Search

Additional file 1.

Systematic Review Protocol Administrative information Title (1): Triathlon: Predicting factors for cardiorespiratory fitness and performance, protocol for a systematic review. Registration (2): OSF and PROSPERO. Authors (3): Henrique Telhado (HT), Universidade Lusófona, htelhado@gmail.com António Palmeira (AP), (guarantor of the review), Universidade Lusófona antonio.palmeira@ulusofona.pt Luís Ascensão (LA), Universidade Lusófona, luispt1989@gmail.com Vitor Azevedo (VA), Universidade Lusófona, vitorhazevedo@hotmail.com Lúcia Gomes (LG), Universidade Lusófona, p2156@ulht.pt Corresponding author: Henrique Telhado, Rua das Vinhas de São Sebastião, lote B, 2705-347 Colares, Portugal All authors (excluding AP) will undertake independently a two-step selection, with studies screened via titles and abstracts followed by a full-text review, in groups of two authors; a minimum of five percent of the studies will be selected by the four authors. Data extraction will be undertake by HT, via standardized data extraction tables. All reviewers (excluding AP) will rate independently all included studies for risk of bias in groups of two; a minimum of five percent of the studies will be rated by the four reviewers. Amendment (4): This protocol is not an amendment. Support (5): No financial support or sponsor will be used in this review. The premises of CIDEFES (Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física E Saúde) will be used to develop this review. Introduction Rationale (6): Triathlon is a sport that includes three endurance disciplines swimming, cycling and running carried out continuously and sequentially, performed in different sets of distances and consists of one of the most demanding events in endurance sports. There are many factors that play an important role in triathlon performance: physiological, anthropometric, biomechanics, nutrition, environmental conditions (Olcina et al., 2018), psychological (Olmedilla et al., 2018), age, sex, experience (Knechtle et al., 2015), race strategy (Abbiss et al., 2006), training and deliberate practice (Macnamara et al., 2016), with some of these factors being more prevalent in different triathlon distances, and managing these factors to improve performance, maintaining athletes healthy mentally and physically requires a delicate balance. Objectives (7): From our previous research we have not been able to detect any systematic review of literature regarding the predicting factors for cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in triathlon including physiological factors, psychological factors, historic record, deliberate practice and race strategy. Therefore, it is objective of this review to analyse the published literature of the predicting factors for cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in triathlon. Methods Eligibility criteria (8): The primary question for this review is “What are the predicting factors for cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in triathlon?” and the respective components as follows: Population: Triathlon OR Ironman; Intervention/Exposure: Physiological OR Psychological OR Grit OR Motivation OR Vo2max OR Number of triathlons OR strategy OR Deliberate practice; Outcome: cardiorespiratory fitness OR performance. The following inclusion criteria were defined: triathlon (defined as swimming, cycling and running up to the distance of a full ironman) as a sport or if multisport, results per sport; written in Portuguese, English, Spanish or French, not limiting for published date; studies published in peer reviewed journals and studies based on cardiorespiratory fitness or performance, excluding the ones assessing injuries, genetics, nutrition, supplementation, altitude/pressure, temperature, gender, age, drafting, swimsuit or other equipment. The following exclusion criteria were defined: reviews, studies assessing off-road triathlon or para-triathlon, studies assessing exclusively physiological, neuromuscular and psychological changes during practice or races. Information sources (9): For the systematic search we have selected the following databases: SportDiscus, PubMed and PsycINFO. Search will be done till the 8th of March, 2022 without limitation for published date given that no previous systematic review was found. Search strategy (10): The research string was compounded as follows: (Triathl* OR Ironm*) AND (Physiological OR Psychological OR Grit OR Motivatio* OR VO2max OR "Number of triathl*" OR strateg* OR "Deliberate practice") AND (VO2max OR Performance) NOT (review OR injuries OR paratriathlon OR ultra-triathlon OR swimsuit OR genetics OR altitude), and will be applied to the three databases. Study records (11): For the studies identified by the research string, both titles and abstracts will be screened in one step, and in a second step the selected studies at full text, both operations will be done underlining the PICO words and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria using CADIMA automation tool (Julius Kühn-Institut, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany), by groups of two reviewers independently. If selection will not fully match, new selection will be made till a consensus is achieved. The data extraction will be performed by the main author using supporting tables. Data items (12): The following variables will be collected from selected studies: title, authors, year, participants, type of study, region, instruments, procedures, measures, outcomes. Outcomes and prioritization (13): The main outcomes are the predicting factors for cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in triathlon and for the purpose of syntheses outcomes will be grouped in (i) physiologic and anthropometric, (ii) psychologic, (iii) training and practice, and (iv) race strategy and experience. Risk of bias in individual studies (14): the risk of bias assessment will be done at study level using NIH quality assessment tools (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Building 31, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892). Data synthesis (15): whenever studies’ outcomes are quantitatively presented using the same measures, they will be quantitatively synthetized using the same measures.

Here you can find the files of the project named "Exercise Socially Contagious" Randomized Controlled Trial, where we tested the influence of social contagion through strangers on physical activity and sedentary behavior

Supplemental material, sj-docx-5-dhj-10.1177_20552076221129089 for What goes on in digital behaviour change interventions for weight loss maintenance targeting physical activity: A scoping review by Jorge Encantado, António L Palmeira, Carolina Silva, Falko F Sniehotta, R James Stubbs, Maria João Gouveia, Pedro J Teixeira, Berit L Heitmann and Marta M Marques in Digital Health

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-dhj-10.1177_20552076221129089 for What goes on in digital behaviour change interventions for weight loss maintenance targeting physical activity: A scoping review by Jorge Encantado, António L Palmeira, Carolina Silva, Falko F Sniehotta, R James Stubbs, Maria João Gouveia, Pedro J Teixeira, Berit L Heitmann and Marta M Marques in Digital Health

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-dhj-10.1177_20552076221129089 for What goes on in digital behaviour change interventions for weight loss maintenance targeting physical activity: A scoping review by Jorge Encantado, António L Palmeira, Carolina Silva, Falko F Sniehotta, R James Stubbs, Maria João Gouveia, Pedro J Teixeira, Berit L Heitmann and Marta M Marques in Digital Health

Supplemental material, sj-docx-5-dhj-10.1177_20552076221129089 for What goes on in digital behaviour change interventions for weight loss maintenance targeting physical activity: A scoping review by Jorge Encantado, António L Palmeira, Carolina Silva, Falko F Sniehotta, R James Stubbs, Maria João Gouveia, Pedro J Teixeira, Berit L Heitmann and Marta M Marques in Digital Health

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-dhj-10.1177_20552076221129089 for What goes on in digital behaviour change interventions for weight loss maintenance targeting physical activity: A scoping review by Jorge Encantado, António L Palmeira, Carolina Silva, Falko F Sniehotta, R James Stubbs, Maria João Gouveia, Pedro J Teixeira, Berit L Heitmann and Marta M Marques in Digital Health

Este estudio investigó a largo plazo, en el periodo de una época deportiva, los efectos de los acontecimientos vitales, capacidades de afrontamiento y personalidad en la predicción de las lesiones deportivas en 57 atletas de elite (nivel profesional y,o liga nacional), según lo teorizado en los modelos de Williams y Andersen (1998) y Wiese-Bjornstal y A. Smith (1993; 1998). Los cuestionarios que utilizamos fueron: Sport Experiences Survey (Smith, Ptacek y Smoll, 1992), Eysenk Personality Inventory (Eysenk y Eysenk, 1968), Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (Smith, Smoll, Ptacek y Schutz, 1995) y un cuestionario de datos generales. En una primera etapa intentamos, a través de un análisis de regresión, averiguar el ajuste de nuestros datos a los modelos arriba citados y, en una segunda, la combinación de las variables que identificasen mejor nuestros resultados. Los acontecimientos vitales moderaron las lesiones. El aumento de acontecimientos vitales negativos (EVN) estuvo asociado a mayores tasas de lésion, mientras que el aumento de acontecimientos vitales positivos (EVP) se asoció a menores tasas de lesión. Los más extrovertidos registraron menores tasas de lesión y rehabilitación más eficaces. La extroversión moderó los acontecimientos vitales, reduciendo la influencia de los EVN y originando los EVP. Las capacidades de afrontamiento se asociaron a tiempos de rehabilitación por abajo de los previstos, especialmente la dimensión Libertad de Preocupaciones. La percepción de mayores probabilidades de lesionarse se relacionó positivamente con la tasa de lesión y negativamente con los mejores resultados de rehabilitación. This investigation studied prospectively, during a sport season, the effect of life events, coping skills and personality on the prediction of sport injuries in 57 elite athletes (professional or national team level), as theorized in the Williams and Andersen model (1998). The article includes a brief discussion of some studies that lead to the elaboration of the model, specifically about the components: (a) stress response; (b) history of stressors; (c) personality; and (d) coping skills. We gathered data from: (a) life events (negative and positive); (b) extroversion and neuroticism; (c) coping skills in sport; and (d) demographics and some injury history related items. We have used a corrected injury measure (time loss/exposition time, named injury index) to avoid different practice time bias on our data. Our study has looked, through principal components, comparative, and regression analysis, for the adjustment of our data to the model and, secondly, seeks for a combination of variables that better identify our results. The life events moderated the injuries. Larger results on negative life events (NLE) were associated with bigger injury indexes, and larger numbers of positive life events (PLE) were associated to smaller injury indexes. The most extroverted have showed lesser injury indexes. The extroversion moderated life events, reducing the influence of NLE and enhancing the one from the PLE. The perception of larger probabilities of sustaining an injury was related positively to the injury index. We suggest future studies with prospective designs, with larger samples and repeated measures to build a thorough knowledge about this subject.

Additional file 2. COREQ (COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research) Checklist.

Additional file 1. Interview Guide.

Background The purpose of this study was to analyze pretreatment predictors of short-term weight loss in Portuguese overweight and obese women involved in a weight management program. Behavioral and psychosocial predictors were selected a priori from previous results reported in American women who participated in a similar program. Methods Subjects were 140 healthy overweight/obese women (age, 38.3 ± 5.9 y; BMI, 30.3 ± 3.7 kg/m2) who participated in a 4-month lifestyle weight loss program consisting of group-based behavior therapy to improve diet and increase physical activity. At baseline, all women completed a comprehensive behavioral and psychosocial battery, in standardized conditions. Results Of all starting participants, 3.5% (5 subjects) did not finish the program. By treatment's end, more than half of all women had met the recomended weight loss goals, despite a large variability in individual results (range for weight loss = 19 kg). In bivariate and multivariate correlation/regression analysis fewer previous diets and weight outcome evaluations, and to a lesser extent self-motivation and body image were significant and independent predictors of weight reduction, before and after adjustment for baseline weight. A negative and slightly curvilinear relationship best described the association between outcome evaluations and weight change, revealing that persons with very accepting evaluations (that would accept or be happy with minimal weight change) lost the least amount of weight while positive but moderate evaluations of outcomes (i.e., neither low nor extremely demanding) were more predictive of success. Among those subjects who reported having initiated more than 3–4 diets in the year before the study, very few were found to be in the most successful group after treatment. Quality of life, self-esteem, and exercise variables did not predict outcomes. Conclusions Several variables were confirmed as predictors of success in short-term weight loss and can be used in future hypothesis-testing studies and as a part of more evolved prediction models. Previous dieting, and pretreatment self-motivation and body image are associated with subsequent weight loss, in agreement with earlier findings in previous samples. Weight outcome evaluations appear to display a more complex relationship with treatment results and culture-specific factors may be useful in explaining this pattern of association.

Lack of physical activity is a global public health problem causing not only morbidity and premature mortality, but it is also a major economic burden worldwide. One of the cornerstones of a physically active lifestyle is Motor Competence (MC). MC is a complex biocultural attribute and therefore, its study requires a multi-sectoral, multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary approach. MC is a growing area of research, especially in children and adolescents due to its positive association with a plethora of health and developmental outcomes. Many questions, however, remain to be answered in this field of research, with regard to: (i) Health and Developmental-related Associations of MC; (ii) Assessment of MC; (iii) Prevalence and Trends of MC; (iv) Correlates and Determinants of MC; (v) MC Interventions, and (vi) Translating MC Research into Practice and Policy. This paper presents a narrative review of the literature, summarizing current knowledge, identifying key research gaps and presenting questions for future investigation on MC in children and adolescents. This is a collaborative effort from the International Motor Competence Network (IMCNetwork) a network of academics and researchers aiming to promote international collaborative research and knowledge translation in the expansive field of MC. The knowledge and deliverables generated by addressing and answering the aforementioned research questions on MC presented in this review have the potential to shape the ways in which researchers and practitioners promote MC and physical activity in children and adolescents across the world