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This article explores the effect on assessment of ‘translating’ paper and pencil test items into their computer equivalents. Computer versions of a set of mathematics questions derived from the paper-based end of key stage 2 and 3 assessments in England were administered to age appropriate pupil samples, and the outcomes compared. Although in most cases the change to the different medium seems to make little difference, for some items the affordances of the computer profoundly affect how the question is attempted, and therefore what is being assessed when the item is used in a test. These differences are considered in terms of validity and legitimacy, that is whether the means used to answer a question in a particular medium are appropriate to the assessment intention. The conclusion is not only that translating paper and pencil items into the computer format sometimes undermines their validity as assessments, it is also that some paper and pencil items are less valid as assessments than their computer equivalents would be.

Generalized eigenvector plays an essential role in the signal processing field. In this paper, we present a novel neural network learning algorithm for estimating the generalized eigenvector of a Hermitian matrix pencil. Differently from some traditional algorithms, which need to select the proper values of learning rates before using, the proposed algorithm does not need a learning rate and is very suitable for real applications. Through analyzing all of the equilibrium points, it is proven that if and only if the weight vector of the neural network is equal to the generalized eigenvector corresponding to the largest generalized eigenvalue of a Hermitian matrix pencil, the proposed algorithm reaches to convergence status. By using the deterministic discrete-time method, some convergence conditions, which can be satisfied with probability 1, are also obtained to guarantee its convergence. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has a fast convergence speed and good numerical stability. The real application demonstrates its effectiveness in tracking the optimal vector of beamforming.

In comparison with individual testing, group testing (also known as pooled testing) is more efficient in reducing the number of tests and potentially leading to tremendous cost reduction. As indicated in the recent article posted on the US FDA website, the group testing approach for COVID-19 has received a lot of interest lately. There are two key elements in a group testing technique: (i) the pooling matrix that directs samples to be pooled into groups, and (ii) the decoding algorithm that uses the group test results to reconstruct the status of each sample. In this paper, we propose a new family of pooling matrices from packing the pencil of lines (PPoL) in a finite projective plane. We compare their performance with various pooling matrices proposed in the literature, including 2D-pooling, P-BEST, and Tapestry, using the two-stage definite defectives (DD) decoding algorithm. By conducting extensive simulations for a range of prevalence rates up to 5%, our numerical results show that there is no pooling matrix with the lowest relative cost in the whole range of the prevalence rates. To optimize the performance, one should choose the right pooling matrix, depending on the prevalence rate. The family of PPoL matrices can dynamically adjust their column weights according to the prevalence rates and could be a better alternative than using a fixed pooling matrix.

Since Saul Kripke’s and Hilary Putnam’s groundbreaking work in the Seventies, the idea has emerged that natural kind terms are semantically special among common nouns. Stephen P. Schwartz, for example, has argued that an artifactual kind term like “pencil” functions very differently from a natural kind term like “tiger.” This, however, blatantly violates a principle that I call Semantic Uniformity. In this paper, I defend the principle. In particular, I outline a picture of how natural kind terms function based on Kripke’s and Putnam’s considerations, and I use it to rebut Schwartz’s arguments, showing that if it works for natural kind terms, it can work for artifactual kind terms too (and, arguably, for common nouns in general), or at least that Schwartz did not provide good enough reasons to the contrary.

We examined the effects of drawing on correct and false recognition within the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm. In Experiment 1, we compared drawing of a word’s referent using either a standard black pencil or coloured pencils relative to a read-only control group. Relative to reading, drawing in either black or coloured pencil similarly boosted correct recognition and reduced false recognition. Signal-detection analyses indicated that drawing reduced the amount of encoded memory information for critical lures and increased monitoring, indicating that both processes contributed to the false recognition reduction. Experiment 2 compared drawing of individual images of DRM list items relative to drawing integrated images using sets of DRM list items. False recognition was lower for drawing of individual images relative to integrated images—a pattern that reflected a decrease in encoded memory information but not monitoring. Therefore, drawing individual images improves memory accuracy in the DRM paradigm relative to a standard read-control task and an integrated-drawing task, which we argue is due to the recruitment of item-specific processing.

Nineteenth-century print media provided a set of metaphors with which American unbelievers began to articulate an understanding of religious infidelity as something permanent. Ink, paper, pencil, a...

In this paper we consider and solve the General Matrix Pencil Completion Problem (GMPCP) under single rank restrictions. These constraints are less limiting than any other restrictions on the GMPCP...

The Wiman–Edge pencil is a pencil of genus 6 curves for which the generic member has automorphism group the alternating group [Formula: see text]. There is a unique smooth member, the Wiman sextic, with automorphism group the symmetric group [Formula: see text]. Farb and Looijenga proved that the monodromy of the Wiman–Edge pencil is commensurable with the Hilbert modular group [Formula: see text]. In this note, we give a complete description of the monodromy by congruence conditions modulo 4 and 5. The congruence condition modulo 4 is new, and this answers a question of Farb–Looijenga. We also show that the smooth resolution of the Baily–Borel compactification of the locally symmetric manifold associated with the monodromy is a projective surface of general type. Lastly, we give new information about the image of the period map for the pencil.

Conventional exams or manual exams were implemented decades ago and are still used today. This type of test uses a writing instrument as a test medium, namely the test is carried out in the form of general stationery such as paper, pencil, and pen, the questions and answers to the test are written by hand. One way to assess the success of the teaching process in schools is to carry out exams. In the implementation of the exam at MTS Nurul Iman, he used a computer answer sheet as an entry. Meanwhile, schools are required to have certain scanners that are expensive to correct computer answer sheets. Another alternative that can be done by schools is to manually correct computer answer sheets, but this makes a lot of time wasted, and can cause errors in correcting and slow work productivity. From the problems that have been described, to detect the computer answer sheet, a method is needed. Through this research, it is hoped that a method can be developed that automatically detects the answer choices on the computer answer sheet, so that more accurate and faster results are obtained. Based on the problems of this study, the researchers used the OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) method to detect computer answer sheets automatically. From the test results, it can be concluded that the accuracy of detection of computer answer sheets using OMR is 97%.

The lack of information regarding exercise program assessment tools during the COVID-19 pandemic was the main gap in this research. The purpose of this study was to investigate lecturers' perceptions of computer-based and paper pencil-based performance to assess sports training programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, a combination of quantitative and qualitative (mixed) is used as a method. Participants in this study were male and female lecturers from Jakarta State University (N=15) and Sriwijaya University (N=10). Quantitative instruments use questionnaires and qualitative instruments use in-depth interviews with participants. Quantitative data analysis use the IBM SPSS version 25.0 to find descriptive data, namely mean, standard deviation and percentage of responses from participation. Meanwhile, qualitative data analysis use qualitative thematic data. The results of the study based on quantitative data found that the majority of lecturers strongly agreed to use computer-based instead of paper pencil-based to assess sports training programs. Meanwhile, research results based on qualitative data show that most lecturers favour computer-based over paper pencil-based during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, computer-based has better performance and advantages than paper pencil-based when used in the pandemic era. This research provides benefits for the development of science assessment tools in the field of sports. © 2021 by authors, all rights reserved.

We investigate the problem of classifying pencils of plane curves of degree d up to projective equivalence. We obtain explicit stability criteria in terms of the log canonical threshold by relating the stability of a pencil to the stability of the curves lying on it.

In World War I, the British Army implemented daily record keeping throughout its organization. Despite being crucial to the army’s operational effectiveness and essential for historiography, the history of Unit War Diaries as mediated artefacts has been largely overlooked. This article investigates the interplay of culture, institutional practices and hitherto unnoticed technologies of writing involved in the mediation of operational record keeping. It reveals Unit War Diaries as not just containers or conduits in the army’s practices of Information Management but as the nexus of tensions between bureaucracy, technologies and individuals that have shaped the understanding of warfare.

The article describes methods of achieving painterly qualities while drawing with soft materials, which include: 1) creation of a polychrome image effect using an extremely limited color palette (white, black and red chalk (sanguine)); 2) thorough work on a multi-layer charcoal drawing employing techniques similar to those of multi-layer watercolor, oil and pastel painting, as well as papier-pelle drawing. The study was first conducted by analyzing drawing manuals, catalogs of manufacturers and suppliers of art materials from France, Great Britain, Germany, USA and Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. What is more, the author of the article assembled a collection of antique tools and materials for drawing with charcoal, black chalk or crayon, stumping chalk (pulverized charcoal), sanguine and white chalk, the use of which was widespread in the aforementioned period. The annex to the article provides photographs of the described instruments and materials accompanied by the aggregate data from art manuals, catalogs and price lists of drawing material suppliers from London, Paris, New York, St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kazan, published over a period from 1851 to 1913. The drawing tradition of the second half of the 19th century is among one of the most complex and challenging in the entire history of graphics, as it peculiarly combines in itself a variety of instruments and delicate thoroughness of techniques. As a result of the research, the author was able to expand and complement the existing knowledge about graphic techniques, which allows for teaching academic drawing and studying the history of drawing by applying new data and unique illustrative material.

In A History of Art History, Christopher S. Wood reprises, with a keenly sharpened pencil, the diagnosis of a discipline in crisis made by his early mentor Hans Belting in The End of the History of...

The use of online learning and subsequent online testing has expanded rapidly in pharmacy programs across the United States. Numerous published studies have compared online learning with traditional methods in pharmacy. However, no such studies have been published in pharmacy. This study's objective is to compare first-professional year student preferences for computer-based vs. traditional paper-and-pencil testing for a required social and administrative pharmacy class.All students enrolled in the class were invited to complete one brief survey at the end of the semester to determine their testing preference.Of the 138 first-professional year students completing the survey, 79% (109 of 138) preferred computer-based testing, 9% had no preference, 6% (8 of 138) preferred paper-and-pencil testing, and the remainder (8 of 138) stated it depended on what was being tested. Ninety-one percent of students did not perceive the testing method to impact their grades. Students preferred computer-based testing over traditional paper-and-pencil as a convenient testing method (mean 4.73 vs. 3.4, P.001), providing immediate feedback (mean 4.87 vs. 1.91, P.001), and as a more effective testing method (mean 4.57 vs. 3.96, P.001).First-professional year students preferred computer-based over traditional paper-and-pencil testing for a social and administrative science class, with the method of testing not perceived to impact grade. This finding is timely, given the recent required transitioning of all pharmacy classes and subsequent testing to an online format due to the coronavirus disease of 2019 pandemic.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of mLearning or mobile device practice on the attention and accuracy of student's use of math concepts, specifically, telling time. A single subject, alternating treatment design was used to compare mLearning to paper and pencil practice in four 3rd grade male students. Results were mixed; two children were observed to be more on-task during the mLearning practice, and two children were observed to perform similarly across both conditions. Additionally, two children performed similarly on correctly completed problems across both conditions, and two children performed better using paper and pencil practice. All students completed more math problems during the paper and pencil practice.

The problem on normal TE-waves in an inhomogeneous partially shielded dielectric layer is reduced to eigenvalue problem for the component of the electromagnetic field in Sobolev space. We formulate the definition of solution using variational relation. The variational problem is reduced to the study of an operator pencil. We investigate properties of the operators of the pencil for the analysis of its spectral properties. We prove theorem of discrete spectrum and theorem of localization of eigenvalues of the operator pencil on complex plane. The main result of the paper is the proof of double completeness of eigen- and associated vectors of the pencil in Sobolev space, which leads to existence of infinitely many waves in the waveguiding structure.

As imaging devices have been rapidly developed, it is very convenient to obtain natural images at all times and places. As a step further, generating the visual effect of artistic paintings from natural images has become an attractive image processing task, such as pencil drawing generation. However, current pencil drawing generation methods mainly concentrate on simulating the pencil-drawing patterns, while neglecting the complex illumination variations of an image. Therefore, various unsatisfying effects can be inevitably introduced, in turn weakening the quality of the generated pencil drawing patterns. To address this problem, we present a novel pencil drawing generation method based on Retinex decomposition. A mixed-norm Retinex image decomposition model is firstly proposed, which decomposes an image into an illumination layer and a reflectance layer. Then, with the obtained layers, the pencil line layer and tone layer are produced based on our simple but effective models, respectively. In experiments, the results show that our method consistently generates high-quality pencil drawing patterns from images with different illumination conditions. For example, as for the images with low light or back light, our method still ensures the visual quality of the obtained pencil drawings.

Pencil drawing is recognized as a typical non-photorealistic visual art form. It is attractive to automatically generate high-quality pencil drawings from real-world photographs. Traditional model-based methods are highlighted in their interpretability, but are limited in modeling scene semantics, leading to weak sketch lines or limited pencil tone rendering effects. To address this issue, we propose a novel pencil drawing generation method via explicitly leveraging image semantic information. Specifically, the sketch lines generated from the weak boundaries can be boosted by fusing the segmented boundaries. In addition, the segmentation mask provides the spatial guidance for diversifying the tone shading effects. By combining the enhanced pencil drawing patterns, the visual quality of the generated pencil drawings can be therefore strengthened. We conduct several experiments to validate the effectiveness of our method, including ablation studies and comparison with other methods, in which promising results can be obtained.

We examined the influence of prior expectations on 4- to 10-year-olds' and adults' preferences and emotions following an undesirable outcome (N = 205; 49% female, 51% male; 6% Asian, 1% Black, 13% Hispanic/Latino [non-White], 57% White, 18% multiracial, and 5% another race/ethnicity; 75% with a college-educated parent). Participants attempted to win a chance game with multiple prizes; the worst prize being a pencil. The game was rigged so that half of the participants lost, and the other half won. Regardless of the game outcome, everyone received a pencil. For winning participants (high-expectation condition), the pencil was worse than the prize they expected; whereas for losing participants (low-expectation condition), the pencil was better than the "nothing" they expected. Participants rated how much they liked and felt about the pencil preoutcome, postoutcome, when imagining having held an alternative prior expectation, and after learning that everyone received a pencil. Results showed that 6- to 10-year-olds and adults with low (vs. high) expectations liked the pencil more, with emotion ratings trending in the same direction. Prior expectations did not influence younger children's affective experiences. More participants with low (vs. high) expectations also expressed a positive outlook about the pencil, which increased with age and correlated with higher postoutcome emotions. More adults than children explained emotions as caused by thoughts, and only adults consistently reasoned that their preferences and emotions would have differed had they held alternative prior expectations. Once knowing that everyone received a pencil, 6- to 10-year-olds and adults liked the pencil more and felt better. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This review paper is devoted to the description of the results of N.D. Kopachevsky and S. Krein (form 1964 till nowadays) related to spectral properties of strong dissipative hydrodynamical systems and corresponding operator-differential equations. Such spectral problems usually lead to eigenvalue problem for the so-called operator pencil of S. Krein with some possible modifications. We provide some abstract results for differential equations in Hilbert space, consider a number of problems on normal motions of a heavy viscous liquid under the different additional physical conditions, enumerate properties of the classical pencil of S. Krein and its modifications.

The G-pencil law under the G-Lindeberg condition for a random matrix is proven.

The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have been carried out in over 90 countries since 1984, as interviewer administered household surveys conducted initially by paper and pencil interviews (PAPI). Computer assisted personal interviews (CAPI) were introduced in the 2004 Peru DHS, and since then numerous countries have also switched. However, DHS randomized mode comparisons have been limited. The 2018 Sixth Turkey DHS was conducted using CAPI but allocated one household from 21 in each of 754 clusters to PAPI. This analysis examines a wide range of potential differences between modes: interviewer attitudes toward modes; response rates, underreporting and misreporting of persons or events, number of selections to “check all that applies” questions, respondents' attitudes towards modes reflected by responses to sensitive questions, satisficing behavior such as age heaping, straight-line response patterns, and use of don’t know options; and some operational aspects of modes such as retrospective monthly contraceptive prevalence rates, presence of others during interview, and interview length. Findings show that, despite strong interviewer CAPI preference, CAPI and PAPI were on average almost identical in terms of responses. CAPI took 11 min less (total duration of 33 min). Analysis of retrospective monthly contraception use indicated potential underreporting by CAPI for past use, an issue highlighted before in DHS literature. Overall, the switch to computer technology in DHS surveys does not appear to change estimates or levels of nonsampling errors, although some differences with respect to PAPI mode may need DHS designer attention.

In this work, we study an inverse nodal problem for a differential pencil with boundary condition depends on eigenparameter. We show that there exists a solution of the problem that satisfied the c...

At present, research is underway to develop a theoretical and methodological basis for teaching the science of calligraphy, a new scientifically based way, form, content and methods, and it is a topical issue. The process of drawing a human body is done step by step. Of course, academic drawing operations are used. It is revealed through the transition from simple to complex.

In this work we study and provide a full description, up to a finite index subgroup, of the dynamics of solvable complex Kleinian subgroups of $$\text {PSL}\left( 3,\mathbb {C}\right) $$ . These groups have simple dynamics, contrary to strongly irreducible groups. Because of this, we propose to define elementary subgroups of $$\text {PSL}\left( 3,\mathbb {C}\right) $$ as solvable groups. We show that triangular groups can be decomposed in four layers, via the semi-direct product of four types of elements, with parabolic elements in the inner most layers and loxodromic elements in the outer layers. It is also shown that solvable groups, up to a finite index subgroup, act properly and discontinuously on the complement of either a line, two lines, a line and a point outside of the line, or a pencil of lines passing through a point. These results are another step towards the completion of the study of elementary subgroups of $$\text {PSL}\left( 3,\mathbb {C}\right) $$ .

We give new proofs of several known results about perturbations of matrix pencils. In particular, we give a direct and constructive proof of Andrzej Pokrzywa's theorem (1983), in which the closure of the orbit of each Kronecker canonical matrix pencil is described in terms of inequalities for invariants of matrix pencils. A more abstract description is given by Klaus Bongartz (1996) by methods of representation theory. We formulate and prove Pokrzywa's theorem in terms of successive replacements of direct summands in a Kronecker canonical pencil. First we show that it is sufficient to prove Pokrzywa's theorem in two cases: for matrices under similarity and for each matrix pencil P − λ Q that is a direct sum of two indecomposable pencils. Then we calculate the Kronecker canonical form of pencils that are close to P − λ Q . In fact, the Kronecker canonical form is calculated for only those pencils that belong to a miniversal deformation of P − λ Q . This is sufficient since all pencils in a neighborhood of P − λ Q are reduced to them by a smooth strict equivalence transformation.

Human figure drawing is undertaken and ultimately used for a number of purposes. Artists use it to continually sharpen their skills in order to apply it in the execution of their work in artistic disciplines that pertain to self-expression. Students and other groups as well as individuals embark on human figure drawing in order to acquire and horn their skills for purposes of artistic development that is then applied ultimately to their respective artistic endeavours. However, the drawing and acquisition of skills is a process and people render their human figure drawings to different levels of success and finesse at any given stage. In this process, one draws human figures using certain prescribed guidelines. It is expected that as one works within this process, particularly in a formal learning environment like studio-based work, following these guidelines become essential and helpful in attaining a proportional and accurate human figure drawing. In analysing the featured work executed on toned paper, this paper seeks to determine the extent to which the artist applies the basic tenets of human figure drawing and whether the drawings themselves attain this threshold. The analytical framework includes the depiction of correct proportions, the study of gestures, the suggestion of movement and application of value. Within the development of personal style, the artist specifically explores the effect of charcoal pencil on toned paper as his medium of choice. His methodology includes the application of a variety of tones and the use of focused illumination upon pertinent areas in the drawings to create deliberate effects that highlight the drawings, enhance gestures, suggest movement and add dynamism to the drawings. The drawings include photograph referenced male and female figures as well as separate studies of hands and feet

We consider the problem of extracting a few desired eigenpairs of the buckling eigenvalue problem $Kx = \lambda K_Gx$, where $K$ is symmetric positive semi-definite, $K_G$ is symmetric indefinite, and the pencil $K - \lambda K_G$ is singular, namely, $K$ and $K_G$ share a non-trivial common nullspace. Moreover, in practical buckling analysis of structures, bases for the nullspace of $K$ and the common nullspace of $K$ and $K_G$ are available. There are two open issues for developing an industrial strength shift-invert Lanczos method: (1) the shift-invert operator $(K - \sigma K_G)^{-1}$ does not exist or is extremely ill-conditioned, and (2) the use of the semi-inner product induced by $K$ drives the Lanczos vectors rapidly towards the nullspace of $K$, which leads to a rapid growth of the Lanczos vectors in norms and cause permanent loss of information and the failure of the method. In this paper, we address these two issues by proposing a generalized buckling spectral transformation of the singular pencil $K - \lambda K_G$ and a regularization of the inner product via a low-rank updating of the semi-positive definiteness of $K$. The efficacy of our approach is demonstrated by numerical examples, including one from industrial buckling analysis.

Students of Fine Art are introduced to drawing in their first year and human figure drawing in their second year. It is presumed that they have already had some element of earlier exposure in other levels of prior studies. The objective of human figure drawing or life drawing is to get the students to a level of applied skill where they can be able to draw and utilize their skill in other aspects of self-expression in other disciplines of Art. This is because life drawing is a fundamental requirement in all disciplines of art from basic sketching to detailed paintings. This paper examines selected work of students to determine the extent to which they are able to achieve this objective within the unit prescribed duration of one semester. The paper also seeks to determine whether the work produced meets the standard of drawing required at this level which then enables the students to subsequently embark on other units of drawing moving forward. This is critical since they are required to apply their life drawing skills in other units as a matter of routine individual expression. In this regard, if they are required to draw or paint an imaginative composition, they would be expected to depict human figures which not only fit within the composition and are well executed but also express the students’ ability to interpret themes and formulate subject matter. For the purpose of these exercises and in order to focus solely on the objectives of human figure composition and detailed development, the students were confined to the use of pencil for the layout, shading and detailing of their work. This is because pencil provides a wide range of manoeuvre for this kind of exercise. In this series of drawings, the students used one particular female model which provided them with the opportunity to visually interact with the individual model and be able to study and observe how the life model adjusts to various poses. This was designed to help draw inspiration as well as make the drawing exercises methodical, enjoyable and purposeful.

Abstract. This is the first study investigating the use of a web-based version of the Youth Self-Report (YSR) compared to paper-pencil (PP) assessment. Students aged 10–18 years were recruited from Austrian schools and either completed a PP ( N = 841) or a web-based ( N = 2,769) version. Psychometric properties and indicators of data quality were analyzed. Moreover, cost estimations for the web-based and PP assessments were given. Acceptable model fits (RMSEA

Using interval Taylor models (TM), we construct algorithms for the computer-assisted proof of the existence of periodic trajectories in systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Although TMs allow one to construct guaranteed estimates for families of solutions of systems of ODEs when integrating ODEs over large time intervals, the interval residual included in the TMs begins to grow exponentially and becomes the dominant part of the estimate of the solution pencil, making it practically unusable. To eliminate this deficiency, the creators of the TM—K. Makino and M. Berz—proposed the idea of so-called “shrink wrapping.” We formalize the original algorithm within the framework of the TM definitions we have adopted and propose our own version of the “shrink wrapping,” more accurately adapted to the problem of the computer-aided proof of the existence of periodic trajectories.

Background: Cognitive functions are mental series of activities that allow us to carry out any activity. The most important cognitive functions are orientation, attention, memory, executive functions, language, and visuospatial skills. Cognitive impairment is a prevalent consequence of stroke. The prognosis of stroke recovery can be estimated through the severity of cognitive impairment. The objective of this research work was to compare the changes in cognitive functions of post-stroke patients with the computerbased cognitive intervention (CBCI) using the PABLO system and conventional cognitive intervention (CCI) using the paper-pencil method. Methods: A total of 80 stroke patients with cognitive impairment were selected and divided into two groups. Group A received intervention through PABLO System (CBCI), and Group B received the cognitive intervention through the Paper Pencil method (CCI). Pre and post-assessment of cognitive functions like verbal fluency, language, orientation and attention, memory, visuospatial, and mini-mental state examination for both groups were done by Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination-revised (ACE-R) scale. Result: After the intervention of 4 weeks, patients of both groups showed improvement in cognitive functions. However, group A scored higher in comparison to group B. Conclusion: Data suggest that both the interventions will bring changes in cognitive functions of post-stroke patients, but CBCI may be much more effective in improving the cognitive functions of stroke patients.

In this paper, we are interested in deriving a non-intrusive numerical approach to construct nonlinear and linear parameter varying reduced order models from data. More specifically, based on data collected from a stable non-linear time-domain simulator or experimental bench, we show how we can infer either a reduced order nonlinear or a (quasi) linear parameter dependent model. The proposed approach is based on a very recent procedure called MII for Mixed Interpolation Inference, involving three steps: pencil method, interpolation and model inference. The complete process is illustrated on a polynomial nonlinear Duffing oscillator use-case showing how a reduced either nonlinear or linear parameter varying model can be obtained from time-domain raw data.

The automatic generation of pencil drawings from natural images has been a hot spot in the field of nonphotorealistic rendering in recent years and has attracted the attention of many scholars. Aiming at the characteristics of single line drawings generated by the existing pencil drawing algorithm and stiff lines, this paper proposes a new edge generation Gradlent Morphological Edge Detector (GMED) algorithm, which uses the generated edge convolution to generate pencil line drawings, making stylized pictures more natural. First, the gradient map of the input image is extracted according to the feature of the tone rate of change around the line at the boundary. Second, to make up for the shortcomings of too thin and discontinuous lines in the gradient map, morphological operations are performed on the gradient map and convolved to generate a hand-drawn pencil line drawing. Finally, texture filling and tone mapping are performed, and the resulting line drawing is fused to obtain the final pencil drawing effect. Compared with the existing pencil drawing algorithm, the proposed GMED edge generation method is applied to the line drawing generation process to generate a hand-drawn style, fine and concise line drawing, and the texture simulation process is simple and efficient, combined with histogram matching. In the process, a more suitable GML method is used, so that the final pencil drawing not only has natural lines but also colors closer to the input image.

In Indonesia, English is one of language which is learnt from elementary school University level. College students from Visual communication design program in first semester will get future tense material in English 1. In future tenses there 2 formulas which are used based on the functional of the sentence, and it is difficult for student in differentiating the formulas, Media has important role in teaching learning process. Comic strip is familiar for milenilal. Based on the background writer decide to design a comic strip as learning media. The designing of comic strip is aim to give new or alternative media in teaching learning process. This comic strip covers future tense material that includes “to be going to” and “will” form. This research used qualitative method. The results of this research is designing of a comic strip in 8 panels that is written in English and covered future tense material which give ilutration how the two formulas of future tenses are used. The typography is comic sans MS, the main characters are three girls of Senior High School student. Comic strip is made in tradiotional/ manual process by drawing use pencil then through digitally process for the finishing. The colour of the comic strip uses calm colours and are dominated grey according to senior high school uniform colour, in order to make the reader feel the comfortable. The conclusion shows comic strip could be an alternative media in learning process.

Geometry is an important field for life and need to be teaching as early as possible so that children’s understanding ability about space and shape can get better. Old learning geometry methode only using paper and pencil while now as techonologies growing up so fast, teacher and school start using technology as a media learning for geometry. By using technology, such as; virtual reality, dynamics geometry software, etc, children can more develop and explore their geometric ability and get to know more about geometry. Plus, children around age 5- years old usually learning something through concrete so that’s why we need techonology as a media to make geometric learning more realistic so that children can develop their cognitive ability, especially in geometry field. This is qualitative study and using literature study as a collecting data methode. So, the conclusion is that by using technology as a geometry learning media is really help for children aged 5-6 years old to get to more understand about geometry.

The current study tested the "beauty as currency" hypothesis in the framework of Objectification theory with a sample of Chinese young women. Four hundred and four college women completed a pencil-and-paper questionnaire. We hypothesized that beauty as currency would be associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery and career aspirations through the serial meditation of self-objectification and body surveillance. The results indicated that self-objectification and body surveillance mediated the relation between women's belief in beauty as currency and acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Body surveillance mediated the relationship between beauty as currency and career aspirations. These findings provide further evidence for the "beauty as currency" hypothesis, suggesting the feminine beauty ideology may lead to women's higher acceptance of cosmetic surgery and lower career aspirations via the self-objectifying process. Our study provides some implications for understanding the effect of women's ideologies on gender system change.

It is shown that Liouville foliations of the family of non-Euclidean analogs of Kovalevskaya integrable system on a pencil of Lie algebras have both compact and noncompact fibers. There exists a bifurcation of their compact common level surface into a noncompact one that has a noncompact singular fiber. In particular, this is true for the non-Euclidean $$e(2,1)$$ -analog of the Kovalevskaya case of rigid body dynamics. In the case of nonzero area integral, an effective criterion for existence of a noncompact connected component of the common level surface of first integrals and Casimir functions is proved.

Feeding all relevant inputs to a central solver is the obvious way to tackle a problem, but it's not always the only way. Decentralized methods that make do with only local communication and local computation are sometimes the best way. This episode of Drill Bits reviews an elegant protocol for self-organizing wireless networks that can also solve a seemingly impossible social networking problem. The protocol preserves privacy among participants and is so simple that it can be implemented with pencil, paper, and postcards. Example software implements both the decentralized protocol and a centralized solver.

The authors of this study conducted an exploratory study of the teaching and learning processes of a tutor and a student with a mild intellectual disability (MID) while working on two-step equations. The researchers focused on situations in which the participant was likely to struggle with memory and processing as well as the challenges of the mathematics tasks with which he was presented. The student benefitted from his own use of strategically organised work on pencil and paper as well as the teacher's use of gestures and strategically asked questions designed to promote his progress, yet not interfere with his critical thinking. While the student did experience some challenges, this study demonstrated a case in which a student with a MID solved and discussed two-step equations successfully.

The approach to abstract conjugation boundary-value problems developed in [18] is applied to one-domain and two-domain spectral conjugation problems. An operator pencil with self-adjoint operator coefficients acting in a Hilbert space and depending on two parameters arises; we study it in detail. Both possible cases (where one parameter is the spectral one, while the other one is fixed) are considered; we deduce the corresponding properties of the solutions. Also, we study the initial-value problems of mathematical physics generating conjugation problems. We obtain existence and uniqueness theorems for strong solutions valued in the correspondent Hilbert spaces.

We are concerned with the inverse spectral problem for a quadratic pencil operator. We show that one given spectrum is enough for its reconstruction in the case of one analytic potential. To do so ...

Teachers’ knowledge of proportional reasoning is important, particularly in the middle grades in the USA. This exploratory study investigated 32 teachers’ use of knowledge resources in two mathematically similar tasks (one a paper and pencil task, the other a dynamic task) around proportional reasoning. The two tasks invoked different knowledge resources by the same teachers. Results suggest questions to the field around how we access or invoke teacher knowledge and the need to more purposefully explore the potential benefits of using a dynamic task to invoke knowledge resources.

Comparative studies on paper and pencil– and computer-based tests principally focus on statistical analysis of students’ performances. In educational assessment, comparing students’ performance (in terms of right or wrong results) does not imply a comparison of problem-solving processes followed by students. In this paper, we present a theoretical tool for task analysis that allows us to highlight how students’ problem-solving processes could change in switching from paper to computer format and how these changes could be affected by the use of one environment rather than another. In particular, the aim of our study lies in identifying a set of indexes to highlight possible consequences that specific changes in task formulation have, in terms of task comparability. Therefore, we propose an example of the use of the tool for comparing paper-based and computer-based tasks.