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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how a substantial organization gradually builds a management accounting system from scratch, changing its accounting routines by learning processes. The paper uses the experiential learning theory and the concept of learning style to investigate the learning process during management accounting change. The study aims to expand the domain of management accounting change theory to emphasize the learning-related aspects that can constitute it.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides an interpretation of management accounting change based on the model of problem management proposed by Kolb (1983) and the theory of experiential learning (Kolb, 1976, 1984). The study is based on a 14-year longitudinal case study (1994‐2007). The case examined can be considered a theory illustration case. Data were obtained from a broad variety of sources including interviews, document analysis and adopting an interventionist approach during the redesign of the costing system.FindingsThe paper contributes to two important aspects of management accounting change. First, it becomes apparent that the costing information change was not a discrete event but a process of experience and learning conducted through several iterations of trial-and-error loops that extended over the years. Second, the findings reveal that the learning process can alter management accounting system design in a radical or incremental way according to the learning style of the people involved in the process of change.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the adopted research approach, results could be extended only to other organizations presenting similar characteristics. Several further areas of research are suggested by the findings of this paper. In particular, it would be of interest to investigate the links between learning styles and communication and its effect on management accounting change.Practical implicationsThe paper includes implications for the management of learning during management accounting change, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of this process.Originality/valueThis paper is one response to the call for an interdisciplinary research approach to the management accounting change phenomena using a “method theory” taken from the discipline of management to provide an explanation of the change in management accounting. In respect of the previous literature, it provides two main contributions, namely, the proposal of a model useful both to interpret and manage learning processes; the effect of learning style on management accounting routines change.

Background: Assessment in medical education is necessary to determine the students’ competency as well as other attributes. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the methods of assessment at the end of rotational posting examination and final professional examination at the end of the course, preferred by the undergraduate clinical medical students. Methods: This study was conducted on 89 medical students belonging to 4th and 5th year of the Faculty of Medicine, National Defense University of Malaysia (NDUM).Results: In this study 46 students were males (51.7%) and 43 (48.3%) females; the mean age was 23.5 years. Among the multiple-choice questions (MCQ), a combination that contained multiple true-false and single best answer, was preferred by 55.1% of the students. Among the essay type of written assessments “problem management patient (PMP)” questions were preferred most (46.1%) followed by modified essay questions (MEQ), short essay questions (SEQ), and key feature questions (KFQ). Among the assessments by long case, conventional long case, which had been practiced during the course, was preferred by 67.4% of the students at the end of the medical program rather than the modified or observed long case examinations. While assessment by short case, running commentary on what was being examined, was preferred by 47.2% of students, followed by no commentary (38.2%) and not sure by the rest. 56.2% of students would prefer procedure OSCEs on mannequins and the rest won’t. Picture quizzes were highly preferred (89.9%).Conclusion: At the end of the medical program the clinical medical students prefer those methods which have already been practiced by them during the academic course. For the best achievement, every tool of assessments used in the medical curriculum should be made clear to the students and the students should practice those before they proceed for final evaluation.

BACKGROUND Decreased availability of pediatric residents in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) has created demand for other neonatal medical care providers. No recent publications exist about how to approach the organization of tasks involved in that care. PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to present a structure and resources to guide the organization of tasks in the care of sick and premature infants in the NICU. METHODS The methods included a literature review to develop evidenced-based practice resources. The literature was reviewed regarding the relevant history and resources to support task organization during patient rounds and care in the NICU, and for delivery attendance by skilled providers. The goal, to establish a reference to support education about these approaches, is based upon evidence, which appears to be rooted in tradition. FINDINGS Evidence-based resources include documentation templates, problem list in order of systems, and provider tasks for NICU and delivery attendance. IMPLICATION FOR RESEARCH Future studies can measure mentor or learner perceptions of the value of these resources, critical thinking improvement, safety, and clinical outcomes. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE These resources may provide structure for learners and providers who have studied the physiology, pathophysiology, and problem management concepts, but need to learn how to execute their responsibilities in these busy environments.

The integration of mindfulness and character strengths is an emerging area of research and practice. The evidence-based, 8-week program, Mindfulness-Based Strengths Practice (MBSP) represents a unique approach in that the starting point and focus is on what is best in human beings – their character strengths. These qualities are then leveraged to improve one’s meditation practice or area of mindful living (referred to as “strong mindfulness”) and in turn, mindfulness is used as a lens for deepening awareness and use of strengths (referred to as “mindful strengths use”). While early controlled studies find MBSP to elicit well-being and reduce stress, and find it to be superior to popular mindfulness programs for different outcomes, we are not aware of any published qualitative analyses examining the MBSP participant’s experience. This study offers insights from a large international sample and extends the empirical data on MBSP, including the novel finding of benefit for building positive relationships, as well as confirming other findings such as the most common obstacles people confront in mindfulness practices. Additional areas discussed using qualitative and quantitative findings include the most beneficial mindfulness/character strengths practices, the use of inward and outward-oriented practices, cognizance of the integration of mindfulness and character strengths, and self-reported positive outcomes, including substantial benefits to stress and problem management and boosts to meaning, purpose, engagement, accomplishment, and sense of self.

A migráns gyerekek befogadásával kapcsolatos feladatok jelenős kihívások elé állítják a pedagógusokat. Tanulmányunk fókuszában az a kutatási kérdés áll, milyen tényezők játszanak szerepet a migráns gyerekek sikeres beillesztési folyamatában? Célunk ismertetni az integrációs kihívásokat, a kapcsolódó statisztikai adatokat és átfogó képet adni a tanulók iskolai beilleszkedését segítő tényezőkről. Megállapítható, hogy a sokszínűség elősegíti a szinergiát a közösségben, pozitívan hat az eredményességre, ugyanakkor az iskola a társadalmi problémák megoldásában kevésbé hatékony. Az iskola működéséhez igazított problémakezelés a pedagógiai gyakorlat átrendezéséhez, hosszabb távon pedig a társadalmi eredményességhez is hozzájárulhat. A pedagógiai folyamat kiegészítéseként tekintünk az iskolai szociális munka új típusú szolgáltatás rendszerére. Véleményünk szerint képzés tartalmi elemeit érdemes lenne kiterjeszteni a migráns gyerekek befogadását segítő módszerek ismertetésére.

Thesis/Objective – The developing SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, which was announced in March 2020, has had a significant impact on the activities of universities and their academic libraries. The article aims to present the activities of academic libraries at the time of introducing restrictions on their activities and closing for several months to users and reformulating the services they provide, on the example of the Library of the Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT). First of all, attention was paid to how the principles of crisis and problem management were introduced at universities. It was also essential to examine how the changes and management decisions were perceived by the library employees who worked according to the new rules in the indicated period. Research methods – The article is based on the analysis of available scientific publications in Polish on crisis management, especially in the era of epidemiological threats. Legal acts and regulations dealing with both crisis management in general and issued in connection with the announcement of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic were also taken into account. The method of survey research based on a questionnaire was also used. The questionnaire was anonymous, provided to the employees of the GUT Library via e-mail. The respondents provided a printout of the questionnaire with answers to the GUT Library Office. Since the survey was addressed only to employees of one institution, it had a limited record. It aimed to collect the respondents’ opinions on the work of the GUT Library in the period from March 12 to May 24, 2020, when remote work in special conditions was in force. Results and conclusions – A sudden change in the work mode of the GUT Library itself and its employees, a change in tools and forms of services provided, the need to purchase appropriate equipment and personal protective equipment, the introduction of remote work and other factors became the subject of management decisions made during the emerging crisis. These decisions were in line with the applicable guidelines, both the laws and regulations issued at the national level, as well as the policies and recommendations regarding the functioning of libraries issued by various state institutions and the National Library (book quarantine). However, many of the decisions were individual due to the lack of guidelines and benchmarks on which to base. The reason was also the delayed emergence of procedures. A survey conducted among the employees of the Gdańsk University of Technology Library in May 2020, after the employees returned to stationary work, showed that the adopted solutions were well assessed. The results showed that the adopted solutions had a positive impact on the employees’ sense of safety and the work comfort in the period of changing the mode and rules of the Library’s functioning.

Purpose COVID-19 generated extensive fear and anxiety across the globe. This study aims to explore the psychological dynamics of students during COVID-19 lockdown, its impact and students’ management strategies. Design/methodology/approach This paper collected data from 891 students in Islamabad (Pakistan) using an online survey consisting of the generalized anxiety disorder scale and items on academic variables. After measuring the anxiety levels, this paper interviewed 20 students diagnosed with severe anxiety. The objective was to seek a deeper understanding of the impact of COVID-19 and students’ management. Findings This paper found students with different anxiety levels. Most students had no anxiety; however, 8.2% of students had severe anxiety. These students reported psychological, social and physical problems during the interview. The students shared their activities and avoidance behavior to manage their anxiety levels. Originality/value The study helped in understanding the psychological dynamics during the pandemic and students’ management strategies. Some students express their inability to cope with their problems. This paper recommends the intervention of clinical practitioners, policymakers and researchers to work for the mental health of such students.

The paper deals with the question of levels of language problem management on the basis of the Language Management Theory as well as other approaches to language problem management. The aim is to contribute to bringing the theoretical basis of language problem management closer to the problem management theories in general. Within language problem management three levels of management are distinguished: 1. interactional level of small‐scale management of inadequacies; 2. supra‐interactional level of small‐scale management of metaproblems and 3. supra‐interactional level of large‐scale management of metaproblems. Inadequacies are individual instances of problems rising in concrete interactions and metaproblems are types of problems which can be identified suprainteractionally, by abstracting the idiosyncratic features of inadequacies. With the help of these concepts the difference between the Language Management Theory and other theories of problem management can be made more visible: Language Management Theory builds on the small‐scale management of inadequacies on interactional level, while other theories are based on the large‐scale management of metaproblems on suprainteractional level.

Introduction. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous pathology of the vulva and is a very important medical and social problem. All the efforts of medical science are aimed at finding and developing the latest organ-preserving methods for the treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. One of them is photodynamic therapy-method that allows preserving the anatomical structure of the organ. The aim of the study. The aim of the article is to carry out an analytical review of the literature on modern views on the problem of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, methods of its management and to present the results of the own clinical expertise of using a photodynamic method for its treatment. Materials and methods. Content analysis, method of system and comparative analysis, bibliosemantic method of studying the results of current scientific research on modern views on the problem of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, methods of its management have been used in the article. Fifty-six literature sources in English have been studied and analyzed. The sources have been taken in the following scientometric medical databases: PubMed-NCBI, Medline, ResearchGate, CochraneLibrary, EMBASE by keywords: intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), photodynamic therapy (PDT), treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia; VIN treatment. The results of own clinical expertise of using the photodynamic method for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia treatment have been described in the article as well. Results. During the PS infusion and the period before the PDT session, the general condition of the patients was satisfactory, and the symptoms of cutaneous phototoxicity, allergic reactions, which were accompanied by severe dysfunctions of vital organs, were absent after it. Despite the premedication carried out before the PDT session, the patients had moderate pain syndrome (I-II degrees) after the session as well as moderately pronounced edema in the area of pathological tissues being under the influence of photoirradiation. Within 1-5 days after treatment, the beginning of the formation of a dark brown or black area of photochemical necrosis was noted. After 3, 6 and 24 months of observation of patients with precancerosis of the vulva, remission of clinical symptoms (pruritus in the vulva) in the treated pathological foci was stated. It should be noted that the insufficient effectiveness of PDT in five cases was due to the use of subtherapeutic doses of PS “Photolon®”. During the follow-up examination at 3, 6 and 24 months in 20 out of 30 patients who received a photosensibilizer session in a subtherapeutic dose followed by photoirradiation of high power (1.0 W), both clinically and morphologically complete regression was noted being justified from both treatment and financial point of view. In the post-procedural period, all patients who were treated with PDT are recommended to: observe the light regime for 3-4 days; adequate pain relief use; hygiene; sexual rest; local treatment. Conclusions. The real advantage of photodynamic therapy associated with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is its ability to treat the multifocal disease with minimal tissue destruction, preservation of the vulva anatomy and excellent cosmetic results. These properties confirm the photodynamic therapy to be an effective method in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia treatment.

The need and willingness to change motivates decision-makers and practitioners in the UK to take decisive integrationoriented measures. The country has never succeeded in developing its own original policy in this area. The first steps were taken in 2004 with the publication of the Indicators of Integration, but it was onlyin recent years that work on integration management has been intensified. There is a clear departure from focusing on individual aspects of integration and implementing a problem management system in a broader context. This is reflected in the publication of the Home Office Indicators for Integration framework (2019). The document is based on the 2004 version, but presents it in terms of the Theory of Change, which was adopted as the basis for designing and verifying the integration process in the UK. The aim of the paperis to compare the Integration Indicators of 2004 with the new version in order to identify the progress of work on the integration system and the change in the approach to the problem.

PurposeIn the automotive industry, the high process complexity becomes an important issue because of the increased number of product and process variants demanded by the customers. To avoid quality defects in assembly and losses in such a complex manufacturing environment, new predictive support systems are required. This study aims to develop a multiple attribute decision support system (DSS) for the prediction and quantification of the risk of failures on the workstations of a leading Turkish automotive manufacturing company.Design/methodology/approachInitially, the factors affecting the failures in workstations and the attributes to evaluate the factors are identified. Subsequently, the relations among the attributes are specified and priorities of them are calculated. Finally, the risk of failures is calculated and tested in a pilot study and validated with real production data.FindingsTo the best of authors’ knowledge, this is a unique study that computes the risk scores on the workstations via DSS. The DSS has various advantages for improvements of the manufacturing quality: the risk of failures can be detectable and comparable, the effect of changes in the design of new workstations can be observed. Stations that have medium or high complexity scores demonstrated strong correlation with failure rates. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to predict the effect of improvement actions on the riskiness of the workstations.Originality/valueHigh level of production complexity becomes a crucial issue for companies that use various production processes. Considering this fact, it is a requirement for companies to observe and monitor the risk factors, especially in the assembly lines to be able to eliminate failures derived from complexity. Accordingly, to measure risk scores of the workstations in the assembly lines, a decision support for companies aids executives to manage the complexity level in a reliable and effective way. In this study, the authors develop such a DSS for TOFAS, a leading Turkish automotive company. The proposed DSS is verified and applied through a pilot study on a specific basic production unit. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to see the effects of potential improvements on the risk scores. Additionally, the trend of risk scores for the stations can also give valuable information for tracing the changes in the time horizon. The proposed DSS also enables an opportunity for the executives in their decision of design processes of new production lines by allocating limited resources in an appropriate way based on the risk scores of possible workstations. The proposed DSS is the first and unique proactive failure prevention model developed in a Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) plant across the world. TOFAS executives also plan to introduce and enlarge the usage of the model to other FCA plants. It may also be possible to apply the model to other assembly lines in any sector. Another plan of the executives of TOFAS is developing a software, which manages each parameter, to constitute data to the DSS to run this system more instantly and effectively. Moreover, they can take integration actions of the software with world-class manufacturing problem management system that is currently in use in TOFAS.

The paper mirrors the rising maturity of systems thought and Systems language in managerial decision-makiııg or problem management. It is based upon the assumption that building blocks of reality are not parts but ıvholes—systems in which ill-structured and systemic problems having social and behavioral aspects and interdependeııcy cannot be worked out w'ıth the mettıods and techııiques of reductionist positivist Science. They require better-equipped ‘holism ’ to deal with. In this regard, systems thought and systems language play a significant role as a unified approach to problem management It emphasizes the complementary role of various systems metaphors and systems methodologies in managerial decision- making and liberates the consciousness of managers/problem- solvers/decision-makers to cope with organizational issues through systems idea.

IT service operation management has an important role in supporting the effectiveness and alignment of various IT service processes in an organization. We choose The National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BPN RI) as an object of our research, because BPN RI is a provider of public services. BPN RI must maintain the operational quality of its services. However, the handling of service issues in the helpdesk system has several problems: incident accumulation, length of time handling and provision of solutions that often do not hit the right targets leads to a decrease in service quality and hampered business process continuity. This study aims to evaluate IT Service Operation in BPN RI help desk system to find out gap and then give recommendation of IT Service Operation management based on ITIL V3 best practice focusing on incident management process and problem management. The recommendation can be a best practice for another organization that provide public services too. The research method uses the P-D-C-A cycle, starting from the Check stage, Act, then Plan to know the condition of IT service operation, perform the analysis, and plan the recommendation. The result of the evaluation are the absence of standard operational procedures and many incompatibilities of incident and problem management process. The recommendations after analysis of IT Services operation are among other things is to create an automated detection and create a problem record to directly detect the possibility of recurring incidents to minimize the buildup of problems.

A medication-focused review of older patients in the emergency department is important in identifying medication-related problems, differential diagnoses, and associated complications. With rapid triage, assessment, and diagnosis, the emergency department is inherently an area of empirical prescribing. Emergency department pharmacists are uniquely placed to review patients on presentation with a focus on both acute problem management and identifying and addressing long-standing medication issues.

Service quality is a measurement from users’ hope to the company in fulfilling their needs and desires also service delivery accuracy. Technology and information services can help the company in supporting the company’s business operations. Therefore, the company needs to apply ITSM (Information Technology Service Management) as an operational approach of technology and information services to keep the service quality in the company. The framework that is focusing on providing technology and information services which can be used as a guide is the ITIL framework (Information Technology Infrastructure Library). This research is conducted at PT Pertamina (Persero). The research is conducted using the 2011 ITIL framework on Domain Service Operation with 5 processes in it which are Incident Management, Request Fulfillment, Event Management, Access Management, and Problem Management. The methods that are used in this research are interview and questionnaires. This research is conducted based on research steps by Gallegos 2008, which consist of 5 steps such as the planning, the field checking, the report, and the follow-up. Based on the research conducted there are three processes that are stopped at level 1 which is Incident Management with score 62.54%, Problem Management with score 79.08% and Request Fulfillment with score 81.09%. Meanwhile, on the Access Management process achieve 86.00% and Access Management is stopped at level 2 with score 77,23%.

Information Technology governance (IT Governance) in the world of education is quite widely used including in Indonesia itself, for example at some educational institutes. The ITIL framework, used as a tool for evaluation, audit and also as a reference implementation. To help improve the Universitas Multimedia Nusantara (UMN) IT service in the service operation section, it is necessary to know the maturity level of the service, which is then done through the measurement of maturity level in the service operation section. In addition, the measurement results obtained can be used to produce the right recommendations with the problems found in the service. Measurements are made on the domain service operation which is the focus of UMN's IT department services. Service Operation has 5 indicators: incident management, problem management, access management, event management and request fulfillment. In this research, the framework used is ITIL Version 2011. The result of this measurement has been found: incident management, problem management, event management and request fulfillment get the result of measurement at level 1 and access management up to level 2. The result of measurement and recommendation given is expected to be input material and become development material that can be used by the IT department of Universitas Multimedia Nusantara.

This research intends to analyze the maturity level of IT infrastructure among Local Colleges and Universities (LUCs) in Laguna, Philippines. It aims: 1) to identify the IT infrastructures utilized in LUCs specifically the hardware, software, network, and peopleware; 2) to determine the maturity level of IT infrastructure in LUCs in terms of incident management, request fulfillment management, and problem management, and; 3) to devise a framework that will assist these LUCs to improve and sustain their IT infrastructures. The study utilized quantitative research design and established criteria among intended LUCs. With IT infrastructures' maturity level, most LUCs indicated Level 1, interpreted as “Initial” which revealed that there are IT processes that needs to be documented. These findings serve as the input to Technology Management (TM) framework that can be used to improve and sustain their IT infrastructure. The said framework provides a concrete plan to ensure that IT infrastructure is well managed and will not lead to wastage.

Critical Knowledge (CK) is critical knowledge to ensure the continuous successful innovation activity of an organization. In this paper, using the example of a software development project for a spacecraft (SC) in the organization of the rocket and space industry, we consider the factors that impede the creation of CK and the options for overcoming them. It is shown that the creation and management of the CK in the spacecraft software development project has a significant positive impact on the continuity and innovative nature of project activities and for the organization as a whole. Creation of CK during the development of spacecraft software is most effective at the preliminary stage in the formation of the structure, interfaces and technologies for creating programs, as well as upon completion of the project at the stage of "debriefing". To create and save new CK in the knowledge management system (KMS) in the process of work on the project, expert communities are involved using process analogues Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL): Incident management and Problem management. The quality of the information security (IS) management system (MS) has a great influence on the effective operation of the KMS. Recommendations for the organization of knowledge and automated functions of the ISMS are presented. The example of a spacecraft software development project shows the advantages of a center-up-down management model for creating CK in terms of improving the continuity and innovativeness of activities in the spacecraft software project and the organization as a whole.

The engineering profession is often defined by the phrase ‘engineers are problem solvers.’ This is so common that it has become a normative ontology for engineers. We dispute the view that engineers are normatively problem solvers. We do agree that much of what engineers do can be considered problem solving but it is an insufficient characterization of the profession. Stated quite simply, if engineers solved problems, they would go away but clearly the areas engineering addresses continue to be issues long after they are ‘solved.’ Instead, engineers should focus on the management of challenges because as complex social systems evolve, the technological response must evolve, as well.

The Community Service program entitled The Improvement of Bepang Cake Quality Production and Marketing is focused on 4 main activities, namely (1) counseling on institutional strengthening and group members as partners, (2) counseling on dialogue strategies to equalize perceptions, (3) training on management map preparation Bepang cake product development problems, and (4) training on the preparation of a roadmap for the management of problems developing Bepang cake products in order to improve product quality. These activities are aimed at (1) identifying and managing problems related to institutions and partner group members, (2) providing knowledge / insights about common perceptions strategies, in order to reach an agreement between institutional leaders and members regarding the management of institutional problems and members. , as well as improving the quality and marketing of Bepang cakes, (3) providing knowledge / insights to partners on how to manage group problems, in the form of problem management maps, and (4) roadmaps for implementing institutional and member strengthening programs, as well as quality improvement programs. and product marketing to provide clear directions for program implementation, carry out assistance, monitor and evaluate work processes and results. The final goal is to empower members of partner organizations / groups to resume business, improve the quality of production and marketing of Bepang cakes. Specific targets are (1) the spirit of group members' efforts to revive, (2) quality products, (3) varied flavors, (4) attractive packaging, (5) favorable prices, (6) independence and responsibility in doing business. . The method used is the lecture method, participatory method. The results are as follows: Phase I, institutional strengthening of group members (LM3) through counseling activities on management systems, training as a basis for being able to produce outputs as intellectual property rights how to seek innovations to increase the quality of Bepang cake production, including Industrial product design (draft ) so that it is feasible to sell at a higher price and how to independently break through the accessibility of marketing at the national, even global level. The second stage is evaluating the results of work in developing the processing of Cakes Bepang products that are of higher quality and accompanying the search for marketing accessibility. The 3rd stage, improving the quality of Industrial product design technology, so that it is feasible to sell at a higher price and how to independently break through better marketing accessibility at the national and global levels

Background Common mental health problems are prevalent among refugee minors and impair their daily functioning. Due to various barriers such as lack of culturally appropriate treatments, waiting lists, and stigma they have limited access to care. Problem Management Plus (PM+) was developed by the World Health Organization to address these barriers. PM+ is transdiagnostic, delivered by non-professional helpers, and consists of 5 sessions of problem-solving skills, behavioural activation and stress management. PM+ is effective in reducing adults' distress and improve functioning. We aimed to adapt PM+ for refugee minors and add an emotional processing module to target symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Methods We culturally and contextually adapted PM+ for use in Syrian, Eritrean and Afghan refugee minors (age 16-18 years). Data were collected through: 1) free list interviews with Syrian, Eritrean and Afghan refugee minors (n = 30), 2) key informant interviews with knowledgeable refugees (n = 6), professionals (n = 6), policy makers (n = 6) and 3) focus group discussions (n = 24). Data were analysed in ATLAS.ti through inductive and deductive framework analysis. Results The interviews with youth revealed daily life problems around the following themes: language, family and peers, and substance use. The overall results suggested the need for culture- and age-specific adaptations of 1) the PM+ manual content (language, metaphors, illustrations) and 2) intervention delivery (modality, content and presentation of the trauma processing module, and duration). Conclusions This study led to specific adaptations of PM+ for refugee adolescents to be used in two randomized controlled trials in the Netherlands and Sweden. Key message Refugee minors face numerous barriers reaching mental health care. Scalable, culturally adapted psychological interventions should be developed and evaluated to address common mental disorders in refugee youth.

In programming courses, a good learning platform can reduce the teaching loads and improve the program learning efficiency. Currently, there are many online judge systems on the internet. These systems can automatically check the correctness of the programs submitted by a user, which is very helpful for program learning. However, most of the systems are designed specifically to solve programming problems, not for classroom instruction. After several years of teaching, we decided to design an online platform that is more suitable for our programming courses. The designed platform not only be able to check the correctness of the submitted codes, but also provides some features for teaching, including course management, student management, and problem management. In addition, it can check the format of the submitted code and provide feedback to help students develop a good coding habit. It also provides teachers with software broadcast function, and statistical data to examine the class learning performance. After a semester of testing, we did find that the platform is a very useful teaching tool.

Background The crisis in Syria has caused millions of Syrians to seek refuge in neighboring countries and Europe. Refugees often experience war related traumatic events and other various adversities during war and flight. These traumatic events increase the risk for common mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder and related somatic symptoms compared to that of host populations. However, despite the high prevalence rates of mental health disorders, refugees' access to mental health services are low. As a public health priority, it is essential to address the mental health needs of refugees. The World Health Organization has developed evidence-based short psychosocial interventions to bridge this gap and Problem Management Plus (PM+) is one of them. PM+ is under investigation within the STRENGTHS project and in Turkey, which is a partner country to the project, the group version of the intervention has been implemented with Syrian refugees. This presentation will provide an overview of the pilot study in Turkey. Methods A randomized controlled trial with 46 Syrian refugees in a community sample was conducted. Participants with elevated levels of distress measured by Kessler 10 (K10 > 15) and self-reported functional impairment (WHODAS 2.0 > 16) were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio either to Group PM + (N= 24) or enhanced care as usual (E-CAU, N = 22). Results No adverse events were reported during the trial and assessments. There was no significant difference between control and experiment group with respect to anxiety (d = .14, p=.63), depression (d = .27, p=.36) and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (d = .18, p=.55) at 3 months follow-up. The main trial will be conducted with a larger sample (N = 380) to detect any significant effect and provide more generalizable results. Conclusions The challenges of implementation of group PM+ in a community sample of Syrian refugees in Turkey will be discussed.

Background Refugees are at considerable risk to develop common mental disorders and related somatic health symptoms. In order to meet the mental health needs of individuals affected by crisis worldwide, the World Health Organization has developed a set of transdiagnostic low-intensity psychological interventions. These interventions, including Problem Management Plus (PM+) and its variants, are delivered by trained non-professional counsellors under supervision of local clinicians. The EU H2020 STRENGTHS project evaluates the effectiveness of these interventions across refugee settings in Europe and the Middle East. This presentation will present the results of a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) on individual PM+ in the Netherlands. Methods Syrian refugees (N = 60) with elevated levels of psychological distress (10 item-Kessler Psychological Distress Scale >15) and impaired daily functioning (WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 >16) were randomized into PM + (N=30)) or care-as-usual control (CAU; N = 30). The main outcomes were symptoms of depression and anxiety at 3 months. Secondary outcomes were functioning, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, service utilisation and health costs. Results At 3 months follow-up, the PM+ group had significantly lower scores than control for depression (d=.52?) and anxiety (d=.48), symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (d=.66, p = .006?), functional impairment (d=.73, p = .009) and self-identified problems (d=.81, p = .005). PM+ potentially may be cost effective with an ICER of €5,047, (95% CI €0, €19773) per additional recovery achieved. Conclusions PM+ delivered by non-specialist peer-refugee helpers has the potential be effective in reducing depression, anxiety, improving functioning, and reducing health costs. Larger RCTs on the effects of PM+ are currently conducted within the EU STRENGTHS project.

Decision-making during critical outbreak management may require standard strategies, but also more creative ones. Our goal was to characterize the expert decision processes that take place during critical situations, where rule-based strategies and usual procedures cannot be satisfactorily applied. More specifically, we focused on the strategies experts use to deal with epidemiological problems, depending on the complexity of the situation. To this end, we carried out a simulated outbreak alert, to place two experts in a situation of epidemiological problem management, based on usual practice but also conducive to implementing creative solutions. To analyze the data, we considered not only the relevance of the solutions proposed by the experts, but also the four creativity criteria defined by Torrance (fluency, flexibility, elaboration and originality). Results allowed us to identify similarities but also differences between the solutions proposed by the experts, depending on their level of experience in this area.

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the use of computational intelligence algorithms for solving a special class of combinatorial optimization problems in transportation science called routing problems. Classical routing problems, such as the Traveling Salesman Problem and the Vehicle Routing Problem, as well as highly relevant extensions of classical routing problems like Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Inventory Routing Problem have received a great deal of attention from academics, consultants and practitioners in the field of Supply Chain Management. The contribution of this study is fourfold: (i) it provides a comprehensive review of various solution algorithms that have been proposed in literature as possible solutions to many of the complex issues surrounding routing problem management, (ii) it presents formulation schemes related to basic routing problems and their extensions, (iii) it promotes the use of selected computational algorithms called meta-heuristics and sim-heuristics by providing various graphical presentation formats so as to simplify complicated issues and convey meaningful insights into the routing problems and (iv) it points out interesting research directions for further development in routing problems.

Objectives - to make an assessment of the actual situation in the population ageing process and to define its tendency. Material and methods. The classification characteristics are defined based on the calculation on the elderly people ratio to the total number of people. The structure of the international ranking is presented. The modern approach such as a prospective age was the basis of the ageing evaluation. The point of analysis was the ageing tendency in the Samara region population in the 20th century, observing its range and structure marks, the degree according to the ageing index. Results. The prognostic ageing values of the 2010 year for the period till 2031were corrected. The escalation of the eldest population group in the nearest future was decisively proved. The further interdisciplinary problem management was stated to be focused on, as the elderly people are crucially dependent on the just-in-time and full-range healthcare services supported by the social adaptation.

The concept of maintaining or enhancing chemical process safety encompasses a broad set of considerations which stem from management/company culture, operator procedures, and engineering designs, and are meant to prevent incidents at chemical plants. The features of a plant design that take action to prevent incidents on a moment-by-moment basis are the control system and the safety system (i.e., the alarm system, safety instrumented system, and safety relief system). Though the control and safety systems have a common goal in this regard, coordination between them has been minimal. One impediment to such an integrated control-safety system design is that the traditional industrial approach to safety focuses on root causes of incidents and on keeping individual measured variables within recommended ranges, rather than seeking to understand incidents from a more fundamental perspective as the result of the dynamic process state evolving to a value at which consequences to humans and the environment occur. This work reviews the state of the art in control system designs that incorporate explicit safety considerations in the sense that they have constraints designed to prevent the process state from taking values at which incidents can occur and in the sense that they are coordinated with the safety system. The intent of this tutorial is to unify recent developments in this area and to encourage further research by showcasing that the topic, though critical for safe operation of chemical processes particularly as we move to more tightly integrated and economics-focused operating strategies, is in its infancy and that many open questions remain.

In the process of finding the truth, factual information is needed, starting from simple methods such as good time management in reading, listening and asking questions, until complex ways of research. So, researchers must understand what types of research can be used as references, to facilitate researchers in doing problem management properly, the results of which are able to solve problems and obtain factual information. This paper describes 7 (seven) different types of research, there are research based on approaches, functions, purpose, characteristics, problem characteristics, research process, and measurement techniques and data analysis. The explanation’s purpose of the variety of research is to provide insight into the management of the problems that occur with the planning carried out by the researcher, especially in terms of literature, so that before considering various stages of planning and doing research, researchers can also consider the main features of certain forms of research that are well compiled and reported. So, problem management can be done as well as possible to produce valid steps in solving problems. Keywords : Variety of Research, Literature, Factual Information, Problem Management

For effective and efficient learning to occur from safety incidents, certain factors and conditions related to the organisation, the actors or agents of learning, the learning process and the incidents themselves must be considered. Learning from incidents is not automatic and requires conscious and systematic steps to ensure it happens. Retaining the lessons learnt in the organisational memory to ensure continuous usage during the lifetime of the organisation is critical because personnel and learning agents change. To understand where breakdowns in learning from incidents are occurring, a bowtie analysis was used to organise the literature on failure to learn from safety incidents in a way that informs researchers and practitioners of priority areas. Additionally, the analysis aimed to test the validity of the bowtie method to filter failure to learn literature to identify key areas that could maximise learning. Using the bowtie analysis method led to the grouping of the issues identified in the literature on learning from safety incidents into three themes, namely, threats to failure to learn, consequences of failure to learn, and controls for overcoming failure to learn. This approach allows a summary representation of how and why failure to learn continues to occur together with potential practical strategies on how to overcome failure.

IntroductionEvidence-based low-intensity psychological interventions such as Problem Management Plus (PM+) have the potential to expand treatment access for depression and anxiety, yet these interventions are not yet effectively implemented in rural, public health systems in resource-limited settings. In 2017, Partners In Health adapted PM+ for delivery by primary care nurses in rural Rwanda and began integrating PM+ into health centres in collaboration with the Rwandan Ministry of Health, using established implementation strategies for mental health integration into primary care (Mentoring and Enhanced Supervision at Health Centers for Mental Health (MESH MH)). A gap in the evidence regarding whether low-intensity psychological interventions can be successfully integrated into real-world primary care settings and improve outcomes for common mental disorders remains. In this study, we will rigorously evaluate the delivery of PM+ by primary care nurses, supported by MESH MH, as it is scaled across one rural district in Rwanda.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation study to test the clinical outcomes of routinely delivered PM+ and to describe the implementation of PM+ at health centres. To study the clinical effectiveness of PM+, we will use a pragmatic, randomised multiple baseline design to determine whether participants experience improvement in depression symptoms (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and functioning (measured by the WHO-Disability Assessment Scale Brief 2.0) after receiving PM+. We will employ quantitative and qualitative methods to describe and evaluate PM+ implementation outcomes using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework, using routinely collected programme data and semistructured interviews.Ethics and disseminationThis evaluation was approved by the Rwanda National Ethics Committee (Protocol #196/RNEC/2019) and deemed exempt by the Harvard University Institutional Review Board. The results from this evaluation will be useful for health systems planners and policy-makers working to translate the evidence base for low-intensity psychological interventions into practice.

Background Since the creation of the problem-oriented medical record, the building of problem lists has been the focus of many studies. To date, this issue is not well resolved, and building an appropriate contextualized problem list is still a challenge. Objective This paper aims to present the process of building a shared multipurpose common problem list at the Geneva University Hospitals. This list aims to bridge the gap between clinicians’ language expressed in free text and secondary uses requiring structured information. Methods We focused on the needs of clinicians by building a list of uniquely identified expressions to support their daily activities. In the second stage, these expressions were connected to additional information to build a complex graph of information. A list of 45,946 expressions manually extracted from clinical documents was manually curated and encoded in multiple semantic dimensions, such as International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision; International Classification of Primary Care 2nd edition; Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms; or dimensions dictated by specific usages, such as identifying expressions specific to a domain, a gender, or an intervention. The list was progressively deployed for clinicians with an iterative process of quality control, maintenance, and improvements, including the addition of new expressions or dimensions for specific needs. The problem management of the electronic health record allowed the measurement and correction of encoding based on real-world use. Results The list was deployed in production in January 2017 and was regularly updated and deployed in new divisions of the hospital. Over 4 years, 684,102 problems were created using the list. The proportion of free-text entries decreased progressively from 37.47% (8321/22,206) in December 2017 to 18.38% (4547/24,738) in December 2020. In the last version of the list, over 14 dimensions were mapped to expressions, among which 5 were international classifications and 8 were other classifications for specific uses. The list became a central axis in the electronic health record, being used for many different purposes linked to care, such as surgical planning or emergency wards, or in research, for various predictions using machine learning techniques. Conclusions This study breaks with common approaches primarily by focusing on real clinicians’ language when expressing patients’ problems and secondarily by mapping whatever is required, including controlled vocabularies to answer specific needs. This approach improves the quality of the expression of patients’ problems while allowing the building of as many structured dimensions as needed to convey semantics according to specific contexts. The method is shown to be scalable, sustainable, and efficient at hiding the complexity of semantics or the burden of constraint-structured problem list entry for clinicians. Ongoing work is analyzing the impact of this approach on how clinicians express patients’ problems.

The safety record of the international merchant shipping industry has shown a continual improvement for a prolonged period due to its ability to learn from incidents and prevent recurrence; through training, education, technology development and regulatory change. However, the annual rate of ship losses has remained relatively unchanged in recent years. The industry has become accustomed to a safety regulatory regime based heavily on embedding lessons from incidents. That regime has served it well for more than a century but the industry is experiencing rapid change, which presents a challenge to this approach.This paper reviews the development of the maritime safety regulatory regime and the 'proof of need' attitude to new regulations that has been created. Regulators face challenges with changes in both technology and the operational model and the paper discusses these in the context of the desire to prevent future casualties without waiting for incidents. As future societal demands lead to the introduction of novel technology in order to solve massive challenges such as climate change the risks of incidents are likely to increase. The conclusion reached is that the industry has a strong culture based on a backward-facing approach to learning from incidents but to maintain a continual improvement in safety it has to adopt a forward-facing approach of similar rigour, using some form of 'learning without the incidents'. A way forward is postulated where 'synthetic lessons' from simulated incidents that have not actually happened are 'learned' and accepted as justification within the safety regulatory regime.

The Millennial generation is usually delimited to western people born between 1980 and 1999 (figures may vary depending on the study). Millennial generation is entering the work labor force worldwide and this has made them extensively studied. This generation has common characteristics between its members worldwide, and those may create a "generation gap" between them and previous generations in many aspects. In the nuclear industry, this gap may be slightly dangerous given that the mayor NPPs projects, and consequently job-hiring, occurred in the late 70’s and early 80’s and at the writing date of this paper, a transition is happening whereas experienced nuclear industry workers are retiring and being replaced with Millennials. Said so, strong and valid conclusions about the hazards of the generation gap are still under discussion, as well as the possibility that the differences between generations are indeed exaggerated. It is however clear that, even if generation differences are not so remarkable, work conflicts with Millennials will arise if there are misguided expectations about them. In this work, an attempt to clarify these discussions will be made. In addition, a summary of interviews and conversations with CEOs of the nuclear industry will be presented, in order to observe if their expectations on Millennials are aligned with their common aptitudes or not. Moreover a survey concerning different problem management situations will be showed. In this survey several work-problems on different topics (work-life balance, success, working hours vs. objectives...etc.) are presented; Millennials are expected to answer truly, and CEOs were told to answer what they consider an ideal young employee should do. Conclusions on the study will try to fill the gap of the generation gap with information about the topics on which differences are insignificant, and those in which agreement should be found between parts.

This study aimed to describe the process of implementation, knowing the results of learning, find problems, and find solutions for the improvement of educational qualification improvement program S1 for Madrasa teachers and PAI (Islamic Education) teachers through dual mode system in Tarbiya and Teaching Faculty of UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.This research is a qualitative descriptive study, the subject of research, program managers, lecturers, and students participating in the Dual Mode System Program. Data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis using inductively mindset.Results show that: 1). The process of implementation of the program for the improvement of educational qualifications S1 Madrasah teachers and PAI teachers through a dual mode system in Tarbiya and Teaching Faculty of UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, has been performing well, with reference to the established regulations; 2). Learning outcomes 80% categorized as very satisfactory, and 20%, satisfactory; 3). Problem Management covers eight aspects, namely the curriculum, learning, student recruitment, system conversion, distribution module, LPTKs relationships with partners, completion of thesis, and quality assurance. 4). The suggested solution is the improvement of curriculum and learning, new student recruitment system, conversion, distribution module, the system of cooperation with LPTKs Partners, and improvement of quality assurance commitment.

As academic and practitioner studies on crowdsourcing have been building up since 2006, the subject itself has progressively gained in importance within the broad field of management. No systematic review on the topic has so far appeared in management journals, however; moreover, the field suffers from ambiguity in the topic's definition, which in turn has led to its largely unstructured evolution. The authors therefore investigate the existing body of knowledge on crowdsourcing systematically through a penetrating review in which the strengths and weakness of this literature stream are presented clearly and then future avenues of research are set out. The review is based on 121 scientific articles published between January 2006 and January 2015. The review recognizes that crowdsourcing is ingrained in two mainstream disciplines within the broader subject matter of innovation and management: (1) open innovation; and (2) co-creation. The review, in addition, also touches on several issues covered in other theoretical streams: (3) information systems management; (4) organizational theory and design; (5) marketing; and (6) strategy. The authors adopt a process perspective, applying the ‘Input–Process–Output’ framework to interpret research on crowdsourcing within the broad lines of: (1) Input (Problem/Task); (2) Process (session management; problem management; knowledge management; technology); and (3) Outcome (solution/completed task; seekers’ benefits; solvers’ benefits). This framework provides a detailed description of how the topic has evolved over time, and suggestions concerning the future direction of research are proposed in the form of research questions that are valuable for both academics and managers.

Bug tracking systems manage bug reports for assuring the quality of software products. A bug report (alsoreferred as trouble, problem, ticket or defect) contains several features for problem management and resolution purposes. Severity and priority are two essential features of a bug report that define the effect level and fixing order of the bug. Determining these features is challenging and depends heavily on human being, e.g., software developers or system operators, especially for assessing a large number of error and warning events occurring on software products or network services. This study first proposes a comparison of machine learning techniques for assessing severity and priority for software bug reports and then chooses an approach of using optimal decision trees, or random forest, for further investigation. This approach aims at constructing multiple decision trees based on the subsets of the existing bug dataset and features, and then selecting the best decision trees to assess the severity and priority of new bugs. The approach can be applied for detecting and forecasting faults in large, complex communication networks and distributed systems today. We have presented the applicability of random forest for bug report analysis and performed several experiments on software bug datasets obtained from open source bug tracking systems. Random forest yields an average accuracy score of 0.75 that can be sufficient for assisting system operators in determining these features. We have provided some analysis of the experimental results.

IT Service Management System is an application to implement and manage Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) best practices framework. This framework aims to align the IT services with the business needs by insuring the quality of services provided to business. This IT service Management system links people, processes and technology within the Central Bank of Sudan as the main site of the project. The Central Bank of Sudan is the main bank that governs Sudan's banks rules and regulations. The bank was formed in 1960 with headquarters located in the Khartoum capital of Sudan in addition to eighteen (18) branches spread throughout the country. The Information Technology Administration within the Central Bank of Sudan manage and operate the IT infrastructure that host and support all systems that used internally and for external banks. The objective of this study focused on finding IT service management system that can support international IT service management platform that can apply ITIL standard processes like Incident Management, Service Request Management, Problem Management, Change Request Management, Configuration Management Database and Knowledge Management. The methodology used in this system is the Rapid Application Development (RAD), a condensed development process that produces a high quality system with low investment costs. The proposed system went through to alpha, beta and acceptability tests by IT development team first and second line of support agents to ensure proper module functionality with favorable results. The study concluded in align services provided by the Information system department with business need through manageable and controllable standard. As a recommendation, the system should be implemented at the Central Bank of Sudan. More integrations and benchmarking must be done to ensure modules functionalities and higher security. The system can be the first step to take ISO20000 certificate as it covers many of IS020000 requirements

BackgroundMany studies identify factors that contribute to renal prescribing errors, but few examine how healthcare professionals (HCPs) detect and recover from an error or potential patient safety concern. Knowledge of this information could inform advanced error detection systems and decision support tools that help prevent prescribing errors.ObjectiveTo examine the cognitive strategies that HCPs used to recognise and manage medication-related problems for patients with renal insufficiency.DesignHCPs submitted documentation about medication-related incidents. We then conducted cognitive task analysis interviews. Qualitative data were analysed inductively.SettingInpatient and outpatient facilities at a major US Veterans Affairs Medical Centre.ParticipantsPhysicians, nurses and pharmacists who took action to prevent or resolve a renal-drug problem in patients with renal insufficiency.OutcomesEmergent themes from interviews, as related to recognition of renal-drug problems and decision-making processes.ResultsWe interviewed 20 HCPs. Results yielded a descriptive model of the decision-making process, comprised of three main stages: detect, gather information and act. These stages often followed a cyclical path due largely to the gradual decline of patients’ renal function. Most HCPs relied on being vigilant to detect patients’ renal-drug problems rather than relying on systems to detect unanticipated cues. At each stage, HCPs relied on different cognitive cues depending on medication type: for renally eliminated medications, HCPs focused on gathering renal dosing guidelines, while for nephrotoxic medications, HCPs investigated the need for particular medication therapy, and if warranted, safer alternatives.ConclusionsOur model is useful for trainees so they can gain familiarity with managing renal-drug problems. Based on findings, improvements are warranted for three aspects of healthcare systems: (1) supporting the cyclical nature of renal-drug problem management via longitudinal tracking mechanisms, (2) providing tools to alleviate HCPs’ heavy reliance on vigilance and (3) supporting HCPs’ different decision-making needs for renally eliminated versus nephrotoxic medications.

In visual distance education, online classroom education mode is the latest form, which requires the use of digital technology, Internet technology, so as to be able to develop. The traditional form of education is classroom education in which teachers teach the content of class textbooks. This kind of teaching method can make students simply feel bored in the learning content, and they are always not interested in learning. In the process of learning, due to the lack of initiative, the content is only blindly accepted, but not understood. This situation seriously affects the possibility of students’ autonomous learning. Moreover, due to the continuous development of the Internet, the embedded system has gradually become mature, and now has been favored by many industries, especially in the Internet of things, in order to improve the front-end equipment of the Internet of things, and help to obtain and identify information in a short time. The development of software system based on new technology of embedded devices further promotes the development of Internet of things and the application in many fields. The development scale of embedded software is more and more large and complex, which brings a lot of problems to the past embedded software testing. Through the in-depth research and analysis of the Internet of things and embedded software system, combined with the development trend and research hotspot of visual distance education, the theory and practicality, Internet of things and embedded software related to the research field are combined with engineering design, system design, theme design and system design. This paper introduces the test problem management, online testing and other functional methods. Finally, this paper analyzes the problems in the development and application of network education platform, so as to further promote the sustainable development of visual distance education platform.

Since the beginning of the Syrian conflict, the impact on the local population has rapidly increased, with severe consequent displacement to neighbouring countries (such as Turkey), material losses and psychological damage due to witnessing death, torture, physical and psychological abuse or surviving it, including high levels of gender-based violence. At the same time, available resources to aid impacted communities have not come close to matching need. To respond to this urgent need, the INSAN Psychosocial Support Centre in Istanbul, Turkey initiated the Safety Spark project as a capacity building project with 20 refugee gender-based violence survivors to be trained in Problem Management Plus. This is “a psychological intervention that aims to improve mental health, functioning and psychosocial wellbeing of adults” and thereafter to provide mental health and psychosocial support to other women survivors, thereby increasing the capacity of the community to heal itself. However, right after training, but 2 weeks before implementation sessions began, the onslaught of the coronavirus disease 2019 reached Turkey, making provision of traditional psychological support impossible. With the support of World Health Organization, an online training was added to the programme and survivors were taught to provide support remotely as well. The project is ongoing, and observed results appear to be promising. This field report provides an overview of the target population, procedures, settings and challenges faced during the training and implementation, solutions to overcome them and future recommendations.

The last thirty years of interest in an organizational crisis have prompted academics and practitioners in the field of management and communications to study crisis communications.Prevention of the crisis is aimed at avoiding negative resonance in the media; it reflects the communicative aspects of the crisis. We can argue that even one hour, lost in vain during the crisis, can be very expensive.An interest in solving of crisis situations has created a dozens of research findings and the best observations practice by academics and practitioners in the disciplines of management and communication. This interest has created a cottage industry for experts on management practices. It is even a key aspect of issues management in so far as issues leading to the crisis and crisis leading to the issues. The management reasoning for this interest is simple: the crisis costs money, which offers the incentive to avoid, mitigate, and respond in the best ways got protecting capital and human resources, and generically ‘reputation’, which may feature the essence of an effective crisis response. Damaged reputation can offend businesses’ customers, non-profit donors and legislators, who provide tax revenue for the government agencies. Thus, by whatever focus, the ultimate topic featured is the integrity and legitimacy of the organization, as managed resources, through various disciplines, including public relations. The author has made an analysis of investigations which has been conducted in a field of crisis communication.Crisis communication is a specific field of public relations research that continues to grow actively. It is safe to say that the theme of anti-crisis management has become dominant in public relations research. Soon, we will be able to observe the situation when crisis communication will become a practically independent branch of knowledge, minimally dependent on public relations. Crisis communication is inextricably linked with three other key PR spheres: risk communication, problem management and reputation management. Therefore, it is very important that this problem be investigated in a single context.

Traditional process mining techniques offer limited possibilities to analyze business processes working in low-predictable and dynamic environments. Recently, to close this gap, declarative process models have been introduced to represent process mining results since they allow for describing complex behaviors as a compact set of business rules. However, in this context, activities of a business process are still considered as atomic/instantaneous events. This is a strong limitation for these approaches because often, in realistic environments, process activities are not instantaneous but executed across a time interval and pass through a sequence of states of a lifecycle. This paper investigates how the existing techniques for the discovery of declarative process models can be adapted when the business process under analysis contains non-atomic activities. In particular, we base our proposed approach on the use of discriminative rule mining to determine how the characteristics of the activity lifecycles in a business process influence the validity of a business rule in that process. The approach has been implemented as a plug-in of the process mining tool ProM and validated on synthetic logs and on a real-life log recorded by an incident and problem management system called VINST in use at Volvo IT Belgium. HighlightsWe present an approach to discover declarative specifications from logs.The approach has a strong focus on activity lifecycles.The lifecycle identification can be FIFO-based or event correlation based.The approach is implemented as a ProM plug-in.The approach has been validated on synthetic logs and on a real-life log.

Process safety incidents have large consequences on people, community and environment; hence, it is important to have a learning organization to build on lessons learned from incidents both within and outside the organization. In this study, a web-based collection of process safety incidents is categorized and analyzed in a two-tiered manner to identify proximate causes. Further, a risk-based framework is used to determine deficiencies in the safety management systems. 96 incidents were collected and subjected to the analysis. Even though these incidents are from across the world, they are not statistically representative due to the lack of a universal database of process safety incidents. During the analysis, it was observed that 60% of the incidents resulted in explosions and 16% had equipment malfunction as a proximate cause. In addition, the analysis using the risk-based framework showed that incidents were influenced by a deficiency of safe work practices, operating procedures and conduct of operations. Future work in this area includes the development of tools for continuous monitoring of safety critical systems by leveraging lessons learned from previous incidents.

Traffic incidents can result in different kinds of hazards (e.g., plumes) that influence the status of road networks, therefore there is a great need for incident management in the presence of the hazards. When incidents occur, the created hazards not only affect the normal road users (make them detour or blocked), but also influence the movement of first responders. Traffic managers, who are responsible for maintaining the road safety and traffic stability, should carry out quick and effective measures to manage the incidents. In this paper, we present four issues to help people better understand the situations that could occur in the management of incidents with hazards: 1). Evacuation in the presence of hazards; 2). 3D incident management; 3). Navigation support for first responders; 4). Navigation support for road users. To address these issues, we propose a solution which combines agent technology, geo-database, hazard simulation, and traffic simulation. Further research would be needed to investigate the potentials of the proposed solution in real applications.

Many incidents have helped to define and develop process safety. Each has provided valuable learning opportunities. However, it is even more important to identify insights that can be obtained from an analysis of a large set of incidents that represents those that typically occur. This larger picture illuminates trends and commonalities and provides learning opportunities that are even more important than the causes of any one individual incident. The Chemical Safety Board has published the results of over 60 investigations of process safety incidents. These data have been analyzed to identify commonalities and trends so that measures to help protect against future incidents can be developed. Recommendations are made to address key issues identified.

Problems are ever-present in nearly all engineered systems. A Systems Engineering Problem Management Process SEPMP has been proposed, and this research presents empirical evidence to support its validity. In order to evaluate the SEPMP, which uses a risk management style matrix to monitor problem timeliness and impact, it is necessary to determine the importance of communicating these components of the SEPMP model. A correlation and regression analysis is employed using existing empirical problem data and an analysis including communication of impact and timeliness components as independent variables. The dependent variable is the effectiveness of problem management, modeled as a measurement of the problem timeliness, implemented process improvements, training completed, and process delay as a result of the problem. Communication of timeliness and communication of impact are demonstrated to be significantly predictive of effective problem management. Finally, a plan for continued research is presented, including suggested future analyses to include additional empirical research and case studies of the implementation of a comprehensive problem management process, all of which may encourage acceptance of the SEPMP as a standard systems engineering tool.