root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge is one of the most frequently used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae for fighting COVID-19 infections, due to the presence of isoflavonoids and astragalosides associated with antiviral and immune-enhancing activities. For the first time, the exposure of A. membranaceus hairy root cultures (AMHRCs) to different colors of LED lights i.e., red, green, blue, red/green/blue (1/1/1, RGB), and white, was conducted to promote the root growth and accumulation of isoflavonoids and astragalosides. LED light treatment regardless of colors was found beneficial for root growth, which might be a result of the formation of more root hairs upon light stimulation. Blue LED light was found most effective for enhancing phytochemical accumulation. Results showed that the productivity of root biomass in blue-light grown AMHRCs with an initial inoculum size of 0.6% for 55 days was 1.40-fold higher than that in dark (control), and yields of high-value isoflavonoids and astragalosides including calycosin, formononetin, astragaloside IV, and astragaloside I increased by 3.17-fold, 2.66-fold, 1.78-fold, and 1.52-fold relative to control, respectively. Moreover, the photooxidative stress together with transcriptional activation of biosynthesis genes might contribute to the enhanced accumulation of isoflavonoids and astragalosides in blue-light grown AMHRCs. Overall, this work offered a feasible approach for obtaining higher yields of root biomass and medicinally important compounds in AMHRCs via the simple supplementation of blue LED light, which made blue-light grown AMHRCs industrially attractive as plant factory in controlled growing systems.

From the roots of Campylotropis hirtella (Franch.) Schindl., many natural dihydroflavonol compounds have been extracted, and they possess a structurally novel feature of chiral tertiary alcohol groups. However, the content of the compounds in the plant is extremely low. At this point, to satisfy the needs of further experimental research on these compounds, much effort has been invested in the chemical synthesis of the core structure of 3-hydroxy-3-phenylchroman-4-one. This study aimed to explore a novel method for the synthesis of dihydroflavonol (3), and its application in the production of a natural product (14). The method started with commercially available materials, and provided a foundation for total synthesis of natural compounds of dihydroflavonol.

Dicopper(ii) metal–organic frameworks constructed from fluorinated ligands exhibit ultra-high propyne storage under ambient conditions, which results from the suitable pore space and strong propyne⋯propyne interactions.

Inspired by mussel chemistry, MoS2 nanosheets coated with polydopamine were covalently functionalized with gallium phthalocyanine. Biological synaptic functions and associative learning processes were successfully simulated by using memristors.

Liriomyza trifolii is a significant pest of vegetable and ornamental crops across the globe. Microwave radiation has been used for controlling pests in stored products; however, there are few reports on the use of microwaves for eradicating agricultural pests such as L. trifolii, and its effects on pests at the molecular level is unclear. In this study, we show that microwave radiation inhibited the emergence of L. trifolii pupae. Transcriptomic studies of L. trifolii indicated significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ‘post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperones’, ‘sensory perception of pain/transcription repressor complex/zinc ion binding’ and ‘insulin signaling pathway’ when analyzed with the Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, respectively. The top DEGs were related to reproduction, immunity and development and were significantly expressed after microwave radiation. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the expression of genes encoding heat shock proteins or antioxidant enzymes in L. trifolii treated with microwave radiation as compared to the untreated control. The expression of DEGs encoding cuticular protein and protein takeout were silenced by RNA interference, and the results showed that knockdown of these two DEGs reduced the survival of L. trifolii exposed to microwave radiation. The results of this study help elucidate the molecular response of L. trifolii exposed to microwave radiation and provide novel ideas for control.

Brain aging is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of conserved RNAs with covalently closed continuous loops. Emerging evidence has shown that circRNAs are implicated in the biology of brain aging and the pathology of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize current studies on circRNAs associated with brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases by discussing their expression features, pathophysiological roles, and mechanisms of action. We also discuss the potential challenges of circRNA-based therapy against brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their potential as diagnostic biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. The review provides insights into current progress in the functions of circRNAs in the process of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. © 2022 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

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To perform a prospective cohort study to investigate whether night shift work is associated with incident hypertension and whether this association is modified by genetic susceptibility to hypertension because evidence on the association between night shift work and hypertension is insufficient.A total of 232,665 participants of UK Biobank who were recruited from 2006 to 2010 and observed to January 31, 2018, were included in this study. A Cox proportional hazards model with covariate adjustment was performed to assess the association between night shift work exposure and hypertension risk. We constructed a polygenic risk score (PRS) for genetic susceptibility to hypertension, which was used to explore whether genetic susceptibility to hypertension modified the effect of night shift work. The robustness of the results was assessed by sensitivity analysis.Night shift workers had a higher hypertension risk than day shift workers, which increased with increasing frequency of night shift work (PNight shift work exposure was associated with increased hypertension risk, which was modified by the genetic risk for hypertension, indicating that there is a joint effect of night shift work and genetic risk on hypertension.

Mingfang Li,1 Jiaojiao Shi,1 Ming Chu,1 Youmei Shen,1 Shimeng Zhang,1 Xingxing Sun,1 Hengli Zhang,1 Qing Yan,1 Jinlong Gong,2 Gregory YH Lip,3,4 Minglong Chen1,5 1Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2Division of Cardiology, Jiangdu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 4Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; 5Division of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Minglong Chen, Division of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-25-68303115, Fax +86-25-6813-6479, Email chenminglong@njmu.edu.cnAbstract: China has a large population of elderly in rural areas. Village doctors are acting as health-care gatekeepers for the rural elderly in China and are encouraged to provide more long-term care for patients with chronic diseases such as atrial fibrillation (AF). The data of AF registries from the rural elderly are limited. The present registry aims to provide contemporary data on the current AF-related health status of the rural elderly and the gaps in management of AF by village doctors. This study has two phases. The first phase is a cross-sectional study of AF screening in two rural towns of eastern China. All the residents aged ≥ 65 years are eligible and will be invited to attend a government-led health examination or an in-house AF screening program. The AF detection rate, the awareness of AF and the usage of oral anticoagulants and smartphones by AF patients, and the ability to diagnose and manage AF by village doctors will be assessed. Participants with AF detected in the first phase are eligible for the second phase. A variety of modes of intensified education will be provided to all AF patients and their family members to enrich their AF-related knowledge. Their village doctors will be offered a lecture-based training program focusing on Atrial fibrillation Better Care (ABC) pathway. Follow-up will be conducted for 1 year. The primary endpoint is the composite of all stroke and all-cause mortality. The first phase of AF screening was conducted between April 2019 and June 2019, and 18,712 participants with the mean age of 73.1± 5.8 years were enrolled. The second phase that includes 810 patients with AF, started on 1 May 2019. This study will provide a perspective of primary care system and would indirectly reflect the current status of chronic disease care in rural China.Keywords: atrial fibrillation, elderly, village doctors, rural China

Biliary adenofibroma is an extremely rare benign liver tumor, but it may be a precancerous lesion of cholangiocarcinoma. So far, only 29 cases have been reported in the literature. A 30-year-old woman was admitted to our department for upper abdomen mass. The computed tomography scan showed a huge cystic and partly substantial mass between the left lobe of the liver and the descending duodenum, which was considered to be an exophytic tumor derived from the left lobe of the liver. Laparoscopic liver segment IVb resection and cholecystectomy were performed. Microscopic examination showed that the tumor was composed of glandular cavities of varying sizes and fibrous interstitium. The glandular cavity was covered with cubic or columnar epithelium without atypia. Some of the mesenchymal cells are myofibroblast-like and spindle-shaped with red-stained cytoplasm. The mesenchymal cells in some areas proliferate densely with moderate atypia. It was considered to be an atypical biliary adenofibroma with focal necrosis and active cell proliferation which may have malignant transformation potential. There was no recurrence and metastasis at a 6-month follow-up. Biliary adenofibroma is a rare benign tumor derived from the bile duct, but it may progress to malignancy and develop distant metastasis. It is difficult to distinguish it from other liver tumors through imaging examination and the gold standard of diagnosis is histopathological examination. Close clinical follow-up is recommended.

Lidar at 1064 nm and Ka-band millimetre-wave cloud radar (MMCR) are powerful tools for detecting the height distribution of cloud boundaries and can monitor the entire life cycle of cloud layers. In this study, lidar and MMCR are employed to jointly detect cloud boundaries under different conditions. By enhancing the echo signal of lidar at 1064 nm and combining its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the cloud signal can be accurately extracted from the aerosol signals and background noise. The interference signal is eliminated from Doppler spectra of the MMCR by using the noise ratio of the smallest measurable cloud signal (SNRmin⁡) and the spectral point continuous threshold (Nts). Moreover, the quality control of the reflectivity factor of MMCR obtained by the inversion is conducted, which improves the detection accuracy of the cloud signal. We analysed three typical cases studies; case one presents two interesting phenomena: (a) at 19:00–20:00 CST (China standard time), the ice crystal particles at the cloud top boundary are too small to be detected by MMCR, but they are well detected by lidar. (b) At 19:00–00:00 CST, the cirrus cloud changes to altostratus where the cloud particles eventually grow into large sizes, producing precipitation. Further, MMCR has more advantages than lidar in detection of the cloud top boundary within this period. Considering the advantages of the two devices, the change characteristics of the cloud boundary in Xi'an from December 2020 to November 2021 were analysed, with MMCR detection data as the main data and lidar data as the assistant data. The seasonal variation characteristics of clouds show that, in most cases, high clouds often occur in summer and autumn, and the low clouds are usually in winter. The normalized cloud cover shows that the maximum and minimum cloud cover occur in summer and winter, respectively. Furthermore, the cloud boundary frequency distribution results for the whole of the observation period show that the cloud bottom boundary below 1.5 km is more than 1 %, the frequency within the height range of 3.06–3.6 km is approximately 0.38 %, and the frequency above 8 km is less than 0.2 %. The cloud top boundary frequency distribution exhibits the characteristics of a bimodal distribution. The first narrow peak lies at approximately 1.0–3.1 km, and the second peak appears at 6.4–9.8 km.

The digital power grid system is used to maintain stability and to provide a continuous supply of electrical energy to consumers in the event of a power outage or other interruption of service. This is due to their ability to respond quickly in the event of an interruption. However, unpredictable failures and cascading accidents occur regularly, resulting in a blackout that can cause significant disruption to modern life. Furthermore, the rotor angle behavior can indicate the overall synchronism and stability of the complete digital power grid system. The digital dynamic nonlinear system operators can profit economically and technically from implementing protection measures that are appropriately designed and implemented. This study has utilized data transitions over digital power grids, connectivity used in digital power grids, power quality, network congestion, and stability issues as independent variables. However, the digital dynamic nonlinear system has been used as the dependent variable. The data was collected using questionnaires, and the data was collected from various digital power grids and solar system users. The collected data was analyzed by using SEM PLS 3. The reliability of the collected data was tested by Cronbach’s alpha and the values above 0.7. The results indicated that there are significant values between the variables.

With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, knowledge resources have gradually become the core resources for industrial development. For advanced manufacturing, strengthening the knowledge sharing between enterprises has become a key factor of the industry to maintain their core competitiveness. Based on the perspective of knowledge sharing, this study constructs an evolutionary game model among advanced manufacturing enterprises and analyzes the dynamic evolution process of enterprises. The result shows that knowledge spillover effects, excess return distribution, knowledge costs, hidden income, and punishment mechanisms are the main factors influencing the choice of evolutionary strategies for knowledge sharing among enterprises. Based on the analysis results, the study gives some suggestions to encourage advanced manufacturing companies to choose knowledge sharing strategies, to promote the rapid development of advanced manufacturing.

Glacier advances affect the local climate, and in turn, can either promote or prohibit its own growth. Such feedback has not been considered in modeling the High-Mountain Asia (HMA) glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~28-23 ka), which may contribute to the large spread in some of the published modeling work, with some notable discrepancy with existing reconstruction data. By coupling an ice sheet model (ISSM) with a climate model (CESM1.2.2), we find that the total glacial area is reduced by 10% due to the glacier-climate interaction; glacier growth is promoted along the western rim of HMA, and yet reduced in the interior. Such changes in spatial pattern improve model-data comparison. Moreover, the expansion of glaciers causes an increase in the winter surface temperature of the eastern Tibetan Plateau by more than 2 K, and a decrease of precipitation almost everywhere, especially the Tarim basin, by up to 60%. These changes are primarily due to the increase in surface elevation, which blocks the water vapor brought by westerlies and southwesterlies, reducing precipitation and increasing surface temperatures to the east and northeast of the newly grown glaciers.

Antimicrobial compounds from the commensal gut microbiota have gained much attention due to their multifunctionality in maintaining good health in the host and killing multidrug-resistant bacteria. Our previous study showed that

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a very common cardiac arrhythmia with an estimated prevalence of 33.5 million patients globally. It is associated with an increased risk of death, stroke and peripheral embolism. Although genetic studies have identified a growing number of genes associated with AF, the definitive impact of these genetic findings is yet to be established. Several mechanisms, including electrical, structural and neural remodelling of atrial tissue, have been proposed to contribute to the development of AF. Despite over a century of exploration, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying AF have not been fully established. Current antiarrhythmic drugs are associated with a significant rate of adverse events and management of AF using ablation is not optimal, especially in cases of persistent AF. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding and management of AF, including new concepts of epidemiology, genetics and pathophysiological mechanisms. We review the current status of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for AF, new potential agents, as well as mechanism-based AF ablation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The heartbeat: its molecular basis and physiological mechanisms’.

Though some studies have reported navigated high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a useful procedure to correct knee deformity. There is still great controversy whether navigated HTO can achieve better accuracy of limb alignment and greater clinical outcomes. Current meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether better radiographic outcomes and clinical outcomes could be acquired in navigated HTO compared with the conventional procedure.We conducted a literature search in the electronic databases, including Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. We identified studies published before August 2020. We also checked the references of the related articles for any relevant studies. We strictly followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematics reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines in this review. This research was performed using Review Manager 5.4 software.Fourteen articles were included, involving 1399 knees. Our meta-analysis indicated that patients undergoing navigated HTO had significantly better outcomes in outliers of aimed limb alignment (RD=-0.24, 95% CI: =-0.34 to -0.13,Navigated HTO provided more accurate and reproducible radiographic outcomes in the correction of the malalignment than conventional techniques, and there is no difference in the risk of complications compared with conventional HTO. However, it is unclear whether navigation HTO can achieve better clinical results. More randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with high quality, large sample size, and sufficient follow-up period are required.