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Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of orthodontic treatment and fixed retainers with gingival health. Design: observational study. Place of Study: This study was conducted at Dental unit of Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi Patient(s): The study comprised of 80 patients who came in dental clinic for routine dental examination between the time period of August 2017 to August 2018. Procedure: Plaque and gingival indices, gingival recession, probing depth, and bleeding on probing were measured at the anterior sextants. In the presence of fixed retainer, the distance was measured. It measured between the retainer and incised edge and to the cemento-enamel junction. Past orthodontic treatment and smoking habits were self-reported. By the presence or absence of fixed retainers, Post orthodontic patients were sorted. Main Outcome Measure(s): gingival health Result(s): The mean probing depth was 1.90 – 0.2 mm, and gingival recession was 0.06 – 0.02 mm; 20.8% of all sites exhibited bleeding on probing. Current smoking was reported by 20 (21.7%) patients. Labial gingival recession was significantly greater in treated (0.13 – 0.2 mm) patients compared to non-treated patients (0.05 – 0.2 mm; P = 0.03). Patients with fixed retainers Localized lingual gingival recession was significantly greater in teeth (0.09 – 0.2 mm) as compared to patient’s teeth with no fixed retainers (0.01 – 0.1 mm; P = 0.0002), as were plaque and gingival indices and bleeding on probing. A weak, positive correlation was showed by Plaque on the lingual/palatal aspect with lingual gingival recession (r = 0.16; P = 0.033). Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment is significantly associated in increased destruction of the periodontal structures. Key words: Gingival health, Orthodontic treatment, Periodontitis

T he world population reached seven billion in 2011, and global population of nine billion is expected by 2050. To sustain agricultural production of food, fiber, feed, and fuel for the world population, agriculture requires water and nutrient inputs, which can impair water resources by decreasing water quality and availability. Both are concerns in the agricultural region of the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) and specifically in the state of Arkansas, where production of rice, cotton, soybean, and poultry are critical to the state's economy. Water quality issues are related to excess nutrients running off of fields that subsequently influence local and regional water bodies (Carpenter et al. 1998). Water quantity issues are related to declines in groundwater caused by withdrawal rates that are greater than recharge rates. Conservation practices targeted at improving water resources and promoted through the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI) are supported by USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS) and include a component dedicated to monitoring the water resources impact of these practices. A statewide monitoring network designed to collect water quality and water quantity data was established in 2010 in Arkansas. The network is made up of approximately 30 monitoring sites on 12…