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This work was aimed to analyze metronidazole tablet for its properties by explaining the role of compaction and compression related to its process of manufacturing in round and oblong shape tablets. The desirable features of a tablet that includes a known value of hardness, friability, disintegration, weight variation and dissolution was carefully evaluated. The weight variation test performed on different days for round and oblong shape tablets. All tablets of round shape were within limits of +/- 5% (USP, BP) however some of oblong shape tablets deviating from +/-5% limit. The hardness and friability tests indicate that oblong shape tablets are more prone to breaking during handling and transportation while round shape tablets are well within limits of hardness and friability tests i.e. within 1% and 0.8% (USP, BP). The disintegration time of both round and oblong shape tablets are nearly same and within the limits. The dissolution profile of both round and oblong shape tablets were determined according to USP. The obtained dissolution profile of both shaped tablets were evaluated and compared using two different statistical methods, the fit factor (f1 and f2) and the dissolution efficiency (DE) model. The values obtained were 9 and 64 for f1 and f2 respectively. The DE was found to be 63 and 72 for round and oblong shape. The experimental findings showed that change in shape of tablet affect different physicochemical parameters. In addition, tablet shape enhances tablets mechanical properties, packaging, handling ease and the aesthetic appearance of the tablet.

Physico-chemical characteristics of waste, particularly fine fraction (FF), from an old crystal glass waste dump in Sweden were studied to assess recycling or disposal alternatives. Hand-sorting of the waste indicated glass content of 44.1% while sieving established the FF as a more soil-like mix of glass and other materials constituting 33.3% of all excavated waste. The FF was around neutral pH with 24.4% moisture content, low values of Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Organic Carbon and fluorides, but hazardous concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Zn according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. While the FF leached metals in low concentrations at neutral pH, it leached considerably during digestion with nitric acid, implying leaching risks at low pH. Thus, the waste requires safe storage in hazardous waste class ‘bank account’ storage cells to avoid environmental contamination as metal recovery and other recycling strategies for the glass waste are being developed. The study could fill the information gap regarding preservation of potential resources in the on-going, fast-paced excavation and re-landfilling of heavy metal contaminated materials in the region.

The objective of this paper is to study the efficacy of the extraction and isolation of natural toxic constituents present in some well known tree borne oil seeds for effective utilization in pesticide formulations. Neem seed kernels prior to their extraction for oil were pre treated in single stage with different solvents, viz., isopropanol, acetone and ethanol, in pure as well as in aqueous forms. The aqueous ethanol water ethanol 15 85 v v was also employed for three stage counter current pre treatment of neem seed kernels, which gave the best results. Further, development of safer pesticides from natural products has been necessitated due to the fact that synthetic organochlorine and organo phosphorus pesticides have created health hazards to mammals and have polluted the ecosystem. Rita Awasthi | Deepti Shikha "Solvent Extraction of Neem Oil from Neem Seed for Development of Ecofriendly Pesticides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21684.pdf

The mango has short postharvest shelf life which varies from 6 to 10 days at room temperature in its fresh form. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of usage of edible coatings based of cassava starch and chitosan on post-harvest shelf life of mango. Mangoes of Tommy Atkins variety were covered with nine different formulations of coatings in a factorial block experimental design. The fruits were stored at 25 °C and evaluated during storage for the weight loss (%), color parameters, sensory attributes evaluated by trained panel, the rate of CO2 production and microbiological contamination on the peels. Results analysed by linear regressions and ANOVA, demonstrated that chitosan showed significant effect on weight loss (%) and on values of L*, a*, b*, chroma, ºhue, peel color, texture, aroma and time which correlated well for suitability of fruit consumption. The formulation containing 0.25% of chitosan and 0.5% of cassava starch showed most favorable results as it presented a post-harvest shelf life of 3 days more than the control fruits and lower rates of CO2 production, showing that this coating actually decreased the rate of the respiratory processes of mango, without compromising the proper ripening of the fruit.

Grape pomace is one of the most abundant by-products generated from the wine industry. This by-product is a complex substrate consisted of polysaccharides, proanthocyanidins, acid pectic substances, structural proteins, lignin, and polyphenols. In an effort to valorize this material, the present study focused on the influence of extraction conditions on the yield and physico-chemical parameters of pectin. The following conditions, such as grape pomace variety (Fetească Neagră and Rară Neagră), acid type (citric, sulfuric, and nitric), particle size intervals (

The present study concerns on physicochemical monitoring of the water quality nature and the extent of pollution in lake due to idol immersion. Pre-immersion and post immersion samples were collected from lake and analyzed for various water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolve solid (TDS), total solid (TS) total suspended solid (TSS), conductivity phosphate, dissolved oxygen (DO), BOD, COD and oil & grease. The results were compared with standards prescribed by WHO and ISI. From the study, it has been found that the values of these parameters significantly increased during the immersion period and the declined in post immersion period. However the general trend observed was: immersion> Post immersion> pre immersion.The article focused on the main pollution which is caused by plaster of Paris idols and chemical paints by idol immersion during Ganesh festival.

Research Areas: Microbiology This research project aimed to investigate the physico-chemical, sensory, hygienic and safety characteristics of raw goat milk, whey, brine and traditional goat cheese during the ripening period of 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters included the determination of dry matter, fat, ash, protein, pH, water activity and NaCl content. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae and fungi was estimated on milk and cheese samples, and a sensory panel evaluated the products’ features and acceptability during ripening. The results show that the cheese under study belongs to the acid full-fat cheese group. A consumer panel attributed high scores to the goat cheese, until the 21st day of ripening. After this period, the overall features altered significantly, including augmented bitterness, odor intensification and the development of molds on the surface. The presence of fungi, associated with Enterobacteriaceae, suggests that the hygiene of the production processes needs to be improved. Regarding microbial safety, the detection of putative pathogens and antibiotic resistances recommend an active surveillance of traditional foods to avoid foodborne infections and/or the dissemination of resistant microorganisms along the food chain info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

During Pecorino Romano PDO cheese production, scotta (residual whey from ricotta cheese manufacturing) or siero (whey) can be integrated with autochthonous starters, natural and composed of an indefinite number of species and strains, or commercial selected starters to obtain scotta/siero-innesto. In this study, three biodiverse autochthonous natural starter cultures (SR30, SR56, and SR63) belonging to the Agris Sardegna BNSS microbial collection, composed of different strains belonging to the species Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Enterococcus faecium, and Limosilactobacillus reuteri were lyophilized and combined into two starter mixes (A and B). The scotta/siero-innesto and the Pecorino Romano obtained using natural starters were compared with those obtained using commercial selected starters during three seasons of the cheesemaking campaign. Different pH and microbial compositions for the scotta/siero-innesto obtained using natural or commercial starters were found, attributable to their different biodiversity. The six-month-ripened cheese microbiota was influenced mostly by the season of cheesemaking, whereas physico-chemical and sensory analyses did not highlight differences among the products obtained. In general, no effect attributable to the type of scotta/siero-innesto used was observed, allowing the conclusion that natural starter cultures can be used also in industrial-scale production, ensuring high stability in the technological performances and preserving the microbial, chemical, and sensory characteristics of Pecorino Romano PDO cheese.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of climatic conditions and their impact on seasonal variations of physico-chemical characteristics of Saanen goat milk produced over a period of 4 years. Lactation period (early, mid and late) and year were considered as factors that influence physico-chemical composition of milk. Pearson's coefficient of correlation was calculated between the physico-chemical characteristics of milk (fat, proteins, lactose, non-fat dry matter, density, freezing point, pH, titrable acidity) and climatic condition parameters (air temperature, temperature humidity index-THI, solar radiation duration, relative humidity). Results showed that all physico-chemical characteristics of Saanen goat milk varied significantly throughout the lactation period and years. The decrease of fat, protein, non-fat dry matter and lactose content in goat milk during the mid-lactation period was more pronounced than was previously reported in the literature. The highest values for these characteristics were recorded in the late lactation period. Observed variations were explained by negative correlation between THI and the physico-chemical characteristics of Saanen goat milk. This indicated that Saanen goats were very prone to heat stress, which implied the decrease of physico-chemical characteristics during hot summers.

This paper presents the research results aimed at the assessment of the impact of the group composition of Kazakhstan and West Siberian heavy vacuum distillate on the yield and composition of the catalytic cracking products. The laboratory research was performed to determine the physical and chemical characteristics and group composition of two samples of the heavy vacuum distillate of Kazakhstan and West Siberian oil. The patterns of changing yield of wet gas, light and heavy gas oil, coke, and gasoline depending on the composition of the feedstock were established using mathematical model of catalytic cracking.

Production of highly soluble date sugar powder from the nutritive date fruits will be a suitable and superior alternative to commercial refined sugar, providing sustainability in date palm cultivation. A good understanding of the nutritional and phytochemical composition of date fruits is imperative for this purpose. In this work, 11 different date fruit species commonly cultivated in the United Arab Emirates were studied for their chemical composition, physical properties, amino acids, minerals, and anti-nutritional contents. The results revealed that the date fruits contain moisture, protein, lipid, and ash content in the ranges of 14.8%&ndash, 20.5%, 2.19%&ndash, 3.12%, 0.25%&ndash, 0.51%, and 1.37%&ndash, 1.97%, respectively. Potassium was identified as the major microelement in all the date varieties. Amino acid assay depicted that the date fruits mainly contained glutamine and aspartic acids, along with other essential acids. Monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) were more prevalent in the date fruits than polysaccharides (sucrose), exhibiting the potential of date fruit for non-diabetic sugar production. Phytoconstituents present in date samples, such as flavonoids, oxalates, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and cyanides, were also evaluated and reported. Results showed that although all date fruit varieties were nutritious, they contain significant variation in their nutritional, physical, elemental, and phytochemical properties.

To obtain insight in translocation of nanoparticles across the placental barrier, translocation was studied for one positively and two negatively charged polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) of similar size in an in vitro model. The model consisted of BeWo b30 cells, derived from a human choriocarcinoma grown on a transwell insert forming a cell layer that separates an apical from a basolateral compartment. PS-NPs were characterized with respect to size, surface charge, morphology and protein corona. Translocation of PS-NPs was not related to PS-NP charge. Two PS-NPs were translocated across the BeWo transwell model to a lower extent than amoxicillin, a model compound known to be translocated over the placental barrier to only a limited extent, whereas one PS-NP showed a slightly higher translocation. Studies on the effect of transporter inhibitors on the translocation of the PS-NPs indicated that their translocation was not mediated by known transporters and mainly dependent on passive diffusion. It is concluded that the BeWo b30 model can be used as an efficient method to get an initial qualitative impression about the capacity of NPs to translocate across the placental barrier and set priorities in further in vivo studies on translocation of NPs to the fetus. © 2015 The Authors.

Corn silk is considered as waste in the production of sweet corn and discarded by most industrialized food manufacturers. The objectives of this study were to enhance its utilization and evaluated its physico-chemical and sensory characteristics over the meatballs. Moreover, this study helped to add its value on top of meatball production process as well. The use of corn silk in low fat meatballs at many levels of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% were tested while conducting this experiment. It was found that moisture contents of meatballs decreased when the amount of corn silk increased. Meatballs made of addition of 4% corn silk had the highest crude fiber and ash contents. Adding corn silk resulted lower L* (lightness) and cooking yield. However, the result of this adding caused higher a* (redness), b* (yellowness), juiciness and shrinkage. Texture analysis indicated the cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of meatball increased when the amount of corn silk increased. Sensory evaluation revealed that increasing corn silk to the meatballs, sensory scores were decreased in all of sensory attributes (appearance, color, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptability).

This work deals with optimizing the conditions of pyrolysis and type of activator to upgrade the use of Casuarina equisetifolia fruit waste (CFW) as available and a potential precursor, in production of activated carbon (AC). In this respect, the route of activation was carried out through one- and two-step pyrolysis processes, using different chemical activating agents, such as H3PO4, KOH and ZnCl2. The performance of the CFW-based ACs is assessed by estimating the physico-chemical characteristics (pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density and hardness), surface morphology and scanning electron microscopy, together with carbon yield, surface area and adsorption performance of pollutants in aqueous medium (methylene blue, iodine and molasses colour removal efficiencies). The results show that the two-step activation process was more effective than one-step activation for providing high adsorption performance CFW-based ACs. The maximum Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area 547.89 m2 g−1 was produced by using H3PO4 activating agents, and applied two-step pyrolysis. According to the American Water Work Association and based on bulk density of the investigated ACs, we recommend that most of produced ACs are suitable for treating waste water.

The objectives of this research were to perform the physical, chemical and sensorial characterization, for hybrid and open pollinated tomato, within the Santa Cruz and Italian groups, aiming fresh consumption. A total of 14 fresh market tomato cultivars was used, six of them being experimental varieties and eight were commercial ones. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with six replicates and five plants per plot. For the chemicophysical analysis, samples of ripe fruits were randomly extracted from five plants in each plot, labeled and maintained under refrigeration at 5ºC until the next day after harvest. Afterwards, fruits of all cultivars were mixed, ground and divided in triplicates to be submitted to the physicochemical analysis. From the physicochemical analysis it was observed that the value of the ratio between soluble solids (SS)/titratable acidity (TA) was higher in the cultivars IAC 6 and IAC 3. In relation to the SS content, the highest values were obtained by cultivars IAC 1 and IAC 6. In order to evaluate the commercial value of the cultivars, a sensorial analysis was carried out with fruits tasted by 75 individuals, using a hedonic scale of seven points. The data were analyzed by variance analysis and grouping of means. The cultivars of the Italian group IAC 4, IAC 6, Netuno and Bari; as well as the cultivars of the Santa Cruz group IAC 1, IAC 5, HTV 0601 and Débora Victory reached the best scores in all the sensorial traits evaluated. All the cultivars presented reasonable quality of the fruits, with SS/TA ratio values higher than 16 and SS values higher than 4ºBrix. Os objetivos do trabalho foram caracterizar física, química e sensorialmente os frutos de tomate de cultivares híbridas e de polinização aberta, dentro dos grupos Santa Cruz e Italiano, visando o consumo in natura. Utilizaram-se 14 cultivares de tomate de mesa, sendo seis experimentais e oito comerciais. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com seis repetições e cinco plantas úteis por parcela. Para as análises físico-químicas, as amostras dos frutos vermelhos maduros foram retiradas aleatoriamente de cinco plantas de cada parcela, etiquetadas e mantidas sob refrigeração a 5ºC até o dia seguinte à colheita. Em seguida, os frutos de cada cultivar foram misturados, triturados e divididos em triplicatas para as análises físico-químicas. Verificou-se que o valor da relação sólidos solúveis (SS)/acidez titulável (AT) foi maior nas cultivares IAC 6 e IAC 3. Com relação ao teor de SS, os maiores valores foram obtidos pelas cultivares IAC 1 e IAC 6. Para constatar a aceitação pública das cultivares, foi realizada uma análise sensorial dos frutos com 75 provadores, utilizando-se uma escala hedônica de sete pontos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e agrupamento de médias. As cultivares do grupo Italiano IAC 4, IAC 6, Netuno e Bari; bem como as cultivares do grupo Santa Cruz: IAC 1, IAC 5, HTV 0601 e Débora Victory obtiveram as melhores notas em todos os atributos sensoriais avaliados. Todas as cultivares apresentaram frutos de qualidade, com valores da relação SS/AT maiores que 16 e teor de SS maior que 4ºBrix.

Water quality plays an important role in maintaining plant and animal life. Lack of good quality drinking water and water for sanitation cause health problems. Water quality characteristics arise from a group of physical, chemical and biological factors. The dynamic balance of the aquatic system can be destroyed by human activities resulting in water pollution.Well water has traditionally considered as a safe resource of water for consumption without treatment and extensively used for individual water supply in rural and many urban areas.In this paper a preliminary analysis is done to explore the water quality of selected wells in order to correlate the effect of pollution on water quality at these locations. Water samples are collected from different regions of Vazhappally area located on central travancore of Kerala. These sites are important because people depend only on well water for drinking purpose. The samples are collected from ten locations and analyzed for chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, acidity, alkainity, hardness, total phosphates, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids and Iron content. Samples are also analysed for coliform bacteria which cause pathogenic diseases. Remarkable differences are observed mainly in biological oxygen demand, acidity and hardness. Finally, an attempt has been done to correlate the observed chemical parameters and the waterquality standards. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10501 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 20-27

Traditionally, in the Asian continent, oils are a widely accepted choice for alleviating bone-related disorders. The design of scaffolds resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) is of great significance in bone tissue engineering. In this study, a multicomponent polyurethane (PU), canola oil (CO) and neem oil (NO) scaffold was developed using the electrospinning technique. The fabricated nanofibers were subjected to various physicochemical and biological testing to validate its suitability for bone tissue engineering. Morphological analysis of the multicomponent scaffold showed a reduction in fiber diameter (PU/CO—853 ± 141.27 nm and PU/CO/NO—633 ± 137.54 nm) compared to PU (890 ± 116.911 nm). The existence of CO and NO in PU matrix was confirmed by an infrared spectrum (IR) with the formation of hydrogen bond. PU/CO displayed a mean contact angle of 108.7° ± 0.58 while the PU/CO/NO exhibited hydrophilic nature with an angle of 62.33° ± 2.52. The developed multicomponent also exhibited higher thermal stability and increased mechanical strength compared to the pristine PU. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis depicted lower surface roughness for the nanocomposites (PU/CO—389 nm and PU/CO/NO—323 nm) than the pristine PU (576 nm). Blood compatibility investigation displayed the anticoagulant nature of the composites. Cytocompatibility studies revealed the non-toxic nature of the developed composites with human fibroblast cells (HDF) cells. The newly developed porous PU nanocomposite scaffold comprising CO and NO may serve as a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering.

In recent years, the growing interest for well-being and healthy lifestyle together with an increasing awareness of the close relationship between food and health have boosted the production of an increasing number of novel goods to be placed in both gluten-containing and gluten-free products market. The objective of this study was to provide a realistic and detailed overview of the current bread-market supply in order to evaluate the overall quality of the available offer in this prioritized food industry area. Twenty commercial breads consisting of gluten (n = 10) and gluten-free (n = 10) samples currently available in the European market have been assessed by physical-chemical, technological, nutritional, and sensory determinations. The quality parameters obtained were related to each other by using Pearson correlations, while sample classification was achieved by applying factor analysis. Higher values for protein and bio-accessible polyphenols content, aroma and taste quality, and low and moderate expected glycaemic index corresponded to gluten containing breads. Although the main distinction was between gluten and gluten-free samples as it was expected, classification of breads allowed differentiating samples with different formulations in terms of presence/absence of alternative, innovative, and nutrient-dense raw materials., Financial support of the Spanish institutions Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Projects AGL2011-22669 and AGL2015-63849-C2-1-R). Paola Conte gratefully acknowledges Sardinia Regional Government for the financial support of her PhD scholarship (P.O.R. Sardegna F.S.E. Operational Programme of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, European Social Fund 2007-2013 – Axis IV Human Resources, Objective l.3, Line of Activity l.3.1.).

International audience; Plant-parasitic nematodes affect significantly the production of susceptible plants, including olive trees. In this context, nematode communities were determined in soil samples collected from 23 olive growing sites in the Haouz and Souss regions (southern Morocco). These sites corresponded to various modalities: wild (Olea europaea L. ssp. sylvestris) or cropped olive (Olea. europaea L. ssp. europaea), traditional or high-density cropping, rainfed or irrigated. Even free-living nematodes prevailed in most of the sites, high population levels of plant-parasitic nematodes were observed in rainfed cropping systems than in irrigated systems. Ten nematode families and 14 genera were identified. The most important plant-parasitic nematodes detected, in order decreasing frequency of infestation (percentage of samples), were spiral nematodes Helicotylenchus spp. (100%) and Rotylenchus spp. (87%), lesion nematodes Pratylenchus spp. (100%) and root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. (40%). Most of the nematode species were assigned to more or less colonizer nematodes, whereas only one family (Longidoridae) was assigned to persistent nematodes. Considering the two producing areas, plant-parasitic nematodes were significantly more abundant in the Souss region than in the Haouz region, but nematode diversity was higher in the second one. The prevalence of Meloidogyne spp. in the Haouz region would be related to the predominance of irrigated cropping systems in this region. Hoplolaimidae nematodes (Helicotylenchus spp. and Rotylenchus spp.) are better adapted to rainfed conditions that prevail in the Souss region. Co-inertia analysis showed the importance of soil physic-chemical characteristics (e.g., pH, texture and nutrients) on the structure of the plant-parasitic nematode community patterns. The high occurrence of Helicotylenchus spp. in olive orchards may be induced by fertilization. Aphelenchoides spp., Gracilacus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Rotylenchidae and Tylenchidae were supported by coarse textures as it was observed in the Souss region.

Crude palm oil (CRPO) was dry fractionated at 25 °C to get crude palm olein (CRPOL, 77%) and crude palm stearin (CRPS, 23%). Low and high melting crude palm stearin (LMCRPS 14.3% and HMCRPS 8.7%) were separated by further fractionation of CRPS with acetone. The physico-chemical parameters and nutraceutical distribution showed variation in different fractions. The CRPO contained 514.7 mg·Kg−1 of β-carotene and 82.6%, 16.1%, 12.5% and 3.1% of it was distributed in CRPOL, CRPS, LMCRPS and HMCRPS respectively. The distribution of phytosterols in fraction was 1870.2, 1996.8, 1190.9, 1290.4 and 115.4 mg·Kg−1 for CRPO, CRPOL, CRPS, LMCRPS and HMCRPS respectively. Total tocopherol composition was 535.5, 587.1, 308.0, 305.6 and 36.2 mg·Kg−1 for CRPO, CRPOL, CRPS, LMCRPS and HMCRPS respectively. The results show that the fractionation of CRPO may be helpful in the preparation of nutraceutical-rich fractions.Aceite de palma crudo (CRPO) fue fraccionado en seco a 25 °C para obtener oleína de palma cruda (CRPOL, 77%) y estearinas de palma cruda (CRPS, el 23%). Estearinas con bajo y alto punto de fusión (LMCRPS 14,3% y HMCRPS 8,7%) se separan por fraccionamiento adicional de CRPS con acetona. Los parámetros físico- químicos y la distribución de nutracéuticos muestra diferencias entre las fracciones. El CRPO contenía 514,7 mg·Kg−1 de β-caroteno y el 82,6%, 16,1%, 12,5% y 3,1% de este se distribuye en CRPOL, CRPS, LMCRPS y HMCRPS respectivamente. Los fitosteroles en las fracciones fue de: 1870,2, 1996,8, 1190.9, 1290,4 y 115,4 mg·Kg−1 para CRPO, CRPOL, CRPS, LMCRPS y HMCRPS respectivamente. La composición total de tocoferol fue 535,5, 587,1 308,0, 305,6 y 36,2 mg·Kg−1, para CRPO, CRPOL, CRPS, LMCRPS y HMCRPS respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que el fraccionamiento de CRPO puede ser útil en la preparación de fracciones ricas en nutracéuticos.

International audience; Honey samples from Apis dorsata, A. cerana and A. mellifera were collected by cutting a piece of honey comb directly from the colonies on the same day and from the same floristic region of Chitwan district, central Nepal. Physico-chemical analysis of the honey samples was performed. The values obtained for moisture content, electrical conductivity (EC), invertase, and proline content were significantly different between all the honey groups. The analytical values for Apis dorsata ($n=28$), A. cerana ($n=26$), and A. mellifera ($n=27$) respectively were: 21.5, 20.1 and 17.1 moisture content (g/100 g honey); 0.96, 0.65 and 0.31 EC (mS/cm), 373.4, 218.2 and 110.9 invertase (Siegenthaler U/kg), and 875.8, 323.0 and 610.2 proline (mg/kg). There were no significant differences between the honey types in pH, glucose oxidase, and the amount of glucose. However, the amount of fructose was significantly higher in A. dorsata and A. cerana than in A. mellifera honeys. Similarly, the amount of oligosaccharide L$_2$ was significantly higher and sucrose was significantly lower in A. dorsata honeys than in A. cerana and A. mellifera honeys.; Caractéristiques physico-chimiques des miels d'Apis dorsata, d'Apis cerana et d'Apis mellifera du district de Chitwan, Népal. Quatre-vingt-un échantillons de miels provenant de 28 colonies d'Apis dorsata, 26 d'Apis cerana et 27 d'Apis mellifera ont été prélevés en découpant un petit morceau de rayon de miel directement dans chaque colonie, le même jour et dans la même région floristique du district de Chitwan dans le centre du Népal. Les échantillons ont été conservés dans les mêmes conditions et leur analyse physico-chimique effectuée (Tabs. II et III). La teneur en eau, le pH et la conductibilité électrique ont été déterminés selon les méthodes harmonisées de la Commission Européenne pour le Miel [CITE]. L'invertase, la proline et la glucose oxydase ont été respectivement mesurées selon les méthodes originales de Siegenthaler [CITE], Ough [CITE] et Shepartz et Subers [CITE]. Les spectres de sucres ont été analysés en chromatographie liquide haute pression d'après la norme DIB 10758 à l'Institut d'apiculture de Celle, Allemagne. Les résultats montrent que la teneur en eau, la conductibilité électrique, l'activité de l'invertase et la teneur en proline sont significativement plus élevées dans les miels provenant d'A. dorsata que dans ceux provenant d'A. cerana ou d'A. mellifera. Dans les miels d'A. cerana, la teneur en eau, la conductibilité électrique et l'activité de l'invertase sont significativement plus élevées que dans les miels d'A. mellifera, mais la teneur en proline est significativement plus faible. Le pH et la glucose oxydase ne présentent pas de différence significative entre les trois types de miel. Le fait que la conductibilité électrique et que l'activité de l'invertase soient plus élevées dans les miels d'A. dorsata et d'A. cerana pourrait être dû à la plus grande teneur en miellat de ces miels. Dans les miels d'A. dorsata il existe une corrélation positive entre la conductibilité électrique, l'invertase et la proline. Il existe aussi une très bonne corrélation entre la conductibilité électrique et l'oligosaccharide L$_2$. Ce sucre a été trouvé dans les échantillons de miel qui avaient une conductibilité électrique $>0,7$ mS/cm. Il pourrait donc être possible de déterminer si le miel est un miel de fleurs ou un miel de miellat en mesurant la conductibilité électrique et le sucre L$_2$. Le nourrissement au sucre n'est pas une pratique répandue dans le région étudiée ; la teneur en saccharose reste donc dans les limites des critères de qualité définis par la Commission Internationale du Miel (IHC) [CITE].

Within the quality virgin olive oils produced in Spain, Catalonia has two of the six currently existing Origin Denominations (Garrigues and Siurana). Their production of extra virgin oil proceeds of the «Arbequina» cultivar, approximately 8.000 tm, distributed between the CD «Garrigues», in Lleida (5.000 tm), and «Siurana» in Tarragona (3.000 tm). These oils are very appreciated at domestic as well as at international level because of their excellent taste. In the last years, this variety is being expanded in other regions of Spain (Andalusia, Aragon, etc.) and over the worid (Argentina, France, etc.). The physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of «Arbequina» virgin olive oils produced are studied, mainly in Catalonia, Andalusia and Aragon. The obtained preliminary results indicate that some quality parameters of the «Arbequina» oil are variable, being cultivated in different environments, mainly certain fatty acids, polyphenols, oxidative stability and some sensory attributes of the oil.Dentro de los aceites de oliva vírgenes de calidad que se producen en España, Cataluña destaca por tener dos denominaciones de origen (Garrigues y Siurana) de las seis actualmente existentes. La producción de aceite virgen extra de las mismas procede de la variedad «Arbequina», aproximadamente 8.000 tm, repartidas entre las D. O. «Garrigues», en Lleida (5.000 tm), y «Siurana» en Tarragona (3.000 tm). Estos aceites son muy apreciados tanto a nivel nacional como internacional por sus excelentes características organolépticas. En los últimos años, esta variedad se está extendiendo por España (Andalucía, Aragón, etc.) y otros países del mundo (Argentina, Francia, etc.). Se estudian las características físico-químicas y sensoriales de los aceites de oliva vírgenes de la variedad «Arbequina» producidos, principalmente, en Cataluña, Andalucía y Aragón. Los resultados preliminares obtenidos indican que algunos parámetros del aceite de «Arbequina» varían significativamente al cultivaría en diferentes medios agrológicos, principalmente, determinados ácidos grasos, polifenoles, estabilidad y algunos atributos sensoriales del aceite.

8 páginas, 2 figuras, 4 tablas., [ES] Se ha diseñado un proceso de obtención de aislados proteicos a partir de harina de colza desengrasada. El método incluye la extracción básica de las proteínas solubles seguido de una precipitación acida en el punto isoeléctrico. El precipitado es lavado con agua (pH 4.5), etanol y acetona, obteniéndose un aislado proteico con un 86% de proteína y reduciéndose el contenido en polifenoles y azúcares solubles en más de un 90% respecto a la harina desengrasada. El aislado final presenta unas características físico-químicas que lo hacen atractivo para su uso en alimentación y obtención de hidrolizados proteicos., [EN] A method for the obtention of protein isolates from defatted rapeseed flour has been designed. The process includes a basic extraction followed by a precipitation at the isoelectric point of the proteins. The precipitate is washed with water (pH 4.5), ethanol and acetone, obtaining a protein isolate with 86% of protein and reducing the contents in polyphenols and soluble sugars in more than 90% with respect to the defatted flour. The final product have physico-chemical characteristics that make it atractive to be used as food and for the obtention of protein hydrolizates., Este trabajo ha sido financiado en parte por el proyecto de investigación ALI 95-0734 del Plan Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos.

Kaolin was refluxed with HNO3, HCl, H3PO4, CH3COOH, and NaOH of 3M concentration at 110 °C for 4 hours followed by calcination at 550 °C for 2 hours. The physico-chemical characteristics of resulted leached kaolinite clay were studied by XRF, XRD, FTIR, TGA, DTA, SEM and N2 adsorption techniques. XRF and FTIR study indicate that acid treatment under reflux conditions lead to the removal of the octahedral Al3+ cations along with other impurities. XRD of acid treated clay shows that, the peak intensity was found to decrease. Extent of leaching of Al3+ ions is different for different acid/base treatment. The acid treatment increased the Si/Al ratio, surface area and pore volume of the clay. Thus, the treated kaolin clay can be used as promising adsorbent and catalyst supports. © 2013 BCREC UNDIP. All rights reservedReceived: 1st March 2013; Revised: 9th April 2013; Accepted: 19th April 2013[How to Cite: Kumar, S., Panda, A. K., Singh, R.K. (2013). Preparation and Characterization of Acids and Alkali Treated Kaolin Clay. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 8 (1): 61-69. (doi:10.9767/bcrec.8.1.4530.61-69)][Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.8.1.4530.61-69] |View in

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of supplementary honey and artificial sugar feeding of bees on the composition of royal jelly. A total of 29 royal jelly samples were harvested and analyzed from May to August 2012. The results obtained show the following values for royal jelly samples harvested from bee colonies fed with sugar solution: water content (58.30–63.50%), proteins (15.04–18.79%), fructose (4.30–6.91%), glucose (2.87–4.43%), sucrose (1.39–4.19%), pH (3.65–4.18), total acidity (3.69–4.46 ml 0.1 N NaOH/g), electrical conductivity (166.00–214.00 μS/cm). The respective physicochemical parameters in royal jelly samples produced by feeding with honey were: water content (59.70–63.70%), proteins (15.28–18.53%), fructose (3.96–6.74%), glucose (2.64–4.49%), sucrose (1.40–3.87%), pH (3.76–4.19), total acidity (3.69–4.66 ml 0.1 N NaOH/g), electrical conductivity (174.00–191.00 μS/cm). Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the physico-chemical parameters (water content, proteins, fructose, glucose, sucrose, pH, total acidity, electrical conductivity) in the feeding experiment. These data show that the studied types of feeding do not influence the royal jelly composition. These results, however, are not only essential from scientific point of view. They have also practical purposes and are important for beekeepers who produce royal jelly.

Utilization potential of fly ash, as the main residue in the lignite coal combustion in Serbian power plants, was investigated in present study. High production of fly ash represents extreme hazard for environment. Question of storage of this waste material is disclosed. Recycling and reapplication of fly ash in construction materials industry is only economic solution for ongoing problem. Fly ash can be used as a component in cement, mortar, concrete, bricks, and tiles. In this study, characterization of three different Serbian fly ash capacities was used as base for further fly ash utilization possibilities investigation. Investigation of fly ash mineralogical components as well as chemical composition analysis was emphasized. Macroperformance was correlated to the microstructure of fly ash studied by means of XRD and SEM analysis. Furthermore, thermal stability of crystalline phases, content of trace elements, physico-chemical characteristics, and leaching toxicity were tested. Highlight was placed on the determination of the influence of the fly ash grain-size and its microstructure on the performances of the fly-ash-based products. Comparison of Serbian fly ash properties with characteristics of foreign fly ashes led to the presumption that Serbian fly ash has equal if not better characteristics and that it can be reapplied in production of high-value products manufacturing worldwide.

The objective of the present study is to investigate the composition and physico-chemical properties of fresh royal jelly(RJ) samples from Sofia (n=5), Lovech (n=5) and Varna (n=3), produced from May to August 2011. The samples were kept frozen at -20° C before analysis. The parameters of royal jelly samples obtained from Sofia region varied within the following ranges: water content (61.7 – 65.2%), proteins (15.07 – 16.85%), fructose (3.73 – 5.05%), glucose (2.01 – 3.70%), sucrose (1.50 – 2.27%), total sugars (8.05 – 10.37%), pH (3.94 – 4.06), total acidity (3.86 – 4.51 ml 0.1 N NaOH/g) and electrical conductivity (180 – 206 μS/cm). The samples from Lovech region gave the following results: water content (59.10 – 62.70%), proteins (16.84 – 19.63%), fructose (4.07 – 5.47%), glucose (3.69 – 5.28%), sucrose (0.36 – 3.59%), total sugars (8.12 – 13.48%), pH (3.86 – 3.97), total acidity (3.68 – 4.42 ml 0.1 N NaOH/g) and electrical conductivity (196 – 216 μS/cm). Fructose, glucose, sucrose and total sugars contents are in the range 3.64–4.27%, 2.69 – 5.87%, 2.28 – 3.44%, 9.15 – 12.87%, respectively for the samples from Varna region. The minimum and maximum values for other parameters are: water content (63.30 – 65.80%), proteins (12.23 – 13.08%), pH (3.60 – 3.70), total acidity (2.48 – 4.23 ml 0.1 N NaOH/g), electrical conductivity (173 – 181 μS/cm). Because of the small number of samples and absence of information about additional feeding of bees with sugar solution, it should be insufficient to draw conclusion about the prevalence of glucose or fructose in fresh royal jelly. This work indicated slight differences between the obtained results of royal jelly samples from three regions of Bulgaria.

The aim of this work was separation and determination of oil from the cultivar Šampion. Two techniques of oil extraction were employed: cold pressing and organic solvent extraction. Composition of walnut kernels and basic physico-chemical parameters of walnut oil were determined, respectively. The oil content was 69.07%. The fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography and the main components were as follows: linoleic acid 58.0%, oleic acid 20.7% and linolenic acid 9.8% for sample obtained by cold pressing and 60.9%, 19.0%, 13.6%, respectively, for sample obtained by solvent extraction. Danas se u svetu sve više pažnje posvećuje očuvanju prirodne i zdrave hrane. Zbog određenih zdravstvenih poremećaja i rizika, uslovljenih pre svega neadekvatnom ishranom, aktuelni svetski trendovi neminovno nameću novi koncept razvoja i u tehnologiji jestivih ulja. Povoljni zdravstveni efekti se pripisuju većem broju lipidnih supstanci, pri čemu se najveći broj radova i istraživanja odnosi na esencijalne masne kiseline, posebno one iz ω-3 i ω-6 serije, konjugovanu linolnu kiselinu, zatim fosfolipide, biljne sterole, prirodne antioksidanse i druge sastojke. Ulje oraha se odlikuje visokim sadržajem ω-6 i ω-3 esencijalnih masnih kiselina, što utiče na njegovu visoku nutritivnu vrednost. Upotreba orahovog ulja ima značajnu preventivnu ulogu u modifikaciji lipoproteinskog profila i zaštitnu ulogu kod kardiovaskularnih oboljenja i kancera. Istraživanja u ovom radu su imala za cilj da se uradi karakterizacija ulja oraha domaće sorte Šampion (Centar za voćarstvo, Čačak) i ispita uticaj postupka izdvajanja ulja na sadržaj esencijalnih masnih kiselina. Izdvojeno je ulje iz jezgra oraha domaće sorte Šampion primenom dve tehnike: hladno ceđenje i ekstrakcija organskim rastvaračem. Određeni su sastav i hemijske karakteristike jezgra oraha kao i fizičko-hemijske karakteristike izdvojenog ulja. Sadržaj ulja je iznosio 69.07%. Sastav i sadržaj masnih kiselina je određen metodom gasne hromatografije. Dominantne masne kiseline su: linolna sa sadržajem od 58.0%, zatim oleinska sa sadržajem od 20.7% i linolenska 9.8% u ulju dobijenom hladnim ceđenjem, odnosno 60.9%, 19.0%, 8.7% u ulju dobijenom ekstrakcijom organskim rastvaračem.

The physico-chemical characteristics of 47 lakes from two regions in the lowlands of Central Yakutia (Vilyuysk and Yakutsk), Eastern Siberia were analysed. The aims of this study were (i) to classify the lakes according to their ionic compositions and their nutrient concentrations, (ii) to quantify environmental gradients representing the main directions of variation in the measured variables, and (iii) to explore the relationship between the investigated lakes and their spatial positions. Most of the study lakes are shallow, thermokarst lakes that are slightly alkaline to alkaline. The lakes are predominantly oligotrophic, with some mesotrophic and a few eutrophic exceptions in the study region Vilyuysk. There are four hypertrophic lakes in the study region Yakutsk which are strongly affected by anthropogenic inputs and, in one case, additionally by inputs of water birds. Most part of the variance in the data is represented by major ion concentrations and related variables such as electrical conductivity. There were clear differences in these variables between the lakes of both study regions partly due to regional differences in the climate-induced negative water balance (i.e. evaporation exceeds precipitation). The statistical analysis has shown that a significant part of the variance can be attributed to the type of vegetation in the lake's catchment (11%), to the longitude (7.6%) and to local spatial differences in the lake water chemistry (2.8%). Hypothesis testing indicated that there are significant differences in the mean values of many variables according to vegetation type and to the region where the lakes are located. However, the hypothesis of spatial autocorrelation in the data had to be rejected. The results presented here have important implications for ongoing and future limnological and paleoenvironmental studies in Yakutia. The exploratory analysis has shown that the physico-chemical characteristics of Central Yakutian lakes are mainly influenced by vegetation and climate driven changes that provides the basis for paleoenvironmental studies.

The most important results of extensive studies (syntheses, spectral, magnetic, voltammetric and structural characteristics and biological activity) of metal complexes with pyridoxal semi-, thiosemi- and isothiosemicarbazones are reviewed.

Oil content of Moringa peregrina seeds (from Saudi Arabia) was 49.8%. Results of some physical and chemical characteristics of extracted oil were: refractive index (40 °C) 1.460, density (24 °C) 0.906, acidity (as oleic) 0.30%, iodine value 69.6, saponification number 185 and peroxide value 0.4 meq/kg. Moringa peregrina seed oil was found to contain high levels of oleic (70.52%), followed by gadoleic (1.5%), while the dominant saturated acids were palmitic (8.9%) and stearic (3.82%). α- γ- and δ-tocopherols were detected at levels of 145,58 and 66 mg/kg respectively. The induction period (at 120 °C) of tomato seed oil was 10.2 hours and reduced to 8.1 hours after degumming. Specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm were 1.66 and 0.19 respectively, β-sitosterol was found as the most predominant component of the sterolic fraction of the oil. Other sterols found in percentages higher than 1.5% were 24-methylenecholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and Δ5-avenasterol. In addition, trace to minor anaounts of brassicasterol, campestanol, Δ7-campestanol, clerosterol, Δ5,24-stigmastadienol, Δ7-stigmastanol and Δ7-avenasterol were found. El contenido de aceite de semilla Moringa peregrina (de Arabía Saudí) fue del 49.8%. Los resultados de algunas características físicas y químicas del aceite extraído fueron: índice de refracción (40 °C) 1.460, densidad (24 °C) 0.906, acidez (como oleico) 0.30%, índice de yodo 69.6, índice de saponificación 185 e índice de peróxido 0.4 meq/Kg. El aceite de semilla Moringa peregrina tuvo altos niveles de oleico (70.52%), seguido por el gadoleico (1.5%), mientras los ácidos saturados dominantes fueron palmítico (8.9%) y esteárico (3,82%). Los α- γ- y δ-tocoferoles fueron detectados a niveles de 145,58 y 66 mg/Kg respectivamente. El período de inducción (a 120 °C) de aceite de semilla de tomate fue de 10.2 horas y se redujo a 8.1 horas después del desgomado. Las extinciones específicas a 232 y 270 nm fueron 1.66 y 0.19 respectivamente. El β-sitosterol fue el componente más predominante de la fracción esterólica del aceite. Otros esteroles encontrados en porcentajes mayores del 1.5% fueron 24-metiIenecolesterol, campesterol, estigmasterol y Δ5-avenasterol. Además se encontraron trazos con componentes menores de brasicasterol, campestanol, Δ7- campestanol, clerosterol, Δ5,24-estigmastadienol, Δ7-estigmastanol y Δ7-avenasterol.

Increasing price of soybean becomes a serious problem for producers of traditional foods such as tempeh and tofu. These traditional foods are important protein sources for many Indonesian people. Tribal bean (Canavalia virosa) could be used as a substitution of soybean for tempeh and tofu processing. This study aimed to determine physico-chemical characteristics of tribal bean and its products such as tofu and tempeh. Tribal bean old pods were peeled manually in the Postharvest and Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of the Yogyakarta AIAT. The peeled seeds were dried until 10% water content and their epidermis were removed mechanically by using an abrasive peeler to produce yellowish clean peeled beans. The beans were analyzed physically and chemically using the standard prosedure. Since the tribal bean seeds contained high HCN, to minimize HCN content the beans were presoaked for 48 hours in water. The beans were then mixed with soybean at a ratio of 50:50 or 25:75 and processed for making tempeh and tofu using traditional method. Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the tribal bean tempe and tofu were analysed, involving organoleptic test with hedonic method, texture, as well as water, ash, protein and crude fiber contents. The results showed that tribal bean contained protein (37.30%), essential amino acids, minerals and fiber (3.1%), and a toxic substance HCN. Presoaking the beans in water for 48 hours significantly reduced HCN content by 98.51%, from 1334 ppm. Tofu made of a mixture of tribal bean and soybean at a ratio of 25:75 plus 2% rice vinegar as a coagulant has a white color and normal flavor appearances, and was accepted by panelists. The tribal bean tempeh contained 78.1% water, 1.21% ash, 8.14% protein, 3.1% crude fiber, and 44 ppm HCN. Tempeh made of a mixture of tribal bean and soybean at ratios of 50:50 and 25:75 showed good characters (flavor, taste, color, and texture) and panelist acceptance, as well as nutrition values (76% water, 2.71% ash, 14% protein, 0.25% crude fiber, and 14% lipid). However, HCN content in the tofu was still higher (85 ppm HCN) than the recommended maximum value of 50 ppm. This study suggests that tribal bean is more suitable for tempeh than for tofu based on its HCN content.

The environmental impact that the building of the Pajares reservoir, started in 1986, has caused on the physical and chemical characteristics of the Iregua river (La Rioja, Spain) has been analyzed. Physicochcinical data of the sampling stations of Islallana (580 in on the Iregua river) and Torrcmontalbo (429 m on ihc Najerilla river, control station) during the period 1981-1995 havc bccn utilized. Changes reported for most of the variables are explained by the influence of geographical, climatic, topographical or seasonal factors. However, the outstanding iricreasc in suspended material in Islallana from 1991 onwards is probably due to the building of the reservoir © Asociación Española de Limnología.