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Perionyx excavatus (Perrier, 1872) Perionyx koboensis Stephenson, 1914: 391. Distribution. Miranda: La Cortada (Rodríguez farm) (this study)., Published as part of Hernández-García, Luis Manuel, Sousa, Sandriel Costa, Ferreira, Carmen & Rousseau, Guillaume Xavier, 2023, An annotated checklist and distribution of earthworms from Venezuela (Megadrili: Crassiclitellata), pp. 183-211 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on page 195, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/7744707, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 8, 5 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12201","Stephenson, J. (1914) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912, XXIV. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193"]}

Perionyx excavatus Perrier BRRSDNA0020, 2 adults, in compost pile, Muçum-RS (S29.14411°, W51.86095°), 21 January 2012, G. Brown, S. James, colls., Published as part of Ferreira, Talita, James, Samuel W., Bartz, Marie Luise Carolina, Lima, Ana Claudia Rodrigues De, Dudas, Rafaela & Brown, George Gardner, 2023, Distribution and diversity of earthworms in different land use systems in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 399-416 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on page 402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.32, http://zenodo.org/record/7745077

Present study deals with cocoon biology of tropical epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus (Perrier), Perionyx ceylanensis (Michaelsen) and Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg). Ultra structure observed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed that wall of the cocoon is porous (which helps in aeration) and the terminal part of the cocoon is softer than that of middle part which facilitates the hatching process. The size of the cocoon varies among the species and is related to the diameter and length of the clitellum. All the epigeic species under study are continuous breeder with high fecundity. Among the studied species shortest incubation period, highest fecundity and highest hatching rate were observed in P. ceylanensis. Cocoon production in these three epigeic species increases in summer and monsoon season and decreases in the winter season. Temperature is the limiting factor for cocoon production as well as incubation period of cocoon. Cocoon production was affected by temperature and body weight of the earthworm. Thus it can be considered that cocoon production in epigeic earthworm species depends on biological factor (body mass), as well as, ecological factor (temperature). Continuous breeding strategy, high fecundity, high rate of cocoon production, as well as high hatching rate, indicates greater usefulness of P. ceylanensis followed by E. eugeniae than P. excavatus in the vermiculture based biotechnology in North-East India.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to observe the role of cerebral ganglionic neurosecretory cells (NSCs) during cocoon production in native earthworm species Perionyx ceylanensis subjected to amputation and seasonal variations. Methodology: Histological studies (using Aldehyde Fuchsin and Chrome Alum Haematoxylin Phloxin stain) were carried out on brain NSCs in the two groups of earthworms (Group I and Group II) maintained in earthen culture pots (2L) with cowdung as food. Group I comprised of brain amputed earthworms was subjected to observe the role of brain NSCs in production of cocoon and Group II earthworms subjected to seasonal changes in the cerebral NSCs during cocoon production. Five replications were kept for Group I (1 individual per pot) and Group II (1 pair per pot). Results: Group I debrained earthworms started to lay cocoons from the 31st day following regeneration of cerebral ganglionic type A NSCs. In group II worms the highest neurosecretory activity was registered in the cerebral type A cells, especially during monsoon coinciding with the hike of cocoon generation. Interpretation: Appearance of type A NSCs in regenerated brain and peak of type A neurosecretory cell activity during peak reproductive period of earthworm species (as indicated by peak of cocoon production) indicates the possible role of cerebral type A NSCs in cocoon laying.

This research work was carried out to ascertain the toxic effects of heavy metals mercuric chloride, copper sulphate and zinc sulphate their combination on anti-oxidative enzymes viz. Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione-S- transferase in Perionyx excavates. The worms for this work were collected and were exposed to different concentrations of heavy meals. The lower and higher concentration calculated were 25 and 30 mg/kg dry soil for mercuric chloride, 60 and 150 mg/kg of dry soil for copper sulphate and 140 and 350 mg/kg of dry soil for zinc sulphate respectively for 5 days. A dose and time dependent increase in activities of these enzymes was observed. Mercuric chloride was found to be more toxic at its highest concentration followed by the highest concentration of combination of both metals Copper sulphate and zinc sulphate.

The data on growth and reproduction of composting earthworms may be beneficial for large scale earthworm production. The growth and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus were assessed in limited supplies of four experimental diets-cow dung alone and its mixture with acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) leaf litter, bamboo (Bambusa polymorpha) leaf litter and terrestrial weed Mikania micrantha under laboratory conditions to select suitable diet from our locally available resource for vermiculture. Growth performance of Perionyx excavatus was significantly (P

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of replacing dietary fish meal protein with earthworm meal protein on growth performance, whole-body composition, and hematology of butter catfish (Ompok pabda). This experiment was conducted in 15 glass aquaria (200 L) with five treatments, each having three replications. Each of the aquaria was stocked with 40 fishes (average weight 0.62 g). The fish were fed with iso-nitrogenous diets having 35% protein (21% protein from fish meal and/or earthworm meal) twice a day up to satiation with the experimental diets, where fish meal protein was replaced by earthworm meal protein at 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in the treatments E0, E25, E50, E75, and E100, respectively. At the end of the 8-week rearing period, the best growth performances including weight gain (5.23 ± 0.14 g), percent weight gain (844.15 ± 6.38%), and specific growth rate (4.00 ± 0.11% day−1), and best feed utilization parameters, viz., feed conversion ratio (1.57 ± 0.03) and protein efficiency ratio (2.87±0.04), were found in treatment E75, where 75% of fish meal protein in the diet was replaced with earthworm meal protein. The hematological parameters showed no abnormality due to supplementation of earthworm meal in the diets. At the end of the experiment, whole-body carcass composition, viz., protein, lipid, and ash contents (15.93 ± 0.19%, 7.22 ± 0.60% and 2.14 ± 0.10%, respectively), of O. pabda was higher in treatment E75 compared to control (14.8 2± 0.34, 6.16 ± 0.27, 1.89 ± 0.10, respectively). The results imply that earthworm meal can be used as a protein-rich source to replace fish meal, the major protein source, in the diet of O. pabda up to 75% level without compromising growth, immunity, and body composition.

Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 50, 3, 843-855

The ecological suitability of different leaf litter types in enhancing the biological diversity and micronutrient status in soil needs to be understood for deciding the plant species to be used for afforestration practices. The present research work was done to study the colonization of an epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus in the decomposing leaf litter of five locally important tree species- Cashew, Shal, Mango, Acacia and Eucalyptus up to a period of 90 days. The major nutrient and anti-nutrient chemical parameters of the leaf litters were compared and rates of degradation of the selected nutrient and anti-nutrient parameters were studied in laboratory microcosms. P. excavatus showed maximum colonization for Cashew followed by Shal where both these tree species exhibited comparatively lower anti-nutrient content and significantly higher rates of degradation of the selected nutrient parameters. Lowest colonization by P. excavatus was observed in case of Eucalyptus which exhibited highest polyphenol and tannin content and significant lower rates of degradation of all the selected nutrient parameters and hence their utilization in microcosms with P. excavatus. The results indicated that lower content of tannins and polyphenols in case of Cashew and Shal can be related to the palatability of these leaf litters and thereby exhibiting maximum colonization by P. excavatus. Thus, Cashew and Shal can be considered as suitable tree species for afforestation practices for enhancing nutrient recycling and effective soil conservation.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Coelomic fluid of 3 earthworms exhibited cytotoxicity on oral cancer cells. • Coelomic fluid induced DNA strand breakage in SCC-9 cells. • Coelomic fluid of Perionyx excavatus showed highest percentage of G2M cycle arrest. • Coelomic fluid of Eudrilus eugeniae caused a 37-fold rise in apoptosis percentage., The current protocol of cancer management includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, these modalities have significant adverse effects and affect the quality of life. Further intensification of treatment is hindered as maximal toxicity levels are reached impeding improvement. Hence researchers are in the quest for adjunctive naturally available therapies that can alter tumor proliferation without causing significant adverse reactions. The present study aims to explore the cytotoxic potential of earthworm coelomic fluid (ECF) of Eudrilus eugeniae (EE), Eisenia foetida (EF), and Perionyx excavatus (PE) on oral cancer cell line SCC-9. The effect of ECF on cell cycle analysis and mechanism of cell death have also been investigated. All experiments reported in this paper were performed as 3 replicates per experiment. The results indicated that ECF of EE, EF and PE have potent variable cytotoxic effect on SCC-9 cells demonstrated through LDH, clonogenic and comet assay. An effective cell cycle arrest was observed at the G2M phase of cell cycle with apoptotic induction that was observed through an Annexin V – FITC/PI assay. ECF of EE was found to be superior in its cytotoxic action closely followed by ECF of PE. The present findings provide evidence for the first time that ECF of EE, EF and PE have potent cytotoxic effect on oral cancer cells in vitro. They significantly induce G2M cell cycle arrest and promote apoptosis in SCC-9 cell line. Gene expression studies have been planned to ascertain the pathways of cell death.

Fifteen days pre-decomposed seaweeds, Halimeda gracilis, Gracilaria corticata, Sargassum wightii and Sargassum swartzii spiked with cowdung (1:1) were vermicomposted using Perionyx excavatus for 60 days. The pH in the vermicompost showed insignificant reduction while electrical conductivity showed significant enhancement (P 0.05). The reduction of organic carbon in vermicomposts ranged from -37.78 to -50.97% over worm-unworked composts. Total NPK contents showed significant increment (26.72-78.17%) in vermicompost over worm-unworked composts. The difference in percentage increase/decrease between physicochemical parameters was statistically significant (P 0.001) and the same pattern was found between substrates. The total microbial population in vermicomposts was significantly higher than that of initial and composts of all seaweed + cowdung combinations (P 0.001). The growth and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus in seaweed + cowdung combinations showed equivalent or higher rates when compared with cowdung signifying that Perionyx excavatus is well suited to convert seaweed and cowdung combinations into nutrient rich vermicompost.

Nutritional composition of wild earthworm (Perionyx excavatus) and fishmeal used by local fish-feed industry in Bangladesh was determined to evaluate the nutritionally replacement potentiality of this earthworm species for fishmeal mostly used in feed for aquaculture and other animal production. Except for moisture content, the proximate chemical values in P. excavatus did not differ significantly (P≥0.05) from that in fishmeal. On an average, the earthworm had lower protein content (46.57 ± 0.97%) than fishmeal had (54.97 ± 7.49 %). On the other hand, the mean lipid content (8.03 ± 0.44 %) in this earthworm was found to be higher compared to fishmeal (7.97 ± 1.60 %). The average ash content in the earthworm and fishmeal were 24.26 ± 0.68 % and 24.13 ± 8.44 %, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that this earthworm species had almost similar nutritional values to the fishmeal, and thus would be a potential source of animal protein in supplementing fishmeal. In an implication, year-round production of this earthworm species through standard mass culture system, and its radical use could play a pivotal role in sustainable fisheries and aquaculture production.

102. Perionyx kempi Stephenson, 1914 Perionyx kempi Stephenson, 1914a: 389. T. Kobo in Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Doju Bung (Julka 1981), Zero Camp Namdapha (Halder et al. 2007)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53.","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93."]}

100. Perionyx inornatus Stephenson, 1916 Perionyx inornatus Stephenson, 1916: 320. T. Sandakphu, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354."]}

108. Perionyx pincernus Stephenson, 1916 Perionyx pincerna Stephenson, 1916: 319. Perionyx pincernus Stephenson. Blakemore 2007: 47. T. Near Ghoom, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007) Checklist of 505 earthworms species from India, Sri Lanka and the adjacent regions (excluding Myanmar) compiled from various sources [e. g. Stephenson (1923), Gates (1972), Julka (1988) etc.]. In: Blakemore, R. J. (Ed.), A series of searchable texts on earthworm biodiversity, ecology and systematic from various regions of the world. 3 rd Edition. Available from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm (accessed 1 March 2020)"]}

113. Perionyx rufulus Gates, 1945 Perionyx rufulus Gates, 1945: 74. T. Khezhabama, Nagaland, India. D. Nagaland., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Gates, G. E. (1945) On some Indian earthworms. II. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 11, 54 - 91."]}

114. Perionyx setnai Stephenson, 1931 Perionyx setnai Stephenson, 1931a: 63. T. Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1931 a) Oligochaeta from Burma, Kenya and other parts of the world. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1931, 33 - 92."]}

104. Perionyx macintoshi Beddard, 1883 Perionyx ���m���intoshii ��� Beddard, 1883: 217. ? Lampito dubius Stephenson, 1916: 315. ? Megascolex dubius (Stephenson). Stephenson 1923: 240. Perionyx macintoshi Beddard. Gates 1972: 144 (for complete synonymy). T. Akyab, Myanmar. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Yame (Julka 1981), Pabin (Julka 1981), Damin (Julka 1981), Vidak (Julka 1981), ca. 7.5 km S of Mursing village (Julka & Halder 1975). Meghalaya: Dumpep (Gates 1952), Cantonment Hill Cherrapunji (Stephenson 1924b), Cherrapunji (Michaelsen 1910), Mawsmai Cave Cherrapunji (Halder 1999b). Mizoram: Pachhunga University College Aizawl (Lalthanzara & Ramanujam 2014), unspecified localities (Lalthanzara et al. 2011; Ramanujam et al. 2004). Tripura: Unspecified localities (Chaudhuri et al. 2012). West Bengal: ? Kurseong (Stephenson 1916), near Goomti Rest House Mahanadi (Julka 1975)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Beddard, F. E. (1883) Note on some earthworms from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 12 (70), 213 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938309459619","Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354.","Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms. An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53.","Julka, J. M. & Halder, K. R. (1975) On the occurrence of the giant earthworm, Perionyx macintoshi Beddard, in Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh (India). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Calcutta, 28, 15 - 17.","Gates, G. E. (1952) On some earthworms from Burma. American Museum Novitates, No. 1555, 1 - 13.","Stephenson, J. (1924 b) On some Indian Oligochaeta, with a description of two new genera of Ocnerodrilinae. Records of the Indian Museum, 26, 317 - 365.","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Die Oligochatenfauna der vorderindisch-ceylonischen Region. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 19 (5), 1 - 108.","Halder, K. R. (1999 b) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 4. Fauna of Meghalaya. Part 9. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 393 - 439.","Lalthanzara, H. & Ramanujam, S. N. (2014) Earthworm cast production and physico-chemical properties in two agroforestry systems of Mizoram (India). Tropical Ecology, 55, 77 - 86.","Lalthanzara, H., Ramanujam, S. N. & Jha, L. K. (2011) Population dynamics of earthworms in relation to soil physico-chemical parameters in agroforestry systems of Mizoram, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 32, 599 - 605.","Ramanujam, S. N., Lalthanzara, H. & Jha, L. K. (2004) Biodiversity of earthworms in Mizoram. Journal of Nature Conservators, 16, 129 - 134.","Chaudhuri, P. S., Dey, A., Bhattacharjee, G. & Nath, S. (2012) Earthworm diversity in Tripura - present status. Science & Culture, 78 (7 - 8), 343 - 346."]}

89. Perionyx annulatus Stephenson, 1914 Perionyx annulatus Stephenson, 1914a: 386. T. South of Yembung and Rotung in Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193"]}

91. Perionyx daminensis Julka, 1981 Perionyx daminensis Julka, 1981: 20. T. Damin, district Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

110. Perionyx pokhrianus affinis Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx pokhrianus var. affinis Stephenson, 1920: 210. Perionyx pokhrianus affinis Stephenson. Blakemore 2007: 47. T. Sitong Ridge, Jorpokhri, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007) Checklist of 505 earthworms species from India, Sri Lanka and the adjacent regions (excluding Myanmar) compiled from various sources [e. g. Stephenson (1923), Gates (1972), Julka (1988) etc.]. In: Blakemore, R. J. (Ed.), A series of searchable texts on earthworm biodiversity, ecology and systematic from various regions of the world. 3 rd Edition. Available from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm (accessed 1 March 2020)"]}

117. Perionyx sikkimensis michaelseni Stephenson, 1923 Perionyx sikkimensis var. michaelseni Stephenson, 1923: 359. Perionyx sikkimensis (Michaelsen). Michaelsen 1910 (in part): 60. T. Gangtok, Sikkim, India. D. Sikkim., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp.","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Die Oligochatenfauna der vorderindisch-ceylonischen Region. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 19 (5), 1 - 108."]}

95. Perionyx foveatus Stephenson, 1914 Perionyx foveatus Stephenson, 1914a: 396. T. Renging, Rotung and upper Rotung in Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh. Meghalaya: Nonglang village (Kharkongor 2018)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Kharkongor, I. J. (2018) Taxonomic and ecological studies on the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 118, 56 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 118 / i 1 / 2018 / 123034"]}

118. Perionyx turaensis Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx turaensis Stephenson, 1920: 216. T. Tura, Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: 79 Mile Camp on Miao-Vijaynagar Road (Halder et al. 2007). Meghalaya: Malki (Halder 1999b). R. The species is possibly a synonym of Perionyx excavatus (Gates 1972: 147; Blakemore 2010: 267)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261.","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93.","Halder, K. R. (1999 b) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 4. Fauna of Meghalaya. Part 9. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 393 - 439.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms. An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Blakemore, R. J. (2010) Cosmopolitan Earthworms-an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 4 th Edition. VermEcology So (i) lutions, Yokohama, 850 pp., 350 figs., Internet links. [December 2010]"]}

92. Perionyx depressus Stephenson, 1914 Perionyx depressus Stephenson, 1914a: 394. Perionyx aborensis Stephenson, 1914a: 392. Perionyx depressus Stephenson. Stephenson 1923: 328. T. Rotung and Upper Rotung, Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Renging (Stephenson 1914a), Galensinaik (Julka 1981), near Kau Pass (Julka 1981), ca. 4 km NW of Tali (Julka 1981)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp.","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

109. Perionyx pokhrianus pokhrianus Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx pokhrianus Stephenson, 1920: 208. Perionyx pokhrianus pokhrianus Stephenson. Blakemore 2007: 47. T. Jorpokhri, Sitong, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261.","Blakemore, R. J. (2007) Checklist of 505 earthworms species from India, Sri Lanka and the adjacent regions (excluding Myanmar) compiled from various sources [e. g. Stephenson (1923), Gates (1972), Julka (1988) etc.]. In: Blakemore, R. J. (Ed.), A series of searchable texts on earthworm biodiversity, ecology and systematic from various regions of the world. 3 rd Edition. Available from: http: // www. annelida. net / earthworm (accessed 1 March 2020)"]}

98. Perionyx himalayanus Michaelsen, 1907 Perionyx himalayanus Michaelsen, 1907: 158. T. Sandakphu, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. Sikkim: Rimbi (Subedi et al. 2018b). West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1907) Neue Oligochaeten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma, und den Andaman-Inseln. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, Hamburg, 24 (2), 143 - 188.","Subedi, H. P., Saxena, R. M. & Reynolds, J. W. (2018 b) New records of earthworm species Amynthas morrisi, Perionyx himalayanus and Perionyx jorpokriensis (Oligochaeta; Megascolecidae) from Sikkim, India. Megadrilogica, 23, 69 - 77."]}

97. Perionyx heterochaetus (Stephenson, 1917) Perionyx aborensis var. heterochaetus Stephenson, 1917: 379. Perionyx heterochaetus (Stephenson). Stephenson 1923: 335. T. Pashok, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1917) On a collection of Oligochaeta from various parts of India and further India. Records of the Indian Museum, 13, 353 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5865","Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp."]}

88. Perionyx annandalei (Michaelsen, 1907) Perionychella annandalei Michaelsen, 1907: 154. Perionyx annandalei (Michaelsen). Michaelsen 1910 (in part, excluding specimens from Cherrapunji (Meghalaya): 61. T. Kurseong, Darjeeling Hills, West Bengal, India. D. Assam: Unspecified localities (Rajkhowa et al. 2015). West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1907) Neue Oligochaeten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma, und den Andaman-Inseln. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, Hamburg, 24 (2), 143 - 188.","Michaelsen, W. (1910) Die Oligochatenfauna der vorderindisch-ceylonischen Region. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 19 (5), 1 - 108.","Rajkhowa, D. J., Bhattacharyya, P. N., Sarma, A. K., and Mahanta, K. (2015) Diversity and distribution of earthworms in different soil habitats of Assam, North-East India, an Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 85 (2), 389 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40011 - 014 - 0380 - 1"]}

101. Perionyx jorpokriensis Julka, 1975 Perionyx jorpokriensis Julka, 1975: 21. T. Sukiapokri and Jorpokri, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. Sikkim: Namchi (Subedi et al. 2018b). West Bengal: 1 km E of Jorpokri (Julka 1975), Palmajoa (Soota & Halder 1981)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Subedi, H. P., Saxena, R. M. & Reynolds, J. W. (2018 b) New records of earthworm species Amynthas morrisi, Perionyx himalayanus and Perionyx jorpokriensis (Oligochaeta; Megascolecidae) from Sikkim, India. Megadrilogica, 23, 69 - 77.","Soota, T. D. & Halder, K. R. (1981) On some earthworms from eastern Himalayas. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 79, 231 - 234."]}

112. Perionyx rimatus Stephenson, 1920 Perionyx rimatus Stephenson, 1920: 206. T. Jorpokhri, Sitong, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal: Dow Hill Kurseong (Julka 1975)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1920) On a collection of Oligochaeta from the lesser known parts of India and from eastern Persia. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 7, 191 - 261."]}

93. Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872: 126. Perionyx excavatus Perrier. Blakemore 2010: 267 (for further synonyms). T. Saigon, Vietnam. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Taliha (Julka 1981), Ayumuring (Julka 1981), Richik (Julka 1981), Huri (Julka 1981), Pabin (Julka 1981), Parsipapa (Julka 1981), Tumbia (Julka 1981), near Kau Pass (Julka 1981), 3 km E of Richik (Julka 1981), Kabak (Julka 1981), Vidak (Julka 1981), Chowkham (Julka 1976), Rotung (Stephenson 1914a), Renging (Stephenson 1914a), Upper Rotung (Stephenson 1914a), Miao (Halder et al. 2007), Darlak (Halder et al. 2007). Assam: Katlicherta (Stephenson 1926), Dibrugarh (Stephenson 1914a), Guwahati (Gates 1960), Sadiya (Stephenson 1914a), unspecified localities (Rajkhowa et al. 2015). Manipur: Lamphel Pat (Stephenson 1921), Imphal (Stephenson 1921), Potsengbham (Stephenson 1921), Thanga Island (Stephenson 1921). Meghalaya: Mawphlang (Julka 1977), Shillong (Julka 1977; Halder et al. 2007), Mauryngnang (Halder 1999b), Muktapur (Halder 1999b), Nonglang village (Kharkongor 2018). Mizoram: Sakawrtuichhun (Lalthanzara & Ramanujam 2014), Pachhunga University College Aizawl (Lalthanzara & Ramanujam 2014), unspecified localities (Lalthanzara et al. 2011; Ramanujam et al. 2004). Sikkim: Rangpo (Halder 2003), Gangtok (Halder 2003), Sombaria (Halder 2003), Manul (Soota & Halder 1981), Mangan (Soota & Halder 1981). Tripura: Ramnagar (Halder 2000), unspecified localities (Chaudhuri & Bhattacharjee 1999, 2005; Chaudhuri et al. 2012; Dey & Chaudhuri 2014). West Bengal: Darjeeling (Halder et al. 2007), Phallut (Michaelsen 1909), Pashok (Gates 1960), near Ghoom (Stephenson 1916), Kurseong (Michaelsen 1909), Dhobikhola Stream Kurseong (Julka 1975), Dow Hill (Julka 1975), Kalimpong (Julka 1975), near Mahananda River Siliguri (Julka 1975)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 292, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Perrier, E. (1872) Recherche pour servir a l'historie des Lombriciens terrestres. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, 8, 5 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12201","Blakemore, R. J. (2010) Cosmopolitan Earthworms-an Eco-Taxonomic Guide to the Peregrine Species of the World. 4 th Edition. VermEcology So (i) lutions, Yokohama, 850 pp., 350 figs., Internet links. [December 2010]","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53.","Julka, J. M. (1976) Studies on the earthworms collected during the Daphabum Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 69, 229 - 239.","Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93.","Stephenson, J. (1926) Descriptions of Indian Oligochaeta. I. Records of the Indian Museum, 28, 249 - 267.","Gates, G. E. (1960) On Burmese earthworms of the family Megascolecidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 123 (6), 201 - 282.","Rajkhowa, D. J., Bhattacharyya, P. N., Sarma, A. K., and Mahanta, K. (2015) Diversity and distribution of earthworms in different soil habitats of Assam, North-East India, an Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 85 (2), 389 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 40011 - 014 - 0380 - 1","Stephenson, J. (1921) Oligochaeta from Manipur, the Laccadive Islands, Mysore, and other parts of India. Records of the Indian Museum, 22, 745 - 768. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1484","Halder, K. R. (1999 b) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 4. Fauna of Meghalaya. Part 9. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 393 - 439.","Kharkongor, I. J. (2018) Taxonomic and ecological studies on the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 118, 56 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 118 / i 1 / 2018 / 123034","Lalthanzara, H. & Ramanujam, S. N. (2014) Earthworm cast production and physico-chemical properties in two agroforestry systems of Mizoram (India). Tropical Ecology, 55, 77 - 86.","Lalthanzara, H., Ramanujam, S. N. & Jha, L. K. (2011) Population dynamics of earthworms in relation to soil physico-chemical parameters in agroforestry systems of Mizoram, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 32, 599 - 605.","Ramanujam, S. N., Lalthanzara, H. & Jha, L. K. (2004) Biodiversity of earthworms in Mizoram. Journal of Nature Conservators, 16, 129 - 134.","Halder, K. R. (2003) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 9. Fauna of Sikkim. Part 5. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 91 - 116.","Soota, T. D. & Halder, K. R. (1981) On some earthworms from eastern Himalayas. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 79, 231 - 234.","Halder, K. R. (2000) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 7. Fauna of Tripura. Part 4. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 239 - 236.","Chaudhuri, P. S. & Bhattacharjee, G. (1999) Earthworm resources of Tripura. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India, 69 (B), 159 - 170.","Chaudhuri, P. S., Dey, A., Bhattacharjee, G. & Nath, S. (2012) Earthworm diversity in Tripura - present status. Science & Culture, 78 (7 - 8), 343 - 346.","Dey, A. & Chaudhuri, P. S. (2014) Earthworm community structure of pineapple (Ananas comosus) plantations under monoculture and mixed culture in West Tripura, India. Tropical Ecology, 55, 1 - 17.","Michaelsen, W. (1909) The Oligochaeta of India, Nepal, Ceylon, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 1, 103 - 253.","Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354."]}

99. Perionyx horai Stephenson, 1924 Perionyx horai Stephenson, 1924b: 342. T. Cantonment Hill Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India. D. Meghalaya: Cherrapunji (Gates 1960), Domkseh village (Kharkongor 2018)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1924 b) On some Indian Oligochaeta, with a description of two new genera of Ocnerodrilinae. Records of the Indian Museum, 26, 317 - 365.","Gates, G. E. (1960) On Burmese earthworms of the family Megascolecidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 123 (6), 201 - 282.","Kharkongor, I. J. (2018) Taxonomic and ecological studies on the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 118, 56 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 118 / i 1 / 2018 / 123034"]}

120. Perionyx vidakensis Julka, 1981 Perionyx vidakensis Julka, 1981: 27. T. Vidak, district Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Rui (Julka 1981), Kabak (Julka 1981)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

96. Perionyx gravelyi Stephenson, 1917 Perionyx gravelyi Stephenson, 1917: 378. T. Pashok, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Ayumuring (Julka 1981), Lingpo (Julka 1981), Kolang (Julka 1981), Parsipala (Julka 1981), Rui (Julka 1981), Vidak (Julka 1981). West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1917) On a collection of Oligochaeta from various parts of India and further India. Records of the Indian Museum, 13, 353 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5865","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

105. Perionyx modestus Stephenson, 1922 Perionyx modestus Stephenson, 1922: 435. T. Cherrapunji, district East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Lingpo (Julka 1981), Yame (Julka 1981), Parsipala (Julka 1981), Richik (Julka 1981), 3 km E of Richik (Julka 1981), ca. 4 km NW of Tali (Julka 1981), Rui (Julka 1981), Chowkham (Julka 1976). Meghalaya: Umsing (Julka 1977), Mawphlang (Julka 1977; Halder 1999b), Sarching (Halder 1999b), Barangapara (Halder 1999b), Tura (Halder 1999b), Rongreng Chidekgre (Halder 1999b), Williamnagar (Halder 1999b), Dumpep (Gates 1960)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1922) Some earthworms from Kashmir, Bombay, and other parts of India. Records of the Indian Museum, 24, 427 - 443.","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53.","Julka, J. M. (1976) Studies on the earthworms collected during the Daphabum Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 69, 229 - 239.","Halder, K. R. (1999 b) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 4. Fauna of Meghalaya. Part 9. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 393 - 439.","Gates, G. E. (1960) On Burmese earthworms of the family Megascolecidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 123 (6), 201 - 282."]}

The seaweeds, Gracilaria edulis, Turbinaria ornata and Ulva reticulata collected from Mandapam East Coast region of Tamil Nadu, India has been subjected to vermicomposting in combination with cowdung (CD) in 1:1 combination for 60 days under laboratory conditions. The percentage decomposition was ranged between 83.70 and 87.00 in the vermicompost of seaweed + CD combinations while it was 30.71 and 35.12% in worm-unworked compost where the decomposition rate of substrates with earthworms is significantly (P

As the epigeic earthworms are known to be efcient and potential biodegrades and nutrient releasers, tolerant to wide range of ecological disturbances, aids in litter communication and efcient decomposers. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to nd out the inuence of various organic wastes (such as False Ashoka waste-FAW (Polyalthia longifolia), Parthenium wastePW (Parthenium hysterophorus), Cotton residue waste-CRW (Gossypium), Lawn grass waste-LGW (Agrostis) and Cattle manure-CM) on the production of worm biomass and vermicompost by the epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus along with control compost experiments without worms (in triplicates) to know the potentiality of this worm species in processing of various organic wastes for the production of worm biomass as vermiprotein and vermicompost as biofertilizer. Both compost and vermicompost experimental pots were terminated after 35 and 70 days time intervals. Observations were made with respect to number of old and new adult worms, new sub-clitellates, juveniles, cocoons with their weight were noted to determine the total worm biomass (Gross biomass), biomass ratio (WBR) and Fold Increase in Worm Number (FIWN). Percent compost and vermicompost produced out of different organic waste were also calculated at the end of each experiment at35 and 70 days. The results of the present study revealed that the biomass of Perionyx excavatus such as Gross worm biomass (GWB), Worm biomass ratio (WBR) and Fold increase in worm number (FIWN) increased from 35days to 70 days time intervals in all the organic wastes (FAW, PW, CRW, LGW and CM). It was maximum in CM and minimum in FAW among all the organic wastes. There is a signicant variation was noticed in worm biomass production (GWB, WBR, and FIWN) among and between all the organic wastes except between few organic wastes at 35 and 70 days time intervals. The vermicompost production was more as compared to normal compost in all the organic wastes. Further, both compost and vermicompost production were more in CM followed by LGW, CRW, PW and minimum in FAW among all organic wastes. The signicant difference was also observed in the production of compost and vermicompost among and between different organic wastes except between few organic wastes at different time intervals. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus is an efcient epigeic earthworm species, effectively used in vermicomposting for the production of vermicompost and as well as in vermifarming in the production of worm biomass as vermiprotein. Further, earthworm biomass, compost and vermicompost production primarily depends on nature of organic wastes and secondly on the potentiality of earthworm species used in the experimental studies.

119. Perionyx variegatus (Michaelsen, 1907) Perionychella variegata Michaelsen, 1907: 158. T. Phallut, district Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Sinkie River near Police Colony Itanagar (Halder et al. 2007). Sikkim : Nathang (Soota & Halder 1981). West Bengal ., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. (1907) Neue Oligochaeten von Vorder-Indien, Ceylon, Birma, und den Andaman-Inseln. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, Hamburg, 24 (2), 143 - 188.","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93.","Soota, T. D. & Halder, K. R. (1981) On some earthworms from eastern Himalayas. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 79, 231 - 234."]}

The present study demonstrates the vermistabilization of paper mill wastewater sludge (PMS) spiked with cow dung (CD) employing indigenous epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus Perrier. A total of six treatments were prepared along with a positive control (PC) and negative control (NC). Twenty earthworms were released into each treatment including PC and NC without earthworms. The different proportions viz., T1 (CD – 100%), T2 (PMS:CD – 1:3), T3 (PMS:CD – 1:2), T4 (PMS:CD – 1:1), T5 (PMS:CD – 3:1), T6 (PMS:CD – 2:1), PC (PMS – 100%) and NC (PMS – 100%) and changes in chemical parameters and microbial properties were recorded during the course of 60 days. Vermistabilization caused a significant decrease in the level of heavy metals: Cd (2.9–27.8%), Cu (0.22–42.3%), Pb (1.3–56.3%) and Cr (0.8–46.2%). The bioconcentration factor (BCFs) was also calculated and great amount of heavy metals accumulated in their body (mg kg−1) that ranged from 0.31 ± 0.003–0.45 ± 0.007 for Cd, 0.12 ± 0.005–0.24 ± 0.003 for Cu, 0.15 ± 0.005–0.31 ± 0.006 for Pb and 0.29 ± 0.007–0.56 ± 0.001 mg kg−1 for Cr, accumulation of heavy metals are in the order: Cr > Cd > Pb > Cu. The physicochemical parameters of earthworm treated substrate such as electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were significantly increased; whereas, pH, total organic carbon, C:N ratio (carbon: nitrogen) and C:P ratio (carbon: phosphorus) were reduced after 60 days of vermistabilization. The vermistabilized materials also had a higher population of bacteria (98.90 ± 0.30 CFU × 106 g−1), fungi (43.75 ± 0.55 CFU × 103 g−1) and actinomycetes (67.65 ± 0.45 CFU × 105 g−1) than initial mixtures. Moreover, several histopathological changes were observed in earthworm tissues viz., disintegration of cells, irregular surface of epidermis, cellular debris, irregular cellular compartmentation, and oval-shaped nucleus. Higher level of histopathological abnormalities was recorded in PC (PMS-100%) while none were detected in lower concentrations of PMS. Furthermore, the study concludes that the paper mill sludge in a mixture of cow dung (1:1 ratio) can be a useful proposition for utilizing this hazardous waste through the adoption of vermitechnology.

Carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio influences substrate combinations and earthworm performance in vermicomposting systems. To elucidate these factor effects, a comparative evaluation of species, C/N ratio combined with feed rate, was conducted on three local earthworm species: Perionyx excavatus, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Dichogaster annae. Earthworms were stocked at similar densities and fed shredded paper (SP), cattle manure (CM), and lawn clippings (LC) combined to form C/N ratios of 28, 36, and 53. Earthworms were fed at rates of 1, 1.25, and 2 g feed (dry wt.)/g worm/day for a period of 8 weeks. Percent vermiconversion, earthworm adult and juvenile biomass, and vermicast quality were measured. Vermicast production was significantly affected by the combination of C/N ratio and feed rate and varied among species. All treatment combinations resulted in > 70% conversion, except E. eugenaie fed at the medium rate. Vermiconversion increased for P. excavatus and D. annae with increasing C/N ratio but decreased with increasing the feed rate. Vermicast EC, pH, and C/N ratio was strongly affected by species, relative to other experimental factors. D. annae showed the greatest change in biomass, which peaked at the highest feed rate and lowest C/N ratio. Average adult biomass decreased for P. excavatus with increasing feed rate, while differences were nonsignificant for E. eugenaie and D. annae. Significant increases in average juvenile biomass were only evident for D. annae in response to increasing feed rates. Feed rate had a greater influence on earthworm population dynamics and vermicast quality compared to initial feedstock C/N ratio.

The earthworm Perionyx excavatus is a species highly capable of bidirectional regeneration. Pair-rule genes are thought to have an ancestral function in arthropod segmentation. However, orthologs in annelids (i.e. Capitella teleta) do not exhibit segmental expression in the ectoderm or mesoderm. Their role in regeneration is currently unclear. Here, we report the expression profile of primary pair-rule genes (Pex-EvxA, Pex-EvxB, Pex-RuntA, Pex-RuntB, Pex-Hes1A, Pex-Hes1B, Pex-Hes4A, and Pex-Hey) found in P. excavatus using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Our results indicated these genes showed variable expression during bidirectional regeneration. Six of these genes might play diverse and potentially critical roles in head and/or tail regeneration.

Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) is widely used in various industrial processes and has been detected in all environmental matrices. So far, little work has been done regarding the metabolism of TBP on terrestrial invertebrates. We investigated the metabolism of TBP in the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus, after acute exposure to TBP for one and two days in filter paper contact test, as well as after chronic exposure for 28 days in soil experiment. Biotransformation products were identified by using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and by exploiting the information dependent acquisition in tandem mass spectrometry. TBP exhibited low accumulation in earthworm-soil ecosystem at 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. The presence of earthworms significantly enhanced TBP degradation at 50 mg/kg in soil. Dibutyl phosphate and hydroxylated TBP were the major phase I metabolites. Three novel phase II metabolites were identified: ethanol dibutyl phosphate and its sulfate conjugate, and the phosphate conjugate of hydroxylated TBP. Hydroxylation and further phosphorylation dominated metabolism in chronic exposure. An extensive metabolic pathway of TBP in earthworm was proposed. This is the first report of TBP metabolism in terrestrial invertebrates and highlights the necessity to identify metabolites of contaminants when evaluating their bioaccumulation and toxicity.

In this study, an analysis of organic fertilizer of an agro-waste (Sesame straw) plus cow dung was carried out using an epigeic earthworm species Eisenia fetida and Perionyx sansibaricus. Sesame straw is abundantly produced after each harvesting of the crop in Kharif season in arid region of tropical India. The compost produced in presence and absence of earthworm exhibit significant (P0.05) changes in physicochemical properties respectively. In control bedding, the values of water holding capacity enhanced significantly (P

The present study is incorporated with agrowaste management and biofertilizer production in tropical India. For this, an exotic earthworm species Eisenia fetida and a local species Perionyx sansibaricus were used to decompose cumin straw and cow dung and evaluated vermicomposting efficacy. Physicochemical parameters of the vermibed such as pH, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, organic carbon, C/N ratio, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were evaluated in the vermicompost. The values of all the above physicochemical parameters of E. fetida worked bedding material varied significantly (PPerionyx sansibaricus also varied significantly (PE. fetida was better than P. sansibaricus for cumin plus cow dung bedding. Though E. fetida is better agrowaste converter but both the earthworm species may be used for organic waste management in desert region. It may provide the support in the form of biofertilizer to enhance the organic farming in region of the Thar Desert.

Biological and behavioral responses of the tropical earthworm Perionyx excavatus towards different concentrations of abamectin were evaluated. Abamectin significantly reduced the biomass and reproduction (cocoon production) of P. excavatus as well as inducing histopathological alterations in the cuticle. Biomass loss was recorded in P. excavatus exposed to abamectin at a concentration as low as 0.1 mg active ingredient (a.i.) kg−1, while atrophy, another physiological response, was observed at an abamectin concentration of 0.21 μg cm−2 in a filter paper test. Cocoon production was significantly reduced in the presence of abamectin, and no cocoons were produced at doses of 20 mg a.i. kg−1 or higher, while abamectin at 50 mg a.i. kg−1 induced extreme pathology, characterized by the loss of the integrity of the whole body wall and intestine of P. excavatus. Histopathological alterations can be used as a biomarker to evaluate the toxicological impact of exposure to abamectin.

Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is used as a major supplement in culturing animal cells under in vitro conditions. Due to ethical concern, high cost, biosafety, and geographical as well as batchwise result variations, it is important to reduce or replace the use of FBS in animal cell culture. The major objective of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of heat-inactivated coelomic fluid (HI-CF) of the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus as a possible alternative for FBS in animal cell culture experiments. The coelomic fluid (CF) was extruded from the earthworm using electric shock method and used for the experiments. Electric shock method is a simple non-invasive technique, which has no harmful effect on earthworms. Mouse primary fibroblast and HeLa cell lines were used in this study. Among HI-CF, autoclaved CF and crude CF, the supplement of medium with HI-CF shows positive results. The processed HI-CF (90°C for 5 min) at 10% supplement in cell culture medium promote maximum cell growth but cells need the initial support of FBS for the attachment to the culture flask. Microscopic observation and immunofluorescence assay with actin and lamin A confirm that the cellular and molecular morphology of the cells is maintained intact. The HI-CF of earthworm, P. excavatus has shown better cellular viability when compared with FBS and making it possible as an alternative supplement to minimize the use of FBS.