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The COVID-19 pandemic spurred an abrupt transition away from in-person educational activities. This systematic review investigated the pivot to online learning for nonclinical undergraduate medical education (UGME) activities and explored descriptions of educational offerings deployed, their impact, and lessons learned. The authors systematically searched four online databases and conducted a manual electronic search of MedEdPublish up to December 21, 2020. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts, performed data extraction and assessed risk of bias. A third author resolved discrepancies. Findings were reported in accordance with the STORIES (STructured apprOach to the Reporting in healthcare education of Evidence Synthesis) statement and BEME guidance. Fifty-six articles were included. The majority (n = 41) described the rapid transition of existing offerings to online formats, whereas fewer (n = 15) described novel activities. The majority (n = 27) included a combination of synchronous and asynchronous components. Didactics (n = 40) and small groups (n = 26) were the most common instructional methods. Teachers largely integrated technology to replace and amplify rather than transform learning, though learner engagement was often interactive. Thematic analysis revealed unique challenges of online learning, as well as exemplary practices. The quality of study designs and reporting was modest, with underpinning theory at highest risk of bias. Virtually all studies (n = 54) assessed reaction/satisfaction, fewer than half (n = 23) assessed changes in attitudes, knowledge or skills, and none assessed behavioral, organizational or patient outcomes. UGME educators successfully transitioned face-to-face instructional methods online and implemented novel solutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although technology���s potential to transform teaching is not yet fully realized, the use of synchronous and asynchronous formats encouraged virtual engagement, while offering flexible, self-directed learning. As we transition from emergency remote learning to a post-pandemic world, educators must underpin new developments with theory, report additional outcomes and provide details that support replication.

In 2013, the California current was dominated by strong coastal upwelling and high productivity. Indices of total cumulative upwelling for particular coastal locations reached some of the highest values on record. Chlorophyll a levels were high throughout spring and summer. Catches of upwelling-related fish species were also high. After a moderate drop in upwelling during fall 2013, the California current system underwent a major change in phase. Three major basin-scale indicators, the PDO, the NPGO, and the ENSO-MEI, all changed phase at some point during the winter of 2013/14. The PDO changed to positive values, indicative of warmer waters in the North Pacific; the NPGO to negative values, indicative of lower productivity along the coast; and the MEI to positive values, indicative of an oncoming El Niño. Whereas the majority of the California Current system appears to have transitioned to an El Niño state by August 2014, based on decreases in upwelling and chlorophyll a concentration, and increases in SST, there still remained pockets of moderate upwelling, cold water, and high chlorophyll a biomass at various central coast locations, unlike patterns seen during the more major El Niños (e.g., the 97-98 event). Catches of rockfish, market squid, euphausiids, and juvenile sanddab remained high along the central coast, whereas catches of sardine and anchovy were low throughout the CCS. 2014 appears to be heading towards a moderate El Niño state, with some remaining patchy regions of upwellingdriven productivity along the coast. Superimposed on this pattern, three major regions have experienced possibly non-El Niño-related warming since winter: the Bering Sea, the Gulf of Alaska, and offshore of southern California. It is unclear how this warming may interact with the predicted El Niño, but the result will likely be reduced growth or reproduction for many key fisheries species.

Long-term observations show that fish and plankton populations in the ocean fluctuate in synchrony with large-scale climate patterns, but similar evidence is lacking for estuaries because of shorter observational records. Marine fish and invertebrates have been sampled in San Francisco Bay since 1980 and exhibit large, unexplained population changes including record-high abundances of common species after 1999. Our analysis shows that populations of demersal fish, crabs and shrimp covary with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), both of which reversed signs in 1999. A time series model forced by the atmospheric driver of NPGO accounts for two-thirds of the variability in the first principal component of species abundances, and generalized linear models forced by PDO and NPGO account for most of the annual variability of individual species. We infer that synchronous shifts in climate patterns and community variability in San Francisco Bay are related to changes in oceanic wind forcing that modify coastal currents, upwelling intensity, surface temperature, and their influence on recruitment of marine species that utilize estuaries as nursery habitat. Ecological forecasts of estuarine responses to climate change must therefore consider how altered patterns of atmospheric forcing across ocean basins influence coastal oceanography as well as watershed hydrology.

This report describes the state of the California Surrent system (CCS) between the springs of 2008 and 2009 based on observations taken along the west coast of North America. the dominant forcing on the CCS during this time period were La Nina type conditions that prevailed from the summer of 2007 through early 2009, transitioning to neutral El Nino-Southern Oscillation conditions in the spring of 2009. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation index was negative during this time period and its values had not returned to normal by the spring of 2009. The general effects on the California Current system were stronger than normal southward winds and upselling as well as generally colder that normal SST and shallow nitraclines; however, there were regional differences. Off Baja California sea surface temperatures did not respond to the La Nina conditions; however, concentrations of chorophyll a (Chl a) were significantly above normal, probably due to the anomolously high upwelling off Baja during most of the year. Off southern California there was no clear evidence of increased promary or secondary production, despite observations that previous La Nina conditions affected mixed layer depth, temperatures, nutrients, and nitracline depths. In both central and northern California and Oregon, stronger than normal upwelling increased primary production and prevented potential spawning of sardine north of San Francisco. In central California the midwater fish community resembled that of recent cool years, and cover by kelp was much reduced along the coast. Off Oregon there was evidence of increased abundance of boreal copepods, although the neritic boreal species did not appear to extend as far south as central California. Current predictions are for cooler conditions to change to El Nino conditions by the end of 2009; these are expected to last through the Northern Hemisphere winter of 2009-10.

Residents have opposed location of nearby livestock facilities. Illinois residents were asked how much they would be willing to pay (WTP) to stop a dairy from locating near them. Most respondents would not pay. Demographic characteristics (income, education, age, gender, agricultural interest, activism, etc.) were used to evaluate respondents WTP.

The impact of the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) and Section 179 expensing on internal rate of returns (IRR) for three dairy systems, a 120-cow grazing, a 120-cow conventional, and 600-cow concentrated was evaluated. With MILC, the grazing and conventional systems had higher IRRs. Without MILC, the 600- cow dairy had the highest IRR. Without Sec. 179, IRRs declined proportionally more for grazing and conventional systems.

Three dairy systems, 120-cow grazing, 120-cow conventional, and 600-cow concentrated, were evaluated by internal rate of return (IRR) accounting for the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC). With MILC, the grazing and conventional systems had higher IRRs. Without MILC, the 600-cow dairy had the highest IRR. Results were sensitive to assumptions.

Community opposition to dairies has altered location decisions by milk producers. Our objective was to identify residents' perceptions towards dairy by individual and community characteristics. A mail survey of residents of dairy counties and non-dairy counties was conducted. Dairy county residents were more willing to live close to a dairy.

Replaced with revised version of paper 07/13/04.

Dairy in Illinois has declined in farm numbers, cows, and value of dairy product. Alternative dairy systems (intensive grazing, traditional, and a concentrated feeding system) were evaluated for their potential to sustain dairy in Illinois. The economic impact of each system on the Illinois economy was evaluated using IMPLAN.

The 2000 Illinois Vineyard Survey showed 400+ acres of grapes compared to 181 two years earlier. There are 28 wineries with eight more scheduled to open - up from four in the 1980s. State government has allocated $500,000 annually to an Illinois Grape and Wine Resource Council in part to boost the state's economy. We address the need to quantify benefits by creating detailed budgets for the winegrape and wine industries. These become part of a state-wide input-output model (IMPLAN). Results indicate that grape growing has an output multiplier of 1.90. Winemaking, which includes out-of-state grapes has an output multiplier of 1.76.

Farm-level and watershed-wide land-use changes resulting from policy initiatives are linked to a regional input/output model. As a result not only can the direct economic impacts at the farm and watershed levels be determined, so too can the direct and induced economic impacts at the regional level.

There are in Utah a number of weeds considered to be unusually persistent and difficult to eradicate once they have become established. The most common in this group are wild morning glory, whitetop, Canada thistle, perennial sow thistle, and Russian knapweed, the last being one of comparatively recent introduction. The weeds in this group are quite generally feared and much talked of by farmers. They are feared because, if allowed to persist, they usually take possession of the soil and hinder the growth of farm crops. The discouraging fact about these weeds is their spread. Old infested areas are increasing in size, and each year new lands are becoming infested. In time practically every farmer in Utah will be fighting one or more if these weeds unless some vigorous· measures are taken to keep them in check.

The progress of the work upon the general problem of the origin of the nitre spots in certain western soils has presented several different points of view. The fact that certain spots in western cultivated soils were rich in nitrates was first observed by Hilgard who attributed their accumulation to the more rapid nitrification of the organic matter of the soil in the warm arid climate of the west when the moisture limit was removed by irrigation.

Cache County Water Conservation District No. 1 lies on the west side of the valley about eight miles from and a little northwest of Logan, Cache County, Utah. Figure 1 shows the location of the project with respect to Salt Lake, Ogden, Brigham City, Logan, and Cache County. Cache County, with a population in 1920 of 27,000 people, is located in the north-central part of the state and occupies the greater part of the fertile Cache Valley. Cache County Water Conservation District No.1 includes 8490.78 acres (of which 7373.38 acres are allotted water) and extends from Bear River and its tributaries westward to the foothills and from Cache Junction on the north to an east-west line lying one-quarter of a mile south of the Logan-Petersboro road. Figure 2 shows the boundaries of the district. The land rises gently (except for a low bluff at the river's edge) from an elevation of 4400 feet (that of the normal water surface in Bear River at the north end of the project) to an elevation of 4580 feet at the western extremity of the project.

Letter concerning copies of a paper and a letter to be distributed at Utah Agricultural College.

The Mexican War ended in 1846, but the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was not signed until 1848. Meantime, Utah was occupied by the Mormon pioneers, who having no land laws to guide them took land according to a plan furnished by Brigham Young. In Salt Lake City 10-acre blocks were divided into 8 building lots of 1 1/4 acres each. Just at the edge of the city were "five acre lots to accommodate mechanics and artisans; next beyond were 10-acre lots, followed by forty and eighty acres, where farmers could build and reside."

In many arid sections of Western America there have been reported marked accumulations of nitrates in the cultivated soil. Hilgard,(1) who was the first to observe these accumulations, believed that the nitrates are being formed at the present time by the rapid nitrification of the organic matter contained in the soil. In Colorado there has been considerable trouble with orchards dying; the death of the trees in some cases has been attributed to the excessive accumulations of nitrates in the cultivated soil. These accumulations are due, according to Dr. Headden,(2) to the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by bacteria now at work; the organic nitrogen thus formed by the nonsymbiotic bacteria being at the same time converted into nitrates.

This report reviews the state of the California Current System (CCS) between winter 2012 and spring 2013, and includes observations from Washington State to Baja California. During 2012, large-scale climate modes indicated the CCS remained in a cool, productive phase present since 2007. The upwelling season was delayed north of 42°N, but regions to the south, especially 33° to 36°N, experienced average to above average upwelling that persisted throughout the summer. Contrary to the indication of high production suggested by the climate indices, chlorophyll observed from surveys and remote sensing was below average along much of the coast. As well, some members of the forage assemblages along the coast experienced low abundances in 2012 surveys. Specifically, the concentrations of all lifestages observed directly or from egg densities of Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax, and northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, were less than previous years’ survey estimates. However, 2013 surveys and observations indicate an increase in abundance of northern anchovy. During winter 2011/2012, the increased presence of northern copepod species off northern California was consistent with stronger southward transport. Krill and small-fraction zooplankton abundances, where examined, were generally above average. North of 42°N, salps returned to typical abundances in 2012 after greater observed concentrations in 2010 and 2011. In contrast, salp abundance off central and southern California increased after a period of southward transport during winter 2011/2012. Reproductive success of piscivorous Brandt’s cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus, was reduced while planktivorous Cassin’s auklet, Ptychoramphus aleuticus was elevated. Differences between the productivity of these two seabirds may be related to the available forage assemblage observed in the surveys. California sea lion pups from San Miguel Island were undernourished resulting in a pup mortality event perhaps in response to changes in forage availability. Limited biological data were available for spring 2013, but strong winter upwelling coastwide indicated an early spring transition, with the strong upwelling persisting into early summer.

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