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The determination of biomass flows can assist on improving pasture fertilization techniques, contributing to identify the best management methods and, in relation the use of fertilizers. Nitrogen deficiency in pastures can reduce forage production. On the other hand, there is an environmental concern on nitrogen (N) losses when this nutrient is used in excess and this concern guides the search for new grazing systems that optimize its use. Leaf biomass flow, intensity and frequency of defoliation were evaluated in Alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) fertilized with Zero, 100, 200 or 300 kg/ha nitrogen (N) as urea. The grazing method was put and take stocking in order to keep the forage mass at 3,000 kg/ha DM. The experimental animals were Angus heifers with an initial age of 15 months and body weight of 241.5±5 kg. The experimental design was completely randomized following a repeated measure arrangement, with four treatments and variable number of experimental units. The highest growth of leaf blades was achieved with 100 kg/ha N. Senescence and intake flows and defoliation intensity were similar among the N levels used. The frequency of return to the same tiller (days) was influenced by N levels and evaluation periods. Our findings recommend the use of 100 kg/ha N in Alexandergrass pasture. A determinação dos fluxos de biomassa pode auxiliar no aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de adubação de pastagens, pois contribui para a identificação das melhores formas de manejo, que incluem o uso de fertilizantes. A deficiência de N em pastagens pode reduzir a produção de forragem. Por outro lado, existe uma preocupação ambiental relativa às perdas de nitrogênio (N) quando esse nutriente é utilizado em excesso e essa preocupação direciona a pesquisa para novos sistemas de pastejo que otimizem o uso deste nutriente. Os fluxos de biomassa foliar, a intensidade e frequência de desfolha foram avaliados quando o papuã (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) foi adubado com Zero, 100, 200 ou 300 kg/ha de nitrogênio (N), na forma de ureia. O método de pastejo foi contínuo com número variável de animais para manter a massa de forragem em 3000 kg/ha de MS. Os animais experimentais foram bezerras Angus com idade e peso corporal médio inicial de 15 meses e 241,5±5 kg, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, com quatro tratamentos e número variável de unidades experimentais. O uso de 100 kg/ha de N proporcionou maior fluxo de crescimento de lâminas foliares. Os fluxos de senescência e de consumo e a intensidade de desfolha foram similares nos níveis de N utilizados. A frequência de retorno dos animais ao mesmo perfilho (dias) foi influenciado pelos níveis de N e períodos de avaliação. É recomendada a utilização de 100 kg/ha de N em pastagem de papuã.

The present study evaluated the incorporation of 5, 7.5, and 10% of Riesling skin flour (RSF) and Tannat skin flour (TSF) as wheat flour replacement in muffins. The flour was evaluated for gluten content and Alveograph parameters. The finished products were evaluated for chemical composition and technological properties, and a sensory analysis was performed. All samples presented higher dietary fiber content than wheat flour, and this was mainly in the form of soluble dietary fiber. The inclusion of grape skin flour decreased the lightness of the flour and increased the lightness values (L*) of the muffin crumbs and crusts. The hardness of the muffins that incorporated RSF and TSF muffins increased as the percentage of the skin flour increased. There was a decrease in the cohesiveness value as the skin flour percentage increased. Consumers did not perceive the levels of substitution. The results of the sensory analysis indicated that grape skin can be added to the ingredients of muffins without ch...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of beef heifers exclusively fed alexander grass ( Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) or alexander grass and whole rice meal as supplement offered from Monday to Friday. The experimental design was completely randomized, with repeated measures over time, and consisted of two treatments and three replications of area. Heifers receiving whole rice meal exhibited higher average daily gain after day 42 of pasture use and a 21% higher body weight at the end of the grazing period. The stocking rate, weight gain per area, hip height, weight-height ratio, and body condition score were similar for heifers exclusively fed alexander grass and alexander grass plus rice bran. Beef heifers raised exclusively on alexander grass from 15 to 18 months of age reached adequate body development, reproductive tract score (4.22 points) and pelvic area (206.3 cm²) to be bred at 18-20 months of age.

Foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes frequências de suplementação sobre o uso da pastagem (fluxo de tecido foliar, intensidade e frequência de desfolhação) em papuã (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch). As bezerras de corte permaneceram exclusivamente em pastejo ou receberam grão inteiro de aveia durante sete ou cinco dias por semana (de segunda à sexta feira). A quantidade semanal de suplemento foi similar nas duas frequências. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, três tratamentos e duas repetições de área. Os fluxos de tecidos, a frequência e intensidade de desfolhação são similares quando as bezerras permanecem exclusivamente em pastejo ou recebem grão de aveia em diferentes frequências. The effects of several supplementation frequencies on forage use (leaf tissue flow, intensity and frequency of defoliation) in Alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) were evaluated. The heifers remained exclusively on pasture or received whole oat grain seven days/week or five days/week (Monday to Friday). The weekly amount of supplement was similar for both frequencies. The experimental design was completely randomized following a repeated measure arrangement, with three treatments and two area replications. Leaf tissue flow, frequency and intensity of defoliation are similar when heifers remain exclusively on Alexandergrass pasture or receive oat grain on different frequencies.

This study investigated the tiller dynamics of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) under low and high stocking rates. These rates were determined by heifers exclusively on pasture or grazing and supplemented with oats and corn grain. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measurements over time, with two stocking rates, three and six replications of area for low and high stocking rates, respectively. The appearance rate (1.0 tillers tiller -1 m -2 ), survival rate (0.8 tillers tiller -1 m -2 ), population stability index (1.6) and site occupation (0.3) were similar for high and low stocking rates. The tiller density was similar for different stocking rates. The first generation of tillers was 56% of the tiller population at end of the ryegrass cycle. The increase by 22.5% in the stocking rate derived from the use of supplements for grazing heifers did not alter the tiller dynamics of ryegrass.