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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Lebenslage von Alleinerziehenden und ihren Kindern geht oft mit besonderen Herausforderungen einher, die in Folge gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen mit sich bringen können. Es ist daher von Relevanz, für diese Zielgruppe wirksame Maßnahmen der Gesundheitsförderung zu identifizieren. Ziel der Arbeit Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen aktuellen Überblick zu Ansätzen der Gesundheitsförderung/Prävention bei Alleinerziehenden und ihren Kindern sowie deren Wirksamkeit. Methode Es erfolgte eine systematische Recherche in relevanten Datenbanken mit anschließendem mehrschrittigen Screeningprozess und einer narrativen Ergebnissynthese. Ergebnisse Es wurden 27 Studien eingeschlossen, in denen 22 Interventionsprogramme evaluiert wurden. Die Studienlage ist verhaltenspräventiv geprägt, die Evidenzlage ist heterogen. Es zeigen sich eingeschränkte Wirksamkeitsnachweise von Workshop-Formaten, Bildungsangeboten und Kompetenztrainings mit dem Ziel der psychosozialen Ressourcenstärkung bei Alleinerziehenden und ihren Kindern. Schlussfolgerung Die Belastbarkeit der Ergebnisse wird durch die mäßige methodische Qualität der Studien relativiert. Durch die Suchstrategie, die auf Studien mit Outcomes für Alleinerziehende fokussiert war, sowie die Methodik des systematischen Reviews wurden fast ausschließlich Angebote der Verhaltensprävention identifiziert. Für verhältnispräventive Interventionen liegen nur selten Studien vor, die explizit Auskunft zur Wirksamkeit bei Alleinerziehenden geben. Das gewählte Vorgehen war somit nur begrenzt in der Lage, das Handlungsfeld umfassend abzubilden. Das Review liefert dennoch einen Baustein eines evidenzbasierten Vorgehens in der Gesundheitsförderung für Alleinerziehende und ihre Kinder.

Zusammenfassung. Zeigt sich in Deutschland ein Zusammenhang zwischen elterlichen Belastungen und emotionalen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen? Mit den Daten der ersten Folgebefragung des Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (KiGGS Welle 1) wurde der Zusammenhang von 13 subjektiv berichteten elterlichen Belastungsformen mit einem auffälligen SDQ-Gesamtproblem- und Impactwert bei 3- bis 17-Jährigen analysiert (n=10891). Eltern mit psychischen Erkrankungen, niedrigem sozioökonomischen Status sowie Alleinerziehende berichten überdurchschnittlich häufig von Belastungen. Belastete Eltern haben eine deutlich höhere Chance ein als auffällig eingestuftes Kind zu haben als nicht belastete Eltern; dies trifft auch nach Kontrolle für familiäre Faktoren zu. Die Reduzierung elterlicher Belastungen kann einen wichtigen Ansatzpunkt darstellen, um die psychische Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen gerade aus sozial benachteiligten Familien zu verbessern.

In the last decades, young adulthood has established as an independent phase of life with important biographical transitions impacting further life course and health. In turn, health in adolescence can also affect the transitions into young adulthood. So far, for Germany there are no analyses on the association between family-related and employment-related biographies and obesity in young adults. The analysis is based on data from the KiGGS cohort study on 3,100 participants aged 23-31 at second follow-up (t2). Using BMI measurements at t0 (2003-2006) and at t2 (2014-2017), obesity groups were formed (no obesity, incidence, remission, persistence). Sequence analysis was used to retrospectively determine family-related and education/employment-related individual trajectories. Differences in life courses between obesity groups were calculated using discrepancy tests. Young adults with incident obesity were more likely to have children or to be a single parent than young adults without obesity at t2. Young adults with obesity at t0 lived longer in the parental home than those without obesity. Young adults with incident or persistent obesity were less likely to attend university and had experienced longer periods of unemployment than those without obesity at t0 and t2. The employment sequences of those without obesity at t2 were not statistically different. Both family and employment biographies were associated with obesity trajectories in young people. However, based on the analysis, it cannot be clarified whether early parenthood led to obesity or early transitions into parenthood led to interruptions in education or employment and subsequently to obesity. The finding that young adults with obesity were less likely to attend university and more likely to be unemployed could be related to disadvantages or discrimination in school, education or work. Obesity in adolescence that did not persist into young adulthood had less adverse effects on education and employment. Key messages Young people’s obesity trajectories were linked to different family/employment biographies. The life courses of young adults with obesity were more often marked by early parenthood and unemployment.

Introduction: Until today, the role of children in the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and the development of the COVID-19 pandemic seems to be dynamic and is not finally resolved. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in child day care centers and connected households as well as transmission-related indicators and clinical symptoms among children and adults.Methods and Analysis: COALA (“Corona outbreak-related examinations in day care centers”) is a day care center- and household-based study with a case-ascertained study design. Based on day care centers with at least one reported case of SARS-CoV-2, we include one- to six-year-old children and staff of the affected group in the day care center as well as their respective households. We visit each child's and adult's household. During the home visit we take from each household member a combined mouth and nose swab as well as a saliva sample for analysis of SARS-CoV-2-RNA by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and a capillary blood sample for a retrospective assessment of an earlier SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, information on health status, socio-demographics and COVID-19 protective measures are collected via a short telephone interview in the subsequent days. In the following 12 days, household members (or parents for their children) self-collect the same respiratory samples as described above every 3 days and a stool sample for children once. COVID-19 symptoms are documented daily in a symptom diary. Approximately 35 days after testing the index case, every participant who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the study is re-visited at home for another capillary blood sample and a standardized interview. The analysis includes secondary attack rates, by age of primary case, both in the day care center and in households, as well as viral shedding dynamics, including the beginning of shedding relative to symptom onset and viral clearance.Discussion: The results contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiological and virological transmission-related indicators of SARS-CoV-2 among young children, as compared to adults and the interplay between day care and households.

IntroductionWomen are more likely than men to provide unpaid care work. Previous research has shown that lack of support for various forms of unpaid care work and work-family conflicts have negative impacts on caregivers’ mental health, especially among female caregivers. COVID-19 containment measures may exacerbate existing gender inequalities both in terms of unpaid care work and adverse mental health outcomes. This scoping review protocol describes the systematic approach to review published literature from March 2020 onwards to identify empirical studies and grey literature on the mental health impact of COVID-19 containment measures on subgroups of unpaid caregivers at the intersection of gender and other categories of social difference (eg, ethnicity, age, class) in Europe.Methods and analysisThis scoping review is informed and guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework. We will search the databases Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, CINAHL, Social Sciences Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts as well as Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA) and hand-search reference lists of selected articles to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies. We will conduct a grey literature search using Google Scholar and targeted hand-search on known international and European websites and include reports, working papers, policy briefs and book chapters that meet the inclusion criteria. Studies that report gender-segregated findings for mental health outcomes associated with unpaid care work in the context of COVID-19 containment measures in Europe will be included. Two reviewers will independently screen all abstracts and full texts for inclusion, and extract general information, study characteristics and relevant findings. Results will be synthesized narratively.Ethics and disseminationThis study is a review of published literature; ethics approval is not warranted. The findings of this study will inform public health research and policy. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.

Background Health inequalities in school-aged children and adolescents were repeatedly reported across Europe but less is known about the contextual and compositional factors of families that might influence and reproduce those health inequalities. In this systematic scoping review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the available international literature on the mediating and moderating influence of the family on health inequalities in children and adolescents in Europe and North America. Methods This review follows the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. After defining the research question a search strategy was developed in cooperation with a scientific librarian and the study protocol was registered. A search of three databases (Pubmed, Scopus, PsycINFO) was conducted to identify relevant literature in English or German published between the year 2000 and 2019. A qualitative data charting process was used to extract the relevant data. Results In total 11.838 records were identified through the multi database search (Pubmed n = 6370, PsycINFO n = 3505, Scopus n = 1963). After elimination of duplicates and records from excluded countries, 8862 abstracts were screened by two researchers independently. Different cluster of evidence of family influences on health inequalities were identified: Parental behaviors and children's obesity, parents' smoking and drinking habits and adolescents' risk behaviors, parenting style and children's common mental disorders, parental resources and children's quality of life. Conclusions There are different aspects of family's contextual and compositional characteristics on health inequalities identifiable in the international literature. These characteristics might be new targets for family-focused health promotion strategies. Key messages A systematic scoping review found different family aspects that influence health inequalities in children and adolescents. The identified family traits are promising targets for family-focused health promotion strategies to reduce health inequalities.

The combination of work and family roles can lead to work-to-family conflict (WTFC), which may have consequences for the parents’ health. We examined the association between WTFC and self-reported general health among working parents in Germany over time. Data were drawn from wave 6 (2013) and wave 8 (2015) of the German family and relationship panel. It included working persons living together with at least one child in the household (791 mothers and 723 fathers). Using logistic regressions, we estimated the longitudinal effects of WTFC in wave 6 and 8 on self-reported general health in wave 8. Moderating effects of education were also considered. The odds ratio for poor self-reported general health for mothers who developed WTFC in wave 8 compared to mothers who never reported conflicts was 2.4 (95% CI: 1.54–3.68). For fathers with newly emerged WTFC in wave 8, the odds ratio was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.03–3.04). Interactions of WTFC with low education showed no significant effects on self-reported general health, although tendencies show that fathers with lower education are more affected. It remains to be discussed how health-related consequences of WTFC can be reduced e.g., through workplace interventions and reconciliation policies.

ZusammenfassungDie Lebenssituation alleinerziehender Mütter und Väter geht mit spezifischen Anforderungen einher, aus denen im Vergleich zu Eltern in Partnerschaft höhere psychosoziale und körperliche Belastungen entstehen können. Dabei wird sozialer Unterstützung als Ressource eine protektive Rolle zugeschrieben. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern soziale Unterstützung das Ausmaß der psychosozialen Belastungen von Alleinerziehenden moderiert. Datenbasis bilden die Erhebungen 2009, 2010 und 2012 der Studie „Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell“ (GEDA) des Robert Koch-Instituts. Die Stichprobe alleinerziehender Eltern umfasst 2062 Mütter und 242 Väter. Mit logistischen und negativ-binomialen Regressionen wird für Alleinerziehende die Bedeutung sozialer Unterstützung für seelische Belastungen (selbstberichtete Anzahl seelisch belasteter Tage in den letzten 4 Wochen) sowie Depressionen (12-Monats-Prävalenz) geschätzt (adjustiert für familiäre und sozioökonomische Faktoren). Alleinerziehende Mütter mit geringer sozialer Unterstützung haben eine doppelt so hohe statistische „Chance“ (OR=2,0; 95%-KI: 1,35–2,87) für mindestens einen seelisch belasteten Tag im Vergleich zu alleinerziehenden Müttern mit starker sozialer Unterstützung. Bei alleinerziehenden Vätern ist diese „Chance“ bei geringer sozialer Unterstützung um das 3,3-Fache (95%-KI: 1,09–10,23) erhöht. Die Anzahl seelisch belasteter Tage unter alleinerziehenden Müttern steigt bei geringer sozialer Unterstützung um das 1,4-Fache (95%-KI: 1,20–1,66) (IRR). Für alleinerziehende Väter zeigt sich ein IRR von 1,7 (95%-KI: 0,97–3,01). Die „Chance“ für eine Depression in den letzten 12 Monaten ist bei alleinerziehenden Müttern mit geringer sozialer Unterstützung um das 1,8-Fache (95%-KI: 1,18–2,67) und für alleinerziehende Väter um das 2,1-Fache (95%-KI: 0,51–8,83) erhöht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass soziale Unterstützung für alleinerziehende Eltern eine wichtige Ressource für die psychosoziale Gesundheit ist und unabhängig von den Lebensumständen wirkt. Forschungsbedarf besteht in Hinblick auf weitere Einflussfaktoren sowie Interaktionen zwischen sozioökonomischem Status (SES) und sozialer Unterstützung.

Ein ausgewogenes Fruhstuck ist ein wichtiger Baustein einer gesunden Ernahrung und im Kindes- und Jugendalter mit gesundheitlichen und schulleistungsbezogenen Vorteilen assoziiert. Untersucht wird, inwieweit sich das Fruhstucksverhalten von Schulkindern in Deutschland in Abhangigkeit von Alter, Geschlecht, Familienform, Sozialstatus (SES) und Migrationshintergrund (MH) unterscheidet. Die Auswertungen basieren auf Daten der ersten Folgebefragung der KiGGS-Studie (2009–2012). Analysiert wird der Anteil 6‑ bis 17-jahriger Schulkinder (n = 7547), die angeben, an jedem Wochentag zuhause zu fruhstucken. Bei der Familienform wird zwischen Kern‑, Eineltern- und Stieffamilien differenziert. Der SES wird anhand von Bildung, Beruf und Einkommen der Eltern erfasst. Der MH wird uber Informationen zum Geburtsland und zur Staatsangehorigkeit des Kindes und der Eltern bestimmt. Insgesamt fruhstucken rund zwei Drittel der Schulerinnen (65,7 %) und Schuler (70,3 %) an jedem Wochentag zuhause. Mit zunehmendem Alter nimmt der entsprechende Anteil sukzessive ab. Kinder, die in Kernfamilien aufwachsen, fruhstucken haufiger an jedem Wochentag zuhause als Gleichaltrige in Stief- und Einelternfamilien. Je hoher der SES, desto groser ist auch der Anteil der Kinder, die jeden Wochentag zuhause fruhstucken. Kinder mit beidseitigem MH fruhstucken seltener an jedem Wochentag zuhause als Gleichaltrige ohne MH. Die Ergebnisse liefern Ansatzpunkte zur Forderung einer gesunden Ernahrung in Familien und Schulen. Bei der Interpretation der Befunde gilt es jedoch zu beachten, dass die Wahrnehmung auserhauslicher Fruhstucksangebote unberucksichtigt bleibt und die Daten keine Ruckschlusse auf die Qualitat des Fruhstucks zulassen.

The association of partner, parental, and employment statuses with health is usually discussed in terms of either the multiple role burden hypothesis or the multiple role attachment hypothesis. The first hypothesis states that combining work and family roles increases the burden of responsibility, which in turn increases the pressure and stress associated with competing roles, leading to poorer health. The multiple role attachment hypothesis argues that multiple responsibilities provide attachment to broader networks, which then provide social support and resources that enhance health. We analyzed pooled data from the German Health Update carried out by the Robert Koch Institute in 2009, 2010, and 2012. The data were collected by computer-assisted telephone interviews. The sample comprised 28,086 people aged 30–54 years. The data were assessed with logistic regression analysis and interaction models. The gender-differentiated analysis of partnership, parenthood, and employment, after adjusting for social and demographic characteristics, revealed small interaction effects among all three social roles with self-rated health in women and men. Non-employment showed the strongest relationship with poor self-rated health. It was significantly associated with lower self-rated health in both men and women in most of the family arrangements. These associations were higher in men than in women. Furthermore, in all family arrangements, female part-time employees were as healthy as female fulltime employees. A more subtle association was found in men: the odds of reporting poorer self-rated health were greater among non-parents employed part time than among those employed full time, but lower than among those who were non-employed. Among fathers, part-time employees did not have statistically better health than full-time employees.The findings support somewhat the multiple role attachment hypothesis, rather than the multiple role burden hypothesis. Because employment has great importance for both women's and men's health, the compatibility of work and family roles should be improved., Highlights • Non-employment was most strongly associated with poor health in both genders. • In women, part-time employees were as healthy as full-time employees. • Part-time employed childless men reported poorer health than full-time employed. • In fathers, part-time and full-time employees did not show differences in health. • The findings support somewhat the multiple-role attachment hypothesis.

In the wake of a rising labor market participation of women and changing and family arrangements, parents are increasingly faced with the challenge of reconciling work and family life, which can lead to work-family conflicts (WFC). The present study examined the longitudinal effect of WFC on self-rated health among working parents in Germany. The data was drawn from wave 6 (2013) and wave 8 (2015) of the pairfam family and relationship panel. It included working persons living together with at least one child (662 mothers and 529 fathers). Pairfam is a random sample of about 12,000 persons drawn from German habitants in private households. Data was collected via computer-assisted personal interviews with yearly follow-ups. The drop-out rate of the panel from wave 1 to wave 8 is 62%. Self-rated health was measured as a single item with five response options. Using logistic regressions, we estimated the longitudinal effects of the effect of WFC in wave 8 on self-rated health. Moderating effects of education and household income were considered. The analyses were adjusted for self-rated health in wave 6. The odds ratio for poor self-rated health for mothers who developed WFC in wave 8 compared to mothers who did not report a conflict in both waves was 2.6 (95% CI: 1.47-2.41). For fathers with newly emerged WFC in wave 8, the odds ratio was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.08-3.80). Interaction of WFC with education and household income showed a weak non-significant effect on the self-rated health of mothers and fathers. The health of parents who reported a conflict in wave 6 but not in wave 8 was on a similar level as the health of parents with no conflict in both waves. The results point out that WFC can lead to a decline of self-rated health. Further investigations should be carried out to determine groups who are particularly affected by health-related outcomes of WFC. It also remains to be discussed how self-rated health can be improved e.g. through reconciliation policies. Key messages Work-family conflict leads to a poorer self-rated health of working parents in Germany. The health of working parents with lower education and income is affected more severely by work-family conflict compared to parents with higher education and income.

Hintergrund Manner wollen sich heute starker als fruher in die Erziehung ihrer Kinder einbringen, sind aber zugleich beruflich stark eingebunden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt, welche Bedeutung Elternschaft, Partnerschaft und Beruf fur die Gesundheit und das Gesundheitsverhalten von Mannern im erwerbsfahigen Alter haben.

Does the health of women and men living with and without minor children differ, and are age differences evident in the association? For self-rated general health, depression, back pain, overweight, smoking and sporting inactivity, the GEDA data 2009&ndash, 2012 (18&ndash, 54 years, n = 39,096) were used to calculate prevalence for women and men stratified by parental status (living with children: yes/no) and age. Moreover, we calculated odds ratios and predictive margins, performing logistic regressions with interaction terms of parental status and age. Women and men aged 45&ndash, 54 living with children are healthier than those not living with children. Parents aged 18&ndash, 24 smoke more frequently and do less sport, young mothers are also more likely to be overweight and suffer from back pain than women not living with children. In multivariable analysis, the interaction of living with children and age is significant for all outcomes (except depression and back pain in men). Living with children is an important social determinant of health, highly dependent on age. It is to be discussed whether the bio-psycho-social situation has an influence on becoming a parent, or whether parenthood in different phases of life strains or enhances health.

Beginning living with a partner and becoming a parent are major life events for both men and women, bringing important changes. These life changes may translate to a more responsible concern with lifestyle and health, and alterations in the evaluation of health behaviours. From the perspective of health behaviour, the transition to marriage exerts a positive influence—in marriage, an enhanced sense of obligation inhibits harmful behaviours and encourages healthy ones. Parenting similarly increases responsibility and greater self-regulation. Based on the theoretical background and the previous empirical research, the chapter investigates whether there is an association between health behaviour and either partner or parental status insofar, that partnered persons and persons living with children display healthier behaviours than individuals without a partner or without children, respectively. Because of higher levels of social control, parents of preschool-aged children and/or a higher number of children may show healthier behaviours than parents of older children or lower number of children, respectively; and single parents may display higher risk behaviour than do partnered parents because of higher levels of stress and lower levels of social support. These relationships should strongly depend on gender and may depend on SES and/or employment status. The chapter tests these hypotheses by using pooled data from the German Health Update (GEDA) survey for the years 2009 and 2010 for ages 18–45. Health behaviour is defined by tobacco consumption, at-risk alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable consumption, and physical activity.

Der Beitrag untersucht anhand der Daten von KiGGS Welle 1, ob sich die gesundheitliche Lage von 3- bis 17-jahrigen Kindern und Jugendlichen aus Kern-, Eineltern- und Stieffamilien (n = 10.298) unterscheidet und ob die Unterschiede auch nach Kontrolle fur Alter, Geschlecht, Wohnregion sowie den elterlichen Sozialstatus und das familiare Miteinander Bestand haben (Pravalenzen, Odds Ratios). Analysiert wird dies fur die allgemeine Gesundheit, chronische Erkrankungen, emotionale und Verhaltensprobleme, die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualitat sowie den taglichen Obst- und Gemuseverzehr. Wahrend die allgemeine Gesundheit unabhangig von der Familienform ist, zeigen sich in den Pravalenzen der anderen Outcomes signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Kern-, Stief- und Einelternfamilien. In der multivariaten Analyse lassen sich auch nach Kontrolle fur Alter, Geschlecht, Wohnregion, den elterlichen Sozialstatus sowie das familiare Miteinander emotionale und Verhaltensprobleme haufiger bei Heranwachsenden aus Einelternfamilien (OR 1,62; 95 %-KI 1,17–2,26) und Stieffamilien (OR 2,36; 95 %-KI 1,63–3,41) als bei Heranwachsenden aus Kernfamilien feststellen. Kinder und Jugendliche aus Einelternfamilien sind zudem haufiger chronisch krank (OR 1,53; 95 %-KI 1,20–1,96) als Gleichaltrige, die mit beiden leiblichen Elternteilen zusammenleben. Kinder und Jugendliche aus Stieffamilien unterscheiden sich von Gleichaltrigen aus Kernfamilien durch das hohere Risiko fur eine geringe gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualitat (OR 2,91; 95 %-KI 1,76–4,80) sowie fur einen geringen Obst- und Gemuseverzehr (OR 1,30; 95 %-KI 1,01–1,67). Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Bedeutung des familiaren Kontextes fur die Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen hin.

This article provides information on trends in the utilization of outpatient medical care in childhood and adolescence in Germany on the basis of data from two waves of the KiGGS study (prevalences and odds ratios). In the period 2009-2012, 91.9% (95% CI 91.1-92.7%) of children and adolescents used outpatient medical services at least once a year. In the 12 months prior to the interview, 67.9% (95% CI 65.9-69.8%) of the 0- to 17-year-olds consulted a pediatrician and 34.1% (95% CI 31.6-36.3%) a general practitioner. Whereas there was no change in the use of either overall outpatient or general practice medical care compared to 2003-2006, a significant increase of 8.7% points in the utilization of pediatricians was found. This could be explained by, among other factors, an expansion of pediatric services (additional vaccinations and health screening examinations) in recent years. It may also be related to a significantly greater participation in the health screening program in early childhood (U3-U9 examinations), which was seen especially when comparing the youngest birth cohorts and in children from families with low social status (from U7 onwards). The increased use of health screening examinations can probably be attributed to the invitation, reminding and reporting procedures that have been introduced in recent years. Whereas at KiGGS baseline urban-rural differences in participation in health screening examinations could be seen, these were no longer apparent in KiGGS Wave 1. Similarly, differences between rural and urban regions in the use of general and pediatric medical services have also diminished. Nevertheless, currently children and young people in rural areas use outpatient general medical care to a greater extent than those in urban areas.

Hintergrund: Eine Familiengrundung beeinflusst die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Mannern deutlich weniger als die von Frauen. Die Vollzeitquote liegt bei Mannern bei etwa 90%, etwa ein Funftel davon arbeitet mehr als 48 Stunden pro Woche. Angesichts dieser hohen Arbeitsmarktintegration wird untersucht, welche Bedeutung der Erwerbsstatus und die Lange der Arbeitszeit unter Berucksichtigung von Eltern- und Partnerschaft fur die Gesundheit und das Gesundheitsverhalten von Mannern im erwerbsfahigen Alter haben. Methode: Die Analysen basieren auf gepoolten Daten der Studie Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell (GEDA) aus den Jahren 2009, 2010 und 2012. Die Grundgesamtheit bilden deutschsprachige Erwachsene in Privathaushalten in Deutschland. Die Responseraten (Response Rate 3 nach AAPOR) lagen fur 2009 bei 29,1%, fur 2010 bei 29,8% und fur 2012 bei 22,1%. Fur die Analysen standen Daten von 18.465 Mannern im Alter von 18 bis 64 Jahren zur Verfugung, 11.429 davon lebten mit Kindern im Haushalt. Mittels regressionsanalytischer Verfahren wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Erwerbstatigkeit und seelischen Belastungen, Gesundheitsbewusstsein, sportlicher Aktivitat und Rauchen in Abhangigkeit von Partner- und Elternschaft betrachtet. Ergebnisse: Vollzeiterwerbstatige, die mehr als 48 Stunden pro Woche arbeiten, sowie Arbeitslose sind signifikant haufiger seelisch belastet (OR = 1,44, 95%-KI = 1,29 – 1,61, p < 0,05 bzw. OR = 2,35, 95%-KI = 2,02 – 2,75, p < 0,05) als Vollzeiterwerbstatige mit Arbeitszeiten von 48 Stunden oder weniger pro Woche. Vergleichbare Zusammenhange zeigen sich auch fur das Achten auf die eigene Gesundheit, die sportliche Aktivitat und das Rauchverhalten. Das Zusammenleben in Partner- und Elternschaft ist positiv mir der Gesundheit assoziiert: Manner, die mit Kindern und Partnerin im Haushalt leben, zeigen sich insgesamt weniger belastet und verhalten sich gesundheitsforderlicher als alleinstehende Manner. Bei gleichzeitiger Betrachtung von Erwerbsstatus, Eltern- und Partnerschaft sind Arbeitslose und Vollzeiterwerbstatige mit langen Arbeitszeiten besonders belastet. Schlussfolgerungen: Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Arbeit, Partnerschaft und Familie wichtige Ressourcen fur die Gesundheit von Mannern sind. Gesundheitliche Belastungen aufgrund von Arbeitslosigkeit und uberlangen Arbeitszeiten kommen unabhangig von ihrer Partner- oder Vaterschaft zum Tragen. Die vorliegenden Befunde auf Basis der GEDA-Studien stehen im Einklang mit nationalen und internationalen Ergebnissen zum Zusammenhang von Arbeitszeit, Arbeitslosigkeit sowie Partner- und Elternschaft und Gesundheit von Mannern.

Die Familie ist im Kindes- und Jugendalter die zentrale Sozialisationsinstanz. Aber welche Faktoren der familialen Lebenswelt sind fur die Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in welcher Lebensphase von Bedeutung? Der Frage wird am Beispiel der durch die Eltern eingeschatzten allgemeinen Gesundheit nachgegangen. Datenbasis bildet die fur Deutschland reprasentative KiGGS-Studie 2003–2006 (n = 17.641, Alter: 0 bis 17 Jahre). Zur Quantifizierung der Effekte der familialen Faktoren auf die Gesundheit werden – stratifiziert nach funf Altersgruppen und Geschlecht – binar logistische Regressionsanalysen gerechnet. Einbezogen werden strukturelle, soziallagen- und herkunftsbezogene Faktoren von Familie sowie die Wohnsituation und das Familienklima. Die bivariate Analyse belegt, dass nahezu alle Faktoren (zumindest in einzelnen Altersgruppen) Einfluss auf die allgemeine Gesundheit haben. In der multivariaten Analyse zeigt sich, dass insbesondere dem Familienklima eine wichtige Bedeutung fur eine gute Gesundheit zukommt. Bei den Jungen besitzt bis zum Beginn des Jugendalters zudem ein beidseitiger Migrationshintergrund einen ungunstigen Einfluss auf eine gute allgemeine Gesundheit.

Background The association of health with family and employment statuses is often discussed from the view of the multiple role-burden or the multiple role-attachment hypotheses. Besides, it is considered that the relation between employment, family and health is strongly influenced by the national policy and welfare systems. The aim of this study is to compare the association between health and fulfilling multiple roles in Germany, France and the Netherlands. …

Background We investigate the relationship between parenthood and risk health behaviour of women and men in Germany. Theory assumes that people living with partner and having children experience to higher extend social control of health behaviour. However, parents with dependent children have higher time constrain which may lead to fewer physical activities. Methods We use data from the GEDA-study carried out by the RKI in 2009-2010. They were collected using computer assisted telephone interviewing. In the analysis are included 20 717 people …

Background While there are numerous studies analysing mental health of lone mothers, there are very few equivalent studies for lone fathers. As it is assumed that lone fathers have a different social profile than lone mothers, it is to expect that there are sex differences according to the risk factors in depression prevalence. Data and Methods We use representative data from the GEDA-study carried out by the Robert Koch-Institute in 2009-2010. The sample consists of 11.904 people aged 18-59 living with at least one child …