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The genus Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae), commonly found in caves, comprises more than 20 species, grouped into three subgenera: E. (Endecous), E. (Pedroecous) and E. (Notendecous). In this study, from differences observed mainly in the male genitalia, we describe a new subgenus—Endecous (Ramalhoecous) n. sp.—as well as three new species—E. (R.) infernalis n. sp., E. (E.) zin n. sp. and E. (E.) zaum n. sp.—all of them collected in caves in the Serra do Ramalho region, Northeastern, Brazil. We also briefly discuss some troglomorphisms verified in one of the new species: E. (R.) infernalis n. sp.

Endecous (Ramalhoecous) infernalis n. sp. (Figures 2 – 6, 7 – 15, 16 – 17, 18 – 21, 22 – 27, 28 – 31; Table 1) Material examined– Holotype, ♁, code ISLA 104838, Brazil, Bahia, municipality of Carinhanha, Água Clara cave (43°57′6.24″W, 13°48′4.25″S), 11.x.2017, R. L. Ferreira; condition: right tegmen and left legs I and II were detached and stored alongside the holotype. Paratypes, 7 ♁♁, ISLA 104839, municipality of Carinhanha, Água Clara cave (43°57′6.24″W, 13°48′4.25″S), 11.x.2017, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104840, 104841, 104842, municipality of Carinhanha, Água Clara cave (43°57′6.24″W, 13°48′4.25″S), 1.ix.2022, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104843, municipality of Carinhanha, Lapa dos Peixes I cave (43°57′25.2″W, 13°49′22.08″S), 10.x.2017, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104844, municipality of Coribe, Baixão da Canoa cave (44° 9′50.35′′W, 13°51′27.69″S), 20.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104837, municipality of Carinhanha, Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave (43°54′50.4″W, 13°47′52.8″S), 14.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira. Etymology. The epithet “infernalis” is a Latin noun referring to those belonging to hell, or to the lower regions, thus being a reference to the subterranean habitat of the species. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) dorsally projected and inclined inwards, apex broad and subtriangular in shape, with a less sclerotized tip; pseudepiphallic ventral branches (A) elongated, almost fused to the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches, apex broad and triangular in shape; pseudepiphallic rami (R) underdeveloped and falciform; ectophallic arch (Ect.arc) narrow and conical; ectophallic lateral bars (Ect.lb) short and contorted on themselves, apex acute; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) elongated and lacking a crest opposite to its central groove. Morphology (paratype ISLA 104837, Figs. 7–15). Body color: dorsal head yellowish brown, with irregular brown patches reaching the occiput; pronotum yellowish brown; abdomen yellowish brown dorsally and light yellowish brown ventrally (Figs. 7, 9–15); entire legs yellowish brown, whitish at their proximal portion (Figs. 18–21), cerci yellowish brown at the base (Fig. 13) and brownish towards the apex. Head: slightly pubescent, elongated in frontal view; front and gena yellowish brown; fastigium with long bristles, extending the vertex in an inclined plane pointing downwards; clypeus and labrum whitish with yellowish spots; mandibles yellowish brown and more sclerotized at the apex and margins; maxiles whitish and more sclerotized at the apex (Fig. 10); all maxillary palpomeres light yellowish brown and pubescent, the first two short and same-sized, the other three are longer, the palpomere V (2.21 mm) is claviform and whitish at the apex (Fig. 11); all labial palpomeres light yellowish brown, pubescent and increasing in size, the third one dilated from base to apex, which is whitish (Fig. 11); scape, pedicel and flagellomeres yellowish brown, distal portion whitish; compound eyes reduced, ommatidia black, ocelli absent (Figs. 9–11). Thorax: pronotum slightly pubescent, dorsal disk broader than long (2.38 and 3.86 mm in length and width respectively), lateral lobes subtriangular and leaning towards the anterior portion of the body, anterior and posterior margins arched and uneven, posterior margin with two laterally oriented small humps (Fig. 7). Legs: femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent. Leg I (Figs. 20 and 21): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with an oval tympanum on its inner side and two same-sized ventral apical spurs; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third together. Leg II (Figs. 20 and 21): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with two same-sized ventral apical spurs; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third together. Leg III (Figs. 18 and 19): femur developed; tibia slightly longer than the femur (11.44 and 11.11 mm, respectively); tibia armed with four subapical spurs on the outer side, the distal being the shortest, and three on the inner side (four subapical spurs on the inner side of the right leg), the proximal being the shortest, three apical spurs on the outer side (Fig. 19; a, b, c), spur “a” being the longest and “c” the shortest, and four on the inner side (Fig. 18; d, e, f, g), spurs “e” and “f” longer the “d” and “g” (three apical spurs on the inner side of the left leg, “d” probably lost during capture); first tarsomere longer than the second and third together, with two apical spurs, the inner being the longest. Right tegmen: slightly sclerotized; covering the first two urotergites (6.31 and 4.80 mm in length and width, respectively); harp with three well-marked crossveins and four cells; mirror subtriangular, with one well-marked crossvein and two cells, distal cell with a short and incomplete vertical vein; basal field with three secondary veins connecting Cu2 to 2A, secondary veins 2 and 3 connected by a crossvein, secondary vein 1 anteriorly bifurcated, 2A well-marked and proximally bifurcated, 1A absent; lateral field with two longitudinal veins and many irregular weakly marked secondary veins (Fig. 8); stridulatory file with 115 teeth. Abdomen: tergite III with an anterior semi-halved protuberance (Fig. 12), tergites IV, V, VI and VII with small and less conspicuous anterior humps; cerci short in comparison to body lenght, pubescent, with globose setae at the base, mainly on the inner side, and long bristles throughout all their extension, proximal portion dilated; sub-genital plate light yellowish brown, longer than wide, lateral margins slightly curved towards the outer side, distal margin rounded, with a small V-shaped dent in the center (Fig. 14); supra-anal plate whitish brown, distal margin rounded, shorter than the sub-genital plate, lateral projections rounded and pointing outwards, paraprocts as long as the supra-anal plate and barely visible in dorsal view (Fig. 15). Proventriculus (paratype ISLA 104843, Figs. 16–17). Proventriculus internally organized in six rows of 12 overlaid sclerotized appendices (sa); sclerotized lobes (sl) bearing a cluster of bristles are visible on each side of the sclerotized appendices; sclerotized appendices formed by a median tooth (mt), with at least four, but up to nine median denticles (md), and two lateral teeth (lt), with several lateral denticles (ld); median denticles elongated and rounded at the tip; lateral denticles also elongated and rounded at the tip; the most posterior sclerotized appendix does not have a median tooth. Male phallic sclerites (paratype ISLA 104837, Figs.2–6). Phallic complex uniformly broadened, of intermediate length and almost quadrangular contour in dorsal and ventral views. Pseudepiphallus: arms short and slightly inclined outwards in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ps.arm); dorsal branches dorsally projected, apexes broad, subtriangular in shape, with an undeveloped and less sclerotized tip, and inclined towards the interior of the phallic complex in frontal view (Figs. 2 and 5, Ps.db); “A” sclerite well-developed, elongated, almost fused to the dorsal branch, apex broad and triangular shaped, reaching the dorsolateral central region of the parameres in lateral view (Fig. 4 and 6, A); paramere 1 and 2 fused in a single circular and concave structure, slightly projected past dorsal branches in dorsal view, ventral portion bifurcated, distal region highly sclerotized, dorsal portion sclerotized, forming a scythe-like edge that partially covers the posterior portion of the ectophallic median projections in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ps.p); inner bars broad in frontal view, central region deeply concave, forming a basket-like structure, dorsal portion arranged in arc in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ps.ib); rami underdeveloped, reduced to a short, scythe-shaped ventral projection in lateral view (Fig. 6, R). Ectophallic invagination: arc well-developed, expanding itself longitudinally rather than laterally, anterior and posterior central parts conical in dorsal view, posterior margin more sclerotized than the anterior margin (Fig. 3, Ect.arc); apodeme developed, ventrally positioned and inclined towards the interior of the sclerite in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ect.ap); lateral bar developed, broad, shorter than the ectophallic median projections, slightly curved towards the exterior of the sclerite, apex acute and contorted on itself in ventral view (Fig. 3, Ect.lb); median projection long, slender and inclined inwards, reaching the parameres and fusing at the apex (Fig. 2, Ect.mp). Endophallus: anterior portion well-developed and sclerotized, elongated, rectangular in shape, with a central groove, but no crest opposite to the groove (Fig. 3, End.sc.a); duct short and mostly membranous, reaching the distal portion of the ectophallic median projections in ventral view (Fig. 3, End.sc.d); posterior portion conical, slightly sclerotized at the apex and barely exceeding the length of the ectophallic median projections in dorsal view (Fig. 2, End.sc.p). Variations in phallic sclerites (holotype and paratypes, n = 7, ISLA 104838, 104839, 104840, 104841, 104842, 104843, 104844). Phallic complexes vary slightly in size and degree of sclerotization; pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) vary subtly in degree of inclination towards the center of the sclerite; furthermore, its external contour and curvature also vary, ranging from less acute to more acute, with or without evident vertices; pseudepiphallic ventral branch (A) may be more or less fused to the dorsal branch; bifurcated ventral portion of the pseudepiphallic parameres (Ps.p) may be evident or slightly evident; dorsal portion of the pseudepiphallic parameres in the form of a short or long scythe, covering only the apexes of the ectophallic median projections (Ect. mp) or, at most, half of their length; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) perpendicular or not to the longitudinal axis of the sclerite; ectophallic lateral bar (Ect.lb) contorted on itself only at the apex, throughout all of its extension or, at least, half of its length; ectophallic median projections sinuous or almost linear, but always merging at the apex; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) rectangular or narrowed at the apex; endophallic sclerite posterior portion (End.sc.p) of conical or trapezoidal shape. Variations in male right tegmen (Figs. 22–27). Stridulatory file with 122 ± 7.31 teeth (n° = 8, holotype and paratypes). Harp outline conserved; two or three diagonal crossveins; three or four cells; a short and incomplete diagonal crossvein may be present (Fig. 23); one of the main crossveins may have a few knob-like projections throughout its extension (Fig. 26). Mirror outline always subtriangular; one or two crossveins, the proximal one being V-shaped; a short vertical or horizontal incomplete crossvein may be observed (Figs. 22 and 27); the distal crossvein may branch out into two crossveins, one short and one long, yet both reach the distal margin of the mirror (Fig. 25). Basal field outline conserved; 1A may be absent (Fig. 22); secondary veins may branch out from 1A, reaching the Cu2 or the 2A, and forming small cells (Figs. 23, 25 and 26); secondary crossveins may connect Cu2 to 2A directly (Fig. 22). Lateral field with two longitudinal veins that may or may not converge, but are usually connected through secondary veins and rarely completely parallel and isolated from one another throughout their extension. Ecological remarks. Specimens of Endecous infernalis n. sp. were found in Baix„o da Canoa cave, located in the municipality of Coribe, and in other two cave systems: the Gruna da Água Clara cave system (ACCS) and Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave (Fig. 29), both located in the municipality of Carinhanha, southwestern Bahia state, Brazil. The Água Clara cave system represents a set of functionally interconnected caves of approximately 24 km of extension. It is composed of four limestone caves trespassed by an intermittent stream, active during the austral summer (October until March) (Souza-Silva et al. 2021). The Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave (Fig. 29), in turn, is a single 2.660-meter-long cave that does not belong to the ACCS, but it is located near that system (approximately 4 km in a straight line). The Baix„o da Canoa cave was only recently discovered, so it was not yet properly explored. It is safe to say, however, that the surveyed conduits have at least 1.5 km of extension. This cave has a single known entrance, which leads to a crawling conduit that connects to a wide main chamber, representing the main cave conduit, which has an intermittent drainage active during rainy periods. Differently from what is usually observed for most of the Endecous species occurring in Brazilian caves, the caves aforementioned had a very low population density of Endecous infernalis n. sp. Hence, it was relatively hard to find specimens (especially adults) in all the caves in which it occurs. Although practically the entire ACCS has been inventoried for cave invertebrates in a study carried out in 2017 (Souza-Silva et al. 2021), only few specimens were found, mainly in deep and moistened areas within the system. It is noteworthy that the two caves located at the intermediate portion of the ACCS (Gruna dos Índios and Lapa dos Peixes caves) have a quite dry main conduit due to the airflow that comes from the entrances in both sides of their main conduits and trespasses both caves. Because of that, individuals of E. infernalis n. sp. were seldom observed in this intermediate portion of the ACCS, probably due to the unstable climatic conditions of the caves. A second population was observed in the Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave in deeper areas within the cave, far from the entrance. Most specimens found in both cave systems were observed freely walking on the cave floor or in the caves’ walls (Figs. 30 and 31). Finally, a third population was recently discovered in the Baix„o da Canoa cave. Again, specimens were only observed in deeper and moistened areas, and, as a result of the low-density population, the individuals were thinly dispersed. A single adult male was collected, despite the sampling efforts employed along the cave. It is important to mention the distance among the Gruna da Água Clara cave system (ACCS), Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I and Baix„o da Canoa cave. While ACCS and Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave comprise close systems (entrances located approximately 4 km in a straight line from each other), the Baix„o da Canoa cave is located far from the first two cave systems (22 km in a straight line). All these caves are associated with the main massif of the Serra do Ramalho mountain range, which comprises a large continuous carbonate outcrop that runs from southwest to northeast. Furthermore, the Baix„o da Canoa cave is located at a higher altitude, being associated with a hydrological recharge zone in the landscape, while the ACCS and the Gruna de Pedro Cassiano caves are located at lower altitudes, being associated with the base of the outcrops in hydrological discharge zone. Thus, it is plausible to assume the existence of subterranean connectivity between those systems. An interesting observation was made in a deeper area of the Gruna da Água Clara cave (Part of the ACCS) during an expedition in 2017: an adult male was stridulating while a juvenile female was interacting with its cerci (Fig. 30). Although it was not possible to observe in detail, it seemed that the female was touching the basal region of the male’s cerci, where modified setae (globose setae) can be found, with her mouthparts. In both Grylloidea and Blattodea, club-shaped and globose setae are hypothesized to act as gravity receptors (Nicklaus 1969; Bischof 1975; Horn 1985; Hartman et al. 1987), but, as pointed out by Desutter-Grandcolas (1998a), further neuroethological studies of these insects are necessary to confirm or refute this function. Given the observed behavior, one can hypothesize that such setae may also attract females for mating, functioning eventually as a nuptial gift. Although the SEM images of such setae usually show them flattened, they are, in their natural state, swollen, due to being filled with fluid. Considering that the observed female was immature (the ovipositor was still short and not sclerotized), this behavior could represent an advantage in the case of oligotrophic environments and low-density populations, in which the encounter among specimens may be more infrequent, especially in extensive cave systems such as the ACCS. Nevertheless, such hypotheses deserve further studies in order to confirm or refute it. It is important to mention the troglomorphic traits observed in this species, which will be discussed further on. When compared to other Endecous species (most of which are troglophilic), E. infernalis n. sp. presents reduced eyes and longer legs. Other Endecous species previously considered troglobitic, as E. peruassuensis and E. apterus, presents much less regressive morphological traits than those observed in the species herein described. Bearing in mind the species distribution within the caves it inhabits (always in deeper moist regions) and the quite severe external dry habitat surrounding the caves, it is plausible to assume it is, in fact, a troglobitic (cave-restricted) species. Although Gruna do Pedro Cassiano cave receives local visitors sporadically, such visitors do not reach the cave deepest regions, where the specimens occur. The Gruna da Água Clara cave system, on the other hand, is only visited by speleologists during technical/scientific expeditions, which seldom occur. Such activities apparently do not represent a threat for the species. The Baix„o da Canoa cave was only visited once by the researchers who sampled the cave, thus it is pristinely preserved. The external environment surrounding the caves, however, is severely altered (Fig. 28). Most of the original forests were replaced by pastures or other monocultures. The forests remain only in the top and border of the limestone outcrops, in randomly dispersed patches of vegetation or alongside intermittent drainages. Such impacts may reduce the organic input to the cave ecosystems and increase the silting in all those caves, thus altering several microhabitats of this species., Published as part of Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Mendes, Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2023, Three new cricket species and a new subgenus of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves in northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5263 (1) on pages 4-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7797711, {"references":["Souza-Silva, M., Cerqueira, R. F. V., Pellegrini, T. G. & Ferreira, R. L. (2021) Habitat selection of cave-restricted fauna in a new hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in Neotropics. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30 (14), 4223 - 4250. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10531 - 021 - 02302 - 8","Nicklaus, R. (1969) The function of the club-shaped sensilla on the cerci of crickets. Zool Ges Verh, 1969, 393 - 398.","Bischof, H. J. (1975) Die keulenf ˆ rmigen Sensillen auf den Cerci der Grille Gryllus bimaculatus als Schwererezeptoren. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 98, 277 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00656974","Horn, E. & F ˆ ller, W. (1985) Tonic and modulatory subsystems of the complex gravity receptor system in crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus. Journal of insect physiology, 31 (12), 937 - 946. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 1910 (85) 90028 - 9","Hartman, H. B., Bennett, L. P., Moulton, B. A. (1987) Anatomy of equilibrium receptors and cerci of the burrowing desert cockroach Arenivaga (Insecta, Blattodea). Zoomorphology, 107 (2), 81 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00312117","Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1998 a) Comparative morphology of cercal structures in true crickets and their allies (Orthoptera, Ensifera): a phylogenetic perspective. Zoomorphology, 118 (4), 235 - 243."]}

Endecous (Ramalhoecous) n. subg. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: uniformly broadened phallic complex, of intermediate length and almost quadrangular contour; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) deeply concave; tergites III to VII bearing centrally positioned protuberances in their anterior margins; cerci short in relation to body length, and dilated at the base., Published as part of Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Mendes, Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2023, Three new cricket species and a new subgenus of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves in northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5263 (1) on page 4, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7797711

Endecous (Ramalhoecous) n. subg. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: uniformly broadened phallic complex, of intermediate length and almost quadrangular contour; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) deeply concave; tergites III to VII bearing centrally positioned protuberances in their anterior margins; cerci short in relation to body length, and dilated at the base.

Endecous (Endecous) zaum n. sp. (Figures 67 – 71, 72 – 80, 81 – 82, 83 – 86, 87 – 92, 93 – 97; Table 3) Material examined. Holotype, ♁, code ISL 104855, Brazil, Bahia, municipality of Coribe, Serra Verde cave (44°19′26.85″W, 13°43′28.04″S), 20.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; condition: right tegmen, left legs and phallic complex were detached/dissected and stored alongside the holotype. Paratypes, 9 ♁♁, ISLA 104852, 104853, 104854, municipality of Coribe, Serra Verde cave (44°19′26.85″W, 13°43′28.04″S), 20.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104856, 104857, municipality of Coribe, Gruna do Enfurnado cave (44°12′7.99″W, 13°38′45.69″S), 25.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104858, 104859, 104860, 104861, municipality of Coribe, Gruna do Zeferini cave (44°14′4.52′′W, 13°46′15.55″S), 24.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira. Etymology. The epithet “zaum” is a Russian term composed by the prefix ЗА (beyond) and ум (mind, knowledge). Hence, it literally means “beyond knowledge”. This term should be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) elongated, dorsally projected and pointing to the center of the phallic complex, distal portion turning inwards abruptly in relation to the proximal portion; pseudepiphallic ventral branches (A) elongated, apex dilated and rounded; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) flat and inclined inwards; pseudepiphallic rami (R) developed, forming a membranous shield that covers the most proximal portion of the ectophallic apodeme; ectophallic arc (Ect.arc) rounded at the posterior and anterior middle portions; ectophallic lateral bars (Ect.lb) elongated, sinuous and rounded at the apex; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) with a crest on the opposite side of its central groove. Morphology (paratype ISLA 104854, Figs. 72–80). Body color: dorsal head yellowish brown with irregular brown patches; pronotum yellowish brown; abdomen brown dorsally and whitish ventrally (Figs. 72,74–80); entire legs yellowish brown, whitish at their proximal portion (Figs. 83–86); cerci brown at the base and yellowish brown towards the apex (Fig. 78). Head: slightly pubescent, elongated in frontal view; front brown; gena yellowish brown; fastigium with long bristles, extending the vertex in an inclined plane pointing downwards; clypeus and labrum whitish; mandibles yellowish brown and more sclerotized at the apex and margins; maxiles whitish and more sclerotized at the apex (Fig. 75); all maxillary palpomeres pubescent, the first two whitish, short and same-sized, the other three palpomeres yellowish brown and longer, the palpomere V (1.81 mm) is claviform and whitish at the apex (Fig. 76); all labial palpomeres light yellowish brown, pubescent, increasing in size, the third one dilated from base to apex, which is whitish (Fig. 76); scape, pedicel and flagellomeres yellowish brown, distal portion whitish (Fig. 76); compound eyes reduced, ommatidia black; ocelli absent (Fig. 46). Thorax: pronotum lateroanterior and lateroposterior regions with long bristles; dorsal disk broader than long (2.55 and 3.51 mm in length and width, respectively), lateral lobes rounded and leaning towards the anterior portion of the body, anterior and posterior margins arched and sub-straight (Figs. 72 and 77). Legs: femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent (Figs. 83–86). Leg I (Figs. 85 and 86): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with an oval tympanum on its inner side and two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg II (Figs. 85 and 86): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg III (Figs. 83 and 84): femur developed; tibia longer than the femur (12.49 and 10.99 mm respectively); tibia armed with four subapical spurs on the outer side, the distal being the shortest, and three on the inner side, the proximal being the shortest, three apical spurs on the outer side (Fig. 84; a, b, c), spur “a” being the longest and “c” the shortest, and four on the inner side (Fig. 83; d, e, f, g), spurs “e” and “f” longer than the “d” and “g”; first tarsomere longer than the second and third tarsomeres together, with two apical spurs, the inner one being the longest. Right tegmen: slightly sclerotized; covering the first three urotergites (5.22 and 4.17 mm in length and width, respectively); harp with five cells and four well-marked crossveins, the two most proximal ones share the same origin point, a fifth crossvein is visible, but short and does not reach the opposite margin of the harp; mirror with two distinct crossveins and three cells; basal field with a single and short secondary vein connecting Cu2 to 1A; lateral field with two longitudinal veins and several irregular and weakly marked veins (Fig. 73); stridulatory file with 95 teeth. Abdomen: cerci pubescent, with globose setae at the base, mainly on the inner side, and long bristles throughout all their extension; sub-genital plate whitish brown, U-shaped, proximal margin broader than the distal margin, which is rounded (Fig. 79); supra-anal plate yellowish-brown, subtriangular, distal margin rounded lateral projections short and slightly curved outwards (Fig. 80); paraprocts as long as the supra-anal plate, projecting themselves laterally and, therefore, visible in dorsal view (Figs. 78 and 80). Proventriculus (paratype ISLA 104852, Figs. 81–82). Proventriculus internally organized in six rows of 11 or 12 overlaid sclerotized appendices (sa); sclerotized lobes (sl) bearing a cluster of bristles are visible on each side of the sclerotized appendices; sclerotized appendices formed by a median tooth (mt), with at least five, but up to nine median denticles (md), and two lateral teeth (lt), with several lateral denticles (ld); median denticles short and rounded at the tip; lateral denticles also short and rounded at the tip; the most posterior median tooth bears two or three short median denticles; the most posterior sclerotized appendix does not have a median tooth. Male phallic sclerites (holotype ISLA 104855, Figs. 67–71). Phallic complex broadened at the proximal and central portions, with an almost trapezoidal contour in dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 67 and 68). Pseudepiphallus: arms short and inclined inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ps.arm); dorsal branches long, projecting dorsally towards the center of the phallic complex, with the distal half virtually perpendicular to the proximal half in dorsal view, apexes slightly dilated, rounded at the tip and almost touching each other in frontal view (Fig. 70, Ps.db); “A” sclerite welldeveloped, elongated and dilated at the apex, with a rounded tip (Figs. 69–71, A); paramere 1 and 2 fused in a single circular and concave structure, bean-shaped in frontal view, distal region highly sclerotized, ventral region exceeding the length of the dorsal branches in both dorsal and ventral views, dorsal portion sclerotized, forming a scythe-like edge that reaches the ventral side of the posterior portion of the ectophallic median projections (Fig. 67, Ps.p); inner bars flat and slightly inclined downwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ps.ib); rami developed, forming a membranous shield that covers only the proximal portion of the ectophallic apodeme in lateral view (Fig. 71, R). Ectophallic invagination: arc well-developed, wide, dome-shaped at both posterior and anterior central parts in ventral view (Fig. 68, Ect.arc); apodeme developed and slightly curved inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ect.ap); lateral bars welldeveloped, sinuous, slightly inclined inwards, longer than the ectophallic median projections, with a rounded apex and almost touching the parameres in ventral view (Fig. 68, Ect.lb); median projections slender, elongated, reaching the parameres, slender and slightly curved outwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ect.mp). Endophallus: anterior portion well-developed and sclerotized, with a central groove and a dorsal crest, opposite to the groove in lateral view (Fig. 71, End.sc.a); duct short, membranous throughout all its extension, which subceeds the length of the ectophallic apodeme in ventral view (Fig. 68, End.sc.d); posterior portion membranous, trapeze-shaped, exceeding the length of the ectophallic median projections considerably and almost reaching the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches at their apexes in dorsal view (Fig. 67, End.sc.p). Variations in phallic sclerites (paratypes, n = 6, ISLA 104852, 104853, 104854, 104856, 104860, 104861). Phallic complexes vary slightly in degree of sclerotization; pseudepiphallic arms (Ps.arm) vary subtly in degree of inclination towards the center of the sclerite; pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) always bent abruptly towards the interior of the sclerite, but may not be perpendicular to the pseudepiphallic arms; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps. ib) may be more or less inclined to the anterior portion of the phallic complex; anterior margin of the ectophallic arch (Ect.arc) may be more or less curved; ectophallic apodeme (Ect.ap) may be more or less inclined towards the interior of the sclerite; endophallic sclerite posterior portion (End.sc.p) shape varies slightly, yet retains the trapezoidal outline. Variations in male right tegmen (Figs. 87 – 92). Stridulatory file with 87.10 ± 5.17 teeth (n° = 10, holotype and paratypes). Harp outline conserved; four or five diagonal crossveins and five or six cells; a short and irregular crossvein may be present (Figs. 87, 89 and 92). Mirror outline always triangular, with a trapezoidal apex; two complete, V-shaped crossveins (Figs. 87, 89 and 92), two incomplete veins (Fig. 88) one complete vein (Fig. 91) or one incomplete vein (Fig. 90); a third short, diagonal vein may be present (Fig. 88). Basal field outline conserved; 1A may branch out into several irregular and poorly marked veins (Fig. 88). Lateral field with two parallel longitudinal veins, which may be curved outwards. Ecological remarks. Specimens of Endecous zaum n. sp. were observed in the Serra Verde, Gruna do Enfurnado and Gruna do Zeferini caves. However, many other caves exist in the area (most of them not biologically studied), so it is likely that other populations of E. zaum n. sp. may be found in the future. Serra Verde cave (the type locality) has at least 1,730 meters of horizontal projection, but it is still under exploration, so it might be longer than currently known. Even though the cave has a relatively wide entrance (Fig. 94), there is a constriction in the main conduit around 20 meters from the entrance, which prevents the locals from accessing the cave interior. The conduit that follows this constriction is relatively dry. Nevertheless, there are signs that the runoff water penetrates the cave in rainy periods. Our team visited the cave during the dry season, hence, the substrates were predominantly dry near the entrance. Nonetheless, it is important to mention that galleries became progressively wetter as depth increased, the conduits at the final portion of the cave being drenched in water (Fig. 95). Specimens of E. zaum n. sp. were observed in the humid galleries, far from the entrance, being more frequent in deeper regions of the cave. Individuals were most often seen on the cave floor (Fig. 96). The predominant organic resources were bat guano (especially produced by vampire bats— Desmodus rotundus) and plant debris brought by the water. In previous expeditions, speleologists discovered that the inner conduits partially flood during the rainy season, thus indicating that the water table varies greatly throughout the year. For that reason, it is fair to assume that these crickets probably migrate during rainy seasons to regions closer to the entrance that are not flooded. As aforementioned, the constriction on the conduit close to the entrance of the cave hinders the access of locals to its interior, which in turn guarantees the preservation of the cave’s inner environment. The external landscape, however, is severely altered, especially close to the limestone outcrops, where only a few remnants of the original vegetation can be verified (Fig. 93). Pastures replaced most of the native forests and cattle were observed in the cave surroundings (Fig. 97), compacting the exposed soil, which is highly vulnerable to erosive processes. Additionally, since the cave entrance is located at the bottom of a valley, the external topography ends up contributing to the input of sediments to the cave during rainy periods. The soil denudation in the external landscape can, therefore, intensify erosive processes, increasing the sediment input to the cave, and, consequently, silting up important microhabitats. Accordingly, it is highly recommendable to protect the cave surroundings, especially through the reforestation of the immediate external landscape, to preserve the cave and the species that it harbors. The other two caves where specimens were found (Gruna do Enfurnado and Gruna do Zeferini caves) are quite distinct from each other and from Serra Verde cave, thus indicating the species is quite versatile in occupying different caves. Whilst Zeferini cave is mostly dry (there is only one pond on the cave), the Enfurnado cave is trespassed by a stream. The cave´s sizes are also very distinct: Zeferini cave has around 300 meters, while Enfurnado cave has more than 7.5 km in extension. As observed for the Serra Verde cave, the external surroundings of both the Zeferini and Enfurnado caves are also altered by human activities, especially farming (crops and pastures).

Endecous (Endecous) zin n. sp. (Figures 32 – 36, 37 – 45, 46 – 47, 48 – 51, 52 – 57, 58 – 63, 64 – 66; Table 2) Material examined. Holotype, ♁, code ISLA 104845, Brazil, Bahia, municipality of Serra do Ramalho, Gruna das Três Cobras cave (43°45′9.87″W, 13°37′6.62″S), 15.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; condition: right tegmen, left legs and phallic complex were detached/dissected and stored alongside the holotype. Paratypes, 1 ♀, ISLA 104846, municipality of Serra do Ramalho, Gruna das Três Cobras cave (43°45′9.87″W, 13°37′6.62″S), 26.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira; 5 ♁♁, ISLA 104847, 104848, 104849, municipality of Carinhanha, Gruna Grande cave (43°45′18.19″W, 13°36′8.9″S), 21.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104850, municipality of Carinhanha, Gruna do Google cave (43°48′49.04″W, 13°37′41.93″S), 22.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104851, municipality of Serra do Ramalho, Gruna da Serra Solta II cave (43°45′7.48″W, 13°30′38.16″S), 18.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira. Etymology. The epithet “zin” refers to a figure of speech often used in Brazil to refer to a friend. It is actually a shortening of “Zezin”, which is a nickname for “José”, a very common name in Brazil. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) elongated, inclined towards the parameres, projected towards the dorsal portion of phallic complex, apex tapered and acute; pseudepiphallic ventral branches (A) elongated and dilated at the apex; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) concave; pseudepiphallic rami (R) developed, forming a membranous shield that partially covers the ectophallic apodeme laterally; ectophallic arc (Ect.arc) broad and trapezoidal in general shape; ectophallic lateral bars (Ect.lb) elongated, meandering, slightly inclined towards the interior of the phallic complex, apex resembling a hook; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) with a crest on the opposite side of its central groove. Morphology (holotype ISLA 104845, Figs. 37–45). Body color: dorsal head yellowish brown; pronotum yellowish brown; abdomen whitish at its anterior portion and brownish at its posterior portion, and whitish ventrally (Figs. 37,39–45); entire legs yellowish brown, whitish at their proximal portion (Figs. 48–51); cerci yellowish brown throughout all their extension (Fig. 43). Head: slightly pubescent, elongated in frontal view; front yellowish brown; gena whitish brown; fastigium with long bristles, extending the vertex in an inclined plane pointing downwards; clypeus and labrum whitish with yellowish spots; mandibles yellowish brown and more sclerotized at the apex and margins; maxiles whitish and more sclerotized at the apex (Fig. 40); all maxillary palpomeres pubescent, the first two are whitish, short and same-sized, the other three palpomeres are longer and light yellowish brown, palpomere V (1.77 mm) is claviform and whitish at the apex (right maxillary palp missing) (Fig. 41); all labial palpomeres pubescent, increasing in size, palpomeres I and II are whitish, palpomere III is light yellowish brown and dilated from base to apex, which is whitish (Fig. 41); scape, pedicel and flagellomeres yellowish brown, distal portion whitish (Fig. 41); compound eyes reduced, ommatidia black; ocelli absent (Fig. 41). Thorax: pronotum lateroanterior and lateroposterior regions with long bristles; dorsal disk broader than long (1.94 and 2.86 mm in length and width, respectively), lateral lobes rounded and leaning towards the anterior portion of the body, anterior and posterior margins arched and sub-straight (Fig. 37). Legs: femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent (Figs. 48–51). Leg I (Figs. 50 and 51): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with an oval tympanum on its inner side and two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg II (Figs. 50 and 51): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg III (Figs. 48 and 49): femur developed; tibia slightly longer than the femur (8.75 and 8.17 mm, respectively); tibia armed with four subapical spurs on the outer side, the distal being the shortest, and three on the inner side, the proximal being the shortest, three apical spurs on the outer side (Fig. 49; a, b, c), spur “a” being the longest and “c” the shortest, and four on the inner side (Fig. 48; d, e, f, g), spurs “e” and “f” longer than the “d” and “g”; first tarsomere longer than the second and third tarsomeres together, with two apical spurs, the inner one being the longest (right leg missing). Right tegmen: slightly sclerotized; covering the first four urotergites (5.12 and 3.39 mm in length and width, respectively); harp with four well-marked crossveins and five cells, a fifth transversal crossvein is visible, but short, and does not reach the opposite margin of the harp, one of the main crossveins derives from two converging crossveins; mirror subtriangular, with three well-marked crossveins and three cells, the most anterior vein does not reach the opposite margin of the mirror; basal field with a single bifurcated secondary vein connecting Cu2 to 2A, 1A absent; lateral field with two connected longitudinal veins and several irregular and weakly marked secondary veins (Fig. 38); stridulatory file with 54 teeth. Abdomen: cerci pubescent, with globose setae at the base, mainly on the inner side, and long bristles throughout all their extension (right cerci broken); sub-genital plate whitish brown, distal margin rounded, with a small dent in the center (Fig. 44); supra-anal plate yellowish brown, shorter than the sub-genital plate, subtriangular, distal margin rounded, lateral projections short and curved outwards (Fig. 45); paraprocts as long as the supra-anal plate and barely visible in dorsal view (Fig. 45). Proventriculus (paratype ISLA 104848, Figs. 46–47). Proventriculus internally organized in six rows of 13 overlaid sclerotized appendices (sa); sclerotized lobes (sl) bearing a cluster of bristles are visible on each side of the sclerotized appendices; sclerotized appendices formed by a median tooth (mt), with at least five, but up to seven median denticles (md), and two lateral teeth (lt), with several lateral denticles (ld); a single median tooth showed eight median denticles; median denticles elongated, tapered and acute at the tip; lateral denticles also elongated, tapered and acute at the tip; the most posterior sclerotized appendix does not have a median tooth. Male phallic sclerites (holotype ISLA 104845, Figs. 32–36). Phallic complex broadened at the proximal and central portions, with an almost trapezoidal contour in dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 32 and 33). Pseudepiphallus: arms short and slightly inclined inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ps.arm); dorsal branches long, dorsally projected, tapered and acute at the apex, which is slightly inclined towards the interior of the phallic complex in frontal view (Fig. 35, Ps.db); “A” sclerite well-developed, elongated and dilated at the apex (Figs. 34 and 36, A); paramere 1 and 2 fused in a single circular and concave structure that does not extend itself past the dorsal branches in dorsal view, half-moon-shaped in frontal view, distal region highly sclerotized, dorsal portion sclerotized, forming a circular edge that reaches the tip of the posterior portion of the ectophallic median projections in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ps.p); inner bars concave and slightly curved downwards in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ps.ib); rami developed, forming a membranous shield that partially covers the ectophallic apodeme in lateral view (Fig. 36, R). Ectophallic invagination: arc well-developed, wide and trapeze-like in ventral view (Fig. 33, Ect.arc); apodeme developed and slightly inclined towards the interior of the sclerite in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ect.ap); lateral bars developed, sinuous, longer than the ectophallic median projections, slightly inclined inwards, with a hook-shaped apex in ventral view (Fig. 33, Ect.lb); median projections long, slender, slightly curved towards the exterior of the sclerite and reaching the parameres in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ect.mp). Endophallus: anterior portion well-developed and sclerotized, with a central groove and a crest opposite to the groove in lateral view (Fig. 36, End.sc.a.); duct short, membranous, barely exceeding the length of the ectophallic arc in ventral view (Fig. 33, End.sc.d); posterior portion membranous, trapezoidal at the apex, exceeding the length of the ectophallic median projections considerably and almost reaching the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches at their apexes in dorsal view (Fig. 32, End.sc.p). Variations in phallic sclerites (paratypes, n = 5, ISLA 104847, 104848, 104849, 104850, 104851). Phallic complexes vary slightly in size and degree of sclerotization; pseudepiphallic arms (Ps.arm), although always inclined to the interior of the sclerite, may vary slightly in the degree of inclination; right and left pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) with misaligned apexes as they extend dorsally and point to the center of the phallic complex; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) may be more or less concave, inclined or not towards the anterior and central part of the sclerite; ectophallic apodeme (Ect.ap) may or may not be inclined to the interior of the phallic complex; the distance between the endophallic sclerite posterior portion (End.sc.p) and the apex of the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches differs; in addition to that, the shape of the endophallic sclerite posterior portion also varies slightly, but still maintains the trapezoidal outline. Variations in male right tegmen (Figs. 52–57). Stridulatory file with 56.17 ± 1.95 teeth (n° = 6, holotype and paratypes). Harp outline conserved; three to five diagonal crossveins; four to six cells; a short and incomplete diagonal crossvein may be present (Figs. 55–57). Mirror outline varies from subtriangular to almost arch-like; two or three arched crossveins; three or four cells; incomplete crossveins may be present (Fig. 52); irregular and poorly marked veins may also be present (Fig. 57); two main crossveins may be derived from a single bifurcated crossvein (Fig. 54). Basal field outline conserved; 1A may be poorly marked, incomplete (Fig. 52) or absent (Fig. 53). Lateral field with two parallel longitudinal veins that may or may not be connected. Female (paratype ISLA 104846, Figs. 58–63). Same coloration of the male, except for the dorsal side of the abdomen, which is, in this case, yellowish brown; apterous; bigger than the male (17.03 and 13.47 mm ± 1.02 mm in length, respectively); supra-anal plate yellowish brown, pubescent, elongated, conical in shape, with two small lateral projections, distal margin rounded and covered by long bristles (Fig. 59); sub-genital plate brown, pubescent, short, but broad, distal margin rounded, with a large V-shaped dent in the center (Fig. 58); ovipositor shorter than the cerci (7.5 mm), with a dorsoventral constriction near the apex, shaped like a curved sword (Figs. 60 and 62). Copulatory papilla sclerotized and short, anterior portion membranous, with an almost rectangular contour in dorsal and ventral views; distal portion widened, chalice-like, V-shaped ventral end longer than the also V-shaped dorsal end in lateral and dorsal views (Fig. 63). Ecological remarks. Specimens of Endecous zin n. sp. were found in four caves located in the municipalities of Carinhanha and Serra do Ramalho, southwestern Bahia State, Brazil. The Gruna das Três Cobras cave was defined as the type locality. This cave has 5,620 meters of horizontal projection (Silva et al. 2019), presenting internal conduits and chambers of labyrinthic aspect (Fig. 64). The cave has many entrances, most of them located at the base of the limestone outcrop. The cave atmosphere is constantly influenced by the airflow coming from those entrances and, as a consequence, several conduits dry out during the dry season (Fig. 65). However, due to the cave extension, there are moistened inner chambers located far from the entrances that remain humid even during the dry season. Specimens of Endecous zin n. sp. were observed in several areas along the cave, but never close to the entrances. They were usually walking on the cave floor or walls (Fig. 66). It is important to mention that this cave is partially flooded during the rainy season. Hence, the habitat of this species seems to be seasonally altered, thus, the crickets likely need to migrate to distinct areas in each season. The main organic resources occurring in the cave are plant debris from the epigean vegetation, and bat guano, the latter being more common in deeper regions of the cave. Such guano piles certainly represent an important food resource for this species, along with other decaying material, considering its generalist detritivore nature. This cave receives no human visitors, with the exception of few speleologists who sporadically explore it. Consequently, the cave is relatively well preserved. Nonetheless, the external area is highly degraded, with drone images revealing the extension of the logging activity in the cave surroundings (Fig. 64). Most areas were converted to pastures or had the vegetation removed and burned, maybe for future expansion of the grazing areas. As previously mentioned, such practices influence the organic input to the cave environment directly and, at the same time, contribute to the silting of many conduits and chambers inside the cave. Because of that, several microhabitats that might be important to this new species (among others) may be being severely altered by the external deforestation. In that sense, urgent actions are needed in order to prevent further negative impacts in the cave surroundings. Endecous zin n. sp. was also observed in other three caves located not far from the Gruna das Três Cobras cave (Gruna do Google, Gruna Grande and Gruna da Serra Solta II caves). Such caves are considerably long (more than 1km of horizontal projection) and have intermittent drainages along their main conduit. The Gruna do Google and Gruna Grande caves were only visited by speleologists since its discovery, due to the difficulty in accessing their inner portions. Hence, its interior is quite preserved. The Gruna da Serra Solta II cave, on the other hand, is partially impacted, especially at the entrance area, where locals pump water from a cistern using a diesel engine. However, since the cave is quite long, most of its extension is devoid of visible impacts caused by humans. It is worth noting that there are many other caves in that area that were not sampled, so it is quite plausible to assume that E. zin n. sp. is more widely distributed in the region. Similar to the Gruna das Três Cobras cave surroundings, the external landscape of Gruna do Google, Gruna Grande and Gruna da Serra Solta II caves is also altered, due to replacement of the original vegetation by pastures and crops. In that sense, it is important to highlight that the region is under risk, especially considering agriculture expansion and the growing threats of limestone extraction, which may impact the entire Serra do Ramalho region, affecting several caves, including those previously described.

Endecous (Ramalhoecous) infernalis n. sp. (Figures 2 – 6, 7 – 15, 16 – 17, 18 – 21, 22 – 27, 28 – 31; Table 1) Material examined– Holotype, ♁, code ISLA 104838, Brazil, Bahia, municipality of Carinhanha, Água Clara cave (43°57′6.24″W, 13°48′4.25″S), 11.x.2017, R. L. Ferreira; condition: right tegmen and left legs I and II were detached and stored alongside the holotype. Paratypes, 7 ♁♁, ISLA 104839, municipality of Carinhanha, Água Clara cave (43°57′6.24″W, 13°48′4.25″S), 11.x.2017, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104840, 104841, 104842, municipality of Carinhanha, Água Clara cave (43°57′6.24″W, 13°48′4.25″S), 1.ix.2022, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104843, municipality of Carinhanha, Lapa dos Peixes I cave (43°57′25.2″W, 13°49′22.08″S), 10.x.2017, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104844, municipality of Coribe, Baixão da Canoa cave (44° 9′50.35′′W, 13°51′27.69″S), 20.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104837, municipality of Carinhanha, Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave (43°54′50.4″W, 13°47′52.8″S), 14.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira. Etymology. The epithet “infernalis” is a Latin noun referring to those belonging to hell, or to the lower regions, thus being a reference to the subterranean habitat of the species. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) dorsally projected and inclined inwards, apex broad and subtriangular in shape, with a less sclerotized tip; pseudepiphallic ventral branches (A) elongated, almost fused to the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches, apex broad and triangular in shape; pseudepiphallic rami (R) underdeveloped and falciform; ectophallic arch (Ect.arc) narrow and conical; ectophallic lateral bars (Ect.lb) short and contorted on themselves, apex acute; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) elongated and lacking a crest opposite to its central groove. Morphology (paratype ISLA 104837, Figs. 7–15). Body color: dorsal head yellowish brown, with irregular brown patches reaching the occiput; pronotum yellowish brown; abdomen yellowish brown dorsally and light yellowish brown ventrally (Figs. 7, 9–15); entire legs yellowish brown, whitish at their proximal portion (Figs. 18–21), cerci yellowish brown at the base (Fig. 13) and brownish towards the apex. Head: slightly pubescent, elongated in frontal view; front and gena yellowish brown; fastigium with long bristles, extending the vertex in an inclined plane pointing downwards; clypeus and labrum whitish with yellowish spots; mandibles yellowish brown and more sclerotized at the apex and margins; maxiles whitish and more sclerotized at the apex (Fig. 10); all maxillary palpomeres light yellowish brown and pubescent, the first two short and same-sized, the other three are longer, the palpomere V (2.21 mm) is claviform and whitish at the apex (Fig. 11); all labial palpomeres light yellowish brown, pubescent and increasing in size, the third one dilated from base to apex, which is whitish (Fig. 11); scape, pedicel and flagellomeres yellowish brown, distal portion whitish; compound eyes reduced, ommatidia black, ocelli absent (Figs. 9–11). Thorax: pronotum slightly pubescent, dorsal disk broader than long (2.38 and 3.86 mm in length and width respectively), lateral lobes subtriangular and leaning towards the anterior portion of the body, anterior and posterior margins arched and uneven, posterior margin with two laterally oriented small humps (Fig. 7). Legs: femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent. Leg I (Figs. 20 and 21): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with an oval tympanum on its inner side and two same-sized ventral apical spurs; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third together. Leg II (Figs. 20 and 21): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with two same-sized ventral apical spurs; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third together. Leg III (Figs. 18 and 19): femur developed; tibia slightly longer than the femur (11.44 and 11.11 mm, respectively); tibia armed with four subapical spurs on the outer side, the distal being the shortest, and three on the inner side (four subapical spurs on the inner side of the right leg), the proximal being the shortest, three apical spurs on the outer side (Fig. 19; a, b, c), spur “a” being the longest and “c” the shortest, and four on the inner side (Fig. 18; d, e, f, g), spurs “e” and “f” longer the “d” and “g” (three apical spurs on the inner side of the left leg, “d” probably lost during capture); first tarsomere longer than the second and third together, with two apical spurs, the inner being the longest. Right tegmen: slightly sclerotized; covering the first two urotergites (6.31 and 4.80 mm in length and width, respectively); harp with three well-marked crossveins and four cells; mirror subtriangular, with one well-marked crossvein and two cells, distal cell with a short and incomplete vertical vein; basal field with three secondary veins connecting Cu2 to 2A, secondary veins 2 and 3 connected by a crossvein, secondary vein 1 anteriorly bifurcated, 2A well-marked and proximally bifurcated, 1A absent; lateral field with two longitudinal veins and many irregular weakly marked secondary veins (Fig. 8); stridulatory file with 115 teeth. Abdomen: tergite III with an anterior semi-halved protuberance (Fig. 12), tergites IV, V, VI and VII with small and less conspicuous anterior humps; cerci short in comparison to body lenght, pubescent, with globose setae at the base, mainly on the inner side, and long bristles throughout all their extension, proximal portion dilated; sub-genital plate light yellowish brown, longer than wide, lateral margins slightly curved towards the outer side, distal margin rounded, with a small V-shaped dent in the center (Fig. 14); supra-anal plate whitish brown, distal margin rounded, shorter than the sub-genital plate, lateral projections rounded and pointing outwards, paraprocts as long as the supra-anal plate and barely visible in dorsal view (Fig. 15). Proventriculus (paratype ISLA 104843, Figs. 16–17). Proventriculus internally organized in six rows of 12 overlaid sclerotized appendices (sa); sclerotized lobes (sl) bearing a cluster of bristles are visible on each side of the sclerotized appendices; sclerotized appendices formed by a median tooth (mt), with at least four, but up to nine median denticles (md), and two lateral teeth (lt), with several lateral denticles (ld); median denticles elongated and rounded at the tip; lateral denticles also elongated and rounded at the tip; the most posterior sclerotized appendix does not have a median tooth. Male phallic sclerites (paratype ISLA 104837, Figs.2–6). Phallic complex uniformly broadened, of intermediate length and almost quadrangular contour in dorsal and ventral views. Pseudepiphallus: arms short and slightly inclined outwards in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ps.arm); dorsal branches dorsally projected, apexes broad, subtriangular in shape, with an undeveloped and less sclerotized tip, and inclined towards the interior of the phallic complex in frontal view (Figs. 2 and 5, Ps.db); “A” sclerite well-developed, elongated, almost fused to the dorsal branch, apex broad and triangular shaped, reaching the dorsolateral central region of the parameres in lateral view (Fig. 4 and 6, A); paramere 1 and 2 fused in a single circular and concave structure, slightly projected past dorsal branches in dorsal view, ventral portion bifurcated, distal region highly sclerotized, dorsal portion sclerotized, forming a scythe-like edge that partially covers the posterior portion of the ectophallic median projections in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ps.p); inner bars broad in frontal view, central region deeply concave, forming a basket-like structure, dorsal portion arranged in arc in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ps.ib); rami underdeveloped, reduced to a short, scythe-shaped ventral projection in lateral view (Fig. 6, R). Ectophallic invagination: arc well-developed, expanding itself longitudinally rather than laterally, anterior and posterior central parts conical in dorsal view, posterior margin more sclerotized than the anterior margin (Fig. 3, Ect.arc); apodeme developed, ventrally positioned and inclined towards the interior of the sclerite in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ect.ap); lateral bar developed, broad, shorter than the ectophallic median projections, slightly curved towards the exterior of the sclerite, apex acute and contorted on itself in ventral view (Fig. 3, Ect.lb); median projection long, slender and inclined inwards, reaching the parameres and fusing at the apex (Fig. 2, Ect.mp). Endophallus: anterior portion well-developed and sclerotized, elongated, rectangular in shape, with a central groove, but no crest opposite to the groove (Fig. 3, End.sc.a); duct short and mostly membranous, reaching the distal portion of the ectophallic median projections in ventral view (Fig. 3, End.sc.d); posterior portion conical, slightly sclerotized at the apex and barely exceeding the length of the ectophallic median projections in dorsal view (Fig. 2, End.sc.p). Variations in phallic sclerites (holotype and paratypes, n = 7, ISLA 104838, 104839, 104840, 104841, 104842, 104843, 104844). Phallic complexes vary slightly in size and degree of sclerotization; pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) vary subtly in degree of inclination towards the center of the sclerite; furthermore, its external contour and curvature also vary, ranging from less acute to more acute, with or without evident vertices; pseudepiphallic ventral branch (A) may be more or less fused to the dorsal branch; bifurcated ventral portion of the pseudepiphallic parameres (Ps.p) may be evident or slightly evident; dorsal portion of the pseudepiphallic parameres in the form of a short or long scythe, covering only the apexes of the ectophallic median projections (Ect. mp) or, at most, half of their length; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) perpendicular or not to the longitudinal axis of the sclerite; ectophallic lateral bar (Ect.lb) contorted on itself only at the apex, throughout all of its extension or, at least, half of its length; ectophallic median projections sinuous or almost linear, but always merging at the apex; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) rectangular or narrowed at the apex; endophallic sclerite posterior portion (End.sc.p) of conical or trapezoidal shape. Variations in male right tegmen (Figs. 22–27). Stridulatory file with 122 ± 7.31 teeth (n° = 8, holotype and paratypes). Harp outline conserved; two or three diagonal crossveins; three or four cells; a short and incomplete diagonal crossvein may be present (Fig. 23); one of the main crossveins may have a few knob-like projections throughout its extension (Fig. 26). Mirror outline always subtriangular; one or two crossveins, the proximal one being V-shaped; a short vertical or horizontal incomplete crossvein may be observed (Figs. 22 and 27); the distal crossvein may branch out into two crossveins, one short and one long, yet both reach the distal margin of the mirror (Fig. 25). Basal field outline conserved; 1A may be absent (Fig. 22); secondary veins may branch out from 1A, reaching the Cu2 or the 2A, and forming small cells (Figs. 23, 25 and 26); secondary crossveins may connect Cu2 to 2A directly (Fig. 22). Lateral field with two longitudinal veins that may or may not converge, but are usually connected through secondary veins and rarely completely parallel and isolated from one another throughout their extension. Ecological remarks. Specimens of Endecous infernalis n. sp. were found in Baix„o da Canoa cave, located in the municipality of Coribe, and in other two cave systems: the Gruna da Água Clara cave system (ACCS) and Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave (Fig. 29), both located in the municipality of Carinhanha, southwestern Bahia state, Brazil. The Água Clara cave system represents a set of functionally interconnected caves of approximately 24 km of extension. It is composed of four limestone caves trespassed by an intermittent stream, active during the austral summer (October until March) (Souza-Silva et al. 2021). The Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave (Fig. 29), in turn, is a single 2.660-meter-long cave that does not belong to the ACCS, but it is located near that system (approximately 4 km in a straight line). The Baix„o da Canoa cave was only recently discovered, so it was not yet properly explored. It is safe to say, however, that the surveyed conduits have at least 1.5 km of extension. This cave has a single known entrance, which leads to a crawling conduit that connects to a wide main chamber, representing the main cave conduit, which has an intermittent drainage active during rainy periods. Differently from what is usually observed for most of the Endecous species occurring in Brazilian caves, the caves aforementioned had a very low population density of Endecous infernalis n. sp. Hence, it was relatively hard to find specimens (especially adults) in all the caves in which it occurs. Although practically the entire ACCS has been inventoried for cave invertebrates in a study carried out in 2017 (Souza-Silva et al. 2021), only few specimens were found, mainly in deep and moistened areas within the system. It is noteworthy that the two caves located at the intermediate portion of the ACCS (Gruna dos Índios and Lapa dos Peixes caves) have a quite dry main conduit due to the airflow that comes from the entrances in both sides of their main conduits and trespasses both caves. Because of that, individuals of E. infernalis n. sp. were seldom observed in this intermediate portion of the ACCS, probably due to the unstable climatic conditions of the caves. A second population was observed in the Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave in deeper areas within the cave, far from the entrance. Most specimens found in both cave systems were observed freely walking on the cave floor or in the caves’ walls (Figs. 30 and 31). Finally, a third population was recently discovered in the Baix„o da Canoa cave. Again, specimens were only observed in deeper and moistened areas, and, as a result of the low-density population, the individuals were thinly dispersed. A single adult male was collected, despite the sampling efforts employed along the cave. It is important to mention the distance among the Gruna da Água Clara cave system (ACCS), Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I and Baix„o da Canoa cave. While ACCS and Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave comprise close systems (entrances located approximately 4 km in a straight line from each other), the Baix„o da Canoa cave is located far from the first two cave systems (22 km in a straight line). All these caves are associated with the main massif of the Serra do Ramalho mountain range, which comprises a large continuous carbonate outcrop that runs from southwest to northeast. Furthermore, the Baix„o da Canoa cave is located at a higher altitude, being associated with a hydrological recharge zone in the landscape, while the ACCS and the Gruna de Pedro Cassiano caves are located at lower altitudes, being associated with the base of the outcrops in hydrological discharge zone. Thus, it is plausible to assume the existence of subterranean connectivity between those systems. An interesting observation was made in a deeper area of the Gruna da Água Clara cave (Part of the ACCS) during an expedition in 2017: an adult male was stridulating while a juvenile female was interacting with its cerci (Fig. 30). Although it was not possible to observe in detail, it seemed that the female was touching the basal region of the male’s cerci, where modified setae (globose setae) can be found, with her mouthparts. In both Grylloidea and Blattodea, club-shaped and globose setae are hypothesized to act as gravity receptors (Nicklaus 1969; Bischof 1975; Horn 1985; Hartman et al. 1987), but, as pointed out by Desutter-Grandcolas (1998a), further neuroethological studies of these insects are necessary to confirm or refute this function. Given the observed behavior, one can hypothesize that such setae may also attract females for mating, functioning eventually as a nuptial gift. Although the SEM images of such setae usually show them flattened, they are, in their natural state, swollen, due to being filled with fluid. Considering that the observed female was immature (the ovipositor was still short and not sclerotized), this behavior could represent an advantage in the case of oligotrophic environments and low-density populations, in which the encounter among specimens may be more infrequent, especially in extensive cave systems such as the ACCS. Nevertheless, such hypotheses deserve further studies in order to confirm or refute it. It is important to mention the troglomorphic traits observed in this species, which will be discussed further on. When compared to other Endecous species (most of which are troglophilic), E. infernalis n. sp. presents reduced eyes and longer legs. Other Endecous species previously considered troglobitic, as E. peruassuensis and E. apterus, presents much less regressive morphological traits than those observed in the species herein described. Bearing in mind the species distribution within the caves it inhabits (always in deeper moist regions) and the quite severe external dry habitat surrounding the caves, it is plausible to assume it is, in fact, a troglobitic (cave-restricted) species. Although Gruna do Pedro Cassiano cave receives local visitors sporadically, such visitors do not reach the cave deepest regions, where the specimens occur. The Gruna da Água Clara cave system, on the other hand, is only visited by speleologists during technical/scientific expeditions, which seldom occur. Such activities apparently do not represent a threat for the species. The Baix„o da Canoa cave was only visited once by the researchers who sampled the cave, thus it is pristinely preserved. The external environment surrounding the caves, however, is severely altered (Fig. 28). Most of the original forests were replaced by pastures or other monocultures. The forests remain only in the top and border of the limestone outcrops, in randomly dispersed patches of vegetation or alongside intermittent drainages. Such impacts may reduce the organic input to the cave ecosystems and increase the silting in all those caves, thus altering several microhabitats of this species.

Endecous (Endecous) zaum n. sp. (Figures 67 – 71, 72 – 80, 81 – 82, 83 – 86, 87 – 92, 93 – 97; Table 3) Material examined. Holotype, ♁, code ISL 104855, Brazil, Bahia, municipality of Coribe, Serra Verde cave (44°19′26.85″W, 13°43′28.04″S), 20.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; condition: right tegmen, left legs and phallic complex were detached/dissected and stored alongside the holotype. Paratypes, 9 ♁♁, ISLA 104852, 104853, 104854, municipality of Coribe, Serra Verde cave (44°19′26.85″W, 13°43′28.04″S), 20.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104856, 104857, municipality of Coribe, Gruna do Enfurnado cave (44°12′7.99″W, 13°38′45.69″S), 25.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104858, 104859, 104860, 104861, municipality of Coribe, Gruna do Zeferini cave (44°14′4.52′′W, 13°46′15.55″S), 24.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira. Etymology. The epithet “zaum” is a Russian term composed by the prefix ЗА (beyond) and ум (mind, knowledge). Hence, it literally means “beyond knowledge”. This term should be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) elongated, dorsally projected and pointing to the center of the phallic complex, distal portion turning inwards abruptly in relation to the proximal portion; pseudepiphallic ventral branches (A) elongated, apex dilated and rounded; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) flat and inclined inwards; pseudepiphallic rami (R) developed, forming a membranous shield that covers the most proximal portion of the ectophallic apodeme; ectophallic arc (Ect.arc) rounded at the posterior and anterior middle portions; ectophallic lateral bars (Ect.lb) elongated, sinuous and rounded at the apex; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) with a crest on the opposite side of its central groove. Morphology (paratype ISLA 104854, Figs. 72–80). Body color: dorsal head yellowish brown with irregular brown patches; pronotum yellowish brown; abdomen brown dorsally and whitish ventrally (Figs. 72,74–80); entire legs yellowish brown, whitish at their proximal portion (Figs. 83–86); cerci brown at the base and yellowish brown towards the apex (Fig. 78). Head: slightly pubescent, elongated in frontal view; front brown; gena yellowish brown; fastigium with long bristles, extending the vertex in an inclined plane pointing downwards; clypeus and labrum whitish; mandibles yellowish brown and more sclerotized at the apex and margins; maxiles whitish and more sclerotized at the apex (Fig. 75); all maxillary palpomeres pubescent, the first two whitish, short and same-sized, the other three palpomeres yellowish brown and longer, the palpomere V (1.81 mm) is claviform and whitish at the apex (Fig. 76); all labial palpomeres light yellowish brown, pubescent, increasing in size, the third one dilated from base to apex, which is whitish (Fig. 76); scape, pedicel and flagellomeres yellowish brown, distal portion whitish (Fig. 76); compound eyes reduced, ommatidia black; ocelli absent (Fig. 46). Thorax: pronotum lateroanterior and lateroposterior regions with long bristles; dorsal disk broader than long (2.55 and 3.51 mm in length and width, respectively), lateral lobes rounded and leaning towards the anterior portion of the body, anterior and posterior margins arched and sub-straight (Figs. 72 and 77). Legs: femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent (Figs. 83–86). Leg I (Figs. 85 and 86): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with an oval tympanum on its inner side and two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg II (Figs. 85 and 86): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg III (Figs. 83 and 84): femur developed; tibia longer than the femur (12.49 and 10.99 mm respectively); tibia armed with four subapical spurs on the outer side, the distal being the shortest, and three on the inner side, the proximal being the shortest, three apical spurs on the outer side (Fig. 84; a, b, c), spur “a” being the longest and “c” the shortest, and four on the inner side (Fig. 83; d, e, f, g), spurs “e” and “f” longer than the “d” and “g”; first tarsomere longer than the second and third tarsomeres together, with two apical spurs, the inner one being the longest. Right tegmen: slightly sclerotized; covering the first three urotergites (5.22 and 4.17 mm in length and width, respectively); harp with five cells and four well-marked crossveins, the two most proximal ones share the same origin point, a fifth crossvein is visible, but short and does not reach the opposite margin of the harp; mirror with two distinct crossveins and three cells; basal field with a single and short secondary vein connecting Cu2 to 1A; lateral field with two longitudinal veins and several irregular and weakly marked veins (Fig. 73); stridulatory file with 95 teeth. Abdomen: cerci pubescent, with globose setae at the base, mainly on the inner side, and long bristles throughout all their extension; sub-genital plate whitish brown, U-shaped, proximal margin broader than the distal margin, which is rounded (Fig. 79); supra-anal plate yellowish-brown, subtriangular, distal margin rounded lateral projections short and slightly curved outwards (Fig. 80); paraprocts as long as the supra-anal plate, projecting themselves laterally and, therefore, visible in dorsal view (Figs. 78 and 80). Proventriculus (paratype ISLA 104852, Figs. 81–82). Proventriculus internally organized in six rows of 11 or 12 overlaid sclerotized appendices (sa); sclerotized lobes (sl) bearing a cluster of bristles are visible on each side of the sclerotized appendices; sclerotized appendices formed by a median tooth (mt), with at least five, but up to nine median denticles (md), and two lateral teeth (lt), with several lateral denticles (ld); median denticles short and rounded at the tip; lateral denticles also short and rounded at the tip; the most posterior median tooth bears two or three short median denticles; the most posterior sclerotized appendix does not have a median tooth. Male phallic sclerites (holotype ISLA 104855, Figs. 67–71). Phallic complex broadened at the proximal and central portions, with an almost trapezoidal contour in dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 67 and 68). Pseudepiphallus: arms short and inclined inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ps.arm); dorsal branches long, projecting dorsally towards the center of the phallic complex, with the distal half virtually perpendicular to the proximal half in dorsal view, apexes slightly dilated, rounded at the tip and almost touching each other in frontal view (Fig. 70, Ps.db); “A” sclerite welldeveloped, elongated and dilated at the apex, with a rounded tip (Figs. 69–71, A); paramere 1 and 2 fused in a single circular and concave structure, bean-shaped in frontal view, distal region highly sclerotized, ventral region exceeding the length of the dorsal branches in both dorsal and ventral views, dorsal portion sclerotized, forming a scythe-like edge that reaches the ventral side of the posterior portion of the ectophallic median projections (Fig. 67, Ps.p); inner bars flat and slightly inclined downwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ps.ib); rami developed, forming a membranous shield that covers only the proximal portion of the ectophallic apodeme in lateral view (Fig. 71, R). Ectophallic invagination: arc well-developed, wide, dome-shaped at both posterior and anterior central parts in ventral view (Fig. 68, Ect.arc); apodeme developed and slightly curved inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ect.ap); lateral bars welldeveloped, sinuous, slightly inclined inwards, longer than the ectophallic median projections, with a rounded apex and almost touching the parameres in ventral view (Fig. 68, Ect.lb); median projections slender, elongated, reaching the parameres, slender and slightly curved outwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ect.mp). Endophallus: anterior portion well-developed and sclerotized, with a central groove and a dorsal crest, opposite to the groove in lateral view (Fig. 71, End.sc.a); duct short, membranous throughout all its extension, which subceeds the length of the ectophallic apodeme in ventral view (Fig. 68, End.sc.d); posterior portion membranous, trapeze-shaped, exceeding the length of the ectophallic median projections considerably and almost reaching the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches at their apexes in dorsal view (Fig. 67, End.sc.p). Variations in phallic sclerites (paratypes, n = 6, ISLA 104852, 104853, 104854, 104856, 104860, 104861). Phallic complexes vary slightly in degree of sclerotization; pseudepiphallic arms (Ps.arm) vary subtly in degree of inclination towards the center of the sclerite; pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) always bent abruptly towards the interior of the sclerite, but may not be perpendicular to the pseudepiphallic arms; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps. ib) may be more or less inclined to the anterior portion of the phallic complex; anterior margin of the ectophallic arch (Ect.arc) may be more or less curved; ectophallic apodeme (Ect.ap) may be more or less inclined towards the interior of the sclerite; endophallic sclerite posterior portion (End.sc.p) shape varies slightly, yet retains the trapezoidal outline. Variations in male right tegmen (Figs. 87 – 92). Stridulatory file with 87.10 ± 5.17 teeth (n° = 10, holotype and paratypes). Harp outline conserved; four or five diagonal crossveins and five or six cells; a short and irregular crossvein may be present (Figs. 87, 89 and 92). Mirror outline always triangular, with a trapezoidal apex; two complete, V-shaped crossveins (Figs. 87, 89 and 92), two incomplete veins (Fig. 88) one complete vein (Fig. 91) or one incomplete vein (Fig. 90); a third short, diagonal vein may be present (Fig. 88). Basal field outline conserved; 1A may branch out into several irregular and poorly marked veins (Fig. 88). Lateral field with two parallel longitudinal veins, which may be curved outwards. Ecological remarks. Specimens of Endecous zaum n. sp. were observed in the Serra Verde, Gruna do Enfurnado and Gruna do Zeferini caves. However, many other caves exist in the area (most of them not biologically studied), so it is likely that other populations of E. zaum n. sp. may be found in the future. Serra Verde cave (the type locality) has at least 1,730 meters of horizontal projection, but it is still under exploration, so it might be longer than currently known. Even though the cave has a relatively wide entrance (Fig. 94), there is a constriction in the main conduit around 20 meters from the entrance, which prevents the locals from accessing the cave interior. The conduit that follows this constriction is relatively dry. Nevertheless, there are signs that the runoff water penetrates the cave in rainy periods. Our team visited the cave during the dry season, hence, the substrates were predominantly dry near the entrance. Nonetheless, it is important to mention that galleries became progressively wetter as depth increased, the conduits at the final portion of the cave being drenched in water (Fig. 95). Specimens of E. zaum n. sp. were observed in the humid galleries, far from the entrance, being more frequent in deeper regions of the cave. Individuals were most often seen on the cave floor (Fig. 96). The predominant organic resources were bat guano (especially produced by vampire bats— Desmodus rotundus) and plant debris brought by the water. In previous expeditions, speleologists discovered that the inner conduits partially flood during the rainy season, thus indicating that the water table varies greatly throughout the year. For that reason, it is fair to assume that these crickets probably migrate during rainy seasons to regions closer to the entrance that are not flooded. As aforementioned, the constriction on the conduit close to the entrance of the cave hinders the access of locals to its interior, which in turn guarantees the preservation of the cave’s inner environment. The external landscape, however, is severely altered, especially close to the limestone outcrops, where only a few remnants of the original vegetation can be verified (Fig. 93). Pastures replaced most of the native forests and cattle were observed in the cave surroundings (Fig. 97), compacting the exposed soil, which is highly vulnerable to erosive processes. Additionally, since the cave entrance is located at the bottom of a valley, the external topography ends up contributing to the input of sediments to the cave during rainy periods. The soil denudation in the external landscape can, therefore, intensify erosive processes, increasing the sediment input to the cave, and, consequently, silting up important microhabitats. Accordingly, it is highly recommendable to protect the cave surroundings, especially through the reforestation of the immediate external landscape, to preserve the cave and the species that it harbors. The other two caves where specimens were found (Gruna do Enfurnado and Gruna do Zeferini caves) are quite distinct from each other and from Serra Verde cave, thus indicating the species is quite versatile in occupying different caves. Whilst Zeferini cave is mostly dry (there is only one pond on the cave), the Enfurnado cave is trespassed by a stream. The cave´s sizes are also very distinct: Zeferini cave has around 300 meters, while Enfurnado cave has more than 7.5 km in extension. As observed for the Serra Verde cave, the external surroundings of both the Zeferini and Enfurnado caves are also altered by human activities, especially farming (crops and pastures)., Published as part of Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Mendes, Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2023, Three new cricket species and a new subgenus of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves in northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5263 (1) on pages 23-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7797711

Endecous (Endecous) zin n. sp. (Figures 32 – 36, 37 – 45, 46 – 47, 48 – 51, 52 – 57, 58 – 63, 64 – 66; Table 2) Material examined. Holotype, ♁, code ISLA 104845, Brazil, Bahia, municipality of Serra do Ramalho, Gruna das Três Cobras cave (43°45′9.87″W, 13°37′6.62″S), 15.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; condition: right tegmen, left legs and phallic complex were detached/dissected and stored alongside the holotype. Paratypes, 1 ♀, ISLA 104846, municipality of Serra do Ramalho, Gruna das Três Cobras cave (43°45′9.87″W, 13°37′6.62″S), 26.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira; 5 ♁♁, ISLA 104847, 104848, 104849, municipality of Carinhanha, Gruna Grande cave (43°45′18.19″W, 13°36′8.9″S), 21.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104850, municipality of Carinhanha, Gruna do Google cave (43°48′49.04″W, 13°37′41.93″S), 22.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104851, municipality of Serra do Ramalho, Gruna da Serra Solta II cave (43°45′7.48″W, 13°30′38.16″S), 18.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira. Etymology. The epithet “zin” refers to a figure of speech often used in Brazil to refer to a friend. It is actually a shortening of “Zezin”, which is a nickname for “José”, a very common name in Brazil. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) elongated, inclined towards the parameres, projected towards the dorsal portion of phallic complex, apex tapered and acute; pseudepiphallic ventral branches (A) elongated and dilated at the apex; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) concave; pseudepiphallic rami (R) developed, forming a membranous shield that partially covers the ectophallic apodeme laterally; ectophallic arc (Ect.arc) broad and trapezoidal in general shape; ectophallic lateral bars (Ect.lb) elongated, meandering, slightly inclined towards the interior of the phallic complex, apex resembling a hook; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) with a crest on the opposite side of its central groove. Morphology (holotype ISLA 104845, Figs. 37–45). Body color: dorsal head yellowish brown; pronotum yellowish brown; abdomen whitish at its anterior portion and brownish at its posterior portion, and whitish ventrally (Figs. 37,39–45); entire legs yellowish brown, whitish at their proximal portion (Figs. 48–51); cerci yellowish brown throughout all their extension (Fig. 43). Head: slightly pubescent, elongated in frontal view; front yellowish brown; gena whitish brown; fastigium with long bristles, extending the vertex in an inclined plane pointing downwards; clypeus and labrum whitish with yellowish spots; mandibles yellowish brown and more sclerotized at the apex and margins; maxiles whitish and more sclerotized at the apex (Fig. 40); all maxillary palpomeres pubescent, the first two are whitish, short and same-sized, the other three palpomeres are longer and light yellowish brown, palpomere V (1.77 mm) is claviform and whitish at the apex (right maxillary palp missing) (Fig. 41); all labial palpomeres pubescent, increasing in size, palpomeres I and II are whitish, palpomere III is light yellowish brown and dilated from base to apex, which is whitish (Fig. 41); scape, pedicel and flagellomeres yellowish brown, distal portion whitish (Fig. 41); compound eyes reduced, ommatidia black; ocelli absent (Fig. 41). Thorax: pronotum lateroanterior and lateroposterior regions with long bristles; dorsal disk broader than long (1.94 and 2.86 mm in length and width, respectively), lateral lobes rounded and leaning towards the anterior portion of the body, anterior and posterior margins arched and sub-straight (Fig. 37). Legs: femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent (Figs. 48–51). Leg I (Figs. 50 and 51): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with an oval tympanum on its inner side and two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg II (Figs. 50 and 51): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg III (Figs. 48 and 49): femur developed; tibia slightly longer than the femur (8.75 and 8.17 mm, respectively); tibia armed with four subapical spurs on the outer side, the distal being the shortest, and three on the inner side, the proximal being the shortest, three apical spurs on the outer side (Fig. 49; a, b, c), spur “a” being the longest and “c” the shortest, and four on the inner side (Fig. 48; d, e, f, g), spurs “e” and “f” longer than the “d” and “g”; first tarsomere longer than the second and third tarsomeres together, with two apical spurs, the inner one being the longest (right leg missing). Right tegmen: slightly sclerotized; covering the first four urotergites (5.12 and 3.39 mm in length and width, respectively); harp with four well-marked crossveins and five cells, a fifth transversal crossvein is visible, but short, and does not reach the opposite margin of the harp, one of the main crossveins derives from two converging crossveins; mirror subtriangular, with three well-marked crossveins and three cells, the most anterior vein does not reach the opposite margin of the mirror; basal field with a single bifurcated secondary vein connecting Cu2 to 2A, 1A absent; lateral field with two connected longitudinal veins and several irregular and weakly marked secondary veins (Fig. 38); stridulatory file with 54 teeth. Abdomen: cerci pubescent, with globose setae at the base, mainly on the inner side, and long bristles throughout all their extension (right cerci broken); sub-genital plate whitish brown, distal margin rounded, with a small dent in the center (Fig. 44); supra-anal plate yellowish brown, shorter than the sub-genital plate, subtriangular, distal margin rounded, lateral projections short and curved outwards (Fig. 45); paraprocts as long as the supra-anal plate and barely visible in dorsal view (Fig. 45). Proventriculus (paratype ISLA 104848, Figs. 46–47). Proventriculus internally organized in six rows of 13 overlaid sclerotized appendices (sa); sclerotized lobes (sl) bearing a cluster of bristles are visible on each side of the sclerotized appendices; sclerotized appendices formed by a median tooth (mt), with at least five, but up to seven median denticles (md), and two lateral teeth (lt), with several lateral denticles (ld); a single median tooth showed eight median denticles; median denticles elongated, tapered and acute at the tip; lateral denticles also elongated, tapered and acute at the tip; the most posterior sclerotized appendix does not have a median tooth. Male phallic sclerites (holotype ISLA 104845, Figs. 32–36). Phallic complex broadened at the proximal and central portions, with an almost trapezoidal contour in dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 32 and 33). Pseudepiphallus: arms short and slightly inclined inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ps.arm); dorsal branches long, dorsally projected, tapered and acute at the apex, which is slightly inclined towards the interior of the phallic complex in frontal view (Fig. 35, Ps.db); “A” sclerite well-developed, elongated and dilated at the apex (Figs. 34 and 36, A); paramere 1 and 2 fused in a single circular and concave structure that does not extend itself past the dorsal branches in dorsal view, half-moon-shaped in frontal view, distal region highly sclerotized, dorsal portion sclerotized, forming a circular edge that reaches the tip of the posterior portion of the ectophallic median projections in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ps.p); inner bars concave and slightly curved downwards in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ps.ib); rami developed, forming a membranous shield that partially covers the ectophallic apodeme in lateral view (Fig. 36, R). Ectophallic invagination: arc well-developed, wide and trapeze-like in ventral view (Fig. 33, Ect.arc); apodeme developed and slightly inclined towards the interior of the sclerite in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ect.ap); lateral bars developed, sinuous, longer than the ectophallic median projections, slightly inclined inwards, with a hook-shaped apex in ventral view (Fig. 33, Ect.lb); median projections long, slender, slightly curved towards the exterior of the sclerite and reaching the parameres in dorsal view (Fig. 32, Ect.mp). Endophallus: anterior portion well-developed and sclerotized, with a central groove and a crest opposite to the groove in lateral view (Fig. 36, End.sc.a.); duct short, membranous, barely exceeding the length of the ectophallic arc in ventral view (Fig. 33, End.sc.d); posterior portion membranous, trapezoidal at the apex, exceeding the length of the ectophallic median projections considerably and almost reaching the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches at their apexes in dorsal view (Fig. 32, End.sc.p). Variations in phallic sclerites (paratypes, n = 5, ISLA 104847, 104848, 104849, 104850, 104851). Phallic complexes vary slightly in size and degree of sclerotization; pseudepiphallic arms (Ps.arm), although always inclined to the interior of the sclerite, may vary slightly in the degree of inclination; right and left pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) with misaligned apexes as they extend dorsally and point to the center of the phallic complex; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) may be more or less concave, inclined or not towards the anterior and central part of the sclerite; ectophallic apodeme (Ect.ap) may or may not be inclined to the interior of the phallic complex; the distance between the endophallic sclerite posterior portion (End.sc.p) and the apex of the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches differs; in addition to that, the shape of the endophallic sclerite posterior portion also varies slightly, but still maintains the trapezoidal outline. Variations in male right tegmen (Figs. 52–57). Stridulatory file with 56.17 ± 1.95 teeth (n° = 6, holotype and paratypes). Harp outline conserved; three to five diagonal crossveins; four to six cells; a short and incomplete diagonal crossvein may be present (Figs. 55–57). Mirror outline varies from subtriangular to almost arch-like; two or three arched crossveins; three or four cells; incomplete crossveins may be present (Fig. 52); irregular and poorly marked veins may also be present (Fig. 57); two main crossveins may be derived from a single bifurcated crossvein (Fig. 54). Basal field outline conserved; 1A may be poorly marked, incomplete (Fig. 52) or absent (Fig. 53). Lateral field with two parallel longitudinal veins that may or may not be connected. Female (paratype ISLA 104846, Figs. 58–63). Same coloration of the male, except for the dorsal side of the abdomen, which is, in this case, yellowish brown; apterous; bigger than the male (17.03 and 13.47 mm ± 1.02 mm in length, respectively); supra-anal plate yellowish brown, pubescent, elongated, conical in shape, with two small lateral projections, distal margin rounded and covered by long bristles (Fig. 59); sub-genital plate brown, pubescent, short, but broad, distal margin rounded, with a large V-shaped dent in the center (Fig. 58); ovipositor shorter than the cerci (7.5 mm), with a dorsoventral constriction near the apex, shaped like a curved sword (Figs. 60 and 62). Copulatory papilla sclerotized and short, anterior portion membranous, with an almost rectangular contour in dorsal and ventral views; distal portion widened, chalice-like, V-shaped ventral end longer than the also V-shaped dorsal end in lateral and dorsal views (Fig. 63). Ecological remarks. Specimens of Endecous zin n. sp. were found in four caves located in the municipalities of Carinhanha and Serra do Ramalho, southwestern Bahia State, Brazil. The Gruna das Três Cobras cave was defined as the type locality. This cave has 5,620 meters of horizontal projection (Silva et al. 2019), presenting internal conduits and chambers of labyrinthic aspect (Fig. 64). The cave has many entrances, most of them located at the base of the limestone outcrop. The cave atmosphere is constantly influenced by the airflow coming from those entrances and, as a consequence, several conduits dry out during the dry season (Fig. 65). However, due to the cave extension, there are moistened inner chambers located far from the entrances that remain humid even during the dry season. Specimens of Endecous zin n. sp. were observed in several areas along the cave, but never close to the entrances. They were usually walking on the cave floor or walls (Fig. 66). It is important to mention that this cave is partially flooded during the rainy season. Hence, the habitat of this species seems to be seasonally altered, thus, the crickets likely need to migrate to distinct areas in each season. The main organic resources occurring in the cave are plant debris from the epigean vegetation, and bat guano, the latter being more common in deeper regions of the cave. Such guano piles certainly represent an important food resource for this species, along with other decaying material, considering its generalist detritivore nature. This cave receives no human visitors, with the exception of few speleologists who sporadically explore it. Consequently, the cave is relatively well preserved. Nonetheless, the external area is highly degraded, with drone images revealing the extension of the logging activity in the cave surroundings (Fig. 64). Most areas were converted to pastures or had the vegetation removed and burned, maybe for future expansion of the grazing areas. As previously mentioned, such practices influence the organic input to the cave environment directly and, at the same time, contribute to the silting of many conduits and chambers inside the cave. Because of that, several microhabitats that might be important to this new species (among others) may be being severely altered by the external deforestation. In that sense, urgent actions are needed in order to prevent further negative impacts in the cave surroundings. Endecous zin n. sp. was also observed in other three caves located not far from the Gruna das Três Cobras cave (Gruna do Google, Gruna Grande and Gruna da Serra Solta II caves). Such caves are considerably long (more than 1km of horizontal projection) and have intermittent drainages along their main conduit. The Gruna do Google and Gruna Grande caves were only visited by speleologists since its discovery, due to the difficulty in accessing their inner portions. Hence, its interior is quite preserved. The Gruna da Serra Solta II cave, on the other hand, is partially impacted, especially at the entrance area, where locals pump water from a cistern using a diesel engine. However, since the cave is quite long, most of its extension is devoid of visible impacts caused by humans. It is worth noting that there are many other caves in that area that were not sampled, so it is quite plausible to assume that E. zin n. sp. is more widely distributed in the region. Similar to the Gruna das Três Cobras cave surroundings, the external landscape of Gruna do Google, Gruna Grande and Gruna da Serra Solta II caves is also altered, due to replacement of the original vegetation by pastures and crops. In that sense, it is important to highlight that the region is under risk, especially considering agriculture expansion and the growing threats of limestone extraction, which may impact the entire Serra do Ramalho region, affecting several caves, including those previously described., Published as part of Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Mendes, Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2023, Three new cricket species and a new subgenus of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves in northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5263 (1) on pages 14-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7797711, {"references":["Silva, R. C., Berbert-Born, M., Bustamante, D. E., Santoro, T. N., Sedor, F. & dos Santos Avilla, L. (2019) Diversity and preservation of Pleistocene tetrapods from caves of southwestern Bahia, Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 90, 233 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2018.12.004"]}

The current work presents the description of a new species for the genus Arachnopsita Desutter-Grandcolas & Hubbell, 1993 from caves in the municipality of Raxruhá, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. The morphology of the phallic complex was used as the main criterion for distinguishing the species. In addition, we present the additional description for Arachnopsita cavicola (Saussure, 1897) and Arachnopsita uncinata Desutter-Grandcolas, 1997 from a new analyzed material. Finally, we present some ecological remarks for all the studied species as well as a brief discussion on troglomorphic traits for the genus.

Erebonyx de Mello, 2021 Type-species: E. catacumbae de Mello, 2021, Published as part of Merlo, Rayanne Lays Sant'Ana, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Bento, Diego De Medeiros & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2022, A new troglophilic species of Erebonyx (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from Brazilian caves, pp. 83-93 in Zootaxa 5222 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7456493, {"references":["Mello, F. D. A. D. & Ferreira, R. L. (2021) Erebonyx catacumbae, n. gen. et sp.: a blind, troglobitic cricket from Brazil (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae). Zootaxa, 4975 (2), 343 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4975.2.5"]}

The genus Erebonyx was proposed to accommodate a single troglobitic species from northeastern Brazil. A second cricket belonging to this genus is herein described, but although it was also found in caves, it does not bear any troglomorphic traits, suggesting it is a troglophilic species. The new species differs from the other species on the genus in the phallic sclerites, presence of developed eyes (with ommatidia), pigmented integument, and the presence of stridulatory file on the tegmina. In addition, we present the description of the external morphology, together with the staining and description of tegmina. Finally, we present a brief discussion regarding its habitat, distribution and possible conservation actions for the species.

Erebonyx potiguar n. sp. (Figures 1, 2–7, 8–17, 18–22, 23–29, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype ♁, code ISLA 97132, Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte state, Caraúbas municipality, Casa de Homens Cave (5º 34′ 34.5792″ S; 37º 34′ 25.7052″ W), 11.vii.2021, Ferreira R. L. leg. Holotype condition: tegmen, legs I, II and III detached, and maintained in the holotype tube. Paratypes, 4♁♁, 11.vii.2021, (ISLA 97133, ISLA 97134 *, ISLA 97135 *, ISLA 97136 *) (* = nymph stage), 3♀♀, 15.v.2022 (ISLA 97129, ISLA 97130, ISLA 97131), Casa de Homens cave (5º 34′ 34.5792″ S; 37º 34′ 25.7052″ W), Caraúbas municipality, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil; 1♁♁, 12.vii.2021, (ISLA 97128), Gruta Capoeira de João Carlos Cave (5º 30′ 56.9946″ S; 37º 31′ 41.4336″ W), Governador Dix-sept Rosado municipality, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Distribution. Known from two caves: Gruta Capoeira de João Carlos (5º 30′ 56.9946″ S; 37º 31′ 41.4336″ W), Governador Dix-sept Rosado municipality; Casa de Homens Cave (5º 34′ 34.5792″ S; 37º 34′ 25.7052″ W), Caraúbas municipality. Immatures were observed in other caves in the area. Etymology. Specific epithet “potiguar” refers to a person who was born in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. E. potiguar can be distinguished from E. catacumbae by the combination of the following characteristics: fore wings slightly developed, symmetrical layout (Figs 11 and 12, 21 and 22); tergites III, IV, V, VI and VII with bristle brushes (T.III–VI, Br., Fig. 14); median lophi developed, apex dilated and curved inward, convex shaped at apex (MPLs, Figs 2–6); paramere well developed and sclerotized, rectangular-lamellar shaped (PsP, Figs 2–6); endophallus with a pair of upper outward projections, narrow and filled, lower part elongated and tapered towards the ectophallic arch, surpassing its margin (End.Sc, Fig. 3); female copulatory papilla well sclerotized, flattened, cone shaped, apex membranous and slightly convex (a, b and c, Fig. 7). Description, male holotype. General Coloration. Body and head light brown, fore wings dark brown (Figs 8–17). Head. similar in color to the body and pronotum, slightly pubescent and with two long bristles between scapes (pers. obs. apparently some were lost after fixation), vertex slightly flattened in lateral view, occiput region vestigially darkened behind the eyes (Figs 8 and 9). Eyes. eyes sub-quadrangular rounded, compound with black ommatidia rounded by slightly margin of depigmented ommatidia, and a superior region more depigmented near the scape insertion (Figs 8 and 9); median and lateral vestigial ocellus present (Fig. 8: circle in red on left head face). Mouthparts. clypeus and labrum whitish brown, mandibles dark brown outlined (Figs 8 and 9); maxillary and labial palps lightly darkened between articulations, with distal region outlined in white (Figs 8 and 9); maxillary palp slightly pubescent, elongated, with five articulations; the first and second palpomeres of same size and shorter than the others; the third and fourth of same sized and bigger than the first two; fifth palpomere is longer than the third and fourth, claviform, dilated in distal portion (Figs 8 and 9); labial palps with three articulations of increasing size, third palpomere claviform (Figs 8 and 9). Antennae. scape slightly pubescent, oval and dilated shaped, with long bristles on interior distal portion (pers. obs. apparently some were lost after fixation); pedicel whitish brown, narrow, cylindrical and slightly compressed on middle region; antennomeres whitish at base and light brown at tip; flagellum light brown (Fig. 9). Thorax. pronotum pubescent, light brown and slightly darkened at the extremities, marked with a vertical median white stripe with darkened regions symmetrically distributed around (Figs 10 and 11); dorsal disc wider than long, lateral lobe rounded, with long bristles at the anterior and posterior margin (pers. obs. apparently some were lost after fixation) (Fig. 10); metanotum non-glandular (Fig. 14). Abdomen. light brown at the proximal part becoming darkened distally; tergites pubescent, light brown (Figs 11 and 14); tergites III, IV, V, VI and VII with bristle brushes, tergite III divided into two portions of bristle brush (dorsal view), tergite IV with a higher density of bristles compared than others (pers. obs. apparently some were broken), tergal glands are present among the aforementioned tergites (T.III–VI, Br. and Gl., Fig 13); sternites pubescent, slightly whiter than the tergites (Figs 11 and 13); subgenital plate darkened, pubescent, quadrangular shape, distal and lateral margins with long bristles, distal central region with an indentation rounded (Figs 15 and 16); supra-anal plate darkened, pubescent, trapezoidal shaped, with small lateral projections, distal portion rounded and with long bristles (Fig. 15); cerci whitish, subapical region slightly darkened (Figs 16 and 17). Legs. Leg I: femur whitish with long bristles, tibia with two subequal apical spurs; tympanum absent, internal proximal face of tibia with a slight discoloration; first tarsomere twice bigger than the second and third together, second tarsomere with one quarter of the third tarsomere length (Fig. 18). Leg II: similar to leg I, with long bristles more dispersed than leg I; tibial apical spurs longer than in leg I, tympanum absent (Fig. 19). Leg III: femur developed, proximal region slightly whitish, other regions light brown uniform, slightly pubescent on the upper inner; tibia with four outer and inner subapical spurs (S.S., Fig. 20), two outer and three inner apical spurs (a, b (outer); c, d and e (inner), Fig. 20); first tarsomere developed and serrulated with two apical spurs, the interior is slightly bigger than the external, first tarsomere is larger than the third and second in size, respectively (Fig. 20). Fore wings. slightly developed, symmetrical layout, with the right tegmen overlapping at the level of their first third of the left tegmen, both covering the first three abdominal tergites, each one becoming narrower towards at tip and triangular shaped in dorsal view (Figs 11 and 12, 21 and 22). Right tegmen. mirror undeveloped, oval shaped dilated, with one cross-vein slightly marked, forming two small cells (M) (Fig. 22); harp undeveloped, triangular shaped, with three poorly marked cross-veins, the distal is more developed, cross-veins connecting the stridulatory vein (SV) with the first cubital vein (Cu1) (Fig. 22); median inner marginal region undeveloped with two chordal veins (CVs), diagonal vein (DV) connecting the mirror with the chordal vein more inner, which present a discontinuous branch towards mirror (Fig. 22); stridulatory file vestigial and degenerated, with 51 teeth evident; lateral field with two parallel veins (Fig. 22). Female. Coloration similar to the males, but more darkened in tergites and sternites (Fig. 23); body size bigger than holotype /males (12.957 mm) (Fig. 23); fore wings absent (Fig. 23); supra-anal plate brownish, pubescent and with two proximal and medial lateral regions without bristles, distal margin U-shaped, slightly elongated, with long apical bristles (Fig. 26); subgenital plate brownish, short and U-shaped, distal margin concave at apex (Fig. 24); ovipositor shorter than the cerci, elongated, sword format at apex (5.568 mm) (Figs 27–29). Female genitalia (ISLA 97129). Copulatory papilla well sclerotized, flattened in dorsal and ventral view, elongated and dilated at tip, cone shaped, apex membranous and slightly convex (a, b and c, Fig. 7); with opening sinuous in proximal portion (dorsal view) (a, Fig. 7); slightly inclined ventrally near the tip (lateral view) (b, Fig. 7); proximal portion with a ventral arch-shaped (ventral view) (c, Fig. 7). Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites (Holotype ISLA 97132, Figs 2–6) Pseudepiphallus: median lophi elongated in dorsal, ventral and lateral view, median invagination extending from its middle portion at to apex, slightly pubescent, apex dilated and curved inward, more developed and with convex apex (not triangular) in lateral view than compared Erebonyx catacumbae (MPLs, Figs 2–6); paramere well developed and sclerotized, rectangular-lamellar shaped than compared Erebonyx catacumbae, proximal region inward facing of sclerite, distal region projecting towards MPLs apex, this regions (distal and proximal) are separated by a constriction in front view (PsP, Figs 2–6); ramus elongated, rounded at apex, slightly projected towards inner the sclerite (R, Figs 2–4 and 6). Ectophallic invagination: apodemes elongated and slightly projecting toward ramus (Ec.Ap, Fig. 3); ectophallic arch developed and horizontal shaped similar to E. catacumbae (Ect.Arc, Fig. 3); ectophallic fold less sclerotized, more elongated than E. catacumbae (Ect.F, Fig. 3). Endophallus: well developed and sclerotized, with a pair of upper outward projections, narrower and more filled than E. catacumbae (End.Sc, Fig. 3); lower part elongated and tapered towards the ectophallic arch, surpassing its margin (Fig. 3).

Erebonyx potiguar n. sp. (Figures 1, 2–7, 8–17, 18–22, 23–29, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype ♁, code ISLA 97132, Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte state, Caraúbas municipality, Casa de Homens Cave (5º 34′ 34.5792″ S; 37º 34′ 25.7052″ W), 11.vii.2021, Ferreira R. L. leg. Holotype condition: tegmen, legs I, II and III detached, and maintained in the holotype tube. Paratypes, 4♁♁, 11.vii.2021, (ISLA 97133, ISLA 97134 *, ISLA 97135 *, ISLA 97136 *) (* = nymph stage), 3♀♀, 15.v.2022 (ISLA 97129, ISLA 97130, ISLA 97131), Casa de Homens cave (5º 34′ 34.5792″ S; 37º 34′ 25.7052″ W), Caraúbas municipality, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil; 1♁♁, 12.vii.2021, (ISLA 97128), Gruta Capoeira de João Carlos Cave (5º 30′ 56.9946″ S; 37º 31′ 41.4336″ W), Governador Dix-sept Rosado municipality, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Distribution. Known from two caves: Gruta Capoeira de João Carlos (5º 30′ 56.9946″ S; 37º 31′ 41.4336″ W), Governador Dix-sept Rosado municipality; Casa de Homens Cave (5º 34′ 34.5792″ S; 37º 34′ 25.7052″ W), Caraúbas municipality. Immatures were observed in other caves in the area. Etymology. Specific epithet “potiguar” refers to a person who was born in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. E. potiguar can be distinguished from E. catacumbae by the combination of the following characteristics: fore wings slightly developed, symmetrical layout (Figs 11 and 12, 21 and 22); tergites III, IV, V, VI and VII with bristle brushes (T.III–VI, Br., Fig. 14); median lophi developed, apex dilated and curved inward, convex shaped at apex (MPLs, Figs 2–6); paramere well developed and sclerotized, rectangular-lamellar shaped (PsP, Figs 2–6); endophallus with a pair of upper outward projections, narrow and filled, lower part elongated and tapered towards the ectophallic arch, surpassing its margin (End.Sc, Fig. 3); female copulatory papilla well sclerotized, flattened, cone shaped, apex membranous and slightly convex (a, b and c, Fig. 7). Description, male holotype. General Coloration. Body and head light brown, fore wings dark brown (Figs 8–17). Head. similar in color to the body and pronotum, slightly pubescent and with two long bristles between scapes (pers. obs. apparently some were lost after fixation), vertex slightly flattened in lateral view, occiput region vestigially darkened behind the eyes (Figs 8 and 9). Eyes. eyes sub-quadrangular rounded, compound with black ommatidia rounded by slightly margin of depigmented ommatidia, and a superior region more depigmented near the scape insertion (Figs 8 and 9); median and lateral vestigial ocellus present (Fig. 8: circle in red on left head face). Mouthparts. clypeus and labrum whitish brown, mandibles dark brown outlined (Figs 8 and 9); maxillary and labial palps lightly darkened between articulations, with distal region outlined in white (Figs 8 and 9); maxillary palp slightly pubescent, elongated, with five articulations; the first and second palpomeres of same size and shorter than the others; the third and fourth of same sized and bigger than the first two; fifth palpomere is longer than the third and fourth, claviform, dilated in distal portion (Figs 8 and 9); labial palps with three articulations of increasing size, third palpomere claviform (Figs 8 and 9). Antennae. scape slightly pubescent, oval and dilated shaped, with long bristles on interior distal portion (pers. obs. apparently some were lost after fixation); pedicel whitish brown, narrow, cylindrical and slightly compressed on middle region; antennomeres whitish at base and light brown at tip; flagellum light brown (Fig. 9). Thorax. pronotum pubescent, light brown and slightly darkened at the extremities, marked with a vertical median white stripe with darkened regions symmetrically distributed around (Figs 10 and 11); dorsal disc wider than long, lateral lobe rounded, with long bristles at the anterior and posterior margin (pers. obs. apparently some were lost after fixation) (Fig. 10); metanotum non-glandular (Fig. 14). Abdomen. light brown at the proximal part becoming darkened distally; tergites pubescent, light brown (Figs 11 and 14); tergites III, IV, V, VI and VII with bristle brushes, tergite III divided into two portions of bristle brush (dorsal view), tergite IV with a higher density of bristles compared than others (pers. obs. apparently some were broken), tergal glands are present among the aforementioned tergites (T.III–VI, Br. and Gl., Fig 13); sternites pubescent, slightly whiter than the tergites (Figs 11 and 13); subgenital plate darkened, pubescent, quadrangular shape, distal and lateral margins with long bristles, distal central region with an indentation rounded (Figs 15 and 16); supra-anal plate darkened, pubescent, trapezoidal shaped, with small lateral projections, distal portion rounded and with long bristles (Fig. 15); cerci whitish, subapical region slightly darkened (Figs 16 and 17). Legs. Leg I: femur whitish with long bristles, tibia with two subequal apical spurs; tympanum absent, internal proximal face of tibia with a slight discoloration; first tarsomere twice bigger than the second and third together, second tarsomere with one quarter of the third tarsomere length (Fig. 18). Leg II: similar to leg I, with long bristles more dispersed than leg I; tibial apical spurs longer than in leg I, tympanum absent (Fig. 19). Leg III: femur developed, proximal region slightly whitish, other regions light brown uniform, slightly pubescent on the upper inner; tibia with four outer and inner subapical spurs (S.S., Fig. 20), two outer and three inner apical spurs (a, b (outer); c, d and e (inner), Fig. 20); first tarsomere developed and serrulated with two apical spurs, the interior is slightly bigger than the external, first tarsomere is larger than the third and second in size, respectively (Fig. 20). Fore wings. slightly developed, symmetrical layout, with the right tegmen overlapping at the level of their first third of the left tegmen, both covering the first three abdominal tergites, each one becoming narrower towards at tip and triangular shaped in dorsal view (Figs 11 and 12, 21 and 22). Right tegmen. mirror undeveloped, oval shaped dilated, with one cross-vein slightly marked, forming two small cells (M) (Fig. 22); harp undeveloped, triangular shaped, with three poorly marked cross-veins, the distal is more developed, cross-veins connecting the stridulatory vein (SV) with the first cubital vein (Cu1) (Fig. 22); median inner marginal region undeveloped with two chordal veins (CVs), diagonal vein (DV) connecting the mirror with the chordal vein more inner, which present a discontinuous branch towards mirror (Fig. 22); stridulatory file vestigial and degenerated, with 51 teeth evident; lateral field with two parallel veins (Fig. 22). Female. Coloration similar to the males, but more darkened in tergites and sternites (Fig. 23); body size bigger than holotype /males (12.957 mm) (Fig. 23); fore wings absent (Fig. 23); supra-anal plate brownish, pubescent and with two proximal and medial lateral regions without bristles, distal margin U-shaped, slightly elongated, with long apical bristles (Fig. 26); subgenital plate brownish, short and U-shaped, distal margin concave at apex (Fig. 24); ovipositor shorter than the cerci, elongated, sword format at apex (5.568 mm) (Figs 27–29). Female genitalia (ISLA 97129). Copulatory papilla well sclerotized, flattened in dorsal and ventral view, elongated and dilated at tip, cone shaped, apex membranous and slightly convex (a, b and c, Fig. 7); with opening sinuous in proximal portion (dorsal view) (a, Fig. 7); slightly inclined ventrally near the tip (lateral view) (b, Fig. 7); proximal portion with a ventral arch-shaped (ventral view) (c, Fig. 7). Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites (Holotype ISLA 97132, Figs 2–6) Pseudepiphallus: median lophi elongated in dorsal, ventral and lateral view, median invagination extending from its middle portion at to apex, slightly pubescent, apex dilated and curved inward, more developed and with convex apex (not triangular) in lateral view than compared Erebonyx catacumbae (MPLs, Figs 2–6); paramere well developed and sclerotized, rectangular-lamellar shaped than compared Erebonyx catacumbae, proximal region inward facing of sclerite, distal region projecting towards MPLs apex, this regions (distal and proximal) are separated by a constriction in front view (PsP, Figs 2–6); ramus elongated, rounded at apex, slightly projected towards inner the sclerite (R, Figs 2–4 and 6). Ectophallic invagination: apodemes elongated and slightly projecting toward ramus (Ec.Ap, Fig. 3); ectophallic arch developed and horizontal shaped similar to E. catacumbae (Ect.Arc, Fig. 3); ectophallic fold less sclerotized, more elongated than E. catacumbae (Ect.F, Fig. 3). Endophallus: well developed and sclerotized, with a pair of upper outward projections, narrower and more filled than E. catacumbae (End.Sc, Fig. 3); lower part elongated and tapered towards the ectophallic arch, surpassing its margin (Fig. 3)., Published as part of Merlo, Rayanne Lays Sant'Ana, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Bento, Diego De Medeiros & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2022, A new troglophilic species of Erebonyx (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from Brazilian caves, pp. 83-93 in Zootaxa 5222 (1) on pages 85-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7456493

Bambuina zikani Souza-Dias & Borille n. sp. Figs. 1–4 Etymology. Species named after Joseph Francisco Zikán (1881–1949), a Czech entomologist who greatly contributed to the knowledge of the Brazilian insect fauna in the first half of the last century. Zikán conducted expeditions to collect insects in several localities of the Atlantic Forest, mainly in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Itatiaia National Park) area, where he worked as a naturalist for many years. During his lifetime, Zikán assembled large collections, mainly Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera, which are now housed at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) (Rio de Janeiro). Type locality. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia. Type material. Holotype, allotype, and paratypes: 5 males and 4 females (MNRJ); 1 male and 1 female (MZSP). Holotype: Brasil, R[io de]J[aneiro], Itatiaia, P [arque]N[acional] do Itatiaia / Ao longo da estrada, entre o Brejo da Lapa e a Casa de Pedra — 2100 m / 20.X.2018 / Souza-Dias, Redu, & Campos col. | LDC_150 | MNRJENT6-29221 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, one foreleg detached, specimen dissected. Allotype: P[arque]N[acional] do Itatiaia / Brasil, R[io de]J[aneiro], Itatiaia / Escadaria da Piscina Natural do Maromba / Alt. 1000 m / 22°26′09.1″S, 44°37′31.2″W / 12–18.III.2017 / L.D. Campos; S.S. Nihei; F.M. Gudin; D.M.A. Garcia; R.P.V. Dios col. | PSD 155 | MNRJ-ENT6-29214 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, specimen dissected. Paratype males. (1) Same data as for holotype | PSD 488 |MNRJ-ENT6-29219 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, one foreleg missing, specimen dissected; (2) Same data as for allotype | PSD 152 |MNRJ-ENT6-29218 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, one foreleg detached, specimen dissected; | PSD 489 | PSD 182 |MNRJ-ENT6-29222 (MNRJ), condition: both forelegs removed for DNA preservation, specimen dissected; (1) Expedição Solstício, Ponto 02 / R[io de]J[aneiro], Resende, P [arque]N[acional] do Itatiaia, / caminho do Abrigo Rebouças—/ 22 o 21′52.12″S, 44 o 43′24.88″W alt. 2450 m / 26.xii.2019 / AB Kury, MA Medrano & DR Pedroso leg. (MNRJ), condition: both forelegs detached, FWs detached; (2) Brasil, R[io de]J[aneiro], Itatiaia / P[arque]N[acional do] Itatiaia. Caminho do abrigo Rebouças / 22 o 21′52.12″S, 44 o 43′24.88″W — 2450 m / 26.xii.2019 / Kury, Medrano, Pedroso cols (MNRJ) (MZSP), condition: one foreleg missing, one foreleg detached, specimen dissected. Paratype females. (3) Same data as for allotype | PSD 154 | MNRJ-ENT6-29216 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation; PSD 183 |MNRJ-ENT6- 29215 (MNRJ), same condition as previous paratype; PSD 186 | MNRJ-ENT6-29227 (MNRJ), same condition as previous paratypes; (2) Same data as for holotype | PSD 487 | MNRJ-ENT6-29217 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, one foreleg detached, specimen dissected; MNRJ-ENT6-29224 (MZSP), condition: one foreleg missing. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from Bambuina bambui by the following characters: proximal part of males FWs folded, metanotal glandular structures absent. Male: FWs shorter than B. bambui, not surpassing the posterior margin of first abdominal tergite, without longitudinal vein; PsP1 inner margin short, outer margin elongated, pointed; PsP2 less developed. Female: copulatory papilla rounded, proximal margin flattened, with central, distal protuberance rounded. Description. Male. General body coloration in several shades of brown, marbled (Figs. 1, 2). Head. Head elongated, in lateral view (Fig. 2E). Dorsum pubescent, light to medium brown, marbled (Fig. 2B). Occiput and vertex light to medium brown (Figs 2B–D). Fastigium medium brown, longer than wide, narrower than scape, separated from vertex by thin line yellowish brown. Three ocelli present, rounded, central flattened at bottom (Fig. 2A); eyes obovate (Figs. 2C–E). Antennal scape inner half medium brown, outer half light brown (Figs. 2A, C–E). Antenna not annulated; antennomeres medium brown, uniform (Fig. 1). Frons medium brown, with two maculae light brown below antennal scapes, four spot circular, light brown, on inferior part, two horizontal lines light brown below eyes (Fig. 2A). Frontoclypeal suture yellowish brown, with two dark brown spots (Fig. 2A). Clypeus and labrum light brown; mandibles medium brown (Figs. 2A, E). Maxillary palpi elongated, thin, medium to light brown, articles 3, 4, and 5 almost same-sized, apex of article 5 slightly upcurved, whitish ventrally (Figs. 2A, E). In lateral view, gena yellowish brown from the eye margin to posterior border, medium brown on inferior portion, with an ascendant line medium brown on posterior border (Figs. 2C, E). Thorax. Pronotum DD wider than long, slightly pubescent, light to dark brown, marbled, median portion with two large blotches light brown (Fig. 2B); inflated, divided by sagittal line light brown; cephalic margin almost straight, caudal margin slightly convex (Fig. 2B); LL medium brown, ventro-cephalic angle rounded, ventro-caudal angle oblique, ventral margin gradually ascendant (Figs. 2C, D). Legs. FI and II medium brown, annulated with light brown (Fig. 1). TI and II medium brown annulated with light brown (Fig. 1). TI with two same-sized apical spurs, TII with two same-sized apical ventral spurs. FIII light brown, three bands of several stripes medium brown on outer surface, apical third dark brown, annulated with light brown (Fig. 1). TIII medium brown, annulated with light brown. subapical spurs 4/4, the first near apical spurs; no spines between subapical spurs 1 and 2; 4-5 spines between subapical spurs 2 and 3, 3 and 4; serrulation above subapical spurs. Apical spurs more developed on inner side; inner apical spurs: median one longer (iam), dorsal almost same sized (iad), ventral smallest (iav) (iam>iad>iav); outer apical spurs: median one longer (oam), dorsal (oad) little longer than ventral (oav) (oam>oad>oav). Basitarsi I, II and III anteriorly light brown, posteriorly medium brown, pubescent (Fig. 1). Abdomen. light to medium brown, marbled (Fig. 1). Supra anal plate light to medium brown, anterior margin concave, distal angles rounded, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2H). Subgenital plate medium brown, light brown centrally, anterior margin sub-straight, posterior margin rounded (Fig. 2I). Cerci medium brown. Male. FWs medium brown, coriaceous, pubescent, short, not triangular (in comparison with. B. bambui) and not reaching posterior margin of first abdominal tergite (Figs. 1A, B, 2B); without developed veins (Fig. 4A); proximal part folded (Figs. 4B, C); apical part light brown, thickened, folded, glandular (Figs. 2B–D, 4). Metanotal glandular projections absent (Fig. 2F). Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallus: basal portion of pseudepiphallic sclerite medially constricted (Fig. 3A); pseudepiphallic arms longer than ectophallic apodeme, apex larger than basis, curved inwards, covered with bristles (Figs. 3A, C, D). PsP1 broad, with two lobes: one internal, short, truncated; one external, elongated, pointed, visible in dorsal view (Figs. 3A–C). PsP2 shorter than PsP1, between pseudepiphallic sclerite and PsP1, visible in posterior view (Figs. 3A, C, D). Ectophallic invagination: EctAp well developed, robust, shorter than pseudepiphallic arm, slanted outwards (Figs. 3A, B); arc located posteriorly to the basal margin of pseudepiphallus; ventral projections of ectophallic invagination shorter than EctAp, robust (Fig. 3B); EctF membranous, surrounding endophallic sclerite. Endophallus: End crest shaped, EndAp present (Figs. 3B, D). Female. Larger than male, coloration similar (Fig. 1). Micropterous, FW very reduced (Fig. 2G, red arrow). Supra anal plate pilose, light to medium brown, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin rounded (Fig. 2J); subgenital plate pilose, light to yellowish brown, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin centrally concave (Fig. 2K); ovipositor shorter than FIII. Female genitalia. Copulatory papilla rounded, proximal margin flattened, dark brown, with central protuberance rounded, distal, upper portion membranous (Figs. 3E–G). Remarks. Individual morphological variation was observed in the male genitalia of some specimens: the external lobe of PsP1 of the holotype is longer and the apex more acute than in paratypes. Measurements (mm). Males (n=6), mean (range): HW, 3.98 (3.86–4.1); IOD, 2.63 (2.3–2.8); PL, 2.9 (2.7–3.1); PW, 4.9 (4.7–5.2); FWL, 2.92 (2.4–3.4); FWW, 1.94 (1.6–2.1); LFIII, 17.72 (17–18.8); LTIII, 19.71 (19.2–21.1). Females (n=6), mean (range): HW, 4.43 (4.4–4.9); IOD, 2.85 (2.7–3.1); PL, 3.13 (2.8–3.3); PW, 5.55 (5.1–5.9); LFIII, 18.47 (17–19); LTIII, 20.32 (19.5–23); OL, 15.87 (14.7–23).

Souza-Dias, Pedro G. B., Borille, Maria V. A., Campos, Lucas Denadai De (2022): A new species of Bambuina de Mello, Horta & Bolfarini, 2013 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Luzarinae) from the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Brazil. Zootaxa 5214 (1): 130-140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.6

42. Ectecous sp.1 (Fig. 36) — i) calling song, 3.3 kHz ± 0.29 (2.9–3.6, n = 3); 1 P/s (n = 3); 14.5–19.3ºC; chirps composed of sparced pulses, each one with 0.042 s ± 0.002 (0.037 –0.046, n = 30); each train of chirps starts with 1 to 3 low amplitude chirp, followed by higher amplitude chirps (Fig. 110); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Santa Teresa (Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia); iii) present paper. Note. We considered Ectecous sp.1 as a sonotype because the dominant frequency and pulse duration is lower when compared to Ectecous sp.2., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

41. Adelosgryllus rubricephalus Mesa & Zefa, 2004 (Fig. 35) — i) courtship song 5.9 kHz ± 0.31 (5.4–6.4, n=14); short chirps with 0.31 s ± 0.07 (0.21–0.47, n = 14), including 14 P/ch ± 1.93 (11–19, n = 14); chirp rate was not obtained because the chirps emission occurs according to the courtship context; ii) State of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Capão do Leão and Jaguarão; State of Paraná, municipality of Foz do Iguaçu (Parque Nacional do Iguaçu); iii) present paper. Note: this species does not produce a calling song., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

39. Lerneca inalata beripocone Lima et al., 2016 (Fig. 33)— i) calling song, 4.7 kHz; each chirp is formed by a single pulse greater in amplitude, followed by a group of 24 to 27 (n = 10) pulses, with a gradual increase in amplitude; 80 Ch/min, 24ºC (Fig. 108); ii) State of Mato Grosso, municipality of Poconé; State of Rio Gande do Sul, municipality of Viamão (Parque Estadual de Itapuã); State of São Paulo, municipality of Rio Claro; iii) present paper; Lima et al. (2016, 2018). Microlernec a de Mello, 1995, Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Lima, R. M., Martins, L. P., Pereira, M. R., Ganchev, T. D., Jahn, O., Lhano, M. G., Marques, M. I. & Schuchmann, K. L. (2016) Lerneca inalata beripocone subsp. nov. (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae; Luzarinae): a new taxon for the northern Pantanal of Brazil. Zootaxa, 4175 (4), 366 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.4.6","Lima, R. M., Schuchmann, K. L., Tissiani, A. S., Nunes, L. A., Jahn, O., Ganchev, T. D., Lhano, M. G. & Marques, M. I. (2018) Tegmina-size variation in a Neotropical cricket with implications on spectral song properties. Journal of Natural History, 52, 1225 - 1241. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2018.1457728"]}

The knowledge of bioacoustics of the Neotropical crickets (Orthoptera, Gryllidea) is incipient, despite the great species diversity in the region. There are few cricket song-files deposited in the major World Sound Libraries, compared to other groups such as birds and amphibians. In order to contribute to the knowledge of the bioacoustics of Brazilian crickets, we organize, analyze and make available at Fonoteca Neotropical Jacques Vielliard (FNJV) and Orthoptera Species File (OSF) our bank of cricket songs. We deposited 876 cricket’s song files in the FNJV, belonging to 31 species and 47 sonotypes. The songs were field/lab recorded, and all individuals were collected to improve species/sonotypes taxonomic determination accuracy. We present photos (in vivo) of most recorded crickets, as well as calling song spectrograms to facilitate the species/sonotype recognition. Samples of the songs can be found online on the FNJV website, using the codes available in this work, as well as on the OSF, linked to the species name. As a result, we advance the knowledge of the songs of crickets and the current perspective of the Brazilian cricket bioacoustics. We encourage researchers to share with the public their collections of their cricket file songs both in the FNJV and the OSF.

44. Ectecous sp. 3 (Fig. 38) — i) calling song, 4.9–5.1 kHz (n = 2); chirps with 2 to 4 pairs of pulses; 24–24.5ºC (Fig. 112); ii) State of Alagoas, municipality of Murici (Estação de Floração e Cruzamento Serra do Ouro); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

49. Silvastella sp. (Fig. 42) — i) calling song, 6.6 kHz; 20.5ºC; phrase composed of a group of chirps; the first chirps gradually increase in amplitude and contain 1 to 3 pulses; the amplitude stabilizes on subsequent pulses, which are composed of 3 to 4 pulses (Fig. 117); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Sooretama, Reserva Biológica Sooretama; iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

50. Endecous (Endecous) alejomesai Zefa, 2010 (Fig. 43) — i) calling song, 4.8 kHz; chirp rate was not obtained, because the song recording is very short, 28ºC; phrases with 3–12 chirps, each one composed of a pair of pulses (Fig. 118); ii) State of Goiás, municipality of Vila Propício; iii) Zefa et al. (2010)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Zefa, E., Mesa, A. & Martins, L. P. (2010) New Brazilian species of Endecous Saussure, 1878: Phallic sclerites, calling song and tegmen morphometry (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsinae). Entomological Science, 13 (1), 150 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1479 - 8298.2010.00371. x"]}

53. Endecous (Endecous) chape Souza-Dias & de Mello, 2017 (Fig. 46) — i) calling song, 4.2 kHz ± 0.57 (3.47– 5.42, n = 5); phrase rate was not obtained because the phrases were emitted intermittently along the night; phrases with 11.1 chirps ± 1.90 (5–14, n = 29); each chirp contain 4.63 pulses ± 1.61 (1–12, n = 324), 23–27ºC); phrase amplitude may gradually increase or remain constant (Fig. 120); ii) State of Paraná, municipality of Foz do Iguaçu (Parque Nacional do Iguaçu); iii) present paper; calling song (Souza-Dias et al. 2017).

47. Paragryllus sp.3 (Fig. 41) — i) calling song, 4.8 kHz ± 0.06 (4.7–4.9, n = 8); chirp rate was not obtained because the song recording is very short, 20.2–24ºC; chirps with 13.1 P/ch ± 1,83 (9–15, n = 19); chirp duration = 0,68 s ± 0,101 (0,46—0,81, n = 19) (Fig. 115); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipalities of Linhares (Reserva Natural da Vale) and Sooretama (Reserva Biológica de Sooretama); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

55. Endecous (Endecous) itatibensis Rehn, 1918 (Fig. 48) — i) calling song, 3.2 kHz ± 0.09 (3–33, n = 6), 25–28ºC; individual from municipality of Corumbataí emitted phrases with 3 to 18 pairs of pulses, and individuals from Itatiba phrases with 1 to 3 pairs of pulses; Ph/min was not obtained because the phrases rhythm is irregular (Fig. 121); ii) State of São Paulo, municipalities of Anhembi, Botucatu, Corumbataí, Ipeúna, Itatiba, Itirapina, Piracicaba, Rio Claro and Tapiraí; State of Rio de Janeiro, municipality of Itatiaia (Parque Nacional de Itaitaia); iii) present paper; de Mello & Pellegatti-Franco (1998); Zefa (2006)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["De Mello, F. A. G. & Pellegatti-Franco, F. (1998) A new cave cricket of the genus Endecous from southeastern Brazil and characterization of male and female genitalia of Endecous itatibensis Rehn, 1918 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Luzarinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 7, 185 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503517","Zefa, E. (2006) Comparison of calling song songs in three allopatric populations of Endecous itatibensis (Orthoptera, Phalangopsinae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 96 (1), 13 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212006000100002"]}

53. Endecous (Endecous) chape Souza-Dias & de Mello, 2017 (Fig. 46) — i) calling song, 4.2 kHz ± 0.57 (3.47– 5.42, n = 5); phrase rate was not obtained because the phrases were emitted intermittently along the night; phrases with 11.1 chirps ± 1.90 (5–14, n = 29); each chirp contain 4.63 pulses ± 1.61 (1–12, n = 324), 23–27ºC); phrase amplitude may gradually increase or remain constant (Fig. 120); ii) State of Paraná, municipality of Foz do Iguaçu (Parque Nacional do Iguaçu); iii) present paper; calling song (Souza-Dias et al. 2017)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Souza-Dias, P. G. B., Szinwelski, N., Fianco, M., Oliveira, E. C., de Mello, F. A. G. & Zefa, E. (2017) New species of Endecous (Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae, Luzarinae) from the Iguacu National Park (Brazil), including bioacoustics, cytogenetic and distribution data. Zootaxa, 4237 (3), 454 - 470. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4237.3.2"]}

57. Endecous (Endecous) painensis Castro-Souza et al., 2020 (Fig. 50) — i) courtship song, 3.3 kHz ± 0.18 (2.8– 3.6, n = 18); phrases with varied number of double pulses, and also elaborated phrases composed of pairs os pulses followed by a train of low amplitude pulses ending with a burst of pulses that gradually increases in amplitude; chirp or phrase rate was not obtained because the emission varies according to the courtship context; ii) State of Minas Gerais, municipality of Pains (Brega and Mastodonte caves); iii) present paper; Castro-Souza et al. (2020)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Castro-Souza, R. A., Zefa, E. & Ferreira, R. L. (2020) New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation? Zootaxa, 4810 (2), 271 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4810.2.3"]}

51. Endecous (Endecous) betariensis de Mello & Pellegatti-Franco, 1998 (Fig. 44) — i) courtship song with 2.8 kHz, 25ºC; chirp rate was not obtained because the chirp emission varies according to the courtship context; ii) State of São Paulo, municipality of Iporanga (Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto do Ribeira, PETAR); iii); courtship song described in present paper; calling song presented by de Mello & Pellegatti-Franco (1998)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["De Mello, F. A. G. & Pellegatti-Franco, F. (1998) A new cave cricket of the genus Endecous from southeastern Brazil and characterization of male and female genitalia of Endecous itatibensis Rehn, 1918 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Luzarinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 7, 185 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503517"]}

48. Paragryllus sp.4 —i) calling song, 2.2 kHz, 19.7ºC; chirps predominantly with 3 pulses; chirp rate was not obtained because the song recording is very short (Fig. 116); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Sooretama (Reserva Biológica Sooretama); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

52. Endecous (Endecous) cavernicola Costa Lima, 1940 (Fig. 45) — i) calling song, 3.1 kHz; phrases with 7 to 13 pairs of pulses; 8 Ph/min, 22ºC (Fig. 119); ii) State of Minas Gerais, municipality of Matozinhos, Gruta da Escada; iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

45. Paragryllus sp.1 (Fig. 39) — i) calling song, 3.2 kHz ± 0.27 (2.9–3.6, n = 4); 19.6ºC ± 2.75 (16.5–23.2, n = 3); phrase composed of a group of chirps; the first chirp gradually increase in amplitude and contain irregular pulse arrangement; the amplitude stabilizes on subsequent pulses, which are composed of a single initial pulse, followed by 3 to 5 (or more) pairs of pulses; chirp rate was not obtained because the song recording was very short (Fig. 113); ii) State of Bahia, municipality of Itamaraju (Parque Nacional do Monte Pascoal); State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Santa Teresa (Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia); iii) present paper. Note: both individuals from Itamaraju emitted phrases with the first chirp composed of one pulse, while individuals from Santa Teresa present the first chirp with two pulses. Despite this difference, we chose to consider the four individuals within the same sonotype, as the recordings were very short, and this type of variation may be common., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

54. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus Castro-Souza et al., 2020 (Fig. 47) — i) courtship song 3.5 kHz ± 0.08 (3.4– 3.6, n = 4), 22–24.4ºC; phrases composed of 6 to 30 pairs of pulses; chirp rate was not obtained because the chirp emission varies according to the courtship context; ii) State of Minas Gerais, municipality of Luislândia (Cave Lapa Sem Fim); iii) song parameters obtained of Castro-Souza et al. (2020)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Castro-Souza, R. A., Zefa, E. & Ferreira, R. L. (2020) New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation? Zootaxa, 4810 (2), 271 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4810.2.3"]}

43. Ectecous sp.2 (Fig. 37) — i) calling song, 4.5 kHz ± 0.25 (4.3–5.1, n = 19); 1 to 2 P/s (n = 19); 23.9ºC ± 0.67 (22–24.7, n = 19); phrases composed of a train of sparced pulses, each one with 0.023s ± 0.003 (0.018 –0.028, n = 30); each train of pulses start with 1 to 3 low amplitude chirp, followed by higher amplitude chirps (Fig. 111); ii) State of Alagoas, municipality of Murici (Estação de Floração e Cruzamento Serra do Ouro); State of Ceará, municipality of Ubajara (Parque Nacional de Ubajara), and municipality of Crato (Floresta Nacional do Araripe-Apodi); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

58. Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius Castro-Souza et al., 2020 (Fig. 51) — i) courtship song, 3.9 kHz ± 0.16 (3.6–4, n = 4); phrases with 4 to 30 pairs of pulses; phrase rate was not obtained because the emission varies according to the courtship context; ii) State of Minas Gerais, municipality of Luislândia (Lapa Sem Fim cave); iii) song parameters obtained of Castro-Souza et al. (2020)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Castro-Souza, R. A., Zefa, E. & Ferreira, R. L. (2020) New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation? Zootaxa, 4810 (2), 271 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4810.2.3"]}

46. Paragryllus sp.2 (Fig. 40) — i) calling song, 2.2 kHz ± 0.09 (2.1–2.4, n = 6); 21–22ºC; chirps with two or three pulses, which are irregularly arranged; we chose do not to include the chirp rate because the chirps emission varied greatly between and among the individuals analyzed (Fig. 114); ii) State of Ceará, municipality of Crato (Floresta Nacional do Araripe-Apodi); iii) present paper. Note. the songs were emitted by individuals near to each other (about half a meter in the same trunk), and also by males present in trunks of other nearby trees (about 5 meters from each other); we observed different stridulation rhythms of males present in these trunks, probably in response to the bats’ activity flying between the trunks while the crickets chirped asynchronously., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

40. Microlerneca sp. (Fig. 34) — i) calling song, 3.8 kHz (n = 3); 7 P/s, 23.4 to 24.2ºC; trill composed of double pulses, with the first one markedly small in amplitude and number of song waves (Fig. 109); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Linhares (Reserva Natural da Vale); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

56. Endecous (Notendecous) onthophagus (Berg, 1891) (Fig. 49) — i) calling song, 4.4 kHz ± 0.4 (4.3–4.4, n = 1); phrases present 6 pulses, and may occur phrases with 5 to 9 pulses; Ph/min was not obtained because the phrases rhythm is irregular, (Fig. 122); ii) State of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Pelotas; iii) present paper; Acosta et al. (2020)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Acosta, R. C., Timm, V. F., Szinwelski, N., Costa, M. K. M. da & Zefa, E. (2020) Mating behavior and acoustic communication of the long-legged cricket Endecous (Notendecous) onthophagus (Berg, 1891) from Southern Brazil (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae). Zootaxa, 4743 (3), 427 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4743.3.10"]}

Phalangopsis Serville, 1831 Phalangopsis Serville, 1831 (type species: P. longipes Serville, 1831, designated by Kirby (1906). Lucina Walker, 1869 (type species by original designation: Lucina opilioides Walker, 1869). Paralucina Kirby, 1910 (nomen novum pro Lucina Walker, 1869; pre-occupied by Lucina Bruguière, 1797 in Bivalvia); synonymized by Chopard (1968). Note. A complete taxonomic history can be accessed in the Orthoptera Species File in: http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1126277, Published as part of Souza-Dias, Pedro G. B., Valente, Roberta M., Bolfarini, Márcio P. & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2022, On the Amazonian cricket Phalangopsis Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea Phalangopsidae): biology, morphology, and a new species, pp. 540-560 in Zootaxa 5194 (4) on page 542, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7156935, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1831) Revue methodique des insectes l'ordre des Orthopteres. Annales des sciences naturelles, zoologie et biologie animale, 22 (86), 166 - 167.","Kirby, W. F. (1906) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 604 pp.","Walker, F. (1869) Catalogue of specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria and supplement to the Blattariae in the collection of the British Museum. The British Museum, London, 224 pp.","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. III, Orthoptera Saltatoria. Part II, (Locustidae vel Acridiidae). Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 674 pp.","Bruguiere J. G. (1797) Encyclopedie methodique ou par ordre de matieres. Histoire naturelle des vers. Vol. 1. Pancoucke, Paris, 344 pp.","Chopard, L. (1968). Gryllides. In: Beier, M. (Ed.), Orthopterorum Catalogus. Pars 12. Dr. W. Junk N. V. ' s, Gravenhage, pp. 215."]}

Phalangopsis mimbypysara n. sp. is described from specimens collected in natural cavities in the region of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu, state of Pará, Brazil. Phalangopsis gaudichaudi Saussure, 1874 is considered nomen dubium. We provide new data about biology, distribution, habitat selection, morphology, and natural history of the genus Phalangopsis.

The Phalangopsidae crickets (Grylloidea) of the Seychelles are examined following extensive field sampling on several main islands of the archipelago (Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin, La Digue). Despite the small area of these islands, six genera (12 species) are documented, including one new genus and five new species. The type species of the genus Seychellesia Bolivar, 1912 is transferred to the genus Paragryllodes Karny, 1909 as Paragryllodes nitidula (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. The other species described in Seychellesia are transferred to the genus Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., as Seselia longicercata (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. and Seselia patellifera (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. Two new species are also described in the genus Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., Seselia coccofessei Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. (type species of the genus) and Seselia matyoti Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. The genera Phaeogryllus Bolivar, 1912 and Phalangacris Bolivar, 1895 are redescribed, including Phalangacris ferlegro Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. and Phalangacris sotsote Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. that are new to science. The genus Gryllapterus Bolivar, 1912 is redescribed and transferred from the Landrevinae (Gryllidae) to the Cachoplistinae (Phalangopsidae). New tribes are defined for the genus Paragryllodes (Paragryllodini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribe) on the one hand, and for Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., Phalangacris, Phaeogryllus and Gryllapterus (Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribe) on the other, using morphological characters and the results of molecular phylogenetic studies (Warren et al. 2019). Phaloria (Papuloria) insularis (Bolivar, 1912) (Phaloriinae) is redescribed and restricted to Mahé, and its calling song is documented for the first time, while Phaloria (Papuloria) bolivari Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. is newly described from Silhouette. Identification keys are proposed for the genera of Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribe, and for the species of Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen. and Phalangacris. The confusion between the Mogoplistidae Ornebius succineus Bolivar, 1912 and the Phalangopsidae Heterotrypus succineus Bolivar, 1910 is discussed, and the name Subtiloria succineus (Bolivar, 1912) considered a nomen nudum.; Les grillons Phalangopsidae (Grylloidea) des Seychelles sont étudiés sur la base d'un échantillonnage intensif sur plusieurs îles principales de l'archipel (Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin, La Digue). Malgré la petite taille de ces îles, six genres (12 espèces) sont documentés, dont un genre nouveau et cinq espèces nouvelles. L'espèce type du genre Seychellesia Bolivar, 1912 est transférée dans le genre Paragryllodes Karny, 1909 en tant que Paragryllodes nitidula (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. Les autres espèces décrites dans Seychellesia sont transférées dans le genre Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., en tant que Seselia longicercata (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. et Seselia patellifera (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. Le genre Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen. comprend d'autre part Seselia coccofessei Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. (espèce type du genre) et Seselia matyoti Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. Les genres Phaeogryllus Bolivar, 1912 et Phalangacris Bolivar, 1895 sont redécrits, Phalangacris ferlegro Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp.et Phalangacris sotsote Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. sont nouveaux pour la science. Le genre Gryllapterus Bolivar, 1912 est redécrit et transféré des Landrevinae (Gryllidae) aux Cachoplistinae (Phalangopsidae). Des tribus nouvelles sont définies pour le genre Paragryllodes (Paragryllodini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribu) d'une part, et pour Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., Phalangacris, Phaeogryllus et Gryllapterus (Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribu) d'autre part, sur la base de la morphologie et des données de phylogénie moléculaire (Warren et al. 2019). Phaloria (Papuloria) insularis (Bolivar, 1912) (Phaloriinae) est finalement redécrite de Mahé, et son chant d'appel documenté pour la première fois, tandis que Phaloria (Papuloria) bolivari Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. est nouvellement décrite de Silhouette. Des clés d'identification sont proposées pour les genres de Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribu, ainsi que pour les espèces de Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen. et Phalangacris. La confusion entre Ornebius succineus Bolivar, 1912 (Mogoplistidae) et Heterotrypus succineus Bolivar, 1910 (Phalangopsidae) est discutée, et le nom Subtiloria succineus (Bolivar, 1912) considéré comme un nomen nudum.

Aclodes paz Cadena-Castañeda & Castellanos-Morales n. sp. (Figs. 1–6) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:518317 Type material. Holotytpe. Male. Colombia, Santander, La Paz, Vda San Pablo, La Cuchara 2 (spoon—2 cave), 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales. Paratypes. La Cuchara —2 (“spoon cave—1”), Vda. San Pablo, 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 2 male and 2 female, La Cuchara —1 (“spoon cave—1”), Vda. San Pablo, 06°10’46,5”N, 73°34’30,4”W. elev. 1.836 m. 27 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 4 male, 4 females, 1 female subadult, and 3 immatures La Remolina —1 cave (“ Swirl cave —1”), Vda. Casas Blancas, 06°07’23.3”N, 73°34’35.4”W. elev. 1.890 m. 8 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 female adult and 2 female subadult, 4 males. Melchor Cave, Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’38”N, 73°35’43,7”W. elev 1.867 m. 5 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 male, 1 male immature, 7 female immature, 2 female subadults. El Tigre cave (“ Tiger cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’32,8”N, 73°35’19,6”W. elev 1.959 m. 6 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male, 1 female and 1 female subadult. El Toro cave (“ Bull cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’12,9”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.611 m. 14 Dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 females. La Lajita —1 cave, Vda. El Amarillo, 06°06’58,6”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.612 m. 1 4 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 males. El Indio cave (“ Indian cave ”), Vda. Casas Blancas, 06°08’48,4”N, 73°37’30”W. elev 2.132 m. 20 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales & L. Toro. leg. 1 female. El Molino cave (“ Mill cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’50.7”N, 73°35’02.8”W. elev. 1767 m. 10 dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 immatures. Hoyo Colombia (“ Colombia pit cave”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’13.7”N, 73°35’15.4”W. elev. 1858 31 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. Gedania cave, Vda. El Amarillo, 06°08’7.9”N, 73°35’50.4”W. elev. 1870 7 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales & L. Toro leg 2 male, 2 female and 3 immatures. Colombia, Santander, El Carmen de Chucurí, La Peña cave, 06°06´24.42”N, 073°26´38”W. 1177 m. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male and 2 females (CAUD). Etymology. This species is named after the La Paz municipally (type locality). But we also want to dedicate the name of this species to the desire for peace of Colombians and many people from other countries, who have various conflicts in their territories. We keep “ paz ” as a specific epithet for the type locality, but it also means peace in Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, coming from the Latin “ Pax ”. Description. Male. Mid-sized (Figs. 1A,B). Body predominantly ochre brown with dark brown and yellow stripes. Head brown with almost yellowish and grey spots and stripes; antennal scape partly light, flagellum dark brown without light spots (Fig. 1C). Pronotum mostly brown, pronotal disc with few yellow-brown stripes (Fig. 2A), lateral lobes dark brown (Fig. 1D). Fore and middle femora and tibiae brown spotted, with rings, to the femora with one or two rings on the mid-distal section, to the tibiae with three rings, one on the base, the next on the middle, and the last at the apex. Hind femora ochre with numerous brownish oblique lines on the outer surface and several spots on inner surface and apex, tarsi almost ochre. Tegmina brown with several yellow short hairs (Fig. 1E). Abdomen and terminalia dark brown with diffuse ochre spots (Fig. 2D). Head rounded, almost as wide as high in frontal view (Fig. 1C); maxillary palpi mid-sized, third and fourth subequal and cylindrical, the fifth flattened, dilated from the middle to the apex, and distally truncated (Fig. 1D). Thorax. Pronotal disc rather short, wider than long, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2A), lateral margins curved and most prominent at the anterior part and upcurved to the posterior margin (Fig. 1D). Meso- and metanotum without glands or modifications. Legs. Fore tibia with tympana small and ovoid, only on inner side, and armed at the apex with a small spur on each side; mid tibia armed with two mid-sized spurs at the apex on each side. Hind tibia with three inner spurs and four outer spurs dorsally, and between them with small spines; apex with three apical spurs on both sides, the mid spur of outer margin is longer than the others one; the mid and ventral spurs almost similar in length and longer than the dorsal one. First tarsomere of the hind leg, with one spine on inner side close to apex and four dorsal spines on outer side, apex armed with a spur on both sides, the inner spur longer than the outer one. Tegmina ovoid, reaching to the third abdominal tergite (Figs. 1E, 2A). Mirror subtriangular, wider than long, with reticulated veins; harp with four or five dividing veins; chordal with two main veins (Fig. 2B); lateral field with three to four veins; stridulation file with 135–148 teeth (Fig. 2C). Abdomen with a pair of tentorial depressions for each tergite (Fig. 2D). Epiproctus rectangular longer than wide with the apex almost straight (Fig. 2E). Subgenital plate rectangular, longer than wide, and distally with a mid-undulation. Male genitalia. Ps.s. with the distal edge wavy in dorsal view and with a notch in the center (Fig. 3A). Ps.a.l. cylindrical, slightly curving towards the dorsal margin and latero-laterally flattened, with a few hairs on its surface, more conspicuous at the apex (Figs. 3A,B). Ps.p. quadrangular, ventrally with a small hook-shaped extension; distal edge wavy and longer on the outer edge (Fig. 3B). Ec.f. elongated and sclerotic, thickening from the anterior to the posterior region, diverging distally and connecting with a rounded prolongation and abundant microstructures (Fig. 3B, C). En.s. connecting with the ec.f., and sclerosed (Fig. 3B). Ec.a. dorsoventrally flattened rod-shaped, connected anteriorly with endophalic cavity, and posteriorly with ps.p. (Figs. 3B, C). R. wide and sclerotic, internally concave (Fig. 3B). Female. Similar to the male in shape and size, ocher or yellowish regions with lighter shades than the male (Fig. 4), being more noticeable on the face (Fig. 5A). Tegmina reduced (Fig. 5B), located on each side and covering the mesonotum and the base of the metanotum (Figs. 5C, D). Tenth tergite unmodified with rounded posterior edge. Epiproctus rectangular, wider than long, with two semicircular scars dorsally (Fig. 5E). Subgenital plate subtriangular, with the apex truncated (Fig. 5F). Ovipositor almost as length to the posterior femur; apex in dorsal view flattened and with denticulations on outer edges of upper valves, lower valves protruding into middle of upper valves, and with rounded distal edge (Fig. 5G); in lateral view, the apex of the ovipositor is lanceolate in shape and gently widens towards the apex (Fig. 5H). Variations. The main variation noted is between the two sexes; females have lighter shades than males in the yellowish and ocher areas. Some males have four or five veins dividing the harp. Measurements (in mm.). male/female: LB: 22–25/20–27. Pr: 3.5–4/4–4.5. Teg: 6–7/1–1.5. HF: 15–18/15– 19. HT: 17–20/17–20. Ov: 12–15. Comparison. Aclodes paz n. sp. is related to some species included in the subgenus Euacla (sensu Gorochov, 2007). Regarding the genitalia, the closest species is Aclodes chamocoru Nischk & Otte, 2000, which differs from the new species. Its tegmina cover the abdomen, and the harp has nine; the mirror is subovoid, wider than long, and crossed with two veins. In contrast, A. paz n. sp. has four or five veins on the harp, the mirror is subtriangular and with reticulate veins. The Ps.al. of A. chamocoru, is conical, and Ps.p. without ventral accessory extension; En.s. is tubuliform, and Ec.f. it does not expand, and difference in the connection area of these two structures. Comments. The specimens of the type series are slightly variable in size, as has been observed for other species of the genus. But one of the males from the “Colombian Hole” is unusually small. This male has all diagnostic characteristics to be identified as A. paz n. sp., such as wing venation and genital structure. Measurements of this specimen were not included in the species measurement ranges previously provided and are included below. Measurements (in mm.). LB: 14. Pr: 3. Teg: 6. HF: 12. HT: 13. Ecological data from type cave. The cave La Cuchara —2 is situated around four kilometers east from the La Paz town, on the eastern side of the Colombian Andean Mountain range. An area of different sedimentary lithostratigraphic units from the Cretaceous age, which are gathered in the formations: Rosablanca, Paja, Tablazo, Simiti and Luna (Medoza-Parada et al. 2009). The La Cuchara cave has a circular-shaped entrance of around 1.5 meters with narrow, rocky, passageways, stalagmites, and stalactites few developed were observed. Inside the cave, there is a narrow stream with shallow pools forms. The bottom of each well is rocky and contains abundant fine sediment. The water temperature was 17.9°C, the cave temperature 18.1°C, and the water pH was 6.7. The fauna is scarce; there were a few colonies of bats (cf. Carollia sp.) inhabiting the cave ceiling. The base of the food chain is probably limited to crickets and their predators, spiders. Crickets usually occupy the middle and upper parts of rocky cave walls, where they form groups of varying sizes and different stages of development (Fig. 6). This cave has not as yet been registered in any recent speleological inventory of Santander (Castellanos-Morales & Moreno 2018, Dulcey-Ulloa & Lasso 2019)., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias & Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A., 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia, pp. 568-580 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on pages 571-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6598032, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2007) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 4. Neotropical genus Uvaroviella. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 86 (10), 1183 - 1195. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873806040087","Nischk, F. & Otte, D. (2000) Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 9, 229 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503651","Castellanos-Morales, C. A. & Moreno, F. (2018) Cuevas, hoyos y grutas del municipio de La Paz (Santander, Colombia). Maria Elina Bichuette [and others authors], Castellanos-Morales & Moreno (academic editors), Villavicencio, Universidad Santo Tomas, Manila, Metro Manila, Colombia, 104 pp.","Dulcey-Ulloa, J. & Lasso, C. A. (2019) Estado del conocimiento, uso y conservacion de las cuevas y cavernas del departamento de Santander (Andes), Colombia. In: Lasso, C. A., Barriga, J. C. & Fernandez-Auderset, J. (Eds.), Biodiversidad subterranea y epigea de los sistemas carsticos de El Penon (Andes), Santander, Colombia. VII. Serie Fauna Silvestre Neotropical. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogota, D. C., pp. 227 - 255."]}

Aclodes paz n. sp. a new troglophilous species from the caves of the municipalities of La Paz and San Vicente del Chucurí, Santander, is described. An overview of the taxonomic history of the tribe Aclodini and the genus Aclodes is provided, to understand the recent taxonomic changes in the group. The species is named in honor of La Paz’s municipality and the desire of Colombians and other inhabitants of the world who have conflicts in their territories (the cricket of peace). Finally, the habitat and taxonomy of the genus are discussed.

Aclodes paz Cadena-Castañeda & Castellanos-Morales n. sp. (Figs. 1–6) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:518317 Type material. Holotytpe. Male. Colombia, Santander, La Paz, Vda San Pablo, La Cuchara 2 (spoon—2 cave), 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales. Paratypes. La Cuchara —2 (“spoon cave—1”), Vda. San Pablo, 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 2 male and 2 female, La Cuchara —1 (“spoon cave—1”), Vda. San Pablo, 06°10’46,5”N, 73°34’30,4”W. elev. 1.836 m. 27 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 4 male, 4 females, 1 female subadult, and 3 immatures La Remolina —1 cave (“ Swirl cave —1”), Vda. Casas Blancas, 06°07’23.3”N, 73°34’35.4”W. elev. 1.890 m. 8 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 female adult and 2 female subadult, 4 males. Melchor Cave, Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’38”N, 73°35’43,7”W. elev 1.867 m. 5 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 male, 1 male immature, 7 female immature, 2 female subadults. El Tigre cave (“ Tiger cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’32,8”N, 73°35’19,6”W. elev 1.959 m. 6 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male, 1 female and 1 female subadult. El Toro cave (“ Bull cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’12,9”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.611 m. 14 Dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 females. La Lajita —1 cave, Vda. El Amarillo, 06°06’58,6”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.612 m. 1 4 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 males. El Indio cave (“ Indian cave ”), Vda. Casas Blancas, 06°08’48,4”N, 73°37’30”W. elev 2.132 m. 20 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales & L. Toro. leg. 1 female. El Molino cave (“ Mill cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’50.7”N, 73°35’02.8”W. elev. 1767 m. 10 dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 immatures. Hoyo Colombia (“ Colombia pit cave”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’13.7”N, 73°35’15.4”W. elev. 1858 31 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. Gedania cave, Vda. El Amarillo, 06°08’7.9”N, 73°35’50.4”W. elev. 1870 7 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales & L. Toro leg 2 male, 2 female and 3 immatures. Colombia, Santander, El Carmen de Chucurí, La Peña cave, 06°06´24.42”N, 073°26´38”W. 1177 m. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male and 2 females (CAUD). Etymology. This species is named after the La Paz municipally (type locality). But we also want to dedicate the name of this species to the desire for peace of Colombians and many people from other countries, who have various conflicts in their territories. We keep “ paz ” as a specific epithet for the type locality, but it also means peace in Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, coming from the Latin “ Pax ”. Description. Male. Mid-sized (Figs. 1A,B). Body predominantly ochre brown with dark brown and yellow stripes. Head brown with almost yellowish and grey spots and stripes; antennal scape partly light, flagellum dark brown without light spots (Fig. 1C). Pronotum mostly brown, pronotal disc with few yellow-brown stripes (Fig. 2A), lateral lobes dark brown (Fig. 1D). Fore and middle femora and tibiae brown spotted, with rings, to the femora with one or two rings on the mid-distal section, to the tibiae with three rings, one on the base, the next on the middle, and the last at the apex. Hind femora ochre with numerous brownish oblique lines on the outer surface and several spots on inner surface and apex, tarsi almost ochre. Tegmina brown with several yellow short hairs (Fig. 1E). Abdomen and terminalia dark brown with diffuse ochre spots (Fig. 2D). Head rounded, almost as wide as high in frontal view (Fig. 1C); maxillary palpi mid-sized, third and fourth subequal and cylindrical, the fifth flattened, dilated from the middle to the apex, and distally truncated (Fig. 1D). Thorax. Pronotal disc rather short, wider than long, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2A), lateral margins curved and most prominent at the anterior part and upcurved to the posterior margin (Fig. 1D). Meso- and metanotum without glands or modifications. Legs. Fore tibia with tympana small and ovoid, only on inner side, and armed at the apex with a small spur on each side; mid tibia armed with two mid-sized spurs at the apex on each side. Hind tibia with three inner spurs and four outer spurs dorsally, and between them with small spines; apex with three apical spurs on both sides, the mid spur of outer margin is longer than the others one; the mid and ventral spurs almost similar in length and longer than the dorsal one. First tarsomere of the hind leg, with one spine on inner side close to apex and four dorsal spines on outer side, apex armed with a spur on both sides, the inner spur longer than the outer one. Tegmina ovoid, reaching to the third abdominal tergite (Figs. 1E, 2A). Mirror subtriangular, wider than long, with reticulated veins; harp with four or five dividing veins; chordal with two main veins (Fig. 2B); lateral field with three to four veins; stridulation file with 135–148 teeth (Fig. 2C). Abdomen with a pair of tentorial depressions for each tergite (Fig. 2D). Epiproctus rectangular longer than wide with the apex almost straight (Fig. 2E). Subgenital plate rectangular, longer than wide, and distally with a mid-undulation. Male genitalia. Ps.s. with the distal edge wavy in dorsal view and with a notch in the center (Fig. 3A). Ps.a.l. cylindrical, slightly curving towards the dorsal margin and latero-laterally flattened, with a few hairs on its surface, more conspicuous at the apex (Figs. 3A,B). Ps.p. quadrangular, ventrally with a small hook-shaped extension; distal edge wavy and longer on the outer edge (Fig. 3B). Ec.f. elongated and sclerotic, thickening from the anterior to the posterior region, diverging distally and connecting with a rounded prolongation and abundant microstructures (Fig. 3B, C). En.s. connecting with the ec.f., and sclerosed (Fig. 3B). Ec.a. dorsoventrally flattened rod-shaped, connected anteriorly with endophalic cavity, and posteriorly with ps.p. (Figs. 3B, C). R. wide and sclerotic, internally concave (Fig. 3B). Female. Similar to the male in shape and size, ocher or yellowish regions with lighter shades than the male (Fig. 4), being more noticeable on the face (Fig. 5A). Tegmina reduced (Fig. 5B), located on each side and covering the mesonotum and the base of the metanotum (Figs. 5C, D). Tenth tergite unmodified with rounded posterior edge. Epiproctus rectangular, wider than long, with two semicircular scars dorsally (Fig. 5E). Subgenital plate subtriangular, with the apex truncated (Fig. 5F). Ovipositor almost as length to the posterior femur; apex in dorsal view flattened and with denticulations on outer edges of upper valves, lower valves protruding into middle of upper valves, and with rounded distal edge (Fig. 5G); in lateral view, the apex of the ovipositor is lanceolate in shape and gently widens towards the apex (Fig. 5H). Variations. The main variation noted is between the two sexes; females have lighter shades than males in the yellowish and ocher areas. Some males have four or five veins dividing the harp. Measurements (in mm.). male/female: LB: 22–25/20–27. Pr: 3.5–4/4–4.5. Teg: 6–7/1–1.5. HF: 15–18/15– 19. HT: 17–20/17–20. Ov: 12–15. Comparison. Aclodes paz n. sp. is related to some species included in the subgenus Euacla (sensu Gorochov, 2007). Regarding the genitalia, the closest species is Aclodes chamocoru Nischk & Otte, 2000, which differs from the new species. Its tegmina cover the abdomen, and the harp has nine; the mirror is subovoid, wider than long, and crossed with two veins. In contrast, A. paz n. sp. has four or five veins on the harp, the mirror is subtriangular and with reticulate veins. The Ps.al. of A. chamocoru, is conical, and Ps.p. without ventral accessory extension; En.s. is tubuliform, and Ec.f. it does not expand, and difference in the connection area of these two structures. Comments. The specimens of the type series are slightly variable in size, as has been observed for other species of the genus. But one of the males from the “Colombian Hole” is unusually small. This male has all diagnostic characteristics to be identified as A. paz n. sp., such as wing venation and genital structure. Measurements of this specimen were not included in the species measurement ranges previously provided and are included below. Measurements (in mm.). LB: 14. Pr: 3. Teg: 6. HF: 12. HT: 13. Ecological data from type cave. The cave La Cuchara —2 is situated around four kilometers east from the La Paz town, on the eastern side of the Colombian Andean Mountain range. An area of different sedimentary lithostratigraphic units from the Cretaceous age, which are gathered in the formations: Rosablanca, Paja, Tablazo, Simiti and Luna (Medoza-Parada et al. 2009). The La Cuchara cave has a circular-shaped entrance of around 1.5 meters with narrow, rocky, passageways, stalagmites, and stalactites few developed were observed. Inside the cave, there is a narrow stream with shallow pools forms. The bottom of each well is rocky and contains abundant fine sediment. The water temperature was 17.9°C, the cave temperature 18.1°C, and the water pH was 6.7. The fauna is scarce; there were a few colonies of bats (cf. Carollia sp.) inhabiting the cave ceiling. The base of the food chain is probably limited to crickets and their predators, spiders. Crickets usually occupy the middle and upper parts of rocky cave walls, where they form groups of varying sizes and different stages of development (Fig. 6). This cave has not as yet been registered in any recent speleological inventory of Santander (Castellanos-Morales & Moreno 2018, Dulcey-Ulloa & Lasso 2019).

Tribe Aclodini Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 Comments. This tribe was proposed by Desutter-Grandcolas (1992), initially as the group “Aclodae”, including Aclodes Hebard, 1928, Paraclodes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 and Uvaroviella Chopard, 1923. The author defines the group and suggests that two species of Heterogryllus Saussure, 1874, H. crassicornis Saussure, 1878, and H. bordoni Chopard, 1970, were located in Aclodes and Paraclodes, respectively. Desutter-Grandcolas (1992), mentions that Heterogryllus only includes H. ocellaris Saussure, 1874, represented by a female collected in Brazil, without precise locality, and that, due to its morphological characteristics, it should be included in Neoaclini (sensu Desutter 1987). Nischk & Otte (2000) described several taxa for Ecuador, one species for Paraclodes and three species for Aclodes. Otte (2006) describes five additional species from Costa Rica. Otte & Perez-Gelabert (2009) added 16 species to Uvaroviella, distributed on several Caribbean islands. Subsequently, several taxa described by the above authors will be reassigned to other genera or synonymized, and not all species will retain their original combinations. Gorochov (2007) proposed that the Aclodae group comprises a single genus. Uvaroviella, the oldest genus, retained generic status, the others as subgenera: four originally described as genera (Acla Hebard, 1928, Aclodes, Paraclodes, and Uvaroviella s.s.) and five as new subgenera (Subacla, Euacla, Reacla, Holacla, and Topacla). The same author adds six species in Uvaroviella s.l., and keeps this taxon in the tribe Phalangopsini; for Paragryllini, it gives a new status, including subtribes described as tribes by Desutter (Paragryllina s.s., Neoaclina and Strogulomorphina). This contribution initiated some synonymization of taxa described by Otte and other authors (Gorochov 2011). Gorochov (2014) proposed a classification for the Phalangopsinae subfamily group. Uvaroviella and Heterogryllus are included in the subtribe Heterogryllina (Phalangopsini), sugesting the probable relationship between both taxa, and indicating that Aclodae is probably junior synonym of Heterogryllina (Gorochov 2014, 2015). Desutter-Grandcolas (2014) officially proposed Acla, as a synonym of Aclodes, something that apparently was missing in the author’s contribution of 1992, where A. crassicornis (Saussure, 1878) is included in Aclodes, without any formal nomenclatural act. Recently, Desutter-Grandcolas & Faberon (2020) revalidated and elevated Aclodini (=Aclodae) to tribal status and provided the initial opinion on the position of Heterogryllus and the non-relationship with the other Aclodini (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992). Likewise, they contrast with the Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016) molecular study and other unpublished studies, highlighting that the Aclodini are a well-defined monophyletic clade within the Paragryllinae, thus supporting the new tribal status (Desutter-Grandcolas 2014, Desutter-Grandcolas & Faberon 2020). Also, they morphologically redefine Aclodini, returning to the 1992 classification, assigning generic status to Aclodes and Paraclodes, and synonymizing all the subgenera proposed by Gorochov (2007). They emphasize the incomplete study of morphological characters and that monophyly was not reflected in Gorochov’s proposal (Desutter-Grandcolas & Faberon 2020). As noted in the history of the classification of the Aclodae / Aclodini / Heterogryllina, cricket taxonomy remains in constant debate and turmoil. At the Neotropical level, it is based on the classification proposed either by Desutter-Grandcolas or Gorochov. Based on the author a tribe can be a genus or subtribe, and according to the opinion of some other authors the taxa can be in different subfamilies (Cadena-Castañeda & Tíjaro 2020, Cadena-Castañeda & García García 2020, Cadena-Castañeda et al. 2021b)., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias & Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A., 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia, pp. 568-580 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on page 570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6598032, {"references":["Hebard, M. (1928) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Fifth paper. Orthopterous family Gryllidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 54 (2), 79 - 124.","Desutter, L. (1987) Structure et evolution du complexe phallique de Gryllidea (Orthopteres) et classification des genres neotropicaux de Grylloidea. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 23 (3), 213 - 239.","Nischk, F. & Otte, D. (2000) Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 9, 229 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503651","Otte, D. (2006) Eighty-four new cricket species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from La Selva, Costa Rica. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132 (3 - 4), 299 - 418.","Otte, D. & Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2009) Caribbean crickets. The Orthopterists' Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, iii + 792 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [299: ENCSOG] 2.0. CO; 2","Gorochov, A. V. (2007) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 4. Neotropical genus Uvaroviella. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 86 (10), 1183 - 1195. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873806040087","Gorochov, A. V. (2011) New and little known Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) 7. Neotropic taxa of the tribes Paragryllini and Luzarini. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 90 (9), 1055 - 1069.","Gorochov, A. V. (2014) Classification of the Phalangopsinae subfamily group, and new taxa from the subfamilies Phalangopsinae and Phaloriinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 23 (1), 7 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2014.23.1.7","Gorochov, A. V. (2015) New and little-known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 8. The genus Paragryllodes and notes on the subfamily classification. Entomological Review, 95 (5), 600 - 611. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 001387381505005 X","Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (2014) New taxa and data for Neotropical Phalangopsidae (Orthoptera, Grylloidea). Zootaxa, 3866 (3), 398 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.3.5","Chintauan-Marquier, I., Legendre, F., Robillard, T., Hugel, S., Nel, A., Grandcolas, P., Zuccon, D. & Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (2016) Laying the foundation of a new, phylogenetic classification of crickets (Insecta, Orthoptera): a multilocus phylogenetic approach. Cladistis, 32 (1), 54 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12114","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. & Tijaro, M. H. (2020) Studies in Colombian Ensifera and adjacent countries: New taxa of smallest field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae). Zootaxa, 4809 (3), 571 - 581. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4809.3.10","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. & Garcia Garcia, A. (2020) Studies in Colombian Ensifera and adjacent countries: Gigagryllus, a new genus of giant field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) with comments on current Neotropical field crickets classification. Zootaxa, 4830 (2), 273 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4830.2.3"]}

Genus Aclodes Hebard, 1928 Comments. This genus is very speciose, and currently includes 35 species, with a wide distribution from Costa Rica to Peru and northern South America, with a presence on a couple of islands near Venezuela (Cigliano et al. 2022). It differs from the morphologically similar genus Paraclodes, in that the males have the tegmina projecting from the middle of the abdomen onwards and with strong parallel longitudinal veins. The females are distinguished by their tegmina, often reaching the first abdominal tergite posterior margin (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992), except Aclodes cryptos (Nischk & Otte 2000), with the tegmina reaching the middle of the abdomen. Uvaroviella, is a Caribbean genus with 17 species that need to be re-studied. Possibly, the three continental species still included in Uvaroviella, which are only known from their females, should be included in the future in Aclodes, after finding the respective males that allow their generic affiliation to be identified. For Colombia, Hebard (1928) mentions the presence of Aclodes maculatum (Caudell 1918), described initially from Peru but with notable morphological differences. Hebard, at that time, did not study the internal genitalia; it was not a common practice of the time for the descriptions of Orthoptera. Perhaps with the study of the male genitalia it will be possible to resolve this problem, with the tegmina moderately developed, as occurs in many recently described species. Recently, Cadena-Castañeda et al. (2016) recorded the presence of Aclodes nebulosa (Gorochov, 2007) (then known as Uvaroviella (Holacla) nebulosa Gorochov, 2007), in the Rio Ñambi Nature Reserve, south of the department of Nariño. This is the only species with a reliable and confirmed record for Colombia. Now the second species of Aclodes for the country is described, coming from the caves of the Andes in northern Colombia., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias & Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A., 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia, pp. 568-580 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on pages 570-571, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6598032, {"references":["Hebard, M. (1928) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Fifth paper. Orthopterous family Gryllidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 54 (2), 79 - 124.","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2022) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 30 April 2022)","Nischk, F. & Otte, D. (2000) Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 9, 229 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503651","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J., Gutierrez, Y. & Bacca, T. (2016) New and little known Orthoptera (Ensifera and Caelifera) from the Nambi River Natural Reserve, Narino, Colombia. Zootaxa, 4162 (2), 201 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4162.2.1","Gorochov, A. V. (2007) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 4. Neotropical genus Uvaroviella. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 86 (10), 1183 - 1195. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873806040087"]}

Adelosgryllus ferratilis n. sp. (Figures 2–6, 7–14, 15–17, 18–19, 20-24, Table 2) Material examined. Holotype ♂, code ISLA 66166, Brazil, Pará state, municipality of Curionópolis, SL-110 cave (5º 57’ 32.351” S; 49º 37’ 49.592” W), 16.i.2012, CARSTE leg. Holotype condition: right tegmen and legs were detached, and maintained in holotype’s tube. Paratypes, 1 ♂, 03.xi.2012 ( ISLA 66154), CARSTE leg. SL-94 cave (5º 57’ 6.291” S; 49º 37’ 56.475” W) and 1 ♂, 16.i.2012 (ISLA 66165), CARSTE leg. SL-109 (5º 57’ 32.350” S; 49º 37’ 49.591” W), all specimens collected in same municipality of holotype. Distribution. Known for six caves: SL-79 (05º 57’ 53.438” S; 49º 38’ 19.786” W) (photographic register), SL-82 (05º 57’ 30.961” S; 49º 38’ 14.866” W) (photographic register), SL-94 (5º 57’ 6.291” S; 49º 37’ 56.475” W), SL-109 (5º 57’ 32.350” S; 49º 37’ 49.591” W), SL-110 (5º 57’ 32.351” S; 49º 37’ 49.592” W) and SL-121 (05º 55’ 44.369” S; 49º 40’ 30.007” W (photographic register) (Fig. 1, dark stars), well sampled only on SL-94, SL-109 and SL-110, all localities distributed in the municipality of Curionópolis, Pará state, Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet ferratilis refers to the presence of this species in iron caves. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: paramere 1 well developed, C-shaped (very similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus), inner basal margin acuminated, apex dilated and curved inward (Ps.P1.p, Figs 2–6); rami elongated (very similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus), narrow and well sclerotized slightly curved inside and apex triangular shaped (R, Figs 2, 3, 4 and 6); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, with the lateral border directed outward, central part slightly convex at apex and linear shaped bottom borders (Ec.F, Fig. 3); endophallus circularshaped and vertically elongated, with short ventral crest (End.Sc), similar to A. lucifugus, but more sclerotized and slightly developed (End.Sc), connected to ectophallic fold by an inverted V-shaped membrane (End.Sc, Figs 3 and 5). Description, male holotype. General Coloration. Body light brown and head slightly yellowish, possibly discoloration occurred after fixation in ethanol 70% (Fig. 7—14); Head. slightly pubescent with long bristles between the scapes (Fig. 7), around the eyes and on the posterior and occiput margins of the head almost no bristles are evident (apparently lost after fixation in ethanol 70%), occiput region slightly darkened behind the eyes (Fig. 8); Eyes. compound eyes black and with depigmented upper region near the scape insertion (Fig. 8); ocelli absent (Fig. 7); Mouthparts. clypeus and labrum whitish, mandibles dark outline (Figs 7 and 8); maxillary and labial palps yellowish and whitish brown between the articulations (Figs 7 and 8, picture shows only the first three); maxillary palp slightly pubescent, elongated, with five articulations; first and second palpomeres similar in size and shorter than the others; third and fourth similar in size and shorter than fifth; fifth palpomere longest of all, claviform shape, dilated in distal portion (Figs 7 and 8, picture shows only the first three); labial palps less pubescent than maxillary palps, with three articulations of increasing size, third palpomere claviform shape (Figs 7 and 8); Antennae. scape pubescent, dorsal portion whitish brown and with some slightly darkened spots, oval and dilated shape, inner distal portion with long bristles (Fig. 7); pedicel dark brown with whitish regions on outer face, narrow, cylindrical and slightly compressed on median portion; antennomeres with dark brown base and whitish distal region, slightly pubescent, twice as short than pedicel (Figs 7 and 8). Thorax. pronotum pubescent with few long bristles on the edges (with lost bristles after fixation in ethanol 70%), darkened brown towards the extremities and whitish in the medial portion, marked with a whitish vertical and horizontal median band, and two small symmetrical white spots near the proximal portion, dorsal disc wider than long, lateral lobe rounded (Fig. 9). Legs. Leg I: femur proximal part whitish becoming brownish distally, tibia brownish and with two subequal apical spurs, tibia with an oval auditory tympanum at inner side, first tarsomere twice as large than second and third together, second tarsomere with one quarter of the third tarsomere length, all tarsomeres brownish between the articulations, pre-tarso broken (Fig. 17). Leg II: similar to leg I, with tibial apical spurs longer than leg I. Leg III: same appearance as legs I and II, femur developed, whitish towards proximal region, articulation between femur and tibia with a reddish-brown color with black spots at basilateral inner and outer regions, distal portion brownish; tibia slightly brownish, with three inner (SS Int., Fig. 16) and three outer subapical spurs (SS Ext., Fig. 15), and four inner (d, e, f, and g, Fig. 16) and three outer apical spurs (a, b, and c, Fig. 15), first tarsomere developed with two apical spurs, inner slightly bigger than outer (Figs 15 and 16). Right tegmen. Light brown, covering the first four abdominal tergites (Figs 10 and 11). Lateral field (in lateral view, Figs 10 and 19): diagonal vein (DV) poorly marked in its distal region; subcostal vein (SC) well marked, reaching a third of the lateral field, with one branch on the lateral margin, the branch connects with R vein in the medial region of the wing length; subcostal (SC), radial (R) and medial (M) veins parallelly distributed in the lateral field; R with a median branch, curved to the distal direction of the wing; between the parallel veins M and R can be seen some cross-vein poorly marked (three or more); Field (in ventral view, Fig. 18): anal area, chordal area, harp area and the mirror area well developed; anal region with veins anal 1 (1A), anal 2 (2A) and anal 3 (3A) poorly marked, 1A more narrow than 2A and 3A; chordal area with veins 1A, 2A and curbital 2 (Cu2) well marked; Cu2* modified in stridulatory file; harp with a median-longitudinal vein (L), and three crossed veins (Hcv), forming four well demarked cells, connecting Cu2* towards the lateral field, the first two external veins crossing L; mirror triangular oval, with one crossed vein (Mcv) connected to a distal cross vein in the opposite orientation, Mcv with a poorly marked vertical upper branch, one cell distal is present below the Cu2; stridulatory file with 92 teeth. Abdomen. tergites pubescent, light brown and slightly darkened dorsally (Figs 10 and 11); sternites pubescent, slightly whiter than the tergites and with a pattern of dark spots above the light brown spot in the most central region of each sternite (Fig. 10); subgenital plate pubescent, light brown and slightly darkened towards the side edges, distal and side margin with long bristles, quadrangular shape, distal central region with a slightly indentation (Fig. 12); supra-anal plate pubescent, darkened throughout the structure than subgenital plate, trapezoidal shaped, with small lateral projections, distal portion rounded and with long bristles (Fig. 14); cerci light brown and whitish at the base (Fig. 13). Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites (paratype ISLA 66165, Figs 2–6) Pseudepiphallic: pseudepiphallic median lophy claviform and thin, apex rounded and slightly curved inward, with bristles (Ps.m.l, Figs 2, 4, 5 and 6); paramere 1 well developed, C-shaped (very similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus), inner basal margin acuminated, apex dilated and curved inward (Ps.P1.p, Figs 2–6); paramere 2 connected to paramere 1 by membranous tissue, slightly more bulging and sclerotized than A. spurius and A. lucifugus (Ps.P2, Figs 5 and 6); rami elongated (very similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus), narrow and well sclerotized slightly curved inside and triangular shaped at the tip (R, Figs 2, 3, 4 and 6). Ectophallic invagination: ectophallic sclerite H-shaped shortened (similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus) (Figs 2 and 3), apex of posterior projections quadrangular-shaped in ventral view, dilated and well sclerotized, following the shape of the internal basal margin of pseudepiphallic paramere and connected to the Ps.P1 by membranous tissue (Ec.Pr, Figs 2–4 and 6); ectophallic arc slightly longer and wider than A. spurius and A. lucifugus (Ec.Arc, Figs 2 and 3); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, with the lateral border towards outside, central part slightly convex at the top and linear shaped bottom borders (Ec.F, Fig. 3). Endophallus: circular-shaped and vertically elongated, with a short ventral crest (End.Sc), similar to A. lucifugus, but more sclerotized and slightly developed (End.Sc), connected to the ectophallic fold by an inverted V-shaped membrane (End.Sc, Fig. 3 and 5). Ecological Remarks Specimens of Adelosgryllus ferratilis n. sp. were found in Curionópolis municipality, Pará state, Brazil. The caves where specimens were observed are located in an area regionally known as “Serra Leste”. This area presents several iron-ore caves, but also some quartzite caves. The species was observed in several caves in the area, especially those ferruginous. Such caves are usually small (few dozens of meters) and several cavities only comprises rock shelters, without aphotic areas. The main organic resources observed in those caves is the bat guano and vegetable organic debris, deposited by wind or water. Although the area was originally covered by a tropical rainforest (Amazon rainforest), it is currently highly impacted, by both the replacement of the forests by pastures and by mining activities. The populations of A. ferratilis n. sp. are usually small inside the caves, so that the species may use the caves only sporadically. However, since the external environments were not sampled, it is currently impossible to establish the actual distribution of this species (Figs 20–24).

Merlo, Rayanne Lays Sant'Ana, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2022): Expanding the taxonomic knowledge of Adelosgryllus Mesa & Zefa, 2004 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae): description of four new species for Brazilian subterranean habitats. Zootaxa 5133 (1): 83-109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5133.1.4

Adelosgryllus endogeus n. sp. (Figures 72–76, 77–84, 85–87, 88–89, 90–96, 97–101, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype ♂, code ISLA 66155, Brazil, Minas Gerais state, municipality of Pains, endogenous habitat near the Santuário cave (20º 25’ 8.640” S; 45º 46’ 21.790” W), 24.iv.2021 – 25.v.2021, Ferreira R.L. leg. Holotype condition: right tegmen and legs detached, and maintained in holotype tube. Paratypes, 1 ♀♀, 26.v.2021 – 25.vi.2021 (ISLA 66156), Ferreira R. L. leg., same locality of holotype. Distribution. Known only to the sampled area, near the Santuário cave (20º 25’ 8.640” S; 45º 46’ 21.790” W), Pains municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the specimen's association with soil interstitials. From the Latin “ endogeus ”, endo = within, geus = origin. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic paramere 1 oval shaped, sclerotized with proximal region (connected to ectophallic projection) concave (Ps.P1, Fig. 73); paramere 2 lightly curved and uniformly sharpened (Ps.P2, Figs 75 and 76); ectophallic projection strongly sclerotized and dilated in its proximal region (connected to Ps.P1) (Ec.Pr, Fig. 73); ectophallic fold well sclerotized and C-shaped, lateral edges facing horizontally forward (in ventral view) (Ec.F, Fig. 73); endophallus less sclerotized, circular and vertically elongated (similar to A. cruscastaneus) (End.Sc, Fig. 73). Description, male holotype. Similar to A. ferratilis n. sp. with the following differences: body dark brown, with very darkened regions and head dark orange, possibly there was less discoloration in this species, because a priori it was collected in formalin, later fixed in ethanol 70% (Figs 77–84); occiput region is slightly darkened behind the eyes (Figs 77 and 78), compound eyes less unpigmented in upper region near the scape insertion (Figs 77 and 78); pronotum darkened, with a vertical band slightly whitish, without horizontal band (Fig. 79); tergites darkened (Fig. 80). Right tegmen: dark brown, very sclerotic, covering the first six abdominal tergites (Fig. 80). Lateral field (in lateral view, Fig. 89): subcostal (SC) and radial (R) veins with poorly marked irregular veins, medial (M) and radial (R) veins connected to each other by poorly marked irregular veins. Field (in ventral view, Fig. 88): harp with a median-longitudinal vein (L) fusing the first proximal cross vein (Hcv), with reticular veins in the first three distal cells; mirror with a narrower proximal part of triangular shape and reticular veins in all cells, one crossed vein (Mcv), broken distal and proximal portion; subgenital plate extremely darkened, elongated, pubescent in all marginal extension, rounded at apex (Figs 82 and 83); subgenital plate extremely darkened (Figs 35–37); stridulatory file with 81 teeth. Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites: similar to A. similis Zefa & Corrêa 2018, with the following differences: Pseudepiphallic: pseudepiphallic median lophy narrow claviform, developed and acuminate at apex (Ps.m.l, Figs 72, 74–76); parameres 1 and 2 connected, forming a lenticular structure, paramere 1 with more uniform sclerotization, with a more concave proximal region (connected to the ectophallic projection), paramere 2 is more sclerotized and more straight vertically (Figs 74–76); rami broken, well sclerotized in base and apparently similar to A. similis (R, Figs 72 and 73). Ectophallic invagination: apex of the ectophallic apodeme broken, medial portion well sclerotized, apparently similar to A. similis (Ect.Ap, Figs 72 and 73); posterior projections well sclerotized, lenticular shape, apex rounded at tip, membranous and dilated (Ec.Pr. Figs 73, 74 and 76); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, U-shaped, upper extremities more elongated than A. similis (Ec.F, Fig. 73). Endophallus: rectangularshaped rounded and vertically elongated, but narrow and elongated than A. cruscastaneus (End. Sc, Fig. 73). Female (Figs 90–96, ISLA 66156). Body of same coloration to holotype, head more dark orange than males (Fig. 90), body size bigger than the holotype (9.272 mm); small wings triangular-shaped (Fig. 90); supra-anal plate darkened, trapezoidal-shaped, with two small lateral projections, rounded at apex, with long apical bristles (Figs 92 and 93); subgenital plate darkened, short, V-shaped (Figs 91 and 92); ovipositor well sclerotized, elongated and thin (3.970 mm), size proportional to tibia III, sword format at apex (Figs 90–92 and 94–96). Copulatory Papilla. lost during clarification procedure in potassium hydroxide (KOH). Ecological Remarks Specimens of Adelosgryllus endogeus n. sp. were found in Pains municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The individuals were sampled by a set of subterranean traps buried in the soil, installed to collect surface subterranean fauna. These traps consist of plastic pots interconnected by a central rod (Fig. 100) and introduced into PVC pipes with perforations every 10 cm. Each set of perforations in the pipes allow only the organisms from each stratum to fall into each pot, as each pot is internally coupled to the pipe in order to prevent access to the other levels. At each sampling point, three sets of traps were installed (Fig. 99), totaling thirty collection pots per point (three pots at each level, starting at 5 cm and along the area, always in places close to cave entrances. The traps were inspected monthly, when the contents (4% formalin containing the collected invertebrates) were removed and replaced. Along the 12 months of the project, 2,160 samples of different depth were obtained. Even with this sampling effort, only two specimens of A. endogeus n. sp. were collected, both at the same point (Figs 97 and 98). The holotype (male) was the first to be collected, between April and May 2021. As the traps remained in the field for about a month, it is not possible to determine the exact date of collection. The female was sampled in the next interval, in the exact location of the male. Both specimens were trapped at 45 cm deep in the soil (Figs 101 and 102). It is interesting noting that although many caves in the area have been sampled along the last is important karstic province years, specimens of A. endogeus n. sp. were never observed, thus suggesting that they might be preferably associated to soil interstitials. The reduced size of this species (which is smaller than all the congeners) corroborate this hypothesis, although it is also important to conduct samplings in other epigean substrates in the area in order to determine the distribution of this species., Published as part of Merlo, Rayanne Lays Sant'Ana, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2022, Expanding the taxonomic knowledge of Adelosgryllus Mesa & Zefa, 2004 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae): description of four new species for Brazilian subterranean habitats, pp. 83-109 in Zootaxa 5133 (1) on pages 102-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6521377, {"references":["Correa, R. C., Pereira, M. R., Da Costa, M. K. M., Szinwelski, N. & Martins, L. D. (2018) Two new species of crickets Adelosgryllus Mesa & Zefa, 2004 (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from the Araripe-Apodi National Forest, state of Ceara, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4420 (1), 97 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4420.1.5"]}

Adelosgryllus megapterus n. sp. (Figures 46–51, 52–59, 60–62, 63–64, 65–71, Table 3) Material examined. Holotype ♂, code ISLA 66157, Brazil, Minas Gerais state, Conceição do Mato Dentro municipality, Resgate cave (18º 55’ 41.593” S; 43º 25’ 10.146” W), 12.iv.2018, CARSTE leg. Holotype condition: right tegmen and legs detached, and maintained in holotype’s tube. Paratypes, 3 ♂♂ (ISLA 64193, ISLA 64208 and ISLA 64206) and 1♀♀ (ISLA 64165), ISLA 64193 and 64206 same data of holotype, ISLA 64208 and 64165 collected in 05.v.2018, all specimens collected in same locality of holotype. Distribution. Known only to Resgate cave (18º 55’ 41.593” S; 43º 25’ 10.146” W), Conceição do Mato Dentro municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the presence and size from second pair membranous wings present in some adult males of this species, from the Latin “ megapterus ”, mega = large, pterus = wing. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: superior inner base of paramere 1 quadrangular-shaped with slight bulging (ventral view) (Ps.P1, Fig. 47); paramere 2 slightly inclined towards pseudepiphallic median projection (dorsal view) (Ps.P2, Fig. 46); rami dilated, acuminate apex and poorly sclerotized (very similar to A. spurius) (R, Figs 47, 48 and 50); pseudepiphallic posterior projections poorly sclerotized, quadrangular-shaped, a little less developed compared to A. lucifugus and A. xambioa n. sp. (Ec.Pr, Fig. 50); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, lateral border slightly directed outward (Ec.F, Fig. 47); endophallus slightly less sclerotized (when compared to A. ferratilis n. sp.), circular-shaped and vertically elongated (similar to A. ferratilis n. sp.) (End.Sc, Fig. 47). Description, male holotype. Similar to A. ferratilis n. sp. with the following differences: body dark brown and head slightly orange, possibly discoloration occurred after fixation in ethanol 70% (Figs 52 and 53); compound eyes with a depigmented well pronounced upper region near the scape insertion (Fig. 52), vestigial ocelli; pronotum dark brown, well darkened and pubescent, marked with a whitish vertical band and a slight horizontal band, absence white spots (Fig. 54); Right tegmen: well sclerotized, covering the first four or five abdominal tergites (Fig. 55). Lateral field (in lateral view, Figs 55 and 64): diagonal (DV) and subcostal (SC) veins well marked, connected to each other by poorly marked irregular veins; radial (R) vein with five branches towards outside; medial (M) and radial (R) veins connected to each other by well-marked irregular veins. Field (in ventral view, Fig. 63): harp with reticular veins in the first three distal cells; mirror with reticular veins in all cells, with a narrower proximal part of triangular shape (similar to A. xambioa n. sp.); second pair membranous wings developed occur below the tegmina (Figs 55 and 56); subgenital plate darker and acuminate at apex (Fig. 57); supra-anal plate darker (Figs 58 and 59); stridulatory file with 102 teeth. Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites: Similar to A. ferratilis n. sp. with the following differences: phallic complex less sclerotized, but more sclerotized than A. xambioa n. sp. (Figs 46–50); Pseudepiphallic: superior inner base of paramere 1 quadrangular-shaped with slight bulging (ventral view) (Ps.P1, Fig. 47); paramere 2 slightly inclined towards pseudepiphallic median projection (dorsal view) (Ps.P2, Fig. 46); rami dilated, acuminate apex and poorly sclerotized (very similar to A. spurius) (R, Figs 47, 48 and 50); Ectophallic invagination: posterior projections poorly sclerotized, quadrangular-shaped, a little less developed compared to A. lucifugus and A. xambioa n. sp. (Ec.Pr, Fig. 50); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, lateral border slightly towards outside (Ec.F, Fig. 47). Endophallus: endophallic sclerite slightly less sclerotized (End.Sc, Fig. 26). Female (Figs 65–71, ISLA 64165). Same coloration as holotype (Fig. 65), body size bigger than the holotype (11.382 mm); small wings triangular-shaped (Fig. 65); supra-anal plate darkened and with white spots, trapezoidalshaped, with two small lateral projections, rounded at apex, with long apical bristles (Figs 67 and 68); subgenital plate light brown, short, V-shaped (Figs 66 and 67); ovipositor elongated and thin (5.255 mm), size proportional to tibia III, sword format at apex (Figs 65–67 and 69–71). Copulatory Papilla (Fig. 51: a, b and c, ISLA 64165): well sclerotized, circular-shaped (similar to A. lucifugus), with an extensive opening, in the half moon shape, reaching more than 2/3 of the structure in dorsal view (Fig. 51c); lateral face sclerotized (similar to A. lucifugus) (Fig. 51b), apex slightly concave, with a ventral indentation followed by a less sclerotized region (in white), base with a large membranous opening half moon shape in ventral view (Fig. 51a). Ecological Remarks Since the specimens of Adelosgryllus megapterus n. sp. were not collected by any of the authors of this study, there is no information regarding its habitat preferences. However, as for other species herein described, despite the fact that the species was only found inside a cave, it does not exhibit any troglomorphic traits, thus not being a caverestricted species. Accordingly, it is likely that the species’ distribution is much wider than currently known.