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We examine how mission-oriented grand challenges—formed to address the public sector’s unmet needs through development of new technologies and products for high potential impact—originate and catalyze industry incubation. Our analysis of six prominent cases identifies the incubation process, consisting of identification of unmet needs as a grand challenge, championing and articulation of a mission, leverage of private enterprise, and success or failure of the mission for subsequent industry emergence. The resulting conceptual model highlights key similarities and differences of industry incubation stemming from the public sector’s mission-oriented grand challenges relative to industries triggered by scientific discoveries or unmet user needs where the public sector is not as salient. The analysis reveals successful outcomes are associated with the public sector’s goal setting and carrying out “market functions” pertaining to selection, coordination, and knowledge sharing. We also provide cautions and caveats regarding fault lines that may arise in public-private partnerships.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the dynamics of private sector employment in China in recent years and to provide insight into the effects private sector employment has had on internal variations in growth and development. Our findings indicate a divergence in employment sources in cities and the countryside, a growing spatial divide between areas that rely on state-owned enterprises for employment, and places where the private sector is an increasingly important employer. We conclude that private enterprises are essential drivers of prosperity in urban China but are less significant for employment or growth in rural areas.

Researches on the study of population-genetic parameters of linear type traits of cow’s firstborn of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed were conducted in the herd of a private enterprise of the Pidlisnivs’ka branch of PE "Buryns’ke" in Sumy district. Conformation type assessment of cows firstborn was performed according to the method by linear classification by the latest ICAR recommendations at the age of 2-4 months after calving according to two systems - 9-score scale, with a linear description of 18 conformation body parts and 100-score classification system taking into account four sets of selection traits that characterize: the severity of dairy type, body development, limbs condition and udder morphological qualities. The highest level of reliable positive relationship with the milk yield per lactation of cows firstborn was found according to the conformation group traits, characterizing the severity of the dairy type of cows (r = 0.451), body development (r = 0.434), qualitative indicators of udder morphological traits (r = 0.468) and by the final type score (r = 0.488). A positive relationship with milk yield was observed by a number of individual descrip-tive conformation traits: height at sacrum (r = 0.358), body depth (r = 0.413), angularity (r = 0.469), rump width (r = 0.431), pelvic limbs posture (r = 0.374), fore (r = 0.466) and rear (r = 0.347) udder attachment, central ligament (r = 0.258) and locomotion (r = 0.334). Body condition score negatively correlated with milk yield (r = 0.338). Sufficient for effective selection the level of heritability coefficients of cows linear traits was found in the vast majority of group traits that characterize the dairy type (0.356), body develop-ment (0.312), udder (0.415) and overall type assessment (0.487), and by descriptive traits : height at sacrum (0.284), chest width (0.144), body depth (0.347), angularity (0.436), rump width (0.274), pelvic limbs posture (0.322), fore (0.357) and rear (0.258) udder attachment and central ligament (0.233). The established significant and reliable correlation variability of group and descriptive con-formation body parts with milk yield during the first lactation confirmed the possibility and expediency of simultaneous selection by productivity and type.

This study examined the effects of the misallocation of talent between the government and private enterprise sectors on innovation. By using the 2005 inter-census population survey and patent datab...

Hunting was one of three pillars, along with fishing and reindeer husbandry in the early modern Sami economy, and understanding of Sami hunting has increased during recent decades. However, most research has concentrated on time periods before AD 1600. After AD 1600 and the initial formation of modern Nordic countries, hunting ceased to be the backbone of the overall Sami economy but continued as an integral part of household economies. Our aim is to advance understanding of early modern hunting in northwestern interior Fennoscandia. Using source materials including court rulings and historical accounts, we set out from a self-governance perspective focusing on how actors solved resource distribution with regards to hunting. We show that ecological differences between mountains and forest impacted decisions about hunting. From the 1500s to the end of the 1700s, hunting led to the extinction of wild reindeer and depopulation of fur animals, while small-game hunting for subsistence continued to be important. In the forest region, strong property rights to game developed when skatteland (tax land) was established and hunting became a private enterprise. We suggest that the institution of skatteland was a response to changes in Sami economy, and the transition from collective to individual hunting was a contributing factor.

The article attempts to find out the degree of research on the development of trade in the cities of Dnieper Ukraine in 1785-1917 in modern domestic historiography. It was found that the range of issues of economic development of cities, which are currently being studied by Ukrainian scientists, has significantly expanded in historical science. It is noted that in addition to the traditional aspects of studying the problem, some attention is paid to such important areas of scientific research as forms and methods of domestic and foreign trade in Ukrainian cities, private enterprise in all spheres of the city economy and more. It is established that usually the development of trade in cities is considered in the context of the analysis of economic phenomena in the Ukrainian provinces in general or among other problems of research of the history of certain regions or individual urban settlements. A characteristic feature of many works is the exaggerated attention to the accumulation of factual data instead of generalizations and theoretical understanding of the studied processes. In addition, an important feature of modern scientific studies is that the study of trade in cities is carried out unevenly in both regional and chronological dimensions. After all, most studies relate to the post-reform period and the development of trade in the cities of southern Ukraine and especially Odessa. The conclusions identify the main trends and outline the achievements and insufficiently researched issues, identify the main directions for further study of the problem. Note that modern domestic science has developed sufficient research material, on the basis of which it is important to create a comprehensive, synthetic work on the history of trade in the cities of Dnieper Ukraine in 1785–1917 with the widespread use of comparative tools.

With rapid growth in on-demand delivery, ridehailing, and shared mobility use, cities are observing dramatic increases in demand for curbspace. In response, cities and private companies have proposed a diverse range of structural, policy and technology solutions to manage the curb lane more efficiently. Through structured interviews with public agency and private company staff and a review of existing pilot project evaluations and curb management guidelines, this study surveys contemporary approaches to curbspace management in 14 U.S. cities and documents the challenges and opportunities associated with them. A total of 17 public agencies (including public works departments, transportation agencies, and metropolitan planning organizations) in every census region of the U.S.A., and 10 technology companies were interviewed. The results show that the top curb management concerns among public officials are enforcement and communication, data collection and management, and interagency coordination. Interviewees reported success with policies such as allocating zones for passenger pick-ups and drop-offs, incentives for off-peak delivery, and requiring data sharing in exchange for reservable or additional curb spaces. Technology company representatives discussed new tools and technologies for curb management, including smart parking reservation systems, occupancy sensors and cameras, and automated enforcement. Both public and private sector staff expressed a desire for citywide policy goals around curb management, more consistent curb regulations across jurisdictions, and a common data standard for encoding curb information.

This paper examines the impacts of public transportation infrastructure investment on private investment and whether public infrastructure investment tends to “crowd in” or “crowd out” private investment. “Crowding in” refers to situations where public investment encourages private sector investment, whereas “crowding out” refers to situations where public investment discourages private sector investment. This analysis applies the vector autoregression (VAR) methodology for an empirical study. Using national-level annual data from 1947 to 2017 in the United States, estimation results suggest that public investment in highways tends to crowd in private investment after an initial and temporary crowding-out effect. Most of the positive impacts on private investment accrue within 3 years after the initial public investment. The incremental impact diminishes almost completely after roughly 10 years. Alternative model specifications and sensitivity analyses further confirm the robustness of the model specification by yielding consistent and positive crowd-in effects within the first 3 to 5 years after the public investment.

Manchester experienced an astonishing rate of growth from the late 18th century to become the first industrial town in the world by the 1830s. Its industrial prowess was fuelled by remarkable engineering talent that was drawn from across the country, coupled with the migration of workers on a scale that was unprecedented and unforeseen. The living conditions, sanitation and health of the burgeoning ranks of urban poor had become a pressing issue for social concern in many towns by the mid-19th century, and the introduction of public baths and wash-houses was an early attempt at redress. These important facilities represented the first civil-engineering projects that were implemented explicitly for the poor, and some of the earliest in the country were established in Manchester and Salford by private enterprise and combined innovative technology with impressive architectural detailing that exuded civic pride, setting a high standard for later swimming baths. Several of these pioneering public baths have been subject to archaeological excavation since 2014, making an important contribution to understanding this significant but dwindling monument type.

In a context of increased state expectations that Chinese private enterprise will “give back to society,” this article argues that the way that locally developed private enterprises engage ...

This article investigates the effect of firm size on the performance of Vietnamese private enterprises. Based on the data from the Annual Enterprise Survey from 2009 to 2018, this study uses an ordinary least-squares regression model (OLS) to point out the effects of firm size (growth rate, total assets, and total labor) on the performance of Vietnamese private enterprises in both static and dynamic states. According to the results of the quantitative model, total assets are the biggest factor for determining firm performance, followed by total labor and growth rate. The results highlight the issue in Vietnamese private enterprises development in terms of scale, despite the fact that their number is growing, as the scale of enterprises decreases (the proportion of micro and small enterprises increases, but the proportion of medium and big enterprises decreases). Besides, the disadvantages of scale also negatively affect the development process of Vietnamese private enterprises, including accessing capital, increase in production or productivity, business expansion, and improving competitiveness. AcknowledgmentsThis research is supported by the National Science Project “Development of Private Enterprises in the Southwest Region in the new context” (KHCN-TNB/14-19/X15).

Bankers’ acceptance drafts (BADs) are transferrable promissory notes that are designed to facilitate trade and that circulate among firms much like large-denomination bank notes. They play an important role in facilitating sales between industrial companies in China, particularly during straitened economic times. They have also been used to commit widescale fraud as bankers took advantage of the lack of insight regulators had into BADs’ circulation. However, BADs’ true value is as a tool that banks—and, to a lesser extent, companies—have repeatedly used to meet the often contradictory demands made of them by Beijing as it regulates the economy. In the years after the 2008 stimulus, banks used BADs to harvest deposits (companies must place a portion of the face value of a BAD issued on their behalf on deposit at the issuing bank), allowing them to meet strict loan-to-deposit ratios even as the practice resulted in ballooning off-balance-sheet credit creation. When Beijing cracked down on local government borrowing, some local governments got around the strictures by structuring BADs in creative ways that ensured ongoing access to funding. And starting in 2018, banks met Beijing’s demand that they reduce risk while increasing lending to small private companies—a group banks regard as the riskiest potential borrowers in the economy—by massively increasing their discounting of BADs, an approach that technically realized the competing demands but had none of the stimulatory effects Beijing had hoped for. This article will look at how BADs—and their counterpart, commercial acceptance drafts—give banks and state firms the flexibility to balance the political demands of the state with their own perceived interests. It will focus on how banks used BADs in 2018 and 2019 to deal with Beijing’s concerns about lack of funding for small private firms.

The basic principles of formation and normative-legal regulation of the organization of the account of subjects of small business in Ukraine are considered. The formation and development of small business in Ukraine is detailed in the dynamics, in accordance with current regulations for the period 1991-2021. It is established that the formation of small business in Ukraine, in particular legal entities of small businesses have certain features. Such features of the formation and development of private enterprises are associated with certain legal conflicts that arise in the formation of small businesses and their operation. The study of the activities of a private enterprise in modern business conditions has led to a study to assess the impact of structural factors on the volume of sales. It is proved that small businesses with no assortment of products are exposed to seasonal factors. There are different approaches to the choice of a system of statistical indicators to assess the structural changes in output in the dynamics. The expediency of application of the index method, in particular seasonality indices for the purpose of measurement of influence of seasonal fluctuations on volume of realization of production (works, services) is confirmed. The algorithm for estimating seasonal components for the volume of sales, in particular water, is determined. The seasonal wave of sales of products by a small business entity is presented graphically. The rhythm and seasonal fluctuations of sales of products by a small enterprise are estimated according to the quarterly dynamics by the method of offset taking into account rhythmic deliveries. The system of indicators is calculated on the basis of seasonality indices: amplitude of fluctuations; linear and standard deviation to measure the effect of seasonal fluctuations. Effective methods of improving the analysis of small businesses are proposed.

In 2014, the Chinese government adopted a version of the controversial Big Push approach to poverty reduction, and augmented this once-discredited developmental narrative by enlisting very large private enterprises to operate in the poorest regions. Not without controversies, this approach and the resources associated with it has created new state-large business relations in China. This article studies four large enterprises and examines why they participated in poverty reduction, the resulting state–business relations and the outcomes of poverty reduction. The field research was conducted in 2018 through in depth interviews with company management and site visits. The findings show that the local state became collaborators of big businesses that were endorsed by the central government. Whether these relationships become formalised will depend on the future direction of poverty reduction. This research contributes to the literature on how state–business relations may initiate economic growth.

During the past forty years of reform and opening up, China’s private economy has made remarkable strides. This paper introduces start-up organizational processes into the study of elite mobility i...

This article discusses scenarios for determining priorities and prospects for the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in the construction industry, and also gives recommendations for increasing the volume of construction work. Thus, according to our analysis, the main factors affecting the development of the construction industry in the Tashkent region are industrial development, nominal wages, population and investment in fixed assets, and the main difference in these indicators in regional units is considered a serious problem. According to the results of the developed scenario, reducing the gap between these indicators in regional units will increase the annual growth rate of construction and installation work from 10.1% to 23.9%, which, in turn, will increase the number of builders in the construction sector by 242 units. As a General conclusion, the organization of payments between the manufacturer and the customer when purchasing products in the construction industry affects the development of the network, as well as CBS. In addition, gradual payment by the customer based on payment for completed construction works will play an important role in the development of market legislation in the industry, the elimination of monopolies and the development of IFRS.

The article examines the organizational and legal basis, as well as the features of taxation of individuals engaged in entrepreneurial activity. In the framework of the Tax Policy Improvement Concept, an assessment of changes in the taxation procedure of individuals engaged in entrepreneurial activity is given, and author views on improving taxation of individual entrepreneurs are presented.

El presente trabajo aborda el proceso constructivo del órgano realizado a principios del siglo XVIII para el coro de la colegiata de Santa María de la Encarnación de Ronda (Málaga). Una iniciativa que partió del legado económico dejado para tal fin en su testamento por el beneficiado Francisco Martel, cuyo proyecto inició el maestro organero de Osuna Diego Soriano y finalizó el de Granada Juan Félix Marzián, con la participación en la caja de entalladores rondeños. Se trata del órgano más antiguo de la provincia de Málaga y su historia resultará esencial para entender la hechura de la sillería coral llevada a cabo dos décadas después.

This article sheds light on the role of foreign direct investment as an instrument for economic development and, in turn, for the advancement of U.S. foreign policy goals during the Cold War. From the earliest days of the Cold War, and especially after the U.S.-Soviet competition for influence in the developing world began in the 1950s, the United States sought to promote private enterprise on behalf of U.S. goals. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, U.S. officials believed that foreign investment would suffice to fuel international development, obviating the need for official development assistance. These hopes, however, were largely disappointed. On the one hand, U.S.-based multinational companies preferred to invest in the industrial world; on the other hand, some Third World governments were uninterested in promoting private enterprise rather than state-led development. In part because foreign investment did not meet expectations, the U.S. government ended up elaborating an official foreign aid program instead.

The Management Organization Review ‘Forum on Resilience’ was kicked off by the editors’ perspective on the lingering new normal (Välikangas & Lewin, 2020). We conclude the forum by reflecting on the persisting – perhaps hopeful, perhaps disturbing – take-aways. Not surprisingly, some companies have demonstrated resilience capabilities in quickly seizing opportunities even when faced with what initially looked like the end of business. Such determined agility represented, for example, improvising an emergent-opportunity-fitting strategy or it may have been manifested by government action (e.g., China, New Zealand, and Finland). Most famously, Zoom, the by-now ubiquitous video communications company, benefited from being in the right place at the right time, but also effectively dealt with issues such as ‘zoom bombing’, a security breach, including an upgrade of its encryption. Such successful growth strategy requires being ready for an opportunity. But the backward-looking depiction of successes also highlights the absence of a developed science of organization design underlying resilience and management practices (Lewin & Välikangas, 2020). In addition, building cognitive and stakeholder preparedness, as Zhang, Dong, and Yi (2020) and Liu and Yin (2020) point out, may be important, as well as considering leadership implications discussed by Giustiniano, Cunha, Simpson, Rego, and Clegg (2020) in the context of coping with the paradoxes unleashed by resilience. Emergency management systems become sorely tested (Cai & Ye, 2020). Do we have a new buzzword for uncertain times (Cai, 2020) or something to learn from that will help in coping with future crises or understanding the renaissance of resilience? Some themes rise above others.

Resumen El presente aporte se realizó en el marco de nuestra labor académico-investigativa en la UNED, siempre dentro de la búsqueda del mejor entendimiento acerca de la realidad nacional. Por ello, y desde una perspectiva cualitativo-documental, se abordaron los momentos en que, aparentemente, la ideología socialcristiana, propiamente la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia Católica, influyó en las condiciones económicas internas, dada su supuesta cercanía con la corriente del Liberalismo económico. De esta forma, se arriba a consideraciones que arrancan en la década de 1940 y alcanzan hasta el 2006, permitiendo inferir la existencia de un grupo político con tendencias católicas, que en ningún momento ocultó su preferencia por dicha ideología, y que, aunque latente, no tomó la forma radical propugnada por ellos. Abstract This contribution was made within the framework of our academic-research work at UNED, always in search for a better understanding of the national reality. For this reason, and from a qualitative-documentary perspective, the moments were approached when, apparently, social-christian ideology –Social Doctrine of Catholic Church– influenced internal economic conditions, given its proximity to the current of economic liberalism. In this way, the articles deems the start in the 1940s and until 2006, which allows to infer the existence of a political group with catholic tendencies, but that at no time hid their preference for such a current that has not taken the radical form that they advocate.

The article reveals some aspects of one of the latest trends in increasing the analytical capabilities of modern socio-economic statistics - the formation of business demography. The relevance of substantiating the statistical and methodological base for studying the processes of creation, stability and liquidation of economic entities is obvious due to the fact that such demographic characteristics of the life cycle of enterprises are increasingly becoming markers of the quality of the country’s economic development as a whole. The authors consider the main provisions of the methodology for the formation of business demography indicators in accordance with the Eurostat and OECD recommendations. Based on official Rosstat data, the dynamics of the rates of creation (birth rates) and liquidation (death rates) of organizations both in Russia as a whole and in federal districts and types of economic activity has been analyzed. Statistical analysis of business survey data indicates the inconsistency and variability of the business climate, the differentiation between regions and sectors of the economy in terms of business demography, as well as the manifestation of negative trends that have developed, according to the authors, in Russian entrepreneurship in recent three to four years. Thus, following substantive logic of the author’s conclusions: economic and statistical analysis based on a minimum set of indicators, including using methods of comparative interregional analysis, is very useful for making specific management decisions and choosing the priority of their implementation (depending on the characteristics of individual regions and the nature of the activities of economic entities), allowing to overcome a certain stagnation in the private enterprise sector.

PurposeThis study aims to disclose how the nature of corporate ownership, stock efficiency and wage level affect the optimal proportion of employee stock.Design/methodology/approachThis paper studies three duopoly markets: two private enterprises, two state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and a private enterprise and an SOE. The competitions between the two parties are taken as a two-stage dynamic sequential game and studied through back-induction.FindingsThe results reveal that the enterprise ownership has a directly bearing on the optimal proportion of employee stock and determines whether to implement the employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) and the specific level of the plan. The optimal proportion of employee stock is positively correlated with its contribution to enterprise efficiency. There are many influencing factors on the effect of wage level on the optimal proportion of employee stock, namely, the ownership nature of ESOP implementer and efficiency difference of different nature stocks.Social implicationsThe results of this study provide policy recommendations for companies preparing to implement ESOP.Originality/valueThe research findings provide policy implications for enterprises to prepare a suitable ESOP and the reform of national equities, especially the mixed-ownership reform in China.

Purpose This paper aims to expose the nature, pattern and mechanism of Roman private enterprise as the rudimentary form of capitalistic business. In the second part, it is shown why and how the directorship of slaves in private enterprise appeared and what shape it took. Design/methodology/approach By means of historical analysis and theoretical reconstruction, the author reveals the pattern and mechanism of business through slaves as the primordial form of private enterprise. Findings A comprehensive view of public and private entrepreneurship at the end of Republic and the beginning of Empire is presented. The origin and advantages of Roman public enterprise acknowledged by the state are brought to light. The way the benefits the corporate status affords were adjusted to a business framework allowed by law is demonstrated. It is just business through slaves that, combining peculium with free administration, secured limited liability for owners and turned the slaves to whom a business was entrusted into a kind of director. This construction enabled masters to become the proprietor of many formally separate enterprises at once, thereby expanding their business into something like a holding. Research limitations/implications The results obtained allow historians to retrace the origins of modern private enterprise to classical antiquity, and economists and managers to better understand the nature of private enterprise and organizational status of those owning and managing it. Practical implications Leaders and executives can draw from the paper an object lesson of how to make, within the existing political system, legal regulation and economic traditions, a radical innovation whose true meaning and social potential are so immense and far-reaching that show up in full measure evident many centuries later. The findings and conclusions the author comes to may be used in educational courses on economics, entrepreneurship, management, business history and so on. Social implications The paper provides an instructive model of conciliation of interests (social “compromise”). “Directors” – those organizing and managing a business but not owning it – were held subject to proprietors but within legally regulated relations with them. The state created incentives for initiative and competent businessmen in subjection to well-offs, to work hard, on one hand, and made their masters to use these incentives to public and their own profits. The benefits of all parties were taken into account, though, of course, not to the same degree. Originality/value The structure and “engine” of Roman private enterprise as well as the functions and organizational status of its “director” are demonstrated in relief for the first time.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to expose the pattern and mechanism of Roman private enterprise as the rudimentary form of capitalistic business.Design/methodology/approachBy means of historical analysis and theoretical reconstruction, the author retraces the background and foundations of business through slave as the initial stage of private enterprise.FindingsA comprehensive view of public and private entrepreneurship at the end of Republic and the beginning of Empire is presented. The riddle of “unnaturally” dear slaves in Rome (as compared with free labor and slaves in other countries of antiquity) is scrutinized. It is shown that “excessively” high demand for them was largely determined by their institutional worth: thanks todominica potestas, they appeared to be the key organizational resource for expanding private industrial business. The framework of private enterprise securing limited liability for owner and turning “business slave” into a kind of director is brought to light.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this research allow historians to retrace the origins of modern private enterprise to classical antiquity, while economists and managers get an opportunity to better understand its nature and organizational status of those owning and managing it.Practical implicationsLeaders and executives can draw from the paper an object lesson of how, remaining within the existing political system, legal regulation and economic traditions, to make a radical innovation whose true meaning and social potential are so immense and far-reaching that get evident only many centuries later. The findings and conclusions the author comes to may be used in educational courses on economics, entrepreneurship, management, business history and so on.Social implicationsAn instructive model of conciliation of interests is scrutinized. “Directors” – those organizing and managing a business but not owning it – were, as well as workers, recruited by coercion and legal regimentation of their relations with proprietors. The polarization of their institutional roles was at the bottom of private enterprise from the very outset. The state created incentives for initiative and competent business men in subjection to well-offs to work hard, on one hand, and made their masters to use these incentives to public and their own profits. The benefits of all parties were taken into account, though, of course, not to the same degree. Thereby, a kind of social compromise embodied in a novel institution was attained to.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to demonstrate in relief the background and framework of Roman private enterprise as well as the functions and organizational status of its “director.”

This study aims to find ways to revive community facilities that play a pivotal role in the revitalization of a region to ensure the sustainability of urban regeneration projects. Hence, an integrated operational model and financial support plan were proposed through an in-depth interview (FGI) and a survey to support the operation of community facilities. First, as the integrated operation model, the running and managing of the third sector (local government, private enterprise, and local residents) through urban regeneration companies is necessary. Second, to secure the sustainability of community facilities, it is necessary to develop loan products using the national housing and urban fund as a financial support plan. The loan products are classified into two types of profit activities and nonprofit activities according to the characteristics of the community facilities. They are presented in three types, namely, “guaranteed”, “unsecured”, and “supported”, as products that support the SW business. In the future, it is necessary to establish an integrated management plan for sustainability and stability in areas with important community facilities. It is believed that further research on an additional financial support method for urban regeneration economic organizations will be needed to ensure their safe operation.

PurposeZhong-yong thinking is a code of conduct of the Chinese people. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship among Zhong-yong thinking, social capital, knowledge sharing behavior, and employee survival ability.Design/methodology/approachZhong-yong thinking including multi-thinking, integration and harmony, taking a case study of private enterprise in Guangxi of China. Based on the literature, the establishment of the theoretical model and hierarchical regression analysis are explored.FindingsThe multi-thinking, integration and harmony of Zhong-yong thinking have a significant positive effect on social capital and employee survival ability. In addition, employee survival ability is positively affected by social capital. Moreover, knowledge sharing behavior has a positive moderating between the multi-thinking dimension of Zhong-yong thinking and social capital, and the remaining dimensions have no moderating effect. Knowledge sharing behavior has no moderating effect on the relationship between social capital and employee survival ability.Practical implicationsZhong-yong thinking and social capital are actively affecting employee survival ability. Therefore, companies need to work harder to improve their employees' Zhong-yong thinking and social capital.Originality/valueThe paper extends Zhong-yong thinking, social capital and employee survival ability literature to fill gaps in how China people require to both access employee survival ability. The policy value of the work is in suggesting ways to facilitate employee survival ability of China.

Crown policies and private enterprise combined to increase efficiency levels in Portuguese overseas expansion. Within this framework, this paper will emphasize three themes. Firstly, the dependence of the Portuguese empire on shipping efficiency; while the debate largely focuses on shipbuilding and seafarers, we show how crown policies and individual enterprises adapted to the evolving requirements of an empire based on sea power. Secondly, we demonstrate how informal and self-organized mechanisms at times contributed to, and sometimes blocked, state-oriented policies. Thirdly, we gauge the extent to which local inputs, such as raw materials, labour and techniques, contributed to efficiency levels within a universe that became multi-continental.

The article is devoted to the Russian diaspora in the USA as one of the centers for the development of photography as an art and a type of private enterprise. The author examines the destinies and creative heritage of the leading masters of photography in Russian America, revealing their interaction with the world of innovative art of the Russian artistic emigration. The author's hypothesis is that the main factors of the outstanding achievements of the leading figures of Russian-American photographic art were the synthesis of artistic and aesthetic innovations of European and Russian art, perceived or directly created by Russian émigré photographers in the 1920s, and the capabilities of the American publishing industry, the ability of its leaders to take creative experimentation and commercial risk for future success. The article also examines the social environment and personalities of the development of photography as a service sector, which has become an integral part of the life of the Russian diaspora in the USA in the twentieth century.

This paper examines whether private entrepreneurs with communist party member status affect corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of private enterprises. Our empirical result reveals that firms led by private entrepreneurs of communist party members are significantly associated with higher CSR score. The result is robust to confronting several sources of endogeneity, e.g., re-examining the result using propensity score matching (PSM), entropy balancing (EB) and Heckman two-stage estimation, removing the influence of local religious culture. Further, the observed positive relation is particularly sharper for firms with party organization embedding and a good external legal environment. Our findings highlight entrepreneur political affiliation as an important driver of socially responsible corporate decision making.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 13, 4, 13A4Q: 1-13

The East Asian maritime trade between 11th century and 14th century is represented by the remarkable activities of the maritime merchants. Private enterprise, rather than state regulation, played the salient role in the emergence and expansion of maritime trade in East Asia. Although the amazing performances of the East Asian merchants such as Koryo merchants, Song merchants, and Hakata merchants had caught the eyes of historians, the previous researches on them had been mainly carried out from national historical perspective. The book, Koryo Merchants and the History of East Asian Maritime Trade, however, challenges the existing common ideas about the medieval East Asian maritime trade with the transnational perspective. In terms of the nationality of the maritime merchants, the author of the book argues that the China-born merchants who settled down in Koryo or Japan owned the Peaked-bottom-ship (尖底船) and led the trade between China and Koryo or Japan. In addition, according to his research, the traders were not largely constrained by the seasonal wind on the East Asian seas. The author of this book shows several typical East Asian maritime merchants who was born in China but later on settled down in Koryo and married Korean women. They did not only carry out the trade between Koryo and Song but played the significant diplomatic roles. Their trading goods, however, included cheap household goods besides luxury items. Since the household goods had price competitiveness, the traders could export them overseas. Due to his devoted studies, many aspects of the East Asian maritime trade during the Medieval period could be restored. As the author mentioned in this book, however, there are still in many aspects open to future further researches, which will be carried out with the transnational perspective, in the true sense of word.

Wilkinson talks about the US policy towards Cuba under the new Democratic regime. If the aim of the US is to engender political change in Cuba, it is clear that the policy of trying to starve the country of foreign investment and trade has not worked. Instead of facilitating the advance and growth of private enterprise on the Island, the policies of Donald Trump have had the opposite effect. It is simply high time the US helped Cuba reform economically.

Purpose This paper aims to introduce the history and major achievement of the Chinese private enterprise survey (CPES), which is one of the most enduring large-scale nationwide sample surveys in China, providing important micro firm-level data for understanding and studying the development of Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs over the past 26 years. Design/methodology/approach The main body of this paper is based on a bibliometric analysis of all literature using CPES until 2017. Findings This paper discusses problems that users may encounter during data mining. By doing so, it can assist other researchers to get a better understanding of what has been done (e.g. journals, topics, scholars and institutions) and do their research in a more targeted way. Research limitations/implications As members of the survey project team, the authors also take a prospect of the future data design and use, as well as offer some suggestions about how to use the CPES data to improve high-quality development and business environment evaluation in China. Originality/value This paper is the first to provide an overall picture of academic papers in China and abroad that have used the CPES data.

With the occupation of the western parts of the Soviet Union and the political und administrative reorganization of ministries in Berlin, a keen debate started on how to expropriate the new part of the “German Empire”. Especially the reconstruction and the exploitation of heavy industry in the Ukraine and its iron and steel works became subject to intensive dispute between several ministries in Berlin, local authorities in the Ukraine and the Reichswerke Hermann Göring, the most important of state-commanded heavy industries. However, in time the Reichwerke – and its decisive director Paul Pleiger – had to admit that the business figures required by the Berlin ministries could not be achieved. This opened up the opportunity for private enterprise to expand und invest in the Ukraine too. The different measures chosen to build up business in the Ukraine und the results of this expansion are the subject of the following article.

The survival of indigenous private enterprises is usually threatened by the demise of their founders. While previous studies on enterprise (dis)continuity have focused largely on business failure before founders’ death, little attention is paid to why indigenous private businesses do not outlive their founders in Nigeria. This study, therefore, examined the factors accounting for post-founder business discontinuity among selected indigenous private enterprises in the South-West, Nigeria. Theory of Loss and continuity in the family firm provided the framework. The research design was exploratory, using qualitative methods of data collection. Three states (Lagos, Ogun and Oyo) were purposively selected on the basis of being home to many defunct indigenous enterprises. Case studies were done on 16 purposively selected indigenous private enterprises (eight discontinued and eight surviving) whose founders had died. The qualitative data were analysed with Nvivo 8. Findings show that disharmony in the deceased founders’ family, ineffective implementation of succession plans as well as inheritance crises emerged as the most prevalent factors that accounted for postfounder enterprise discontinuity. The study recommended that indigenous enterprise founders should make efforts to foster harmonious relationships among members of their families in order to increase enterprise survival after their death.

We examine the optimal proportion of employee stocks in two kinds of duopoly markets: The first market includes two mixed‐ownership state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), and the second market includes one mixed‐ownership SOE and one private enterprise. We introduce the particularities of employee stock ownership plans in SOEs in China to the subjective function and cost function. We find that partial holding, full holding, or non‐holding can be optimal, and the optimal proportion depends on the types of rival firms, the efficiency gap in different kinds of shares, and employee behavioral tendencies. Moreover, the optimal proportion of employee stocks is subject to external institutional environment.

The two largest cities in Ecuador each implemented three bus rapid transit (BRT) corridors from 1995 to 2013. The projects present similar characteristics, and thus a unique opportunity to analyze factors that influenced their performance. This paper identifies the level of private participation and the extent to which it influenced the outcomes of the projects. Two approaches were identified: 1) including incumbent operators by delegating vehicle acquisitions and operations; and 2) replacing them with a public company. The financial strength and interest of the incumbent operators in continuing to function along parallel routes were major issues. Quito was successful in the implementation of the first corridor through public delivery but failed in its attempts with private participation. Guayaquil surmounted the barriers for effective private participation through a special purpose vehicle (SPV) that managed the risk created by the inherent nature of the consortiums. It is expected that a deeper understanding of these processes will contribute to more efficient and sustainable transportation investments in Ecuador.

Prens Sabahaddin ülkemizde sosyolojinin ilk ve önemli kurucularındandır. Onun İlm-i İçtima’sı, Ziya Gökalp’ın İçtimaiyat’ı ile birlikte Türk sosyolojinde iki ana akım sosyoloji ekolünden biri olagelmiştir. Prens Sabahaddin ismi sosyolojinin yanı sıra aynı zamanda Türk siyasetinin de önemli isimlerinden biri olarak bilinmektedir. 1902’deki I. Jöntürk Kongresi’yle başlayan merkeziyetçiler ve adem-i merkeziyetçiler ayrımından bu yana, Prens Sabahaddin Türk siyasal düşünce hayatında liberal bir düşünce geleneğinin öncülerinden kabul edilmektedir. Merkeziyetçi/otoriter iktidar biçimleriyle olan siyasi mücadelesi göz önüne alındığında liberalizm içerisinde değerlendirilebilecek olan Prens Sabahaddin düşüncesi, müntesibi olduğu ‘Sosyal Bilim’ Ekolü’nün fikriyatı ile birlikte ele alındığında ise belirgin olarak muhafazakâr öğeler barındırmaktadır. Prens Sabahaddin’in ‘Sosyal Bilim’ anlayışının bizzat ideolojileri dışlayan tutumuna karşın, onun hem liberalizmin hem de muhafazakâr ideolojinin kimi öğretilerini ülkenin düşünce sistemine bilinçsizce de olsa taşıdığı ve bu bağlamda her iki ideoloji içerisinde de konumlandırılabileceği düşünülebilir., Prince Sabahaddin is one of the first and most important founders of sociology in our country. His İlm-i İçtima has become one of the two mainstream sociology schools in Turkish Sociology with Ziya Gökalp’s İçtimaiyat. Prens Sabahaddin’s name is known as one of the important names of Turkish policy as well as sociology. After the separation of centralists and centrists which began with the 1st Jöntürk Congress in 1902, Prens Sabahaddin was considered as one of the forerunners of liberal thought in Turkish political thought. While Prince Sabahaddin thought can be judged in liberalism in view of the political struggle with centralist/authoritarian forms of power, it has also considerably conservative elements when considered together with the idea of the 'Science Social' school of thought. In spite of Prince Sabahaddin's concept of "social science" that excludes ideologies itself, it can be thought that it unconsciously carried some teachings of both liberalism and conservative ideology in the system of thought of the country, and can be positioned in both ideologies in this context.