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A new Chinese truffle species, Tuber sinomacrosporum belongs to the Macrosporum group was illustrated and described, it is characterized by brownish-red ascoma, prosenchymatous peridium, dark brown gleba, 1(2) spored asci and large ellipsoid ascospores with 2–6 μm high reticulate-alveolate. Molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA supports this species is distinct from the known species within the Macrosporum group. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological differences between this new species and its related species are discussed.

Hydnobolites oaxacanus is described using molecular and morphological data. This new species is characterized by the whitish ascomata with orange spots, grey gleba, and 4-spored asci with ascospores of 17–45 × 15–20 µm. The new species differs from other American Hydnobolites such as H. californicum and H. cerebriformis by the number of ascospores per asci, and larger ascospore size and ornamentation. It is putatively associated with Quercus castanea in the Quercus-Pinus dry mixed forest. Photographs, descriptions, and molecular phylogeny of the ITS region are presented.

Morchella vulgaris f. atrovelutipe s M. Snabl & U. Guidori forma nov. (Fig. 3a‒d and 4) Mycobank MB#848727 Etymology:—from latin atro (= black), velutinus (= velvety) and pes (= stipe) for the velvety blackish stipe. Holotype:— ITALY (north-western Adriatic coast). Ravenna: Lido di Dante, “Pineta Ramazzotti”, 2 m asl, 44.365 716 N and 12.321 652 E, 12 April 2013, AQUI _10400 (Herbarium Mycologicum Aquilanum) Diagnosis:—Small sized ascoma with general appearance of the hymenophore typical of M. vulgaris; the stipe is densely covered with hairs forming a tomentose - velvety layer, dark brown to blackish in color. Original description:—Ascoma 60 mm high. Hymenophore 32 mm high, 30 mm wide at the widest point; irregularly ovoid, with a rounded-obtuse apex; pitted and ridged; ridges whitish to pale amber, with reddish-brown spots. Pits gray to gray-brown; irregularly shaped, deep, sometimes almost closed, opened on the stipe; short secondary ribs are also present. Stipe 25‒28 mm high; 10 mm wide; cylindrical; basally subclavate up to 15 mm wide; finely tomentose; black or dark brown. Context cartilagineous and weak; red-brown with whitish or blackish spots; 2‒3 mm thick. Sterile inner surface smooth or slightly tomentose; white in the hymenophore becoming reddish-brown in stipe. Smell fungal, slightly spermatic. Asci 125‒200 × 11‒17.5 μm; cylindrical, rounded at the apex; thin-walled; hyaline, non-amyloid. Ascospores absent. Paraphyses 45‒75 μm in length, 7.5‒12.5 μm wide; clavate, apices rounded; hyaline, contents homogeneous; thin walled; one- biseptate at the base.Acroparaphyses 80‒100 μm in length, 12.5–18.8 μm wide at the apex; cylindrical, apices capitulated, sometime dilated at the base; hyaline, contents homogeneous; thin walled; septate. Hyphae on the outer surface of the stipe cylindrical, apices rounded, 44‒87 × 10‒20 μm; septate; thin-walled with dark pigment on the wall surface; contents hyaline or dark brown. Inner stipe surface covered by spherocytes, 15‒32 μm wide; thin-walled; contents hyaline or brown. Ecology:—ascoma from a burnt pine forest on sandy soil, about 200 m from the seaside. Numerous ascomata of M. vulgaris and a few of M. esculenta without any tomentose appearance were found in the burnt site of Pineta Ramazzotti (data not shown). Comments:—The specimen Mvu39 was completely immature (no spore within ascii) but due to its peculiar characters hitherto undescribed in the literature it is here typified as a new forma of M. vulgaris (Table S1). M. vulgaris f. atrovelutipes differs from M. esculenta var. atrotomentosa described by Moser (1949) because it does not have long hairs on the sterile ridges but acroparaphyses (not described by Moser) very different in shape and size. However, the outer surface of the stem of both taxa has a velvety layer consisting of septate hyphae containing dark-brownish pigments., Published as part of Snabl, Martin, Guidori, Urbano, Gianchino, Carmelo, Leonardi, Marco, Zambonelli, Alessandra & Iotti, Mirco, 2023, New insights on post-fire morels (Morchella spp.) in Italy, pp. 280-290 in Phytotaxa 599 (5) on pages 284-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8043073, {"references":["Moser, M. M. (1949) Uber das Massenauftreten von Formen der Gattung Morchella auf Waldbrandflachen. Sydowia 3: 174 - 200."]}

Snabl, Martin, Guidori, Urbano, Gianchino, Carmelo, Leonardi, Marco, Zambonelli, Alessandra, Iotti, Mirco (2023): New insights on post-fire morels (Morchella spp.) in Italy. Phytotaxa 599 (5): 280-290, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2

Morchella tomentosa M. Kuo 2008 (Fig. 3e‒g and 5) Mycobank MB511840 Exsiccata are deposited in the Herbarium Mycologicum Aquilanum (AQUI) with the code AQUI_10399. Description:—Ascomata 70‒110 mm high. Hymenophore 45‒60 mm high, 30‒50 mm wide at the widest point; cylindric to ovoid, with a rounded to depressed apex, sometimes perforated; pitted and ridged; primary ridges thick, sinuous and irregularly vertical when young; secondary ridges shorter; anastomosed, attached to stipe with a sinus deeper than wide. Ridges densely tomentose when young; brownish-gray to black; flattened when young, then rounded, cracked or eroded with maturity. Pits white, greyish to pale brown; glabrous and sometimes warty; irregularly shaped and almost closed when young but vertically elongated and open by maturity. Stipe 30‒50 mm high; 15‒30 mm wide; irregularly cylindrical; basally subclavate and lacunose; flared to apex; finely tomentose with small, dark brown to blackish warts, with tufts of short hairs. Context chambered and layered; 2-3 mm thick; hard; white with grayish layers in the stipe. Sterile inner surface tomentose; white in the hymenophore and gray in the stipe. Smell fungal, pleasant, almost fruity. Asci 8-spored; 120‒280 × 12‒15 μm; cylindrical to clavate; one- biseptate at the base; hyaline, non-amyloid; uniseriate and operculate. Ascospores (16.9)20‒25.3(27.6) × (9.2)10‒15.1(17.4) μm; Q = (1.5)1.54‒2.2(2.6) (average 22.6 × 12.6; Q = 1.8); smooth; elliptical; thin-walled; hyaline, contents homogeneous. Paraphyses 120‒200 × 5‒10 μm; cylindric to clavate, apices rounded sometime capitate; hyaline, contents homogeneous; thin walled; one- biseptate at the base. Acroparaphyses 75‒150 × 12‒35 μm; clavate, apices rounded; hyaline, contents homogeneous; thin walled; septate at the base; hairs on sterile ridges (140)180‒220(250) × (6)8‒18(22) μm; originating from spherocytes of the sub-imenial layer; cylindric, apices rounded, sometimes bottlenecked in the middle part; thin-walled; 2‒3 septate; hyaline in water, red to gray-black contents from the apices to the base in Congo red, brownish-gray contents in KOH. Hairs on the outer stipe surface 100‒140 × (6)8‒12(15) μm; cylindric, apices rounded; septate; thin-walled; hyaline, sometimes finely granulated. Hairs of the inner stipe surface 65‒112 × 12‒20 μm; clavate; bundled; thin-walled; contents hyaline to greyish; septate at the base. Internal surface of the hymenophore covered by spherocytes; thin-walled; hyaline; grouped to form small warts. Ecology:—ascomata from a burnt pine forest located on mountainside at 1,130 asl. In addition to the eight specimens of M. tomentosa, thousands Morchella spp. ascomata (mainly M. importuna and a few specimens of M. eximia, M. purpurascens (Krombh. ex Boud.) Jacquet and M. esculenta) were also found in the burnt area of Arischia. Comments:—Macro and micromorphology of ascomata studied in this work were similar to those reported for the holotype described by Kuo (2008) with the exception of the spores that are slightly bigger for Mto1., Published as part of Snabl, Martin, Guidori, Urbano, Gianchino, Carmelo, Leonardi, Marco, Zambonelli, Alessandra & Iotti, Mirco, 2023, New insights on post-fire morels (Morchella spp.) in Italy, pp. 280-290 in Phytotaxa 599 (5) on pages 286-287, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/8043073, {"references":["Kuo, M. (2008) Morchella tomentosa, a new species from western North America, and notes on M. rufobrunnea. Mycotaxon 105: 441 - 446."]}

The genus Tuber (Tuberaceae, Pezizales) is an important fungal group of Ascomycota both economically and ecologically. However, the species diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and geographic distribution of Tuber species in China remains poorly understood, primarily because descriptions of many new species relied heavily on morphological features with molecular data either not sought or ignored. The misapplication of European and North American names further added to confusion regarding the taxonomy of Chinese Tuber species. In this study, we examined more than 1 000 specimens from China, and performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for Chinese Tuber species using ITS sequences and multilocus sequence data. To infer the phylogeny of Chinese Tuber spp., 11 molecular datasets were assembled, including a concatenated internal transcribed spacers of the nuc rDNA (ITS), nuc rDNA 28S subunit (LSU), translation elongation factor 1-alpha ( tef1-α), and RNA polymerase II subunit ( rpb2) dataset as well as 10 ITS datasets (totally including 1 435 sequences from 828 collections with 597 newly generated sequences, and 168 sequences from the types of 63 species). Our phylogenetic tree based on a concatenated multilocus dataset revealed that all Chinese Tuber species nested in nine phylogenetic clades (phylogroups), including Aestivum, Excavatum, Latisporum, Macrosporum, Maculatum, Melanosporum, Puberulum, Rufum and Turmericum. Of these, five phylogroups ( Macrosporum, Maculatum, Melanosporum, Puberulum and Rufum) are shared across the continents of Asia, Europe and North America; two phylogroups ( Aestivum and Excavatum) are shared by Europe and Asia; and the phylogroups Turmericum and Latisporum are endemic only to Asia. Phylogenetic trees based on 10 ITS datasets confirmed the presence of at least 82 phylogenetic species in China. Of these, 53 are identified as known species, including three new records for China, and 25 species are identified as new to science. Of the new species, nine are described and illustrated in this paper, and the others remain unnamed due to the paucity or absence of ascomatal materials. Accordingly, the confirmed, excluded and doubtful Tuber species in China are discussed. Tuber species showed high endemism. Of the 82 phylogenetic species found in China, 68 species occur only in China, six species are also found in other regions in Asia, and only eight species ( T. anniae, T. excelsum-reticulatum, T. formosanum, T. maculatum, T. wenchuanense, Tuber sp. CHN-3, Tuber sp. CHN-10 and Tuber sp. CHN-11) are shared with other continents. Most Tuber species have a small and limited distribution in China, but a few, such as T. formosanum and T. parvomurphium, are widely distributed across China. Some phylogenetically closely related species, such as T. liaotongense and T. subglobosum, as well as T. xuanhuaense and T. lijiangense, show a pattern of allopatric distribution.

Tuber melanorufum L. Fan sp. nov. (FIG. 2) MycoBank:—MB 846497 Diagnosis:—differed from other species by the large red-brown to blackish ascomata covered with distinctively fine warts and the ascospores ornamented with crowded spine-reticulations. Etymology:— melano, latin, means black; rufum, latin, means red. Referring to the color of ascomata that are red-brown when young and change to blackish to black with age. Typification:— CHINA. Yunnan Province: Huize County, in soil under a Pinus forest, 31 Oct 2020, collected by Jinzhong Cao (BJTC FAN1273). Description:— Ascomata 1.6–4.5 cm diam, irregularly globose to subglobose, reddish (#f18f5f) to red brown (#800000) when young, then changing blackish to black (#460707) with age, surface covered with distinctly fine warts, often with some superficial and pale colored furrows. Odor light, favour not recorded. Gleba pale when young, brown (#4e0000) to coffee brown (#670000) at maturity, but never black, marbled with narrow and numerous whitish veins. Peridium 350–400 μm thick, two-layered: outer layer 200–250 μm thick including warts of 30–50 μm high, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of subglobose to irregularly shaped cells of 5–15 × 5–20 μm wide, with slightly thickened walls, brown walls at outermost cells; inner layer 150–200 μm thick, composed of interwoven hyphae 2.5– 7.5 μm wide, hyaline thin-walled. Asci subglobose or ovoid, 65–75 × 55–62.5 μm, hyaline, thick-walled of 2.5–3μm, 1–4(–5)-spored, sessile or with a short stalk at maturity. Ascospores ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, usually narrowed in one end, yellow brownish (#a36e12) at maturity, ornamented with densely spine-reticulations of 2.3–3(–5) μm high, negative in Melzer’s reagent, excluding ornamentation, in 1-spored asci 25–57.8 × 15–28.5 μm, Q = 1.24–2.57 (Qm =1.91 ± 0.66) (n = 30), in 2-spored asci 26–51 × 13.6–25.6μm, Q = 1.41–2.62 (Qm =2.02 ± 0.6) (n = 30), in 3-spored asci 22.1–43.9 × 13.3–23.2 μm, Q = 1.18–2.31 (Qm = 1.75 ± 0.56) (n = 30), in 4(–5)-spored asci 17.9–40 × 11.7–21.2 μm, Q = 1–2.45 (Qm = 1.73 ± 0.73) (n = 30). Habit, habitat and distribution: —hypogeous, gregarious, in soil under Pinus forest in Yunnan province, China. Currently known only from China. Specimens examined. CHINA. Yunnan Province: Huize County, in soil under forest of Pinus sp., 21 Oct 2020, collected by Jinzhong Cao (BITC FAN1274, BJTC 1276, BJTC FAN1287)., Published as part of Fu, Hao-Yu & Fan, Li, 2023, Tuber melanorufum and T. tomentellum, two new truffle species from China, pp. 178-190 in Phytotaxa 594 (3) on pages 182-186, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7901081

Tuber melanorufum and T. tomentellum spp. nov. are described and illustrated in this paper based on the morphological and phylogenetic data. Tuber melanorufum is diagnosed by the red-brown to blackish ascomata covered with distinctly fine warts and the ellipsoid to long ellipsoid ascospores ornamented with very crowded spine-reticulations. Tuber tomentellum is characterized by the large ascospores and two types of hairs arising from the outer cells of the peridium. Phylogenetic analyses place T. melanorufum and T. tomentellum in the Rufum and Puberulum clades, respectively.

Tuber tomentellum L. Fan & H.Y. Fu sp. nov. (FIG. 3) MycoBank:—MB 846498 Diagnosis:—differed from other species by the large ascospores reaching 78.55 μm in length and the numerous hyphoid or seta-like hairs on the peridial surface of ascomata. Etymology:— tomentellum, tomemtose, referring to the ascomatal surface covered with short woolly hairs. Typification: — CHINA. Yunnan Province: Kunming City, in soil under a Pinus forest, Oct 2020, collected by Jinzhong Cao (BJTC FAN1340) Description:— Ascomata 1.3–2.2 cm, yellow brown (#f4d28d) to grey brown (#654321), surface even and finely tomemtose, with an indistinctly basal depression. Odor mild, flavour not recorded. Gleba brown (#7c2f20) at maturity, marbled with large and rare white veins. Peridium 200–300 μm thick, two-layered: outer layer 150–200 μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of subglobose to irregularly shaped cells of 7.5–32.5 × 5–25 μm, thin-walled, light brown (#f5dbc2) toward outside surface; inner layer 75–150 μm thick, composed of interwoven hyphae 4–7.5 μm wide, hyaline, thin-walled, septate. Hairs arising from outermost cells of the peridium, two types, hyphoid, flexible, and having obtuse ends, or seta-like, erect, and having sharp ends, 30–90 × 2.5–4 μm, hyaline, slightly thick-walled, 1–3-septa. subglobose or ovoid, 80– 110 × 50–75 μm, hyaline, thin-walled, 1–3-spored, sessile. Ascospores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, brown (#a52a2a) at maturity, reticulate, negative in Melzer’s reagent, excluding ornamentation, in 1-spored asci 30–78.5 × 25.7–46 μm, Q = 1.07–1.96 (Qm =1.52 ± 0.45) (n = 30), in 2-spored asci 31.1–64.5 × 26.2–41.4 μm, Q = 1.1–1.75 (Qm =1.43 ± 0.33) (n = 30), in 3-spored asci 29.6–62 × 24.2–38.9 μm, Q = 1.07–1.76 (Qm = 1.42 ± 0.35) (n = 30), reticulum 4–6 μm high, 6–7 meshes across spore width. Habit, habitat and distribution: —hypogeous, gregarious, in soil under a Pinus forest in Yunnan Province, China. Currently, only known from China. Additional specimens examined: — CHINA. Yunnan Province: Dali City, Xiangyun County, in soil under forest of Pinus sp., 21 Oct 2020, Collected by Baoxiang Shi (BITC FAN1330); Kunming City, in soil under a Pinus forest, Oct 2020, collected by Baoxiang Shi (BJTC FAN1346).

Tuber tomentellum L. Fan & H.Y. Fu sp. nov. (FIG. 3) MycoBank:—MB 846498 Diagnosis:—differed from other species by the large ascospores reaching 78.55 μm in length and the numerous hyphoid or seta-like hairs on the peridial surface of ascomata. Etymology:— tomentellum, tomemtose, referring to the ascomatal surface covered with short woolly hairs. Typification: — CHINA. Yunnan Province: Kunming City, in soil under a Pinus forest, Oct 2020, collected by Jinzhong Cao (BJTC FAN1340) Description:— Ascomata 1.3–2.2 cm, yellow brown (#f4d28d) to grey brown (#654321), surface even and finely tomemtose, with an indistinctly basal depression. Odor mild, flavour not recorded. Gleba brown (#7c2f20) at maturity, marbled with large and rare white veins. Peridium 200–300 μm thick, two-layered: outer layer 150–200 μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous, composed of subglobose to irregularly shaped cells of 7.5–32.5 × 5–25 μm, thin-walled, light brown (#f5dbc2) toward outside surface; inner layer 75–150 μm thick, composed of interwoven hyphae 4–7.5 μm wide, hyaline, thin-walled, septate. Hairs arising from outermost cells of the peridium, two types, hyphoid, flexible, and having obtuse ends, or seta-like, erect, and having sharp ends, 30–90 × 2.5–4 μm, hyaline, slightly thick-walled, 1–3-septa. subglobose or ovoid, 80– 110 × 50–75 μm, hyaline, thin-walled, 1–3-spored, sessile. Ascospores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, brown (#a52a2a) at maturity, reticulate, negative in Melzer’s reagent, excluding ornamentation, in 1-spored asci 30–78.5 × 25.7–46 μm, Q = 1.07–1.96 (Qm =1.52 ± 0.45) (n = 30), in 2-spored asci 31.1–64.5 × 26.2–41.4 μm, Q = 1.1–1.75 (Qm =1.43 ± 0.33) (n = 30), in 3-spored asci 29.6–62 × 24.2–38.9 μm, Q = 1.07–1.76 (Qm = 1.42 ± 0.35) (n = 30), reticulum 4–6 μm high, 6–7 meshes across spore width. Habit, habitat and distribution: —hypogeous, gregarious, in soil under a Pinus forest in Yunnan Province, China. Currently, only known from China. Additional specimens examined: — CHINA. Yunnan Province: Dali City, Xiangyun County, in soil under forest of Pinus sp., 21 Oct 2020, Collected by Baoxiang Shi (BITC FAN1330); Kunming City, in soil under a Pinus forest, Oct 2020, collected by Baoxiang Shi (BJTC FAN1346)., Published as part of Fu, Hao-Yu & Fan, Li, 2023, Tuber melanorufum and T. tomentellum, two new truffle species from China, pp. 178-190 in Phytotaxa 594 (3) on pages 186-187, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7901081

Tuber sinomacrosporum S. P. Wan, & F. Q. Yu, sp. nov. (FIGURE 2) MycoBank: 846502 Typification: CHINA. Yunnan Province, Dali City (25° 38′ N , 100° 68′ E), in humic soil under a pure Pinus forest, at about 2090 m, 26 December 2020, wsp1043-8, YNAU016 (GenBank ITS number = OK625303). Diagnosis: Tuber sinomacrosporum is characterized by the brownish-red ascoma, mostly 1(2)-spored asci, large and ellipsoid ascospores. Etymology: referring to a Chinese species have large spores. Description: Ascoma 2.2 × 1.35 cm in diam, oval-shaped or irregular, light brown, partial brown to brownishred when fresh, becoming brownish-red when dried, surface partially covered with yellow tomentose. Odor pleasant. Peridium 108.0–148.0 μm thick, one layer, prosenchymatous, composed of yellowish to transparent cells and interwoven hyphae, cells (1.0–)2.2–5.7(–7.8) × (1.0–)1.7–4.5(–5.4) μm, hyphae 1.3–2.8 μm in diam. Gleba solid, blackish at maturity, marbled with different whitish to greyish veins continuous with the peridium; composed of hyaline, interwoven, thin-walled hyphae, 0.7–2.4 μm broad at the septa, the cells subglobose to globose, 1.1–7.3(– 10.5) × 0.9–5.7(–8.6) μm. Asci 114.0–143.0(–158.0) × 86.0–117.0(–124.0) μm, ellipsoid, rarely pyriform or irregular, hyaline, sessile or with a short or tall stalk 7.5–49.0 μm, 1-spored, rarely 2-spored. Ascospores ellipsoid, sometimes oblong elliptical and broadly ellipsoid, hyaline when young, becoming brownish-red to brown at maturity; excluding alveolar ornamentation, in 1-spored asci (80.0–)89.0–105.0(–109.0) × (55.0–)61.0–76.0(–78.0) μm (Q = 1.32–1.53, Q m = 1.43 ± 0.08) (n = 120), in 2-spored (51.0–)55.0–78.0(–84.0) × (32.0–)37.0–55.0(–57.0) μm (Q = 1.25–1.65, Q m = 1.4 ± 0.16) (n = 30). Ornamented with alveolate reticulum, 2–6 μm deep, constituted of irregularly polygonal meshes, reticulum with 3–7 meshes along the spore length and 3–7 across. Distribution and habitat: Hypogeous, in soil under pure stand of Pinus forest in Yunnan Province, China. Known only from China., Published as part of Wan, Shan-Ping, Liu, Wei, Cui, Meng-Jin, Wang, Rui, Wang, Yu-Yun, Liu, Mei-Ju, Wang, Rui- Xue, Yu, Cheng-Jin & Yu, Fu-Qiang, 2023, Morphological and molecular evidence support a new truffle, Tuber sinomacrosporum, in Macrosporum group, pp. 283-291 in Phytotaxa 591 (4) on pages 286-288, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.591.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7835575

The new species of Lichtenstein’s catalog (1794: part 2) were discussed by Geiger (2003). Here a facsimile edition and full translation of the work is given. Additional insights into select Lichtenstein species are provided. Tentative identifications include Mya papyracea Lichtenstein, 1794 as a member of Thraciidae, Helix porphyrostoma Lichtenstein, 1796 from Ambon as a member of Planorbidae and Helix australasiae Lichtenstein, 1794 from Tahiti as a Partula sp. Trochus tahitiensis Lichtenstein, 1794 is here designated as a nomen oblitum with Trochus histrio Reeve, 1861 [1842 in error] as its nomen protectum. Oliva brasiliensis Chemnitz and Murex galea Chemnitz (now Coralliophila galea) were first made available by Lichtenstein (1794), not by Schumacher (1817) and Dillwyn (1823), respectively. Olivancillaria brasiliensis (Lichtenstein, 1794) is senior synonym of O. urceus (Röding, 1798).

Hydnobolites oaxacanus de la Fuente & J. García, sp. nov. (Fig. 3). Mycobank no. MB 841759 Type: — MEXICO. Oaxaca: Nochixtlán municipality, road to Apoala, 17°28’33” N, 97°12’21 “W, 2281 m.a.s.l., 19 August 2018, García 21382 (Holotype ITCV [JGARCIA-21382- ITCV]). Diagnosis: — Hydnobolites oaxacanus differs from other species within the genus by the 4-spored asci, ascospores of 17–45 × 15–20 µm, and the putative association with Quercus castanea. Description: — Ascocarps hypogeous, 8–25 × 5–11 mm, globose to subglobose, some lobated, white, with scattered orange mycelial strands, turning pale brown when touched, minutely pubescent. Odor and taste mild. Gleba pale gray, with fertile tissue separated by white veins, connected with the peridium, columella absent. Odor and taste fungoid. Peridium 120–300 µm thick, composed of interwoven or prostrated hyphae, loose at the external side, compacted near the gleba, with some erected hyphae 17–30 × 5–8 µm, tubulose or clavate, some with rugose thin-walled. Trama 20–45 µm composed of interwoven hyphae, 2–10 µm in diameter, tubulose, rarely inflated, septate, sometimes branched, thin-walled. Asci 77–95 × 62–78 µm, globose or pyriform, with pedicel up to 20 µm long, cylindric to inflated, hyaline, with oily content, tetrasporic, thin-walled. Ascospores 17–45 × 15–20 µm (W=18, L= 25, Q=1.13–2.25, N=30) broadly ellipsoid, ellipsoid, rarely subglobose or cylindrical, hyaline, alveolate-reticulate, up to 7–9 alveoli longwise, 6–8 sidewise, angular (5–7 sides), heterodiametric or rarely irregular, 3–5 µm in diameter, projected up 7 µm, thin-walled. Etymology: —Named oaxacanus in reference to the Mexican state of Oaxaca, where the species was discovered. Distribution: —Known from the type locality, growing hypogeous in Quercus-Pinus dry mixed forest under Quercus castanea Née. Comments: —The most remarkable characteristics of the new species are the 4-spored asci and the large ascospores. Most of the Hydnobolites species have 8-spored asci except Hydnobolites javanicus Höhn., which has 1–3-spored asci. Hydnobolites javanicus differs from H. oaxacanus in the number of ascospores per asci and the ascospore size. Hydnobolites baodingensis Wu & Lan (1993: 1021) have 8-spored asci, ascospores of 15–21 µm and associated with Zea (L), Dyospiros (L) and Setaria P. Beauv (Wu et al. 1993). Both species mentioned above lack molecular evidence, and some authors (Smith and Schmull 2011; Li et al. 2019) believe that these species should not be placed in Hydnobolites due to the presence of an episporium in H. javanicus and the putative saprobious lifestyle of H. baodingesis. The new species also differs from the Asian species. It can be easily separated from H. caniculatus L. Fan, M. Chen & T. Li (2019: 406), which have folded gleba, whereas H. oaxacanus have solid gleba. Hydnobolites roseus L. Fan, M. Chen & T. Li (2019: 408) have a pinkish peridium, very different from the whitish color present in H. oaxacanu s. Both H. shianxiensis L. Fan, M. Chen & T. Li (2019: 409) and H. yunnaensis L. Fan, M. Chen & T. Li (2019: 412) have 8-spored asci, smaller ascospores and bigger alveoli (Li et al. 2019). It is also different from the American species. Hydnobolites californicus E. Fisch. (1909: 194) have smaller ascospores and bigger alveoli (Gilkey 1916). The new species share some characteristics with H. cerebriformis like the whitish ascoma that turns orange when touched (Cázares et al. 1992) nevertheless, it differs in the ascospore size and ornamentation (Trappe et al. 2007)., Published as part of Fuente, Javier Isaac De La, García-Jiménez, Jesús, Martínez-González, César Ramiro, Ayala-Vásquez, Olivia, Del-Valle, Juan Francisco Hernández, Florez, Marcos Sánchez- & Peña-Ramírez, Rafael, 2022, Hydnobolites oaxacanus (Pezizales, Ascomycota), a new species from Mexico, pp. 73-80 in Phytotaxa 559 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.559.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7009412, {"references":["Wu, E., Lan, Z., Xiang, Y. & Han, Z. (1993) A new species of Tuberales from China. Mycological research 97 (8): 1021 - 1022.","Smith, M. E. & Schmull, M. (2011) Tropical truffles: English translation and critical review of F. von Hohnel's truffles from Java. Mycological Progress 10 (2): 249 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 010 - 0694 - 1","Li, T., Cheng, M., Xu, Y-Y. & Fan, L. (2019) Four new species of Hydnobolites (sequestrate Pezizaceae, Ascomycota) from China. Mycological progress 18: 405 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 018 - 01465 - z","Gilkey, H. M. (1916) A revision of the Tuberales of California. University of California Publications in Botany 6: 275 - 356.","Cazares, E., Garcia, J., Castillo, J. & Trappe, J. M. (1992) Hypogeous fungi from northern Mexico. Mycologia 84: 341 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3760186","Trappe, M., Evans, F. & Trappe, J. (2007) Field Guide to North American Truffles: Hunting, Identifying, and Enjoying the World's Most Prized Fungi. Ten Speed Press, California. 144 pp."]}

The genus Coprotus Korf & Kimbr, was given as new record for the mycobiota of Türkiye based on the collection and the identification of Coprotus ochraceus (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) J. Moravec from Şirvan district of Siirt province. A brief description of the species is given together its photographs related to its macro and micro morphologies., Coprotus Korf & Kimbr cinsi, Coprotus ochraceus (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) J. Moravec’un Siirt ili Şirvan ilçesinden toplanıp teşhis edilmesine bağlı olarak Türkiye mikobiyotası için yeni kayıt olarak verilmiştir. Türün kısa bir betimlemesi, makro ve mikromorfolojilerine ilişkin resimlerle birlikte verilmiştir.

Helvella lacunosa is a species complex, with Helvella lacunosa s.s. not currently distributed in America. The objective of this study was to resolve the taxonomy of specimens from central Mexico identified as Helvella lacunosa s.l. associated with Abies religiosa forests. The nuclear ITS and LSU regions were PCR-amplified and sequenced from dry herbaria specimens. Phylogenetic analyses were based on Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approaches. Sequences of Helvella from A. religiosa forests grouped into a well-supported lineage within the North American clade together with Helvella dryophila (associated with Quercus in western USA) and Helvella vespertina (associated with conifer forests in western USA). Therefore, we describe and illustrate Helvella jocatoi as a new species based on phylogeny and morphological traits. In central Mexico, this taxon is an edible mushroom known as “gachupín”, has high cultural importance and is sold in large quantities. The description of this new species restricted to A. religiosa forests has implications for its conservation since its habitat is endangered.

Over 80 species are recognized in the commercially important genus Morchella, many of them endemic to specific regions or continents. Among them, M. anatolica and M. rufobrunnea are the earliest diverging lineages and are key in decoding the evolutionary history, global biogeography, and ecological trends within this iconic genus. Early ancestral area reconstruction (AAR) tests postulated a western North American origin of morels but had not included in the analyses M. anatolica, whose phylogenetic identity remained at the time unresolved. Following new collections of M. anatolica and M. rufobrunnea from the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus, Kefalonia, Lesvos, Malta, and Zakynthos, we performed revised AAR tests to update the historical biogeography of the genus. Our results, inferred from multilocus analysis of an expanded data set of 79 phylospecies, challenge previous reconstructions and designate the Mediterranean basin as the most likely place of origin for morels. Detailed morphoanatomical analyses demonstrate that ascocarp rufescence, the nondarkening apothecial ridges, the absence of a sinus, and the stipe pruinescence are all stable synapomorphic features of sect. Rufobrunnea, which could be interpreted as ancestral for the genus. The saprotrophic mode of nutrition, suggested by the prolific in vitro growth of M. anatolica, might also be an ancestral trait. Emended descriptions, including extensive imagery and scanning electron microscopy, are provided, and a new evolutionary hypothesis of the genus is proposed.

A new black truffle species with a basal cavity, Tuber melanoexcavatum, is identified and described. The new species is morphologically similar to T. pseudobrumale, T. pseudoexcavatum, and T. mesentericum in having a basal cavity. However, T. melanoexcavatum differs from T. pseudobrumale and T. pseudoexcavatum in having black pyramidal warts and 5 to 8 spored asci, and differs from T. mesentericum by having spiny ascospores and 1 to 5 spored (rarely 6 spored) asci. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that T. melanoexcavatum is most closely related to T. pseudobrumale, but the two still clearly differentiate. Tuber melanoexcavatum grows as a mycorrhizal association with Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides. Tuber melanoexcavatum is considered an edible black truffle species and is indigenous to China.

Tuber luomae, a new truffle species known only from the Pacific Northwest, USA, is distinguished by spiny, nonreticulate spores and a two-layered peridium — the outermost layer (pellis) consists of inflated, globose to subpolygonal cells and the inner (subpellis) of narrow hyphae. ITS sequence analyses show that it has phylogenetic affinity to other Tuber species in the Rufum clade. The only other members of the Rufum clade with a strongly developed peridiopellis of large, inflated cells are the southern European T. malacodermum and T. pustulatum and the northern Mexican T. theleascum. We find it interesting that this peridial structure that is uncommon in the Rufum clade has been found in geographically disjunct species.

Phylogenetic analyses of 115 newly collected Helvella specimens from Spain using three genetic markers [heat shock protein 90 (hsp), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU)] confirm the assignment of the Spanish collections to one Dissingia and 30 Helvella species. The analyses were supplemented with an additional sample of 65 Spanish and extralimital Helvella specimens from the fungaria of Oslo (O), Trondheim (TRH), Copenhagen (C), Uppsala (UPS), Stockholm (S) and Venice (MCVE). Nine species are described as new, i.e. Helvella fuscolacunosa, H. hispanica, H. iberica, H. inexpectata, H. neopallescens, H. phlebophoroides, H. poculiformis, H. retinervis, and H. terricola. We present photographs of a selection of fresh specimens and provide descriptions of all species of this diverse South European Mediterranean element of the genera in Europe.

A new Geopora species (Pyronemataceae), Geopora ramila was described and illustrated from the soil, under or in the vicinity of Helianthemum ledifolium var. ledifolium annual plant in Fars province, Iran. Morphologically, G. ramila is similar to G. pinyonensis and G. arenicola but distinguished from both by a combination of morphological characters including, color and size of ascocarps, size and shape of ascospores, habit and associated host. The ribosomal DNA internally transcribed spacer (rDNA ITS) sequence of the new species (Acc. No. MT108930 to MT108934) showed 87.82% identity with G. pinyonensis in the BLAST search in GenBank. ITS-based phylogenetic analysis clearly supports G. ramila is a new and distinctive species lacking close relatives among described species of Geopora.

Pachyphlodes atropurpurea and P. excavata are described as new species of truffles based on both phylogenetic and morphological analyses. Phylogenetically these two species are clearly distinct from described species of Pachyphlodes. Morphologically, P. atropurpurea is characterized by subglobose, purple black ascomata, and ascospores with acute-tipped spines. P. excavata is characterized by its ascomata with an obvious basal and internal cavity and slender fusiform asci (150–180 × 30–40 μm).

The Chinese black truffle Tuber indicum is the main commercial truffle species in China and has strong potential for cultivation. Most studies have focused so far on the production and planting of mycorrhizal seedlings of tree species native to China. Here, we selected four exotic tree species, Quercus pubescens, Q. ilex, Q. palustris and Pinus pinea and inoculated axenically germinated seedlings, five replicates per tree species, with T. indicum spore suspension. As shown by morphological, anatomical and molecular analyses, mycorrhizae were successfully synthesized under greenhouse conditions from 6 months after inoculation and the mycorrhization was stable for at least 24 months in the glasshouse environment. Despite slight morphological variations, T. indicum mycorrhizae were similar on all tree species, i.e. swollen, red-brownish with long hyaline emanating hyphae showing right-angle ramifications. Our observations confirmed the similarity of T. indicum mycorrhizae with those of T. melanosporum regardless of the geographic origin of host trees. Four out of five T. indicum-inoculated pine seedlings were cross-contaminated by T. borchii that was inoculated to another group of P. pinea seedlings raised in the same glasshouse. This is the first study to document the mycorrhization of exotic tree species by T. indicum in China and the first report for Q. palustris. With two successful out of five inoculated seedlings, Q. palustris was less receptive to T. indicum mycorrhization than the other two oak species. Further work is needed to assess whether the T. indicum symbioses obtained here are maintained after planting in the field and if ascomata can be produced by exotic tree species under Chinese environmental conditions.

Molecular analysis of the genus Balsamia was conducted with ITS and 28S sequences available, including newly gained sequences from Chinese specimens. Combined with the morphological examinations, a new hypogeous species, Balsamia lishanensis was described and illustrated from North China, which is morphologically characterized by reddish brown ascomata covered with fine warts, the whitish gleba with numerous small chambers, 3–5 layers peridium with reddish brown polygonal cells and the smooth and regular ellipsoid ascospores with one large oil drop. Two species previously described as Barssia were transferred to Balsamia. Balsamia platyspora was confirmed to be in existence in China based on newly collected specimen. A key to the Chinese Balsamia species was provided.

Following a late fall wildfire in 2016 in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, pyrophilous fungi in burn zones were documented over a 2-y period with respect to burn severity and phenology. Nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) barcodes were obtained to confirm morphological evaluations. Forty-one taxa of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were identified from burn sites and categorized as fruiting only in response to fire or fruiting enhanced by fire. Twenty-two species of Pezizales (Ascomycota) were among the earliest to form ascomata in severe burn zones, only one of which had previously been documented in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Nineteen species of Basidiomycota, primarily Agaricales, were also documented. Among these, only five species (Coprinellus angulatus, Gymnopilus decipiens, Lyophyllum anthracophilum, Pholiota carbonicola, and Psathyrella pennata) were considered to be obligate pyrophilous taxa, but fruiting of two additional taxa (Hygrocybe conica and Mycena galericulata) was clearly enhanced by fire. Laccaria trichodermophora was an early colonizer of severe burn sites and persisted through the winter of 2017 and into spring and summer of 2018, often appearing in close association with Pinus pungens seedlings. Fruiting of pyrophilous fungi peaked 4-6 mo post fire then diminished, but some continued to fruit up to 2.5 y after the fire. In all, a total of 27 previously unrecorded taxa were added to the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI) database (~0.9%). Most pyrophilous fungi identified in this study are either cosmopolitan or have a Northern Hemisphere distribution, but cryptic endemic lineages were detected in Anthracobia and Sphaerosporella. One new combination, Hygrocybe spadicea var. spadicea f. odora, is proposed.

Geodina salmonicolor is shown to be a synonym of G. guanacastensis, the type and only species of the genus. Comparisons of ITS rDNA sequences of a paratype and two recent collections of G. guanacastensis with published ITS sequences of G. salmonicolor, from the Dominican Republic, show that these are nearly identical. When G. salmonicolor was erected no sequences of the type species were available. Morphological comparisons supports the conspecificity. Details regarding the description of G. salmonicolor are pointed out. A four-gene phylogeny places Geodina and Wynnea as a supported sister group to the rest of the Sarcoscyphaceae. Species in these genera share morphological traits of cyanophobic spore markings, dark angular outer excipular cells that give rise to hairs and the origin of several apothecia from a common basal stalk. Their occurrence on soil rather than on wood or plant material distinguish them from other Sarcoscyphaceae. Based on morphology, phylogenic relationships and trophic interactions we erect a new family, Wynneaceae, for Geodina and Wynnea.

In the present study, current information based on morphological characters and DNA sequence (nrITS) data is given on some uncommon or noteworthy Ascomycetes species collected from different geographic regions of Turkey. First phylogenetic analysis based on nrITS data of Helvella fibrosa and H. macropus the rare and little-known species was performed in Turkey by this study. Also, the nrITS sequence of H. fibrosa was uploaded to current databases for the first time. Detailed morphological description, macro photographs and detailed drawings of micro structures of the two species studied have been presented, and the ecology and distributions of each species has been given. © 2020 Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection. TAGEM14 /AR-GE/40 The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Turkey (TAGEM) (Project number: TAGEM14 /AR-GE/40).

Досліджено видову різноманітність та поширення аскоміцетів на території регіонального ландшафтного парку «Сеймський». У 23 локалітетах парку виявлено 114 видів неліхенізованих сумчастих грибів. Серед них клас Leotiomycetes представлений 41 видом, Dothideomycetes – 34, Sordariomycetes – 23, Pezizomycetes – 15, Taphrinomycetes – 1. Серед порядків найчисельнішими є Erysiphales – 34 види, Capnodiales – 20, Pezizales – 15, Pleosporales – 12, Sordariales – 11, Xylariales – 8 і Helotiales – 7. У родинному спектрі домінують представники чотирьох родин: Erysiphaceae – 34 види, Mycosphaerellaceae – 19, Ascobolaceae та Podosporaceae – по 7 видів, представники яких об’єднують 58,8% загальної кількості виявлених видів аскоміцетів. Наведено список зареєстрованих видів грибів та асоційованих з ними рослин-живителів і живильних субстратів. 103 з виявлених видів аскоміцетів наводяться вперше для території парку. Знахідка інвазійного борошнисторосяного гриба Erysiphе macleayae R. Y. Zheng & G. Q. Chen є новою для території парку та другою у Сумській області. Вдруге на території України виявлені Coprotus ochraceus (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) J. Moravec і Podospora myriospora (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Niessl. Лише з трьох локалітетів були відомі в Україні Coprotus niveus (Fuckel) Kimbr. і Podospora australis (Speg.) Niessl, в чотирьох – Podospora communis (Speg.) Niessl, Podospora pleiospora (G.Winter) Niessl і Thecotheus pelletieri (P. Crouan & H. Crouan) Boud. Серед зареєстрованих видів сумчастих грибів переважна більшість є біотрофами (35 видів), гемібіотрофами (35 видів) та копрофільними сапротрофами (29 видів). Це представники семи екологічних груп: облігатних паразитів вищих рослин, копрофілів, ксилофілів, філофілів, гербофілів, карпофілів і гумусових сапротрофів. Решта еколого-трофічних груп аскоміцетів у регіональному ландшафтному парку залишаються майже недослідженими.

A two-part annotated check-list of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Morocco aims to present updated information on this rather neglected group of parasitoid wasps. The first part includes 113 species belonging to 65 genera from 11 subfamilies – Asaphinae, Cerocephalinae, Cleonyminae, Eunotinae, Macromesinae, Miscogastrinae, Ormocerinae, Pireninae, Pteromalinae, Spalangiinae, and Sycoryctinae. One species, Cleonymus longigaster Mitroiu sp. nov., is described as new, and three species (Notanisus versicolor Walker, 1837 and Miscogaster maculata Walker, 1833 and Gastrancistus aff. vagans Westwood, 1833) are newly recorded for the fauna of Morocco. For each species, its distribution in Morocco and hosts are presented.

Tuber songlu S.P. Wan, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) MycoBank: MB 839734 Typification: CHINA. Yunnan Province, Huize County (29.103��E, 25.56��N), in humic soil under a pure Pinus armandii forest, at about 2415 m, 14 August 2016, wsp695, HKAS 95771 (GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = KX904883, LSU = KY 013656). Diagnosis: Tuber songlu differs from other species by its whitish ascomata, dense spine-like dermatocystidia, ellipsoid ascospores and 1���4 spored asci. Etymology: Refers to the local name of the fungus. Description: Ascomata 1���2 cm in diam, globose to subglobose or irregular, white, light reddish brown when fresh, becoming brown when dried. Peridium 130���500 ��m thick, densely pubescent, one layer, prosenchymatous, composed of subglobose to subangular cells, (1���) 1.5���18(���23) �� (1���) 1.5���7(���8.5) ��m, hyaline. Gleba solid, brown when mature, marbled with brownish yellow veins, composed of hyaline, interwoven, thin-walled cylindrical hyphae, 1.5���8.5 ��m broad at the septa, and interwoven, inflated hyphae 2���8.5 ��m broad. Dermatocystidia, straight or bent, obtuse or apiculate at the tip, up to 230 ��m long, 7 ��m in diam, multiseptate, hyaline to whitish. Asci (63���) 72���96 �� 54���75 (���81) ��m, globose to subglobose, pyriform, ellipsoid or irregular, hyaline, sessile or with a short stalk, thin-walled 1���2 ��m thick, 1���4 spored. Ascospores, ellipsoid, sometimes broadly ellipsoid, subglobose, hyaline when young, becoming brown at maturity; excluding their alveolate-reticulate ornamentation, in 1-spored asci (41���) 42.5���51.5 (���56) �� (26.5���) 32.5���40 (���41) ��m (Q = 1.10���1.70), in 2-spored (22���) 24���42 (���46) �� (18���) 19���34 ��m (Q = 1.10���1.51), in 3-spored (20���) 26���33 (���35) �� 19 (���21)���29 (���30) ��m (Q = 1.13���1.24), and in 4-spored (19���) 20���27.5 (���29) �� 15���17 (���27) ��m (Q = 1.1���1.2); reticulum with 3���8 meshes along the spore length and 3���8 across. The alveolar walls up to 1���7 ��m tall. Distribution and habitat: Hypogeous, in soil under a pure forest of Pinus armandii in Yunnan Province, China. Known only from China. Other material examined: CHINA. Yunnan Province, Province, Huize County, in soil under a pure forest of P. armandii, December 2016, wsp701, HKAS 95777 (GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = KX904884, LSU = KY 013657); wsp749, HKAS 95851 (GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = KX904886, LSU = KY 013658)., Published as part of Wan, Shanping, Liu, Jianwei, Huang, Lanlan, Qin, Xiaomin, Liu, Wei & Yu, Fuqiang, 2021, Tuber qujingense and T. songlu, two new species from Yunnan, China, pp. 248-256 in Phytotaxa 527 (4) on pages 253-254, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.527.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5766179

Tuber qujingense and T. songlu are described as new species based on both phylogenetic and morphological analyses. Phylogenetically, these two species are clearly distinct from described species of Tuber. Morphologically, these two species have whitish smooth ascomata, pubescent and prosenchymatous peridium and 1–4 spored asci; however, T. qujingense is characterized by its fusiform ascospores and taller alveolar walls (4.5–11 µm) while T. songlu has larger ellipsoid ascospores and lower alveolar walls (1–7 µm).

Tuber qujingense S. P. Wan, sp. nov. (Fig. 3) MycoBank: MB 839733 Typification: CHINA. Yunnan Province, Huize County (18.103��E, 23.26��N), in humic soil under a pure Pinus armandii forest, at about 2400 m, 12 August 2016, wsp721, HKAS 95823 (GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = KX904885, LSU = KY 013659). Diagnosis: Tuber qujingense differs from related species by its greyish white ascomata, brown snowflake-shaped gleba, prosenchymatous peridium, fusiform ascospores and 1���4 spored asci. Etymology: Refers to the location of the type collection. Description: Ascoma 2.5 cm in diam, subglobose or irregular, greyish white when fresh, becoming brown when dried. Peridium 200���500 ��m thick, smooth to pubescent, one layer, prosenchymatous, composed of big, subglobose to subangular cells, (1���) 2���33 (���34.5) �� (1���) 1.5���22 (���33) ��m, light earthy yellow. Gleba solid, brownish purple when mature, marbled with white veins, composed of hyaline, interwoven, thin-walled hyphae, 1.5���6 ��m, and cylindrical, inflated hyphae 2.8���50 �� 2.8���43 ��m. Dermatocystidia or setae, straight or bent, obtuse or apiculate at the tip, up to 110 ��m long, 6.5 ��m in diam, septate, hyaline to whitish. Asci (40���) 51���80 �� (30���) 31���60 ��m, globose to subglobose, pyriform, ellipsoid or irregular, hyaline, sessile or with a short stalk, thin-walled 1���2 ��m thick, 1���4 spored. Ascospores, fusiform, ellipsoid, sometimes broadly ellipsoid, subglobose, hyaline when young, becoming brown at maturity; excluding the alveolate-reticulate ornamentation, in 1-spored asci (35���)37���48(���50) �� (23���) 25���30(���32) ��m (Q = 1.45���1.65), in 2-spored (22���) 28���40(���41) �� (14���) 18-27 ��m (Q = 1.41���1.7), in 3-spored (20���)3 8���18(���20) �� 15���19(��� 24) ��m (Q = 1.23���1.75), and in 4-spored (17���) 20���34(���36) �� 14���21(���22) ��m (Q = 1.14���1.72); reticulum with 3���10 meshes along the spore length and 3���8 across. The alveolar walls up to 4.5���11 ��m tall. Distribution and habitat: Hypogeous, in soil under pure stand of P. armandii in Yunnan Province, China. Known only from China., Published as part of Wan, Shanping, Liu, Jianwei, Huang, Lanlan, Qin, Xiaomin, Liu, Wei & Yu, Fuqiang, 2021, Tuber qujingense and T. songlu, two new species from Yunnan, China, pp. 248-256 in Phytotaxa 527 (4) on pages 251-252, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.527.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5766179

Unidentified opistognathid. Lissner and Dorsey (1986) observed from a manned submersible a jawfish they were unable to identify at Tanner��� Cortes Bank, southern California., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Lissner, A. L. & Dorsey, J. H. (1986) Deep-water biological assemblages of a hard-bottom bank-ridge complex of the southern California continental borderland. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 87 - 101."]}

Microstoma microstoma (Risso, 1810). Dusky Pencilsmelt. To 21 cm (8.3 in) TL (Cynthia Klepadlo, pers. comm. to M. L). Circumglobal; subarctic���transitional eastern Pacific to central Baja California (Moser and Butler in Moser 1996). Depth: 0���4,145 m (13,595 ft) (Cynthia Klepadlo, pers. comm. to M.L.). Moser and Butler in Moser (1996) considered at least the eastern Pacific form to be an undescribed species., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33."]}

Th e true truffl es, Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., are among the most studied fungal species; they also have a high economic value due to their special aromatic and nutritional properties that make them a much sought delicacy. Despite this, their identifi cation has been based on morphological and then molecular characters in the absence of reference type specimens. Although long of scientifi c, commercial and regulatory use, these four scientifi c names are at risk due to a lack of nomenclatural priority. To provide the scientifi c community with reference voucher samples and to initiate nomenclatural proposals for the recognition of their status as conserved names, three collections from sites mentioned by their authors (Picco and Vittadini) are proposed as epitypes for Tuber aestivum, T. borchii and T. melanosporum, and one as a neotype for T. magnatum. Th e type of each name is described morphologically and molecularly characterized with the sequences of three markers: ITS, ?-tubulin, elongation factor 1?. Th e taxonomy and nomenclature of each species are discussed. Th e conservation of the names Tuber aestivum against the previous homonymous Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. and the competing name Tuber blotii Eudes-Desl., T. magnatum against Tuber griseum Borch ex Pers., and T. melanosporum against Tuber nigrum Bull. will be proposed. Th e name Tuber borchii has no previous synonyms and therefore it is legitimate and does not require conservation.

Tuber borchii Vittad. (Figs 2; 4B; 5C, D) Monographia Tuberacearum: 44 (1831). MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 118774. GENBANK. — MZ423174 (nrITS), MZ458418 (nr β- tubulin), MZ458422 (nrEF 1-α). LECTOTYPE OF TUBER BORCHII VITTAD. — Vittadini 1831 tab. I (presented with the indication XX), fig. III E-F here reprinted in Fig. 2. (here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001893). EPITYPE OF TUBER BORCHII VITTAD. — Italy. Lombardy, Varzi, Castello Oramala, sub Quercus pubescens Willd., 6.III.2019,44°50’28”N, 9°11’32”E, twenty ascomata, leg. Stefano Seghezzi, det. Giovanni Pacioni (epi-, AQUI[AQUI10151] here designated MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001895). DESCRIPTION Ascomata Hypogeous globose, lobate or irregular, up to 7 cm in diameter, rarely larger, sometimes with a flat base without excavation, surface of peridium pubescent, whitish (FCF3CF light grayish yellow, F9E79F very soft yellow, F0B27A soft orange), yellowish-gray, ocher, brownish, sometimes with reddish spots, smooth when fully mature, still pubescent in the depressions. Gleba Firm from whitish (D5DBdB light grayish green, EC7063 soft red, 797D7F dark grayish blue) to ocher with reddish hues, becoming greyish or reddish-brown by maturity, with ramified-anastomoses and thin sterile veins whitish in youth. Later ochraceous or reddish, marbled with wide, anastomosing veins which arise from various places of the peridium. Odor Pleasant, then strongly garlic sulfurous; taste strong. Peridium 150-600 Μm thick, exoperidium pseudoparenchymatous, 100-300 Μm thick with textura globosa, formed of swollen cells ranging from suglobose to irregularly ellipsoid 10-50 × 8-24 Μm, yellowish but strongly coloured on the surface, with walls of collenchymatic type thickened up to 4 Μm, surface with tapered hyaline thick-walled, one to three celled cystidia up to 100 Μm long, up to 8 Μm wide at the inflated base; endoperidium plectenchymatous 60-450 Μm wide with intertwined, mainly periclineal, hyaline hyphae 20-24 × 5-6 Μm, with thin walls, mixed with a few rounded cells with slightly thickened walls; sterile veins emerge from the endoperidium to penetrate the gleba from various parts of the peridium. Asci Globose to subglobose, 60-100 × 50-80 Μm, with walls 1-1.5 Μm to 5 Μm thick, sessile or short stalked, croziered at the foot, containing 1-4 spores. Ascospore Subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, Q 1.06-1.46, 20-55 × 18-42Μm excluding ornamentation, inversely proportional in size to the number of spores in the ascus, at first translucent, then becoming light yellow to yellowish brown, sometimes with a reddish hue, regularly alveolate with mostly hexagonal but sometimes rectangular or elongated alveolae numbering 4-11 along the spore length and 3-9 across the spore width, 4-10 Μm wide but usually near 7 Μm, and 3-5 Μm high. Endosporium Often two-layered in KOH. Glebal Hyphae hyaline, 4-10 × 20-32 Μm HABITAT. — Species naturally present in all Europe to the southern Scandinavian peninsula, from Portugal to the Caucasus and Anatolia, under broadleaved and coniferous trees, mainly sandy soil, commonly from late autumn to late spring (Ceruti et al., 2003; unpublished data) NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY There may be a precedent synonym for this species: Tuber albidum Picco, Melethemata inauguralia: 79 (1788) [MB 227650] which however is unavailable, unpriorable, because of the sanctioned homonym Tuber albidum Fr. (1823) [MB 227428], which refers to a different species. This Fries’ taxon is difficult to identify because of its diagnosis “ verrucis exasperatum, albidum ”. Vittadini (1831: 40, Obs.II) wrote about it: ‘the whitish external color in warty Tuber is unknown to me, I suspect. So the (species) named albidum is doubtful. (Obs. II. Tuber albidum Fr. … Color externus albidus in Tuberibus muricatis mihi prorsus extraneus, suspectus. Hinc albidi nomen ambiguum.)’. Perhaps due to a ‘ lapsus calami’, Tuber albidum Fr. is a questionable species that does not even today find a match among the known species of Tuber where all the warty peridium species are black or deep brown (Bonito et al. 2013). Fries (1823: 291) claims to have examined a dried sample (vs, vidi siccam), but no specimen of Tuber albidum was found in the Herbarium of Fries (UPS-FRIES) or a drawing of this taxon among Fries documents. From the Fries’ description it is understood that it could refer to Tuber aestivum and two references (Cesalpino 1583: 613, and Micheli 1729: 221) could confirm it, while a third (Gleditsch 1753: 257) ‘ Lycoperdon globosum, subterraneum...’ could describe a Rhizopogon. In this situation, the most appropriate solution is to propose the rejection of the name Tuber albidum Fr. in application of Art. 56.1 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al., 2018) and a proposal will be made to that effect. The older name Tuber albidum Picco (1788) in addition to being unavailable (Mycobank http://www.mycobank.org/ Biolomics.aspx?Table=Mycobank&Rec=28125&Fields=All) is a poorly defined and variously interpreted Tuber species that can include several whitish species such as T. maculatum Vittad., T. rapiodorum Tul. & C.Tul., T. dryophilum Tul. & C.Tul. and T. puberulum Berk. & Broome, etc. (Halász et al. 2005). The previous neotypification of T. borchii proposed by Mello et al. (2000) cannot be accepted because of formal and substantive reasons: 1) presence of an existent possible lectotype [tab. I, fig.III E-F inVittadini (1831) here designated]; 2) the probable loss of the three collections indicated as ‘neotype’, lacking however of any collecting data. They were sent by Vittadini to the Tulasne brothers (Tulasne & Tulasne 1851: 146) and preserved originally in PC (Cryptogamic Herbarium of Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris), and later retained in TO (Mattirolo’s Herbarium); 3) the fact that the proposed neotype was not sequenced. Hence there is a need to propose an epitype using a specimen with well-defined collection data and molecular characterization. Bonuso et al. (2010) hypothesized the presence of two cryptic species (referred to as haplotype 1 and haplotype 2) within Italian populations of T. borchii. The T. borchii epitype designated here belongs to haplotype 1., Published as part of Leonardi, Marco, Iotti, Mirco, Mello, Antonietta, Vizzini, Alfredo, Paz-Conde, Aurelia, Trappe, James & Pacioni, Giovanni, 2021, Typification of the four most investigated and valuable truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., pp. 149-170 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (9) on pages 154-160, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9, http://zenodo.org/record/7826657, {"references":["VITTADINI C. 1831. - Monographia tuberacearum. F. Rusconi, Milan, 88 p.","CERUTI A., FONTANA A. & NOSENZO C. 2003. - Le Specie Europee del Genere Tuber. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino.","BONITO G., SMITH M. E., NOWAK M., HEALY R. A., GUEVARA G., CAZARES E., KINOSHITA A., NOUHRA E. R, DOMINGUEZ L. S., TEDERSOO L., MURAT C., WANG Y., MORENO B. A., PFISTER D. H., NARA K., ZAMBONELLI A., TRAPPE J. M. & VIL- GALYS R. 2013. - Historical biogeography and diversification of truffles in the Tuberaceae and their newly identified southern hemisphere sister lineage. PLoS ONE 8: e 52765. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone.","FRIES E. 1823. - Systema Mycologicum sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species. Officina Berlingiana, Lundae. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5378","CESALPINO A. 1583. - De Plantis Libri XVI. Giorgio Marescotti, Firenze.","MICHELI P. A. 1729. - Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita quibus plantae 1900 recensentur. Bernardi Paperinii, Firenze.","GLEDITSCH J. G. 1753. - Methodus fungorum exhibens genera, species et varietates cum charactere. Sumtibus Scholae Realis, Berlin.","TURLAND N. J., WIERSEMA J. H., BARRIE F. R., GREUTER W., HAWK- SWORTH D. L., HERENDEEN P. S., KNAPP S., KUSBER W. H., LI D. Z., MARHOLD K., MAY T. W., MCNEILL J., MONRO A. M., PRADO J., PRICE M. J. & SMITH G. F. (eds) 2018. - International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the 19 th International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten, Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","PICCO V. 1788. - Melethemata Inauguralia. Ioan. Mich. Briolus: Turin, 283 p.","HALASZ K., BRATEK Z., SZEGO D., RUDNOY S., RACZ I., LASZ- TITY D. & TRAPPE J. M. 2005. - Tests of species concepts of the small, white, European group of Tuber spp. based on morphology and rDNA ITS sequences with special reference to Tuber rapaeodorum. Mycological Progress 4: 281 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 006 - 0132 - 6","MELLO A., VIZZINI A., LONGATO S., ROLLO F., BONFANTE P. & TRAPPE J. M. 2000. - Tuber borchii versus Tuber maculatum: neotype studies and DNA analyses. Mycologia 92: 326 - 331. http: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.2000.12061163","TULASNE L. - R. & TULASNE C. 1851. - Fungi hypogaei: Histoire et monographie des champignons hypoges. F. Klincksieck, Paris.","BONUSO E., ZAMBONELLI A., BERGEMANN S. E., IOTTI M. & GAR- BELOTTO M. 2010. - Multilocus phylogenetic and coalescent analyses identify two cryptic species in the Italian bianchetto truffle, Tuber borchii Vittad. Conservation Genetics 11: 1453 - 1466. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10592 - 009 - 9972 - 3"]}

Tuber melanosporum Vittad. (Figs 2D; 3G, H; Appendix 2) Monographia Tuberacearum: 36 (1831). Tuber nigrum Bull., Herbier de la France 8: t.356 (1788). (MB 204568). MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 192144. GENBANK. — MZ423176 (nrITS), MZ458420 (nr β- tubulin), MZ458424 (nrEF 1-α). LECTOTYPE OF TUBER MELANOSPORUM VITTAD. — Vittadini 1831: tab. II fig. III; here reprinted in Fig. 3. (here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001899): EPITYPE OF TUBER MELANOSPORUM VITTAD. — Italy. Lombardy, Monza, Parco Villa Reale, 1.II.2019, sub Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata, 45°35’39”N, 9°16’25”E, six ascomata, legit Stefano Seghezzi, det. Giovanni Pacioni (epi-, AQUI[AQUI 10152] here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001900). Authentic Vittadini specimens examined: K(M) 254905, 254904 e 254904, TO e UPS (F‒628213). DESCRIPTION Ascomata Hypogeous, globose or irregular, sometimes lobed, rarely more than 10 cm broad, surface of peridium reddish brown then reddish black or brownish black (#330000 very dark red), covered with pyramidal warts 2-5 mm at the base and 0.5-2.5 mm tall, depressed at the apex and with 4-6 sides joined with radial edges. Gleba Firm and compact, from reddish-gray to black-purple or black with violet hues (3B2512-3B3938 dark shade orange to 26211D-2B2017 very dark orange shade); sterile veins thin, much branched, whitish or reddish when exposed to the air. Odor Intense, complex, pleasant, the taste with a bitter aftertaste. Peridium 300-450 Μm thick; exoperidium pseudoparenchymatous, 70-15 Μm thick, the outer layer 40-80 Μm thick, of globose to sub-globose sclerenchymatous pigmented cells, with very thickened walls and the cellular lumen reduced or absent, 12-20 × 7-12 Μm, limited to the superficial part of the warts underlaid by a palisade layer 33-65 Μm thick of elongated cells (16-26 × 5-6.5 Μm) with the major axis perpendicular to the surface just below the exoperidium; endoperidium 240-350 Μm thick, pale with a pseudoparenchymatous mixture of cells 4-11 × 2-7 Μm and ranging from subglobose, cuboid, polygonal, cylindric or irregularly swollen, elongated at one end, pale with collenchymatic walls 2-3 Μm thick. The palisade structure is not always visible, depending on the cut, generally within the outermost layer of sclerenchymatous cells lies a homogeneous pseudoparenchymatous layer of endoperidium. Asci Globose to subglobose, 90-145 × 70-125 Μm, with walls up to 4 Μm, sometimes thicker in the final stages VI of ripening (Zarivi et al. 2014), short stalked or thick, sessile with a crozier at the base; containing 1-6 spores. Ascospores Spiny, ellipsoid, Q 1.28-1.56, 20-56 × 14-36 Μm excluding ornamentation, inversely proportional in size to the number of spores in the ascus, opaque when ripe, intense brown, blackish, with black-dark brownish spines, short, robust and rigid, sometimes curved, 1.5-3.0 (-4) Μm long to 2 Μm wide at the base, usually separated but sometimes connected at the base to form short crests, occurring at a density of 11-13 spines per 100 Μm 2. Gleba Hyphae hyaline, 14-36 × 6-8 Μm, at full maturity brownish. HABITAT. — mainly under broadleaf trees and shrubs, especially thermophilic oaks, but also European hop-hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) and hazelnuts (Corylus avellana), rare under pines or other conifers. Its natural environments are extended in calcareous soils in southern Europe from the Iberian Peninsula to France and Italy, rarer in the Balkans and western Anatolia, late autumn and winter (Le Tacon 2017)., Published as part of Leonardi, Marco, Iotti, Mirco, Mello, Antonietta, Vizzini, Alfredo, Paz-Conde, Aurelia, Trappe, James & Pacioni, Giovanni, 2021, Typification of the four most investigated and valuable truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., pp. 149-170 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (9) on pages 161-162, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9, http://zenodo.org/record/7826657, {"references":["VITTADINI C. 1831. - Monographia tuberacearum. F. Rusconi, Milan, 88 p.","ZARIVI O., CESARE P., RAGNELLI A. M., AIMOLA P., LEONARDI M., BONFIGLI A., COLAFARINA S., POMA A. M., MIRANDA M. & PACIONI G. 2014. - Validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR during Tuber melanosporum developmental stages. Phytochemistry 116: 78 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2015.02.024","LE TACON F. 2017. - Les Truffes. AgroParisTech: Nancy."]}

Tuber aestivum Vittad. (Figs 3; 4A; 5A, B; Appendix 1) Monographia Tuberacearum: 38 (1831). MYCOBANK. — MB 218597. GENBANK. — MZ423173 (nrITS), MZ458417 (nr β- tubulin), MZ458421 (nrEF 1-α). LECTOTYPE OF TUBER AESTIVUM VITTAD. — Vittadini 1831: tab. II fig. IV C, D (here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001890; Fig. 3). EPITYPE TUBER AESTIVUM VITTAD. — Italy. Lombardy, Monza, Parco Villa Reale, sub Tilia cordata Mill., 8.IX.2019, 45°37’09”N, 9°16’48”E, five ascomata, leg. Stefano Seghezzi, det. Giovanni Pacioni (epi-, AQUI[AQUI 10150], here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001891). Authentic Vittadini specimens examined: K(M) 254890, TO and UPS (F-628206). DESCRIPTION Ascomata Hypogeous, globose or irregular, up to 10 cm in diameter or more, rarely with a flat or slightly basal excavation, surface of peridium black to very dark gray (#000000 to 333333) in both mature and immature specimen, covered with pyramidal warts polygonal at the base, with 4-7 sides, 3-13 mm wide × 0.5- 5.0 mm high, generally acute but often depressed or concave, with sharp edges or with longitudinal radial fissures, surface of the warts typically with evident parallel transverse streaks. Gleba Firm and compact, whitish (FAE5D3 light greyish orange) to more or less brown (E59866 soft orange, 6E2C00, very dark orange, brown tone) in relation to season, habitat or state of ripeness, with abundant ramified and thin, sterile, white veins not discolouring when exposed to the air. Odor Weak, similar to stigmas of maize in the whitish gleba of not quite mature specimens, then more and more intense and pleasant like the flavour, which resembles that of nuts, mainly hazelnuts. Peridium 200-480 Μm thick, exoperidium pseudoparenchymatous (100- 180 Μm), almost opaque in section, composed of globosepolygonal cells, 7-20 Μm wide, with reduced cell lumen and deep brown walls up to 4 Μm thick and fused with those of adjacent cells; endoperidium 100-300 Μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous in the interior part of the endoperidium, the cells hyaline and smaller with a confusing pattern in contact with a layer of intertwined thin (2-3 Μm) hyphae that extend into sterile veins of the gleba. Asci Globose to subglobose, 60-120 × 55-85Μm, with walls usually up to 3 Μm thick, rarely to 10 Μm, shortly stalked or sessile, 60-100 × 50-80Μm, with basal crozier, containing 1-6 spores. Ascospores Subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, Q 1.21-1.37, 20-45 × 18-35 Μm excluding ornamentation, inversely proportional in size to the number of spores in the ascus, light brown reticulate, meshes 4-10 Μm wide × 3-7 Μm high, 3-5 across the spore width and often with an incomplete secondary crest inside, and with the top of the ornamentations sometimes hooked at the apex of the reticular knots. Endosporium Often two-layered in KOH. Glebal Hyphae hyaline, 2-8 Μm wide. HABITAT. — Europe from southern Europe to Ireland, Great Britain and Sweden (Gotland Isle) and East to the Caucasus Mountains, North Maghreb (rare), near and north middle Asia to Turkmenistan / Iran borders. Under broadleaved and coniferous trees and shrubs; its ascomata develop a bit throughout the year, commonly from summer to late autumn (Molinier et al. 2016; unpublished data). NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY Although the nomenclature of Tuber aestivum is seriously compromised due to its frequent use in the wrong sense, the name Tuber aestivum proposed by Vittadini (1831) clearly connected to Micheli’s taxon (1729). It is so well characterized morphologically that past mycologists and traders have always preferred it to valid antecedent synonyms such as Tuber blotii Eudes-Desl. (1824), Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Calvados 1824: 47 (1824) [MB 102874] (Maire 1930). However, the early legitimate homonym Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. 1827 [MB 218548] exists; consequently Tuber aestivum Vittad. is illegitimate (Art. 53.1). The basionym of this earlier homonyn is Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen, in Jacquin, Collnea bot. 1 (2): 349 (1787) [1786] [MB 162907]. The Wulfen’s description (Appendix 3) clearly identifies the fungus as a Rhizopogon for which there is the sanctioned name Rhizopogon aestivus (Wulfen) Fr. (1823). Tulasne & Tulasne (1851) included Rhizopogon aestivus as a synonym of their Rhizopogon rubescens, whose current name is R. roseolus (Corda) Th.Fr., and as such sometimes subsequently considered to include as synonymous the names Lycoperdon aestivum or Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. (Saccardo 1888). Martin (1996) examined all the specimens labeled as R. aestivus present in the main European herbaria, determining them as R. roseolus. Wulfen himself concludes that it is not the species described by Micheli both for size and for the very black external surface with large pyramidal warts, smell and taste. In fact, Lycoperdon aestivum had a smooth peridium, furfuraceous at best, thin and often cracked, whitish then reddish, like a potato, slightly brownish and finally blackish [‘ extus sordide albidum, & ex albido obsolete subrubescens, instar pomorum terrae (Solanum tuberosum L.), dein dilute fuscens, nigrans denique; glabrum… cuticula tenerrima, hinc inde disrupta, & exstans, squamules exhiberet furfuraceus …], spongy gleba cellulose-porous at first white then almost ashy, brownish, blackish (Caro intus spongiosa, subcoriacea, prima alba, tum obsolete, & triste ex albido subcinerascens, fuscescens, subnigricans… celluloso-porosa), without marked smell and without taste (‘ Odor recentium nullus, aut certe debilissimus & subnauseosus. Sapor nullus, nisi imaginarius’). No specimens of this species have been found in the herbaria of Wulfen (W), Fries (UPS) and KPJ Sprengel (VH/de), for this reason we selected as neotype of Lycoperdon aestivum a specimen of Rhizopogon roseolus collected in Carinthia. (Austria), place of origin of Lycoperdon aestivum. A proposal will be written to conserve the name Tuber aestivum Vittad. and reject the legitimate early homonym Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. and the early synonym Tuber blotii Eudes-Desl. The proposal to retain the name Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr. against Rhizopogon aestivus (Wulfen) Fr. should also be considered. NEOTYPE OF LYCOPERDON AESTIVUM WULFEN. — Austria. Carinthia, St. Mergereten, Gotschich, leg. Irmegard Krisai Greilhuber, 9.IX.1998, sub nomine Rhizopogon roseolus (neo-, WU[WU 25744], here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001892)., Published as part of Leonardi, Marco, Iotti, Mirco, Mello, Antonietta, Vizzini, Alfredo, Paz-Conde, Aurelia, Trappe, James & Pacioni, Giovanni, 2021, Typification of the four most investigated and valuable truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., pp. 149-170 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (9) on pages 151-154, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9, http://zenodo.org/record/7826657, {"references":["VITTADINI C. 1831. - Monographia tuberacearum. F. Rusconi, Milan, 88 p.","PAOLOCCI F., RUBINI A., RICCIONI C., TOPINI F. & ARCIONI S. 2004. - Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum: two morphotypes or two species? FEMS Microbiology Letters 235: 109 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6968.2004. tb 09574. x","ROUX C., SEJALON DELMAS N., MARTINS M., PARGUEY LEDUC A., DARGENT R. & BECARD G. 1999. - Phylogenetic relationships between European and Chinese truffles based on parsimony and distance analysis of ITS sequences. FEMS Microbiology Letters 180: 147 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6968.1999. tb 08789. x","BONUSO E., ZAMBONELLI A., BERGEMANN S. E., IOTTI M. & GAR- BELOTTO M. 2010. - Multilocus phylogenetic and coalescent analyses identify two cryptic species in the Italian bianchetto truffle, Tuber borchii Vittad. Conservation Genetics 11: 1453 - 1466. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10592 - 009 - 9972 - 3","MELLO A., GARNERO L., MEOTTO F. & BONFANTE P. 1998. - Specific primers for rapid typing of Tuber borchii mycorrhizal roots. Acta Horticultura e 457: 229 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.17660 / ActaHortic. 1998.457.28","MELLO A., CANTISANI A., VIZZINI A. & BONFANTE P. 2002. - Genetic variability of Tuber uncinatum and its relatedness to other black truffles. Environmental Microbiology 4: 584 - 594. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1462 - 2920.2002.00343. x","MELLO A., MURAT C., VIZZINI, A., GAVAZZA, V., & BONFANTE, P. 2005. - Tuber magnatum Pico, a species of limited geographical distribution: its genetic diversity inside and outside a truffle ground. Environmental Microbiology 7: 55 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1462 - 2920.2004.00678. x","RICCIONI C., BELFIORI B., RUBINI A., PASSERI V., ARCIONI S. & PAOLOCCI F. 2008. - Tuber melanosporum outcrosses: analysis of the genetic diversity within and among its natural populations under this new scenario. New Phytologist 180: 466 - 478. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2008.02560. x","RUBINI A., PAOLOCCI F., GRANETTI B. & ARCIONI S. 1998. - Single step molecular characterization of morphologically similar black truffle species. FEMS Microbiology Letters 164: 7 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6968.1998. tb 13060. x","STOBBE U., BUNTGEN U., SPROLL L., TEGEL W., EGLI S. & FINKA S. 2012. - Spatial distribution and ecological variation of rediscovered German truffle habitats. Fungal Ecology 5: 591 - 599. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. funeco. 2012.02.001","BENUCCI G. M. N., CSORBAI A. G., BACIARELLI FALINI L., MAROZZI G., SURIANO E., SITTA N. & DONNINI D. 2016. - Taxonomy, Biology and Ecology of Tuber macrosporum Vittad. and Tuber mesentericum Vittad., in ZAMBONELLI A., IOTTI M., MURAT C. (eds) True Truffle (Tuber spp.) in the World. Soil Biology, vol 47. Springer, Cham. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 31436 - 5 _ 5","BONITO G. M., GRYGANSKYI A. I. P., TRAPPE J. M. & VILGALYS R. 2010. - A global meta-analysis of Tuber ITS rDNA sequences: species diversity, host associations and long-distance dispersal. Molecular Ecology 19: 4994 - 5008 https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2010.04855. x","MURAT C., VIZZINI A., BONFANTE P. & MELLO A. 2005. - Morphological and molecular typing of the below-ground fungal community in a natural Tuber magnatum truffle-ground. FEMS Microbiology Letters 245: 307 - 313. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. femsle. 2005.03.019","TEDERSOO L., HANSEN K., PERRY B. A. & KJOLLER R. 2006. - Molecular and morphological diversity of pezizalean ectomycorrhiza. New Phytologist 170: 581 - 596. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.2006.01678. x","BONITO G., SMITH M. E., NOWAK M., HEALY R. A., GUEVARA G., CAZARES E., KINOSHITA A., NOUHRA E. R, DOMINGUEZ L. S., TEDERSOO L., MURAT C., WANG Y., MORENO B. A., PFISTER D. H., NARA K., ZAMBONELLI A., TRAPPE J. M. & VIL- GALYS R. 2013. - Historical biogeography and diversification of truffles in the Tuberaceae and their newly identified southern hemisphere sister lineage. PLoS ONE 8: e 52765. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone.","HALASZ K., BRATEK Z., SZEGO D., RUDNOY S., RACZ I., LASZ- TITY D. & TRAPPE J. M. 2005. - Tests of species concepts of the small, white, European group of Tuber spp. based on morphology and rDNA ITS sequences with special reference to Tuber rapaeodorum. Mycological Progress 4: 281 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 006 - 0132 - 6","BOUTAHIR S., IOTTI M., PIATTONI F. & ZAMBONELLI A. 2013. - Morphological and molecular characterization of Tuber oligospermum mycorrhizas. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8: 4081 - 4087. https: // doi. org / 10.5897 / AJAR 2013.7354","BROCK P. M., DORING H. & BIDARTONDO M. I. 2009. - How to know unknown fungi: the role of a herbarium. 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Vol. VII (I). Typ. Seminarii, Padua. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5371","MARTIN M. P. 1996. - The genus Rhizopogon in Europe. Societat Catalana de Micologia: Barcelona, 173 p."]}

Tuber magnatum Picco (Figs 4C; 5E, F) Melethemata inauguralia: 79 (1788). Tuber griseum Borch ex Pers., Synopsis Methodica Fungorum: 127 (1801); sanct. Fr., Systema Mycologicum 2 (2): 292 (1823). (MB 179335). MYCOBANK NUMBER. — MB 184470. GENBANK. — MZ423175 (nrITS), MZ458419 (nr β- tubulin), MZ458423 (nrEF 1-α). NEOTYPE OF TUBER MAGNATUM PICCO. — Italy. Piedmont, Montechiaro D’Asti, Loc. Seria, 45°00’30”N, 8°06’45”E, lowland grove with Quercus robur L. and Populus tremula L., under Q. robur, 29.IX.2019, four ascomata, leg. Pino Panzini, det. Alfredo Vizzini (neo-, TO[HG3458] here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001896). DESCRIPTION Ascomata Hypogeous, globose to lobate or flat, up to 10-15 cm broad and more rarely with a detachable basal mycelial cluster.Peridium whitish (FFFFF0 ivory), yellowish, pale ocher (FFD700 gold, DAA520 goldenrod) more or less greyish (DCDCDC gainsboro, D3D3D3 light gray) sometimes with greenish or reddish hues; smooth surface finely grainy under a lens. Gleba Whitish (FFFFF0 ivory), yellowish or pale ocher, brownish (8B4513 saddle brown, A0522D sienna, F2F2F2) with greyish tones, often with reddish purple spots; veins thin, whitish, branched, anastomosing, sometimes forming white gangliform thickenings. Odor Pleasant, penetrating, of garlic or strong cheese; taste pleasant. Peridium 200-500 Μm thick, entirely pseudoparenchymatous basically of globular cells; exoperidium 80-110 Μm in the outer layer with globose cells having walls up to 4 Μm thick and slightly yellow; peridial surface with infrequent stocky, cylindrical-clavate dermatocystidia 14-20 × 8-10Μm; endoperidium 120-380 Μm thick, of thin-walled globose and polygonal cells 6.0-36 × 6-23 Μm with rare cylindrical cells 6-9 × 14-20 Μm. Asci Globose, short-stalked or sessile, 60-90 × 40-70Μm (Fig. 2F), with walls up to 4 Μm thick and a basal crozier, containing 1-4 spores. Ascospores Alveolate, globose to broadly ellipsoid, Q 1.05-1.33, 20-50 × 15-42 Μm excluding ornamentation, inversely proportional in size to the number of spores in the ascus, yellowish, pale ocher or sometimes light yellow-brown; reticulum with 1-3 regular or coarsely irregular, 3-6 sided alveoli 10-22 Μm wide and 4-5 (-8) Μm high, sometimes with ridges within the alveolae. Endosporium Often two-layered in KOH. Glebal Hyphae hyaline, 4-8 Μm broad, in the external veins with cylindrical or clavate-elongated cells mixed with subglobose cells 5-42 × 4-16 Μm. HABITAT. — moist (mesophilic) woods mainly with broad-leaved trees and conifers such as Abies alba Mill., on sandy-silty soils in southern Europe (Italy and a few neighbouring French and Swiss areas, the Balkan-Pannonia region, Northern Anatolia), from late summer to early winter (Belfiori et al. 2020; unpublished data). It has also been reported in Thailand, but vouchers have not been made available (Suwannarach et al., 2017). NOMENCLATURE AND TAXONOMY The name most frequently used for this species is Tuber magnatum Picco (1788) for which a neotype is herein designated. However, a competing name exists, namely Tuber griseum Borch ex Pers., validated by Persoon (1801) and sanctioned by Fries (1823), for which a lectotype and epitype are also herein designated. The epitype is represented by a T. magnatum with a greyish peridium. Borch’s or Picco’s authentic specimens were not available for either T. griseum or T. magnatum. LECTOTYPE OF TUBER GRISEUM. — Truffe grise De Borch, Lettres sur les Truffes du Piémont, 1 st figure (1780); here reprinted in Appendix 4 (here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001897). EPITYPE OF TUBER GRISEUM. — Italy. Piedmont, Monte Magno, 44°59’02”N, 8°19’35”E, under Quercus robur, 07.XII.1998, one fragment, leg. Virgilio Gavazza, det. Alfredo Vizzini (epi-, TO [HG 3557] here designated; MycoBank Typification number: MBT 10001898). A proposal will be written to conserve the name T. magnatum and reject the sanctioned name T. griseum., Published as part of Leonardi, Marco, Iotti, Mirco, Mello, Antonietta, Vizzini, Alfredo, Paz-Conde, Aurelia, Trappe, James & Pacioni, Giovanni, 2021, Typification of the four most investigated and valuable truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad., pp. 149-170 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (9) on pages 160-161, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9, http://zenodo.org/record/7826657, {"references":["BELFIORI B., D'ANGELO V., RICCIONI C., LEONARDI M., PAOLOCCI F., PACIONI G. & RUBINI A. 2020. - Genetic structure and phylogeography of Tuber magnatum populations. Diversity 12: 44. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 12020044","PICCO V. 1788. - Melethemata Inauguralia. Ioan. Mich. Briolus: Turin, 283 p.","PERSOON C. H. 1801. - Synopsis methodica Fungorum. H. Dieterich: Gottingen.","FRIES E. 1823. - Systema Mycologicum sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species. Officina Berlingiana, Lundae. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5378"]}

Sphaerosporella microspora is described as a new species to science based on morphological and molecular data. It is characterized by its sessile apothecia, smooth hymenial surface, ectal excipulum composed of cylindrical and angular cells, subglobose to globose and smooth ascospores, and paraphyses without granules. A detailed description, color photographs of the fruiting bodies, line drawings of microstructures and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of the new species are provided.

Plectania lutea, is described as a new species from subtropical karst areas of China. The main distinguishing characteristics of P. lutea are the yellow hymenium, the external surface with ridges, the gelatinous but not semifluid medullary excipulum, and the large finely warted ascospores. The phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) regions of rDNA sequences using Bayesian (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods showed that the new taxon can be distinguished from phenotypically similar and phylogenetically related species.

Tuber mixtecorum is described as a new species from Mexico based on morphological and molecular evidence. This species belongs to the Maculatum clade and is characterized by its subtomentose to glabrous, whitish to pale brown peridium, dark brown gleba, ellipsoid reticulate-alveolate ascospores (15–33.9 × 11.3–23.3 µm), and the putative mycorrhizal association with Quercus castanea in Quercus-Pinus dry mixed forests.

This paper describes five sarcosomataceous samples collected from southwestern China and provides an updated two locus phylogeny of Sarcosomataceae. Two new species, Donadinia echinacea and Plectania sichuanensis, are described based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Donadinia echinacea is a dematiaceous hyphomycete with pleurogenous, guttulate conidia. Plectania sichuanensis is a cup-fungus distinguished by its ochre hymenium and ellipsoid ascospores with small multiple oil droplets. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU sequence data using broad taxon sampling supports establishment of the new species along with eight distinct clades within Sarcosomataceae.

Lamprospora bulbiformis M.Vega & Janosik, sp. nov., L. gibbosa M.Vega & Janosik, sp. nov. and L. thelespora Martinez-Gil, M.Vega & E.Rubio, sp. nov. are described and illustrated based on live collections from Cyprus, France, Portugal and Spain. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated LSU, SSU and EF1-α gene sequences show the studied collections of the three species form well supported monophyletic clades. Lamprospora bulbiformis sp. nov. infects Fissidens viridulus (Sw. ex anon.) Wahlenb., L. gibbosa sp. nov. has F. crassipes Wilson ex Bruch & Schimp. as host and L. thelespora sp. nov. grows on Cheilothela chloropus (Brid.) Broth. Three Lamprospora De Not. species namely L. tuberculata Seaver, L. tuberculatella Seaver and L. spinulosa Seaver with a slightly similar ascospore ornamentation were described by Seaver from US collections. Results of our studies of their types and additional material collected by Seaver are presented. The host of L. tuberculata is Pleuridium subulatum (Hedw.) Rabenh., that of L. tuberculatella is a species of Weissia Hedw. and that of L. spinulosa is Physcomitrium pyriforme (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. It has yet to be proven that species of Lamprospora described from North America also occur in Europe. European collections assigned to any Lamprospora described from North America require revision. It is not unlikely that many or even all of them represent taxa yet to be described. A considerable part of existing literature on bryophilous Pezizales needs to be reevaluated.

In this paper, species of the genus Morchella are investigated in China. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spac...

Lamprospora densireticulata sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on fresh collections from Austria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Hungary and Spain. Its most important distinguishing characters are subglobose ascospores ornamented with a fine, irregular dense net and the infection on rhizoids of its host moss Aloina ambigua. Two other similar species differing mainly in their host mosses and ecology are also described in detail: these are L. carbonicola infecting Funaria hygrometrica occuring on soil and L. dictydiola growing on Tortula muralis on walls, stones or rocks. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU rDNA show that the studied collections of all three species form well-supported monophyletic clades exhibiting only very little polymorphism within the individual species. Comparative tables listing other morphologically similar species of Lamprospora and Octospora are provided.

Through a survey of macrofungi in Ghalajeh heights and its surrounding plains, conducted from 2014- 2017, twelve specimens of macroascomycota were collected. The specimens were identified on the basis of macro- and micro-morphological characteristics. The internal transcribed spacer sequences of the selected specimens were analyzed to confirm the morphological identification. Based on the results, five species, including Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi, Helvella acetabulum, Picoa juniperi and Picoa lefebvrei were identified. T. claveryi and T.pinoyi species had been previously reported from Kermanshah Province, but H. acetabulum, P. juniperi and P. lefebvrei species were reported for the first time.

Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies of true morels (Morchella) in North America, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru led to the discovery of four undescribed species of Morchella. Two new species in the Elata clade, one from the Dominican Republic, initially distinguished by the informal designation Mel-18, and a newly discovered sister species from northern Arizona, are now recognized. Mel-18 is described as a novel phylogenetically distinct species, M. hispaniolensis. Its sister species from Arizona is described as M. kaibabensis, also recovered as an endophyte of Rocky Mountain juniper. Two additional species in the Esculenta clade, M. peruviana discovered in Peru and M. gracilis (previously reported as Mes-14) from the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and Ecuador, are described as new. We also demonstrate that scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of ascospores using rehydration/dehydration/critical point drying preparation techniques provides for enhanced resolution of spore wall surfaces, thereby increasing the number of morphological traits available to assess differences among otherwise closely related species.