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Summary Context In the early 20 th century Antoine Nebel developed a new chronic reactive mode (CRM), tuberculinism, in addition to the three diatheses already described by Samuel Hahnemann: psora, sycosis and syphilis. Today, what is the exact place of tuberculinism within the three other CRM? Goal To provide the diagnostic elements to identify the tuberculinic MRC of a patient. To locate this CRM among the 3 previous ones. To suggest the most effective therapeutic strategy. Method By comparing the writings of the authors of the twentieth century with our clinical experience, we will identify the essential characteristics and the pathognomonic tuberculinism as well as its treatment. Results Tuberculinism is an inherited or acquired CRM, very common in children and adolescents. It often occurs when there is a family history of tuberculosis or following BCG vaccination or repeated antibiotic therapy for recurrent ENT disorders. It evolves in two stages, acceleration of cell metabolism then progressive exhaustion. Individuals with a phosphoric constitution are more affected. Morbid manifestations mainly evoke psora but also sycosis. Conclusion The recognition and management of the tuberculinic CRM make it possible to effectively treat recurrent and chronic respiratory diseases, which are very debilitating for children as well as for their parents.

Summary Context Faced with the failures he encountered in the treatment of chronic diseases, Samuel Hahnemann gradually developed a more global approach to the patient. He identified three miasms, also called diatheses: psora, sycosis and syphilis, corresponding to the different reactions of the body to the disease. Based on the model of chronic genital infection, he developed what is now called the sycotic chronic reactive mode (CRM). Aims To provide diagnostic elements to identify a patient's sycotic CRM. To suggest the most effective therapeutic strategy. Method By comparing the writings of Hahnemann to our clinical experience, we will offer the essential and pathognomonic features of sycosis illustrated by clinical cases. Results Today, sycosis is the most common acquired CRM in children and adults. It corresponds to the blocking of natural elimination of the body overwhelmed by the repeated presence of endogenous and exogenous toxins. It evolves in four stages, the psoro-sycosis, the “wet” sycosis, also called hydrogenoid sycosis, the “proliferative” or fissured sycosis then the “dry” sycosis, also called sclerotic sycosis. It affects almost all individuals, regardless of their constitution. The morbid manifestations are characterised by the fact that it is progressive, chronic and accompanied by asthenia. The list of sycotic manifestations is rich, marked above all by diseases involving the immune system and tumour formations which are a priori benign. Conclusion The recognition and management of sycosis is an essential prerequisite for the treatment of most chronic diseases. This makes the iconic Thuja occidentalis one of the most important homeopathic medicines.

Master Hahnemann’s Psora theory has been tested and has undergone the acceptance in obstinate cases where suppression of skin diseases found and has giving remarkable success. The criticism (antithesis) in case of failure in scabies and scabies with superadded fungal or bacterial infection amongst the practicing homoeopaths. Dr. Burnette, Dr. Dugeon did not accepted that scabies can be cured by internal medication of Sulphur alone experienced through their practice. Dr. Clarke opined that ‘all the diseases cannot be categorized into three broad categories only. We need further classification like Burnette’s vaccinosis’. Hebbert A. Roberts called nutritional deficiency and functional disorders as Psora. As Truth is the daughter of time, not of any authority (Lord Bacon), so also psora theory undergoes the scientific processing to verify its validity. In this article, by the help of pathology and psychopathology psora theory is analyzed and interpreted. The pathogenesis of allergic and autoimmune disease giving rise to psoric manifestation is illustrated in figure 1 & 2. The justification of using scabicidal natural or artificial lotion or soap application in scabies along with internal medication as stated by Dr. Dugeon and Dr. Burnette is proven with scientific reasoning. Lastly practical utility of Psora theory for prescription with case studies as per scientific approach is thoroughly elaborated. Prevention of skin diseases by hygiene maintenances and protections from psoric manifestation by simultaneous internal intake of antipsoric medicine as per totality and cleanliness of skin diseases and in case of scabies additional external scabicidal application and/or cleanliness with scabicidal soap are vividly illustrated.

Summary Context Faced with the failures he encountered in the treatment of chronic diseases, using only the principle of similarity, Samuel Hahnemann gradually developed a more global approach to the patient. He identified three miasms, nowadays also called chronic reaction modes (CRM), corresponding to the different reactions of the body to the disease. Taking scabies as a model, he developed the psoric miasm; based on urethral infections and venereal warts, the sycotic miasm and on syphilis, the syphilitic miasm. Objective To provide diagnostic information in order to identify a patient's CRM so as to propose the most effective therapeutic strategy. Method By comparing our clinical experience with Hahnemann's writings, we propose the essential characteristics of each CRM, using dermatology to illustrate the point. Results Psora is by far the most frequent CRM. It corresponds to a centrifugal struggle of the body against the disease. A balanced psora means being in good health. It covers many dermatoses, allergies and common functional pathologies when it is out of balance. Conclusion The real genius and originality of Hahnemann's work lies in the discovery of CRM. It thus provides us with a wonderful means of further individualisation. However, a chronic pathology almost never corresponds to a pure CRM. It is usually the combination of two or even three CRMs often requiring multi-diathetic treatment.

Background and objective: Diabetes Mellitus is an “Iceberg” disease. Although, an increase in both the prevalence and incidence of type 2 Diabetes has occurred globally, particularly in an Indian population who has been susceptible to this disease. In Homeopathy, Constitutional prescribing is based on the totality of symptoms which includes the miasmatic state that is inherited or acquired. The main aim and objective of this article are to study the miasmatic analysis of the symptoms in T2DM patients and their effectiveness in the treating of this disease. Methodology: Prospective, Observational, non-randomized, non controlled case series age group from 18- 60 years both gender having T2DM were assessed both subjectively and objectively over one year. The outcome of the study was measured by symptomatic changes subjectively and objectively along with the blood sugar levels including HbA1C changes and according to case requirement. Results: In these 30 cases of T2DM, 12 cases (40%) were mixed miasmatic diseases,9 cases (30%) were psora -syphilitic, 7 cases (23.33%) were psoric, 2 cases (6.67%) were Psora -sycotic. Wilcoxon signed rank test showd a statistically significant improvement different between the before and after treatment (Z= -4.963, p

Acarospora impressula, A. umbilicata, Psora gresinonis, and P. himalayana are reported for the first time from China and Psora decipiens for the first time from Qinghai Province. Descriptions, illustrations, and distributions are given for each species.

Introduction In addition to the four pillars of homeopathy, vitalism and the miasmatic theory are often used to explain the health–disease process. According to Hahnemann's concepts, homeopathic miasms are the main obstacle to the cure of chronic diseases, with psora being the fundamental cause of all forms of diseases. According to modern genetics, the disease-promoting epigenetic alterations are the fundamental cause of the manifestation of chronic diseases. Objective This article develops a philosophical–scientific correlation between chronic miasms and disease-promoting epigenetic modifications, aiming to justify the isopathic use of auto-sarcode of an individual's DNA as homeopathic medicine. Results Based on the study of homeopathic doctrine and epigenetics, a conceptual and functional correlation is observed between homeopathic chronic miasms and disease-promoting epigenetic modifications. Additionally, several experimental studies suggest that homeopathy's mechanism of action may be by modulating gene expression. Conclusions By the philosophical–scientific correlations described, it is inferred that disease-promoting epigenetic alterations are the biological representation of the chronic miasms, suggesting the isopathic use of auto-sarcode of DNA as homeopathic therapeutic modulator of gene expression for the management of chronic diseases.

In populations around the world, the fraction of humans aged 65 and above is increasing at an unprecedented rate. Aging is the main risk factor for the most important degenerative diseases and this demographic shift poses significant social, economic, and medical challenges. Pharmacological interventions directly targeting mechanisms of aging are an emerging strategy to delay or prevent age-dependent diseases. Successful application of this approach has the potential to yield dramatic health, social, and economic benefits. Psora-4 is an inhibitor of the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3, that has previously been shown to increase longevity and health span in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our recent discovery that Psora-4 lifespan benefits in C. elegans are synergistic with those of several other lifespan-extending drugs has motivated us to investigate further the mechanism by which Psora-4 extends lifespan. Here, we report that Psora-4 increases the production of free radicals and modulates genes related to stress response and that its effect intersects closely with the target set of caloric restriction (CR) genes, suggesting that it, in part, acts as CR mimetic. This effect may be related to the role of potassium channels in energy metabolism. Our discovery of a potassium channel blocker as a CR mimetic suggests a novel avenue for mimicking CR and extending a healthy lifespan. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11357-021-00374-6.

In Sankaran's miasmatic classification, the Psora—Hahnemann's fundamental miasm—is reduced to a few drugs. The similarities between the patterns of psora and ringworm suggest that they are the same miasm. This hypothesis is confirmed by the understanding of the alternating pattern of the remedies still considered psoric.

ZusammenfassungEine Patientin mit schwerer Atopie unterzieht sich aus eigener Initiative teils gleichzeitig, teils phasenverschoben der Kortisontherapie sowie der Homöopathie, vor allem mit Sulfur. Es lassen sich dabei alle bekannten Phänomene einer chronischen Erkrankung unter den Aspekten von Psora, Suppression, Organwechsel, Palliativbehandlung und regulativen Therapieerfolgen auffinden. Es stellen sich daran viele Fragen zur modernen Therapiesituation in unseren Praxen.

Samuel Hahnemann's Theory of Miasms has traditionally been linked to the three diseases of scabies, gonorrhoea and syphilis and clinical emphasis on miasmatic prescribing has been on the negative picture associated with the destructive nature of each of these diseases. Psora, Sycosis and Luesis, however, also have a positive emphasis which we tend to overlook; namely, that of curiosity and endurance, the desire to grow and succeed, and the ability to break through and overcome obstacles with a focus on regeneration. With the benefit of recent research on the subject of Epigenetics, it's time we took another look at these three miasms to give them a relevant and modern appraisal. It is my contention that Psora is governed by oxytocin, Sycosis by adrenalin, noradrenalin and cortisol and Luesis by insulin. Since oxytocin regulates homeostasis, Psora's role as ‘the engenderer of all disease’ is established according to the amount of oxytocin-receptor priming that occurs in the Primal Period, which spans conception to weaning at the age of four.

Der homoopathische Begriff des Miasmas wird ausgehend vom Konzept der Lebenskraft definiert. Der Begriff des chronischen Miasmas meint eine ehemals von ausen kommende, schadliche Einwirkung, die eine dauerhaft im Organismus wirkende Verstimmung der Lebenskraft bewirkt. Der Ansteckungsbegriff wird aus der Sicht der Homoopathie in einem weiteren Sinn als in der Infektiologie gefasst. Bei der Psora handelt es sich um ein hauptsachlich ererbtes Miasma, das durch viele Generationen gegangen ist und uber die Generationsabfolge seine Spezifitat verloren hat. Die chronische Psora bedeutet eine Krankheitsdynamik und darf nicht mit der Diagnose der Skabies verwechselt werden.

Miasma als medizinischer Begriff sollte ursprunglich das Phanomen der Krankheitsubertragung begreifbar machen. Als die Medizin die Mikroorganismen als Krankheitsverursacher erkannte, ersetzte sie den Begriff Miasma durch Infektion. Verstand man in der Medizin Miasma als stofflichen Ubertrager, erfuhr es in der Homoopathie einen Bedeutungswandel hin zu einem metaphysischen Begriff, der sich naturwissenschaftlicher Forschung entzog. Die chronischen Krankheiten wurden fortan chronische Miasmen genannt. Auf dem Gebiet chronischer Krankheiten wurde nicht mehr geforscht, sondern in der Art von Schriftgelehrten Exegese der kanonisierten Schriften betrieben.

Psoriasis (Da’u-us-Sadaf) is a common, disfiguring, inflammatory, and chronic autoimmune skin disorder with a worldwide distribution, highest incidence is in Europeans, and the lowest in Asians from the East. The prevalence of psoriasis in adults varies from 0.44 to 2.8%, in India. The word psoriasis is derived from Greek word ‘psora’ meaning ‘itch’ ‘iasis’ meaning ‘action, condition’. Da’u-us-Sadaf is derived from Arabic words ‘daun’ means ‘disease’ and ‘Sadaf’ means ‘oyster shell’. Psoriasis or Da’u-us-Sadaf are not mentioned in any classic literature since ancient times. It was considered in the context of Taqashur-e-Jild and Qashaf-e-Jild by famous Unani physicians; Razi, Majoosi, Ahmad Bin Mohd Tabari, Ibn-e-Zohr, Akbar Arzani, Azam Khan, because of dryness of the skin and scale formation, which clinically resembles very much with psoriasis (Da’u-us-Sadaf). According to Ali Ibn-e-Abbas Al-Majoosi has described that Tabiyat expels the Khilt-e-Ghaleez from internal organs towards skin resulting in the dryness and itching of the skin, but in this condition skin is unable to remove Khilt-e-Ghaleez leading to accumulation of sauda in skin and produce Taqashur-e-Jild. Unani scholars has emphasized the Usool-e-Ilaj (principle of treatment) such as evacuations of black bile (Istifragh or Tanqiyahe Sauda), use of blood purifier (Tasfeeh-e-Dam), Munzijate Sauda (Melancholic concoctives), Mushilate Sauda (Melancholic purgatives), Tabreed Badan (genesis of ratoobat or fluids in the body), try to restore normal temperament (Tadeele Mizaj), topical application of jali (detergent), murakhi (emollient), murattib and mohallil (anti-inflammatory) advia. In this review we have tried to discuss about Unani and modern aspects of psoriasis (Da’u-us-Sadaf).

Es soll versucht werden, auf der Basis wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse und neuerer Untersuchungen zur Pravention eine Theorie zur Ursache chronischer Erkrankungen darzustellen, die nicht nur besser als die bisherige Psoratheorie mit aktuellem Wissen ubereinstimmt, sondern auch erhebliche Konsequenzen fur das Vorgehen in der Praxis hat.

The new genus Brianaria S. Ekman & M. Svensson is introduced for the Micarea sylvicola group, with the new combinations Brianaria bauschiana (Körb.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson, B. lutulata (Nyl.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson, B.sylvicola (Flot. ex Körb.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson and B. tuberculata (Sommerf.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson. The new genus is characterized by a chlorococcoid, non-micareoid photobiont, small, convex apothecia without an excipulum, an ascus of the ‘Psora-type’, 0–1-septate ascospores, dimorphic paraphyses, and immersed pycnidia containing bacilliform conidia. Brianaria is shown to form a monophyletic group in the Psoraceae, where it is probably the sister group to Psora and Protoblastenia.

Resume Les resultats obtenus par la premiere prescription, les differentes eventualites rencontrees (amelioration, aggravation ou absence d’action du premier traitement) ont ete abordees et commentees de facon generale par l’auteur lors d’un precedent article. Voici, issues de sa pratique personnelle, des observations et des commentaires effectues lors des premiere et deuxieme consultations et des eventuelles suivantes.

Resume Alors que la communication verbale est placee au centre de nos echanges actuels, le begaiement handicape parfois lourdement la personne qui en est atteinte. En s’appuyant sur la matiere medicale, l’auteur repertorie et classe selon les approches comportementaliste et psychanalytique les remedes qui “begaient”.

Background: Chronic diseases (CD), miasms or reactional modes, remain one of the darkest concepts of homeopathy. They are supposed to be heritable and originate after suppression of other diseases. Besides this nothing is known about how they might produce the large number of diseases mentioned in homeopathic books. They have been described in a variety of terms, ranging from Kent and Gathak's spiritual or metaphysic conception; the biological-allergic by Paschero, and, Robert's materialist-nutritional point of view. Flores-Bejar et al have outlined an approach to CD from a cellular and bioenergetic point of view. Results: Cellular pathology has led to an understanding of the basic repair mechanisms of every cell and tissue. These mechanisms exist in order to avoid necrosis or cell death. The main mechanisms are molecular repair, apoptosis and cell proliferation. Failure of these mechanisms leads to ‘dysrepair’. Consequences of these ‘dysrepair’ mechanisms resemble the homeopathic reactional modes or miasms. These abnormal or ‘dysrepair’ mechanisms are probably the basis of miasms or reactional modes. A new interpretation of miasms is proposed: Psora corresponds to the dysmolecular reactional mode. Syphilis corresponds to dysapoptotic reactional mode. Sycosis corresponds to dysproliferative reactional mode.

The four miasms – psora, sycosis, syphilis, tubercular – are connected psychoanalytic theory and personality types from other theories. Defence mechanisms based on the main miasmatic influences in a person are discussed and complementary remedies for each combination suggested.

Hahnemann observed that the non-venereal chronic diseases originate from a diseased condition or disposition to disease transferring from generation to generation for thousands of years. He named the diseased condition as Psora behaving as the fostering soil for almost all possible disease. According to Hahnemann Psora developed from suppression of itch disease by external application in ancient times. Hahnemann considered the peculiar cutaneous eruption was the outward manifestation of internal itch disease, the Psora. Therefore, any external treatment to remove the skin manifestation is detrimental to the patient and should be avoided. Some eminent dermatologist’s perspicacious observation reveals that suppression of some kinds of skin diseases result in virulent internal disorder. It is again justified by another instance that under proper homoeopathic treatment of a chronic disease having history of suppressed skin manifestation in the past, the old eruption definitely reappear satisfying Dr. Hering’s law of cure. Health is the result of the dynamic equilibrium among the disease agent, human host and the environment. Human host possessing hereditary factors have an immense role in the production of large number of diseases. Thus to bring cure to any disease especially chronic disease, one should focus one’s attention towards the patient [host] to find out the fundamental cause without ignoring the disease agents and the environmental factors acting as exciting or maintaining cause. Hahnemann’s ‘Theory of Chronic Disease’ serves as a pioneer to the key of ideal cure of innumerable chronic diseases. Until and unless, Miasm [the fundamental cause of all natural diseases] is done away with by dint of antimiasmatic treatment, the permanent cure of chronic disease is not possible.

ADAMO, P., A. BASILE, R. CASTALDO COBIANCHI, S. GIORDANO, S. SORBO, S. VINGIANI & P. VIOLANTE. 2001. Monitoraggio dell’inquinamento atmosferico nell’area metropolitana de Napoli mediante l’impiego di ‘‘moss’’ e ‘‘lichen bags’’. Notiziario della Societa Lichenologica Italiana 14: 48–49. AHMAN, B. & G. AHMAN. 1994. Radiocesium in Swedish reindeer after the Chernobyl fallout: seasonal variations and long-term decline. Health Physics 66: 503– 512. 5 fig. 2 tab. AHMAN, B., S. M. WRIGHT & B. J. HOWARD. 2001. Effect of origin of radiocaesium on the transfer from fallout to reindeer meat. Science of the Total Environment 278: 171–181. 3 fig. 5 tab. ALLISIARDI, C. 2001. Indagini lichenologiche nel Vallone del Valasco–Parco Naturale Alpi Marittime (Cuneo). Notiziario della Societa Lichenologica Italiana 14: 79– 80. [Abstract.] APTROOT, A. & P. W. JAMES. 2002. Monitoring lichens on monuments, pp. 239–253. 3 fig. In P. L. Nimis, C. Scheidegger & P. A. Wolseley (eds.), Monitoring with Lichens–Monitoring Lichens. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands. [Review.] APTROOT, A. & H. J. M. SIPMAN. 2001. New Hong Kong lichens, ascomycetes and lichenicolous fungi. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 91: 317–343. 30 fig. [New: Anisomeridium tetrasporum sp. nov., Biatorella saxicola sp. nov., Granulopyrenis seawardii sp. nov. (non-lichenized), Milospium planorbis sp. nov., Obryzum striguloides sp. nov. (on Agonimia vouauxii), Ocellularia palaeoamplior sp. nov., Ramalina seawardii sp. nov., R. throwerae sp. nov. (all from Hong Kong only). New to Asia: Anisomeridium albisedum, A. endobryum, Arthopyrenia saxicola, Bacidia egenula, Dimelaena tenuis, Mazosia ocellata, Thelocarpon superellum. New to China: Anisomeridium biforme, Arthonia lividula, A. palmulacea, Bactrospora myriadea, Byssoloma subdiscordans, Calopadia phyllogena, C. subcoerulescens, Chiodecton congestulum, Cryptothecia candida, C. polymorpha, Dimerella pineti, Graphina acharii, G. marcescens, Graphis persicina, Lecidea aurigera, Lichenoconium lecanorae, Lichenostigma cosmopolites, Musaespora gigas (new to Northern Hemisphere), Pertusaria subventosa, P. xanthoplaca, Phylliscum testudineum, Placynthiella icmalea, Porina albicera, P. corruscans, Psora crystallifera (new to Northern Hemisphere), Pyrenula leucostoma, P. nitidula, Sporopodium lucidum (new to Northern Hemisphere), Strigula phaea, Verrucaria pinguicula.]

Homeopathy is “a therapeutic method of using preparations of substances whose effects when administered to healthy subjects correspond to the manifestation of the disorder in the individual patient”.1. The discipline was developed by Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) about 200 years ago. Hahnemann postulated that if a remedy causes a symptom in a healthy volunteer, then it can be used to treat that symptom in a patient (the “like cures like” principle). if a remedy is potentized (that is, diluted and sucussed), it becomes more rather than less effective (the “memory of water” theory). all diseases originate from the “itch” (psora), gonorrhea (sycosis), or syphilis (lues). The third of these assumptions is now all but forgotten (I suspect that homeopaths feel embarrassed by its overt incorrectness), but despite the fact that the two other axioms also fly in the face of science, they still form the basis of homeopathy today. Initially Hahnemann was remarkably successful, and homeopathy conquered much of the world.2. With hindsight, this early popularity probably accrued because, unlike many other therapies of the time, homeopathy was not outright harmful. With the eventual emergence of conventional treatments that generated more good than harm, homeopathy’s popularity faded.

Background: The history of psoriasis, remains highly speculative for the time before Willan (1757-1812), and can be reliably assigned only for the last 200 years. Terms such as "Leprosy", "Impetigo" and "Psora" have been used in the centuries before. Hebra (1806-1880) gave a morphological and nosologic definition, in which also the histopathology appearance was taken into account. In the early 20th century, it was the biochemistry and histochemistry, which provided new insights. In the second half of the 20th century, immunocytochemistry and immunology shed some light on the pathogenetic processes of the disease. At the end of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century, it is the triumph of genetics and immunology, which have opened new therapeutic possibilities due to the interesting insights into the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However besides the new therapeutic modalities, which harbor some health and some economic threats, classical approaches still remain valuable tools.

The word ‘psoriasis’, is derived from the Greek word “psora” meaning “itch” or “scurf” or “rash”, although most patients suffering from the condition do not complain of itching. It has been known since ancient times and was originally considered a type of leprosy. For quite some time now, it is one of the most common human skin diseases. Up to a few deca‐ des back, psoriasis was considered to be a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with albeit, ge‐ netic factors involved in the pathogenesis.

Clofazimine, Psora-4 and PAP-1, inhibitors of the potassium channel Kv1.3, as a new and selective therapeutic strategy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and their chronic effect - low-grade inflammation - have been associated with diverse chronic conditions. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were recently proposed as a treatment strategy. Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, had already hypothesized a systemic and progressive disorder as the cause of many chronic diseases - the Psora theory. He also advised of the consequences of palliative use for chronic diseases, as a contrary effect of the "of the life-preserving principle" could worsen the course of those diseases. The hypotheses presented here are that the main aspects of Hahnemann's Psora theory are supported by current data on the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and that the use of NSAIDs to treat chronic low-grade inflammation can produce a contrary, rebound effect, as anticipated by Hahnemann. By diverting from the "palliative action-rebound effect" course, not only homeopathy but integrative medicine could provide different approaches to the treatment of low-grade chronic inflammation. Studies assessing inflammatory markers in chronic integrative treatments are recommended.

Measurements were made of density, size and shape of colonies of the soil lichen Psora crenata at sites with varying disturbance histories at Maralinga in arid South Australia. Lichens were measured along transects at 10 sites with recovery intervals ranging from 3 to 42 years, and on four undisturbed control sites. As the time since disturbance increased, the number of lichen colonies increased markedly, colony size declined, but colony shape remained unchanged. We tentatively suggest that at least 60 years is required for disturbed sites to approach the condition of undisturbed sites. These results reinforce the notion that lichen recovery is very slow, and suggest that colony density of Psora could be a useful indicator of recovery after disturbance in rangelands where crusts are a common component of the soil surface. Keywords: Psora crenata, rangelands, soil crusts, cryptogams, rangeland health

A summary of the type of chronic conditions treated by homœopathy is given. An outline of chronic case-taking procedure. Prescribing on a specific, a local and a constitutional basis. Are miasms a help? Brief outline of symptomatology of Psora, Sycosis, Syphilis and Tuberculinum.Hierarchy of symptoms—strange and peculiar, mental (with grades of these), general, local.Evaluation of symptoms; directions of cure.Potency choice.

A new delimitation of the lichen genus Psora Hoffm. is proposed. The genus is mainly characterized by a squamulose thallus, an upper cortex of ‘Scheinrindentyp’, a hypothecium containing calcium oxalate, an amyloid hymenium containing anthra–quinones, the type of ascus and the type of pycnidium. The affinities of Psora to the genera Eremastrella, Psorula, and Xanthopsora and some squamulose species provisionally included in Lecidea are discussed. The genus Chrysopsora is reduced to syn–onomy with Psora, and the species Lecidea hedinii, L. scholanderi, and Psora petri to synonomy with Lecidea pulcherrima, Toninia tristis, and Lecidea lurida, respectively. The new combinations Lecanora scotopholis (Tuck.) Timdal, Psora hypotheja (Lamb) Timdal, P. subrubiformis (Vainio) Timdal, and P. vallesiaca (Schaerer) Timdal are proposed. New chemical data are given for a number of the species and chemical strains are recognized for the first time in Psora crenala, P. globifera, P. gresinonis, and P. rubifor–mis. Two new chemical strains of P. decipiens are recorded.

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