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This study evaluates the toxicity of eight insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.). These include conventional and newer molecules which are being used on a large scale in six districts (Raichur, Kalaburagi, Bidar, Dharwad, Ballari, Bengaluru and Gangavathi) of north eastern Karnataka. The results revealed that the least LC50 value was observed in chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC (0.17- 0.39 ppm- 2014-15; 0.19-0.43 ppm- 2015-16; and 0.70-0.94 ppm- 2016-17. Maximum LC50 value was observed with chlorpyriphos 20%EC (35.16-41.08; 37.35-43.27; and 36.02- 41.94 ppm). The order of toxicity was chlorantraniliprole > emamectin benzoate > flubendiamide > spinosad > thiodicarb > methomyl > profenophos > chlorpyriphos. These results reveal that rotation of conventional insecticides along with the new insecticides might be more effective.

Introduction: Closed fractures of leg are common following RTA, which requires immobilization and leg elevation above heart level to reduce oedema formation and increase of compartment pressure leg elevation is routine in pre operative and post operative period to reduce intra compartment pressure whereas optimum height of elevation has not been standardized till now. Inadvertent elevation of leg decreases venous oedema whereas chances of muscle ischemia increases with prolonged and inappropriate elevation of leg. So determination of appropriate level of leg elevation above heart level by invasive method by white side’s method will help reduce muscle ischemia and discomfort to the patient. Purpose: To determine optimum height of leg elevation above heart level to reduce intra compartmental pressure.Methods: Patients at KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital with closed fractures of leg. Anterior compartment pressure measured with Whiteside’s invasive method .Patients were randomly divided into two groups Group A: 15 cm of leg elevation and Group B:30 cm of leg elevationResults: In this study 60 patients with closed fractures of tibia were selected for intra compartmental pressure monitoring and randomised for different weights of leg elevation i.e., Group A 15 cm above heart level and Group B 30 cm above heart level. The mean age of leg fractures in our study was 40.1 years. Male subjects were 85% (mean = 53) and female were 17% (mean = 7) of total of 60 patients.The measurement of compartment pressure of normal leg was 9.4 ± 2.5 mm Hg. Pressure were measured within 5 cm of fracture site at 0 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr interval using Whiteside’s method. The mean values at 0 hr were 29.17 ± 5.95 mm Hg, at 12 hr interval it was 29.97 ± 5.46 mm Hg, at 24 hr interval it was 23.36 ± 3.8 mm Hg and at 48 hr interval it was in Group A. The mean values at 0 hr were 32 ± 7.8 mm Hg, at 12 hr interval it was 32.33 ±57.65 mm Hg, at 24 hr interval it was 26.48 ± 3.5 mm Hg and at 48 hr interval it was in 25.19 ± 2.56 mm Hg in Group B. In our study 5 patients out of 60 underwent fasciotomy. All patients had differential or delta pressure below 30 mm Hg before fasciotomy.Conclusion: Tibia fractures are commonest cause of compartment syndrome of leg. Whiteside’s method is a reliable and safe method of measuring intra compartment pressure when sophisticated methods are not available. Inappropriate levels of leg elevation causes muscle ischemia. Elevation of leg to 15 cm leads same clinical results as 30 cm with the advantage of avoiding muscle ischaemia. There is further need for evaluation of different heights of leg elevation and review about our practice of leg elevation.

Introduction: Aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of bracket placement between direct and new indirect bonding technique in following aspects: (a) occluso-gingival bracket position (vertical) (b) mesio-distal bracket position (horizontal), (c) Angulation of brackets. Materials and Methods: 10 patients were bonded with split-mouth approach. For each patient, two randomly selected opposite quadrants were used as indirect bonding quadrant and the other two as direct bonding quadrant drawing 20 samples. The occluso-gingival, mesio-distal bracket position accuracy in both direct and the new indirect bonding technique were measured using digital caliper and the angulations of brackets were measured with the help of photographs and surface protractor software. Results: results showed statistical difference between direct and a new indirect bonding technique. Proving indirect bonding is more accurate than the direct bonding of braces. Conclusion: There is difference between mean bracket placement errors for direct and indirect methods, the range of errors in the three directions assessed were greater for direct than indirect bracket placement. The magnitudes of the findings are of clinical relevance. Keywords: Direct bonding, Indirect bonding, Surface protractor software.

Drought is a major constraint to chickpea production leading to maximum crop loss. Further the narrow genetic base of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) can be widened by crossing them to landraces and wild species of which landraces provide valuable sources for abiotic and biotic stresses. The present investigation identifies highly stable drought tolerant landraces using AMMI analysis and GGE biplot techniques. The 42 chickpea genotypes (38 chickpea landraces obtained from West Asia and North Africa (WANA) and 4 known varieties) were evaluated at two locations under randomized block design in irrigated and rainfed condition in two seasons. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and Genotype main effect and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) were employed in the evaluation of genotype. AMMI analyses decomposes SS for GEI in to 3 Interaction Principal Components(PC) of which PC1(79.6%) and PC2(17.8%) explains most of the variability. From AMMI Stability Value (ASV) the genotype G35 (IL184) and G23 (IG5895) were found most stable landraces while Yield Stability Value (YSI) ranking identified G8 (IG5856) as the best genotype, based on stability and mean yield. From GGE biplot analyses the PC1 explains 80.0% and PC2 explains 18.9% of variability. G8(IG5856) performs well under across all the environments with high mean yield. Drought Susceptible Index (DSI) indicated G8 (IG5856) and G2 (ICC4958) to have the lowest DSI at both the locations. From the above investigation the landrace IG 5856 from Jordan was found to be most drought tolerant.

Background: Leaf curl or yellowing symptoms, typical of those caused by begomovirus infection, are commonly observed in capsicum (bell pepper) plants in polyhouses. Three capsicum samples with leaf curl and yellowing symptoms were collected from polyhouse at Hi-tech Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, during 2017-2018. Methods: Total nucleic acid was isolated from symptomatic and non-symptomatic samples by following CTAB (Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) method and PCR amplified using degenerate and coat protein gene primers of chilli and tomato leaf curl virus. The virus was confirmed by gel electrophoresis with 0.8 per cent agarose. Amplified PCR product was eluted and sent to sequencing (Chromous biotech Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru). Result: The primer pair could amplify only Chilli leaf curl virus at ~500 bp but not Tomato leaf curl virus. Sequence homology of ChiLCV isolate form Dharwad matched with ChiLCV-Papaya-New Delhi (HM14036), ChiLCV-Chilli-Jodhpu (HM007104) and ChiLCV-Chilli-Noida (HM007114) respectively. The present study results showed that Chilli leaf curl virus is associated with the leaf curl and yellowing symptoms on capsicum under protected cultivation in Dharwad, Karnataka, India.

Fifty genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) were evaluated to estimate for drought tolerance as well as genetic variability among the selected chickpea genotypes for quantitative characters under normal and drought conditions. A significant variation was observed for control and drought treatments for most of the investigated characters. Under moisture stress treatment, there was sufficient decrease in the mean of most of the characters under study. The two way analysis of variance was carried out for all the characters for irrigated and under drought. The mean sum of square was highly significant for all the characters under study indicating significant variability in the materials. The analysisof variance for irrigated and drought conditions revealed that the differences among the genotypes were significant. The mean sum of square was highly significant for all the characters. Pusa 1103 and Pusa 362 were the most tolerant along with ICC 4958 which is a well-known donor for the drought tolerance.

Data uncertainty is common in emerging applications, such as sensor networks, moving object databases, medical and biological fields. Data uncertainty can be caused by various factors including measurements precision limitation. Data uncertainty is inherited in various applications due to different reasons such as outdated sources or imprecise measurement and transmission problems. Classification is one of the most popular data mining techniques. Lot of people used decision tree for data classification and it widely used on certain or precise data. However in this paper we applied on uncertain data which is taken from UCI machine learning repository. This paper proposes a decision tree based classification method on uncertain data. We construct decision tree algorithms by including entropy and information gain, considering the uncertain data intervals. We use some pruning techniques that can improve efficiency of the decision tree and our experiment show that it significantly reduce the treeconstruction time.

CONTEXT: Mankind exhibits epilepsy as one of the common neurologic disorders. Standard drug therapy of this disease provides control of seizures in more than 80% of patients. Effective, specific treatment by Anti-Epileptic Drugs becomes absolutely essential for successful treatment in human subjects. Epilepsy especially Grand-Mal variant is typically treated with Phenytoin. Unique point about our study is focused on the estimation of serum phenytoin sodium concentration and to correlate it with some of the important biochemical markers that assess the hepatic function. AIMS: 1. It may help to assess whether the epileptic patient receiving phenytoin on an out-patient basis requires an additional dose when monitoring shows suboptimal levels. 2. Should the maintenance dose be reduced, stopped or adjusted to minimize the dose related adverse effects without sacrifice of seizure control. 3. Study also provides an estimation of out-patient compliance. 4. Rational designing of dosing regimen, prediction of future drug concentration and assessment of functional impairment due to disease may be possible. 5. Failure to provide adequate control in maximal tolerated dose by phenytoin after confirming compliance may give a clue to substitute another drug. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty seven patients suffering from grand mal epilepsy who attended the neurology OPD of Basaveshwar Teaching and General Hospital were selected for the study. Two patients received 100mg, 25 patients 200mg and 10 patients received 300mg of Dilantin Sodium (Parke Davis) capsule daily at night between 9-10pm. The period of the exposure to the drug varied from 1-5 years. Ten healthy volunteers of same age group who were not receiving any drugs were the control for the study. 10ml of blood was collected from each patient between 9-10am. 2ml of serum was extracted from each sample; serum phenytoin level was measured using UV Spectrophotometer, Bausch and Lomb 21 by the method of Dill. 5ml of blood was collected to measure the following biochemical parameters: Serum AST, Serum ALT, Serum ALP, Instrument - Ciba Corning Blood gas 288 system and other biochemical parameters are measured by Technicon-RA-XT Auto Analyser. CONCLUSION: The present study summarizes its findings in patients of grand-mal epilepsy receiving phenytoin therapy. Elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase levels in comparison to the control group. Other parameters such as serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were within normal limits and there was no significant correlation.

The prescription order is an important therapeutic transaction between the prescriber and the patient. It has been well accepted that inadequate and irrational prescriptions could lead to serious consequences. The present study was planned to identify the prevailing prescription trend in the Intensive Cardiac Care Unit (ICCU) of Basaveshwar Teaching and General Hospital (BTGH), Gulbarga, Karnataka. This study has made efforts to bridge the gap between clinical pharmacology, rational drug prescribing and analysis of the cost-benefit ratio. AIMS: 1. Hospital based study with an aim to carry out a complete ‘therapeutic audit’ and to see what

Sodium Valproate is a branched chain aliphatic carboxylic acid with broad- spectrum anti-seizure activity effective in the treatment of absence, myoclonic, partial, and tonic-clonic seizures. The most common side effects are transient gastrointestinal symptoms, including anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Liver injury may follow the inhalation, ingestion, or parenteral administration of a number of pharmacologic and chemical agents. The risk is greatest for children under two years of age and for those taking multiple medications. A rare complication in adults is a fulminant hepatitis that is frequently fatal. We would like to report a case of Sodium Valproate induced hepatitis in an elderly male who presented with dark urine, fever, generalized weakness and other symptoms suggestive of drug

Background: The objectives of the present study were to compare the effect of lignocaine (1.5 mg/kg IV given 3 mins before laryngoscopy and intubation), esmolol (300 µg/kg as a bolus 2 mins before intubation), and dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg/kg IV over 10 mins) on the pressor response in non-hypertensive American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Grade I and II patients posted for elective surgery and the pharmacoeconomic and pharmacoepidemiological inferences drawn on comparison of these drugs. Methods: After approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee, 90 consenting adult patients aged 18-65 years of age of either sex of non-hypertensive ASA Grade I or II undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation were included in this randomized, prospective study protocol. (1) Group L: Patients were given IV lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg. (2) Group E: Patients were given IV esmolol 300 µg/kg. (3) Group D: Patients were given IV dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg. Adequate monitoring, oxygenation, and hydration were established on the entry in the operating room (OR). All hemodynamic data were measured on arrival in OR, before induction, before intubation, and at 1, 3, 5 mins after intubation by an independent observer. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium and fentanyl 2 μg/kg; intubation was performed with cuffed oral endotracheal tube of appropriate size for airway management. Surgery was allowed to start only after 5 mins of intubation. Results: Esmolol effectively blunted the blood pressure response to intubation, but incompletely attenuated the increase in heart rate (HR). Dexmedetomidine was more effective than lignocaine in minimizing the increase in HR, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) subsequent to endotracheal intubation. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine 0.5 µg/kg has manifested to maintain hemodynamic stability associated with intubation and hence may prove beneficial for cardiac patients where the stress response to laryngoscopy and intubation is highly undesirable.

This article 'Performance of hybrid rice in south Karnataka' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.

This article 'Integrated N management with Gliricidia maculata and Sesbania aculeata for transplanted rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Notes series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based systems. The series is a mechanism to help scientists keep each other informed of current rice research findings. The concise scientific notes are meant to encourage rice scientists to communicate with one another to obtain details on the research reported.

This article 'Water Use By Irrigated Summer Rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Yield of Wet Season Ratoon Rice in Konkaen Region, Maharashtra, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Evaluation of Resistance to Blast (Bl) in Promising Rice Cultivars' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Reaction of Promising Rice Cultivars to Major Diseases in Eastern Vidarbha Zone, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Effect of Traditional and Improved Nursery Methods on Seedling Growth and Rice Yield' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Fluctuation of Yellow Stem Borer (YSB) Populations in Raichur, Karnataka, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Efficiency of Urea-Based Fertilizers in Coastal Rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Efficacy of Slow-Release N Fertilizers on Rice in Coastal Soils of Karnataka' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Effect of Phosphates on Flooded Rice' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Irrigated Sunflower in Rice Fallows of Konkan' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Response of Rice Varieties to Protective Irrigation' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Mussoorie Rock Phosphate (Mrp) Effects on Yield' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Economizing Irrigation Through Rice Fallow Cropping Strategies' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Evapotranspiration and Deep Percolation Loss of Water in Summer Rice on Lateritic Soil' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Irrigation Regime and Rice Yield' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Irrigated Peanut Following Rice in Konkan, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

This article 'Vegetables for High Return and Water Use Efficiency in Irrigated Rice-Based Systems' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.

Many attempts have been made to derive mathematical expressions relating evaporation and evapotranspiration, or consumptive use, to climatological data. IN the United States, the Blaney-Criddle formula is probably the best known for estimating consumptive use (2 and 3). Blaney (1) has also suggested that this formula is suitable for estimating evaporation as measured with a Weather Bureau pan. Other well known formulas are the Penman formulas (10), the Thornthwaite formula (15) and the Hargreaves formulas (8). Halkias, Beihmeyer and Hendrickson (6) suggest that water requirements of crops can be determined from atmometer data. Lowry and Johnson (() in an early paper showed that “valley consumptive use” could be estimated from temperature data with reasonable accuracy. Cummings and Richardson (5) and Richardson (13) have shown that evaporation is basically a function of insolation, and they have proposed formulas from which it can be estimated. Hamon (7) has recently suggested that potential evapotraspiration can be estimated from an empirical relationship involving sunshine hours and the saturated water vapor density at the daily mean temperature. Pruitt (12) has reported evapotranspiration data obtained with a large weighing lysimeter and has correlated these data with evaporation from pans and atomometers and with estimates by the Blaney-Criddle, Thornthwaite and PPenman formuals. Many other fomulas have been proposed. Criddle (4) and Halkias, et al, (6) have reviewed the literature and discussed the various formulas.