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An extensive study of population control techniques (PCTs) for time-dependent and eigenvalue Monte Carlo (MC) neutron transport calculations is presented. We define PCT as a technique that takes a censused population and returns a controlled, unbiased population. A new perspective based on an abstraction of particle census and population control is explored, paving the way to improved understanding and application of the concepts. Five distinct PCTs identified from the literature are reviewed: Simple Sampling (SS), Splitting-Roulette (SR), Combing (CO), modified Combing (COX), and Duplicate-Discard (DD). A theoretical analysis of how much uncertainty is introduced to a population by each PCT is presented. Parallel algorithms for the PCTs applicable for both time-dependent and eigenvalue MC simulations are proposed. The relative performances of the PCTs based on runtime and tally mean error or standard deviation are assessed by solving time-dependent and eigenvalue test problems. It is found that SR and CO are equally the most performant techniques, closely followed by DD., 51 pages (double-spaced, 5-page appendix), 20 figures, submitted to Nuclear Science and Engineering

Objectives Our study aims to determine the prevalence of trichotillomania among medical students. Furthermore, we aim to determine the perception of trichotillomania in this population. Methods Our study is a cross-sectional study that aims to determine the prevalence and the perception of trichotillomania among medical students in, compared to a control population. The control population were non-medical students in the same university. The participants filled a questionnaire online, followed by a psychiatric assessment if needed to confirm the diagnosis. The questionnaire contained three parts that consist of demographic data, diagnostic criteria and two perception questions respectfully. All the individuals that had a positive questionnaire refused to undergo a psychiatric assessment. Consequently, our study is limited to the screening of trichotillomania. Results In total, 489 answers were recorded. The prevalence of trichotillomania in the general population was estimated at 2.2% (N = 11). A total of 215 medical students and 274 controls filled the form. The prevalence of trichotillomania in medical students was 0.9% (N = 2), whereas in the control population, the prevalence was estimated at 3.3% (N = 9). The difference was statistically insignificant (P = 0.123). Among medical students, all the positive questionnaires were females. In the control population, seven of them were females and two of them were males. In total, the sex ratio would be 4.5 females for one male when both populations are combined. All the individuals that had a positive questionnaire either refused to undergo a psychiatric assessment or did not answer call-backs. Regarding the perception of trichotillomania, almost three quarters of the responders think that it is due to anxiety. There was a statistical difference between the medical students and the control population regarding the answer to the proposition “It is a psychiatric disease”. Medical students (76.7%) tend to believe that more than the others do (48.9%) with a p-value less than 0.00001. In addition, the same difference is found when comparing medicals students that took psychiatric courses (86.2%) to those that did not (59.7%) with a p-value at 0.0001. Almost all students think trichotillomania is treatable. Conclusion The prevalence of trichotillomania among medical students is 0.9%. Medical students are not more or less affected by trichotillomania than other students. A screening tool must be considered for this disease, considering the lack. Medical students with psychiatric knowledge know more about trichotillomania than others. For this reason, awareness campaigns regarding this disease must be done to increase general knowledge.

Resumen El "clima de ideas" que surgió en el mundo occidental en torno a la degeneración racial y la eugenesia como su solución condujo a la constitución de una red epistémica transnacional. Los jóvenes países latinoamericanos en la búsqueda de construir Estados naciones basados en la idea de "progreso" y "civilización" adhirieron este movimiento pues el futuro de la nación dependía de la buena constitución genética del pueblo. Por eso, entre 1920 y 1940 comenzó a constituirse un proyecto eugenésico panamericano el cual adoptaría políticas de control de la población para así producir el hombre americano "apto". Aunque la eugenesia no se institucionalizó en Colombia, el país no estuvo ajeno al movimiento. Sus principios, recomendados por algunos expertos colombianos, impregnaron proyectos sociales y leyes públicas nacionales de inmigración y protección infantil. A través de la revisión de las actas de congresos especializados panamericanos, este artículo muestra la integración de los expertos colombianos a las redes epistémicas eugenésicas latinoamericanas y su participación en la puesta en marcha del proyecto eugenésico panamericano entre 1920 y 1940. Abstract The "climate of ideas" emerging in the Western World around racial degeneration and Eugenics as its possible solution, led to the construction of a transnational epistemic network. The young Latin-American countries, seeking to build Nation-states, joined this world movement given that the nation's progress allegedly relied on people's good genetic constitution. Between 1920 and 1940, a Pan American eugenics project started. It would set public policies across the continent in order to produce the "suitable" American man. Even if the eugenic movement wasn't institutionalised in Colombia, the country wasn't indifferent to its principles. Some Colombian experts applied them to social projects and national public laws such as those related to immigration and child welfare. By analysing the proceedings of some Pan American specialised congresses, this article shows how some Colombian experts integrated the Latin American eugenic epistemic networks and participated in the construction of a Pan American eugenic project between 1920 and 1940. Resumo O "clima de ideias" que surgiu no mundo ocidental em volta da degeneração racial e da eugenia como solução, levou à constituição de uma rede epistêmica transnacional. Os jovens países latino-americanos, buscando construir Estados-nações a partir da ideia de "progresso" e de "civilização", aderiram a esse movimento, dado que o futuro da nação dependia duma boa constituição genética dos seus povos. Assim, entre 1920 e 1940, iniciou-se o desenvolvimento dum projeto eugênico pan-americano, no qual se adotariam políticas de controle populacional a fim de produzir o homem americano "apto". Embora a eugenia não tenha sido institucionalizada na Colômbia, o país não ficou indiferente a esse movimento. Os seus princípios, recomendados por alguns especialistas colombianos, afetaram projetos sociais e legislações públicas nacionais, que procuravam o controle da população. Por meio da revisão das atas de congressos pan-americanos especializados, este artigo demonstra a integração dos especialistas colombianos nas redes epistêmicas eugênicas latino-americanas, assim como a sua participação na implementação do projeto eugênico pan-americano entre 1920 e 1940.

Funder: Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000622, Eugenic ideas in Mexico were popularised after the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) as a way of 'modernising' and 'civilising' the nation. As a result, eugenic ideas were able to linger and be maintained through different departments, institutions, and individuals from all disciplines. After eugenics was considered a pseudoscience, its practices and ideas continued through population control measures that targeted indigenous populations for sterilisation, a trend that still prevails. The purpose of this article is to explore the legacies of eugenics in current sterilizations procedures mostly targeted at indigenous communities in Mexico. I offer the term 'slippery eugenics' to account for the legacies of eugenics in Mexico which, in this specific case, resurface in the systematic forced and coerced sterilisation procedures targeted at indigenous communities.

The article traces the emergence of reproductive rights principles in the UN during the 1960s–70s. Family planning programmes were the key discursive terrain on which conflicts over fertility, global population, and women's roles in ‘third world development’ were interlinked. The UN’s Commission on the Status of Women was a key actor: in the late 1960s it defined family planning in relation to a broadened definition of human rights, and repositioned it as a women’s rights issue. This shift resulted from competing but in some respects converging concepts of women’s rights among Western-based, communist-aligned and Global South-based women’s organisations at the Commission. While subsequent UN conferences, specifically Bucharest 1974 and Mexico City 1975, revealed enduring global conflicts over ‘population management’ and ‘third world development’, the UN reframed family planning in relation to human rights principles. It hereby responsibilised women in their social roles, potentially enhancing their reproductive autonomy – but failing to fully abandon the population control agenda, against the calls of feminist movements in the Global South. The article contributes to histories of the UN and of the emergence of globally connected feminist movements, and is based on archives and publications of women’s rights NGOs, UN agencies, and family planning organisations.

Stunting is one of the nutritional problems experienced by children under five years old (toddlers). The average prevalence of stunting under five in Indonesia in 2005-2017 was 36.4%. The Tasikmalaya Regency Health and Population Control Office recorded that the stunting rate until September 2019 reached 33.8%. The general objective of the study was to obtain an overview of the risk factors for pregnancy in mothers of stunting toddlers. The method used is a descriptive method. The research population was mothers of children under five stunting in the Cikunir village area in 2020. The sampling technique used total sampling. The number of research respondents was 46 respondents. The research data used primary data. Procedure for data collection by distributing questionnaires to respondents. Data analysis used univariate analysis. The results of the study found: (1) Mother's age during pregnancy was mostly in the healthy reproductive age range, namely 33 people (71.7%), (2) Antenatal Care mostly carried out pregnancy checks 4 times or according to the standard ANC visits, (3 ) History of pregnancy with mild anemia 15 people (32.6%). Conclusion. Maternal pregnancy history of stunting toddlers was found mostly in healthy reproductive age, most of the ANC were regular and a small part had risk factors for anemia in pregnancy. Suggestions for pregnant women should be regular ANC so that they can control the development of pregnancy and the fetus and consume Fe tablets of at least 90 tablets during pregnancy and eat a balanced diet

Fertility control among carnivores has been used to reduce depredations on livestock and wild neonates, population control, modify behavior, inhibit genetic introgression, and reduce human–wildlife conflicts. Although there is considerable knowledge on techniques to sterilize carnivores, there is little information concerning how the absence of gonadal hormones influences behavior, space use, and survival of wild canids. We examined territorial fidelity, home-range size and overlap, and survival of 179 surgically sterilized free-ranging canids (124 coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823), 55 coyote – red wolf (Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851) hybrids) with gonadal hormones present (tubal-ligated females (n = 70), vasectomized males (n = 73)) versus absent (spayed females (n = 22), neutered males (n = 14)). The absence of gonadal hormones did not influence annual home-range size and home-range overlap, territory fidelity, and annual survival rates. Additionally, no differences were detected across sexes and hormonal treatments in annual home-range size, percent home-range overlap, annual home-range residency rates, and annual survival rates. Methods of fertility control that do not keep gonadal organs intact may prove useful for management without concern for changes in behavior, mainly territoriality, space use, and survival.

Stray animal overpopulation has become one of the most serious global problems with many negative impacts on the community, environment, and public health. Most of the stray animals do not depend on humans for food and shelter, and therefore, can reproduce uncontrollably. The uncontrolled reproduction of stray animals increases their population that leads to a higher chance of predation, road traffic accidents, transmission of zoonotic diseases, and therefore, becoming vectors for some diseases. There are several methods for stray animal population control depending on the situation and the nature of the stray animals. These methods include contraceptives, trap-neuter-return, poisoning, euthanasia, and gun shooting among others. Each of the outlined methods has its advantages and disadvantages as to their practicality, ease of conducting, cost, effectiveness, ethics, and animal welfare issues. In conclusion, to achieve successful control measures of the stray animal population and the problem they create, the concerned authorities need to design and enact animal rights laws, provide medical care (treatment and vaccination), feeding, shelter for the animals, and control their reproduction. Public health and environmental agencies may improve the services by regulating personal and environmental hygiene, prevention, and control of zoonotic and transmissible diseases that can be transmitted from stray animals to the public and other livestock respectively.

Population growth in Indonesia continues to increase, so the government makes a program to control the rate of growth of the population, namely the Family Planning Program (KB). The implementation of family planning also has another objective, namely to reduce the risk of maternal death after childbirth. To measure the level of increasing target achievement of postpartum family planning participants. So that it can be a reference for the DPPKBP3A in carrying out the postpartum family planning program. Data from the Population Control, Family Planning, Women Empowerment and Child Protection (DPPKBP3A) District Lima Puluh Kota data processed in this study is data on the achievement of postpartum family planning participants from 2018 to 2020. Data processing uses the Backpropagation algorithm through several stages, namely the stage initialization, activation stage, weight training (weight change) and iteration stage. One of the results obtained from the calculation is the comparison of the target with the output gradient error in Suliki District in 2018, namely the target of 0.11311 and the result of the error gradient output is -0.1171. The prediction results obtained from this process become a reference for the Population Control, Family Planning and Women Empowerment and Child Protection Agency (DPPKBP3A) of District Lima Puluh Kota to implement the implementation of postpartum family planning programs to the community the following year.

A espécie suína nos últimos anos vem sendo espécie de escolha como companhia doméstica. Na Medicina Veterinária conhecemos o crescimento da suinocultura e as melhorias necessárias para o aumento da exportação. Melhorias na alimentação, melhoramento genético, no manejo e procedimentos cirúrgicos em machos. Pensando na domesticação desses animais e manutenção da saúde dessa espécie animal, além do manejo alimentar, se faz necessário novos estudos para a melhor adaptação desses animais e também o controle da reprodução em ambientes domésticos sem o interesse econômico da espécie. O procedimento cirúrgico para o controle da reprodução de fêmeas é a retirada dos ovários (ovariectomia) e poucos estudos foram descritos, tanto sobre o procedimento, quanto estudos comparativos para o melhor procedimento cirúrgico. A Ovariossalpingohisterectomia é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos mais realizados na rotina veterinária de pequenos animais, sendo um meio eficaz no controle populacional e de prevenção de doenças. Devido à ausência de descrição da técnica cirúrgica em animais de produção, o presente trabalho relata o procedimento de Ovariossalpingohisterectomia realizado em leitoa (Sus scrofa domesticus) de aproximadamente quatro meses de idade, submetida a anestesia geral, com a avaliação pressórica e a hemogasometria, garantindo indicadores de bem estar animal e controle dos parâmetros vitais durante todo o procedimento, podendo ser alternativa para abordagens cirúrgicas de animais da espécie suína de companhia doméstica, conhecidos como minipig.

The geographic range of the zoonotic raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) is expanding together with the range of its host, the raccoon (Procyon lotor). This creates a new public health risk in parts of Europe where this parasite was previously absent. In the Netherlands, a raccoon population is becoming established and incidental findings of B. procyonis have been reported. To assess the risk to public health, the prevalence of B. procyonis was determined in the province of Limburg, where currently the largest Dutch raccoon population is present, as well as in the adjoining region of southern Belgium. Furthermore, genetic methods were employed to assess invasion pathways of both the raccoon and B. procyonis to aid in the development of control measures. Macroscopic analysis of intestinal content and testing of faecal samples were performed to detect B. procyonis adults and eggs. The population genetics of both B. procyonis and its raccoon host were analysed using samples from central and northwestern Europe. B. procyonis was found in 14/23 (61%, 95% C.I. 41-78%) raccoons from Limburg, but was absent from 50 Belgian raccoons. Genetic analyses showed that the majority of the Dutch raccoons and their roundworms were introduced through ex-captive individuals. As long as free-living raccoon populations originate from captivity, population control methods may be pursued. However, natural dispersal from the border regions will complicate prolonged population control. To reduce the public health risk posed by B. procyonis, public education to increase awareness and adapt behaviour towards raccoons is key. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Free-roaming domestic cats can negatively affect wildlife, and understanding how they use space is fundamental to predict their potential impacts. In this study we describe the use of space of 48 owned free-roaming cats and assess the level of care provided by owners in rural areas near priority conservation areas in southern Chile. Additionally, we use camera trap data from two protected areas to assess spatial overlap with wild vertebrates, particularly the guigna (Leopardus guigna), a vulnerable forest-dwelling felid. Cat home ranges were variable (1–47.2 hectares) and their activity was mostly concentrated within 100 meters of the household, with maximum foray distances up to 2.5 km. Cats used wooded areas (12% of fixes on average), mostly native forest, where spatial overlap with endemic and/or threatened species was documented. Nonetheless cats were infrequently detected in nearby protected areas (1.7% of GPS locations and 1% of the cameras). The use of wooded areas was strongly associated with the distance from the household to the forest edge and home range areas were negatively associated with house density. Our findings suggest that in areas isolated from households (>200 m), the problem of cats is marginal and restricted to the edges. Management was in general deficient, observing birth control in only 13% of cats and lack of preventive health care in 86% of cats. Cat impacts could be exacerbated under increasing land subdivision in southern Chile where, without population control strategies, cats may become an emergent threat for native wildlife.

FM Annukka Sailon tieteiden ja aatteiden historian alaan kuuluva väitöskirja "Hierarchies, population control, war: Debating territorial aggression in behavioral sciences (1965–75)" tarkastettiin Oulun yliopistossa 30.10.2020. Vastaväittäjänä toimi professori Erika Milam (Princetonin yliopisto) ja kustoksena professori Petteri Pietikäinen (Oulun yliopisto). Tilaisuus oli englanninkielinen ja järjestettiin etäyhteyksin.

The term smart growth is associated with the necessary paths to achieve a sustainable course of economic development. Though being a modern term, it crystallises the tradition of the classical political economy regarding the role of technical change, population control and sustainability. John Stuart Mill is the classical economist who provided the theoretical framework of the term. By stressing the role of knowledge and environmental protection, core tenets of smart growth, he illustrates the macro (long-run) perspective of economic development. His notion of the ‘Stationary State’ includes these elements which are driving smart growth. By showing the differences into the mechanics of knowledge J.S. Mill shows that the historical distinction between ‘West and East’ countries is seated on the uneven diffusion of knowledge among people.

The Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection, Family Planning is an organization in the administration of government affairs in the field of women's empowerment and child protection, in the field of population control and family planning (DP3AKB). as well as co-administration tasks. The research objective was to describe and analyze the effectiveness of DP3AKB Sidoarjo Regency in reducing the number of violence against women and children in Sidoarjo Regency which is still a lot. Effectiveness was assessed by the 7 dimensions of Gibson using a descriptive qualitative method. The technique of collecting data by interview, observation, and documentation, while the technique of interactive data analysis. The results showed that the DP3AKB Sidoarjo Regency has been effective in dealing with the number of violence in Sidoarjo Regency. However, this effort still lacks support from the people of Sidoarjo. Many reports of violence against women and children have come in. This reflects the lack of public awareness of the meaning of gender equality which is the goal of the Sidoarjo DP3AKB itself. In addition, in implementing the program, there are still many obstacles ranging from time and budget constraints from Covid handling orders which resulted in the suboptimal implementation of activities.

Synchronization of development policies in the field of population and family planning is an issue in the central, provincial and district/city governments as stipulated in Law No. 23/2014. Article 8 paragraph 2 of the Law states that population quantity control is carried out through synchronization of population policies at the national level and regions. Therefore, work programs in the population control at the district/city level are highly varied according to the problem. Family planning promotion, counseling and advocacy are programs in all districts/cities targeting the couples of childbearing age and adolescents. The study of program plan and regulatory documents for the 2019-2024 fiscal year became the basis for focused discussions with various levels of government, namely the central, provincial, regency/city and sub-district level. Targets, strategies, programs and activities which include types, objectives, objectives, coverage and achievements are components to be examined for content, consistency and synchronization. Meanwhile, policy synchronization can be seen from the formulation of work programs. The results of the study show that directly, the provincial work program is linear with the national agenda

Background We wanted to understand how patients with different modified Rankin Scale (mRS) grades differ regarding their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and how this affects the interpretation and dichotomization of the grade. Methods In 2016, all adult patients in our brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) database (n = 432) were asked to fill in mailed letters including a questionnaire about self-sufficiency and lifestyle and the 15D HRQoL questionnaire. The follow-up mRS was defined in 2016 using the electronic patient registry and the questionnaire data. The 15D profiles of each mRS grade were compared to those of the general population and to each other, using ANCOVA with age and sex standardization. Results Patients in mRS 0 (mean 15D score = 0.954 ± 0.060) had significantly better HRQoL than the general population (mean = 0.927 ± 0.028), p p Conclusions Using 15D, we were able to find significant differences in the HRQoL between mRS 0 and mRS 1 AVM patients, against the recent findings on stroke patients using EQ-5D in their analyses. Although the dichotomization cut point is commonly set between mRS 1 and 2, patients in these grades had a similar HRQoL and a decreased ability to continue their premorbid lifestyle, in contrast to patients in mRS 0.

Twenty-five years since the Fourth World Conference on Women, as a result of feminist organising and activism, there has been substantial law reform and transformation in South Africa. Yet, as for ...

East Asia (the post-Confucian countries) is by far more advanced than the Middle East, primarily in terms of better education, leadership quality and population control – for which East Asia ranks ...

We conducted a baseline characterization of the abundance and seasonality of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762)—a vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika—in two suburban localities of Yucatan, Mexico, as the first step in the implementation of an integrated vector management (IVM) plan combining ‘traditional Aedes control’ (source reduction/truck-mounted ultra-low volume [ULV] spraying) and incompatible insect technique/sterile insect technique for population suppression in Yucatan, Mexico. Weekly entomological collections with ovitraps and BG-sentinel traps were performed in 1-ha quadrants of both localities for 1 yr. Three distinct periods/phases were identified, closely associated with precipitation: 1) a phase of low population abundance during the dry season (weekly average of Aedes eggs per ovitrap and adults per BG trap = 15.51 ± 0.71 and 10.07 ± 0.88, respectively); 2) a phase of population growth and greatest abundance of Aedes (49.03 ± 1.48 eggs and 25.69 ± 1.31 adults) during the rainy season; and finally 3) a phase of decline among populations (20.91 ± 0.97 eggs and 3.24 ± 0.21 adults) after the peak of the rainy season. Seasonal abundance and dynamics of Ae. aegypti populations suggest that it is feasible to develop and implement time-specific actions as part of an IVM approach incorporating integrating novel technologies (such as rear-and-release of Wolbachia-infected males) with classic (insecticide-based) approaches implemented routinely for vector control. In agreement with the local vector control program, we propose a pilot IVM strategy structured in a preparation phase, an attack phase with traditional vector control, and a suppression phase with inundative releases, which are described in this paper.

Objectives As China is facing a potential second wave of the epidemic, we reviewed and evaluated the intervention measures implemented in a major metropolitan city, Shenzhen, during the early phase of Wuhan lockdown. Study Designs Based on the classic SEITR model and combined with population mobility, a compartmental model was constructed to simulate the transmission of COVID-19 and disease progression in the Shenzhen population. Methods Based on published epidemiological data on COVID-19 and population mobility data from Baidu Qianxi, we constructed a compartmental model to evaluate the impact of work and traffic resumption on the epidemic in Shenzhen in various scenarios. Results Imported cases account for the majority (58.6%) of the early reported cases in Shenzhen. We demonstrated that with strict inflow population control and a high level of mask usage following work resumption, various resumption schemes resulted in only an insignificant difference in the number of cumulative infections. Shenzhen may experience this second wave of infections approximately two weeks after the traffic resumption if the incidence risk in Hubei is high at the moment of resumption. Conclusion Regardless of the work resumption strategy adopted in Shenzhen, the risk of a resurgence of COVID-19 after its reopening was limited. The strict control of imported cases and extensive use of facial masks play a key role in COVID-19 prevention., Highlights • With strict inflow population control measures and a high facial masks useage in Shenzhen, differences in the number of infections between various resumption schemes are insignificant. • If the incidence risk in Hubei is high at the moment of resumption, Shenzhen may experience a second wave of infections approximately two weeks after traffic resumption. • The strict control of imported cases and extensive use of facial masks play a key role in COVID-19 prevention.

This paper identifies family planning as a key arena of women’s movement activity during the 1950s and early 1960s. Focusing on the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) and the Family Planning Assoc...

Amid population aging, the senior living industry has become an important sector of the service industry, especially in China. Population control throughout the past four decades has led to the quintessential “sandwich” family, wherein a young couple faces pressure to care for four elderly parents as well as their own child(ren). A lack of proper home care for older adults in China has thus accelerated social and economic demand for senior living institutions (SLIs). Although a growing number of SLIs are being built in the country, occupancy rates remain low. It is therefore crucial to explore why older adults are not accepting SLIs as a solution to their needs. This study broaches this topic by investigating the mechanism underlying the impact of family support for choosing an SLI on older adults’ attitudes toward these institutions. Specifically, a mediation model was proposed to investigate the roles of life satisfaction and older adults’ subjective knowledge of SLIs among 1,723 older Chinese adults. Multigroup path analysis was also carried out to test applicable sociodemographic differences. Findings revealed a significant suppressing effect of life satisfaction and a partial mediating effect of subjective knowledge along with group differences. Overall, this study provides meaningful implications for SLI marketing.

This commentary is intended to take China as a case to discuss the mission of the family planning program under low fertility scenario. After a brief review of the initiation of family planning program in the 1970s, as well as the reorientation of family planning program since ICPD in 1994, it will focus on the new mission for the family planning program under low fertility scenario in the twenty-first century, in particular concerning the issue of induced abortion among the others. Given the enormous evidence of unmet needs in reproductive health as identified in the discussion, it is argued that family planning programmes are in fact even more needed than ever before under low-fertility scenario, and should not be abandoned but strengthened, which clearly has nothing to do to call back to the program for population control in the 1970s–1980s, and nor even go back to the program for “two reorientations” in the 1990s, but to aim to serving the people to fulfill their reproductive health and reproductive rights in light of ICPD and SDGs, and to become truly integral component of “Healthy China 2030” Strategy.

We consider age-structured models with an imposed refractory period between births. These models can be used to formulate alternative population control strategies to China's one-child policy. By allowing any number of births, but with an imposed delay between births, we show how the total population can be decreased and how a relatively older age distribution can be generated. This delay represents a more "continuous" form of population management for which the strict one-child policy is a limiting case. Such a policy approach could be more easily accepted by society. Our analyses provide an initial framework for studying demographics and how social constraints influence population structure., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures

The advent of techniques of sex selection that rely on assisted reproduction led to a questioning of whether sex selection should be deemed always and everywhere unethical. While China and India are normally associated with condemned practices, they are also implicated in processes that constitute globally stratified sex selection inclusive of its more valued form, often referred to as family balancing. Through an application of Ong and Collier’s concept of global assemblage, I demonstrate how family balancing, which has taken on a “global form,” is tied to an “assemblage” of factors related to the anti-natal, population control contexts that have been pervasive in Asia. Three simultaneously occurring processes since the mid-1990s constituted stratified sex selection: the surfacing of China and India as figurative counter examples in deliberations of ethics on new techniques; active (inter)national surveillance of sex ratios as well as denunciation and criminalization of sex selective abortion in China and India; and the role of China and India in neoliberalizing population control and developing globalized markets in reproduction. Accounting for globally stratified sex selection requires a more robust interpretation of ethics that rethinks disciplinary approaches just as much as relativist ones in which respect for individual autonomy tends to overtake all other concerns.

Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects all mammals. It causes an estimated 59,000 human deaths worldwide annually. Dogs are the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to human in Sri Lanka. Prevention and control measures include the mass vaccination of dogs and human post-exposure treatment. While these measures appear to be homogeneous across the country, there is a need to identify community-level gaps due to the decentralization of regional health and veterinary services in conducting such activities. A community-based questionnaire survey was conducted to identify potential risk factors and gaps related to knowledge, attitudes and practices on rabies prevention and control in the rural regions of Sri Lanka. Lower knowledge scores were associated with respondents between 18 and 38 years old, had no experience of being bitten, and own semi-independent dogs. Despite associated fear of stray dogs with health issues, some communities provide shelter and/or food for the stray dogs. Uptake of population control and vaccination of dogs across the grama niladhari divisions (GNDs), which are the smallest administrative units, differed. More than 80% of dogs were not desexed and community knowledge on vaccination delivery, booster and vaccination schedules were also variable. Even though 69% of respondents identified stray/community dogs as potential carriers' owners allow their dogs to roam the neighbourhood. Most of the respondents were able to identify the need for post-exposure treatment after a dog bite. However, post-exposure prophylaxis uptake by the local victims ranged between 83.00% and 87.50%. Low participation was reported in health education in the communities. Lack of knowledge on other potential carriers was similar to previous survey studies in the last decade. Collaborations between local communities, veterinary and medical services are necessary to scale up the control programme in order to achieve the global target of zero rabies deaths by 2030. Further community-level studies are recommended.

This paper aims to demonstrate how the discourse of reproductive rights, led by the Global North, is close to a eugenic bias based on population control, and exercises direct influence in countries...

This article traces the transnational history of Indian Multi-Purpose Food (Indian MPF, or simply MPF) to make two contributions to the historiography of development in post-War South Asia. Firstly...

The world's population continues to grow, albeit at a slower pace. The decelerating growth is mainly attributable to fertility declines in a growing number of countries. However, there are substantial variations in the future trends of populations across regions and countries, with sub-Saharan African countries being projected to have most of the increase. Population momentum plays an important role in determining the future population growth in many countries and areas where fertility is in a rapid transition. With declines in fertility, the world's population is unprecedentedly aging, and the numbers of households with smaller sizes are growing. International migration is also on the rise since the beginning of this century. The world's population is also urbanizing due to increased internal rural to urban migration. Nevertheless, there are uncertainties in future population growth, not only because there are uncertainties in the future trends in fertility, mortality, and migration, but also because there are many other factors that could affect these trajectories. International consensus on climate change and ecosystem protections may trigger population control policies, and the ongoing pandemic is likely to have some impact on mortality, migration, or even fertility.

Interventions for reducing stunting with various programs at the administrative level are very weak, so it is necessary to describe an analysis of the implementation of policies for the integrated stunting reduction program in Kabupaten Lombok Utara in 2020. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research, while the data sources in this study are the Health Office, Regional Secretariat, Regional Development Planning Agency, Population Control Office, Family Planning, Community and Village Empowerment (DP2KBPMD) North Lombok Regency. Furthermore, the purpose of this research is how to implement an integrated stunting prevention program policy in North Lombok Regency. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion above, it can be concluded that the integrated stunting management program has not been fully implemented due to the many technical problems that occurred during the implementation of program activities in each OPD in the field.

This research’s purpose is to know how is the implementation of Family Planning by the office of population control and family planning, women empowerment and child protection, for reaching a prosperous family, balanced population growth, two healthy kids (DAHSAT) in Indralaya Sub-district, OganIlir District, and also to know about the success that has been done by the office of population control and family planning in Indralaya Sub-district, such as come directly to the field (jemput bola) by using dedicated car (mobilkeliling), held a family planning counseling training for health workers and village hall workers, which the goals are to be able to give good service towards family planning acceptor achievement in Indralaya Sub-district, and mainly for achievement of family planning participants that using a contraception device MKJP and NON MKJP. This research used a descriptive research method with qualitative approach, expectedly be able to examine the achieved strategy in implementation of family planning such as by family planning counseling training in Indralaya Sub-district, OganIlir District. Based on the research’s result, the amount of family planning acceptors in year 2017 – 2019 showed a success attempt, this all been done by family planning counselling implementation called communication, information, and education (KB KIE) and also doing some coachings that called by the name of Tribina, Bina Balita, Bina Remaja, Bina Lansia, in Indralaya Sub-district, but in practice it is not maximally deliver good result, because of the limited number of trained counselling workers and the lacks of equipment required, the family planning counselling also has been done in parallel with Integrated Healthcare Center (Posyandu) activities and other related activites.

Marriage Age Maturity, PUP is a BKKBN program which regulates the age maturity limit for marriage, a minimum of 20 years for women and a minimum of of 25 years for men. This provision differs from the minimum marriageable age stated in the marriage act. The importance of PUP program is to prepare the adolescents entering the ideal age of marriage in the context of creating a quality family and controlling the population. In this case, Purbalingga Regency has a high level of early marriage. Thus, the PUP program is highly needed to realize the ideal age of marriage. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to know the implementation of PUP in realizing the population control and developing family in Purbalingga Regency as well as revealing the factors that influence its implementation. This study employed juridical-empirical and qualitative approaches. The findings revealed the implementation of PUP program in Purbalingga Regency was realized in the form of KIE (Information and Education Communication). This was carried out by Dinsos Dalduk KB P3A in collaboration with PIK-R/M, Duta Genre, government agencies such as the health office, KUA, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Rural areas community development, and the participation of PLKB. However, this program was not fully implemented. Meanwhile, regarding the factors that influence its implementation, a supporting factors covered the partnership cooperation and support from religious leader and the community. The inhibiting factors, on the other hand, covered legal factors, law enforcement, means and facilities, personal factors, and social factors.Pendewasaan Usia Perkawinan (PUP) merupakan program BKKBN yang mengatur tentang pendewasaan batas usia perkawinan yaitu minimal 20 tahun bagi perempuan dan laki-laki minimal berusia 25 tahun, yang mana ketentuan tersebut berbeda dengan aturan batas usia perkawinan dalam Undang-Undang Perkawinan. Pentingnya program PUP adalah untuk mempersiapkan remaja memasuki usia perkawinan yang ideal dalam rangka membentuk keluarga berkualitas dan sarana sarana pengendalian penduduk. Kabupaten Purbalingga mempunyai tingkat perkawinan muda nya tinggi sehingga program PUP sangat dibutuhkan untuk mewujudkan usia perkawinan yang ideal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui implementasi Program PUP guna mewujudkan pengendalian penduduk dan pembangunan keluarga di Kabupaten Purbalingga dan faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis empiris dan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi program PUP di Kabupaten Purbalingga dilakukan dalam bentuk KIE (Komunikasi Informasi dan Edukasi) oleh Dinsos Dalduk KB P3A bekerja sama dengan PIK-R/M, Duta Gendre, instansi pemerintah seperti Dinas Kesehatan, KUA, Kementerian Agama, pembinaan institusi masyarakat pedesaan, peran serta PLKB. Namun program PUP tersebut masih belum terlaksana secara menyeluruh. Adapun faktor –faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi berupa faktor pendukung yaitu kerja sama kemitraan dan dukungan para tokoh agama dan masyarakat sedangkan faktor menghambatnya berupa faktor hukum, penegak hukum, sarana dan fasilitas, faktor personal, faktor sosial

The Gender perspective of family planning participants in Malang, especially in the KB village, Bareng, because according to the Women's Empowerment, Child Protection, Population and Family Planning (DP3AP2KB) Office, is located at Jl. Ki Ageng Gribig No.5 Malang Postal Code 65173. Having a vision that is "The realization of community empowerment, population control and the realization of gender equality and protection of women and children". BKBPM also mediates the strategy and policy direction planned by the Malang city government, namely increasing the empowerment of the poor, increasing the empowerment and protection of women and children. As well as improving the quality of family planning and family welfare (DP3AP2KB, 2016). The results of the discussion stated that the number of family planning participants in RW 08 was 329 or 54.92 percent of the number of PUS (couples of childbearing age) of 599. The most enjoyed contraceptive method is an IUD of 98 or 29.78 percent. Whereas for MKJP KB (long-term method of family planning contraception) participants (Long Term Contraception Method) by 13 or 40.42 percent, and the most usage was NON MKJP which was 59.74 percent. Based on the Gender Perspective, only 66 of the 329 KB participants or only 20% of the male participants are involved. This is based on the results of interviews in the family many mothers who do not approve of her husband using the Vasectomy Contraception method, also due to suspicion if the husband uses it will be misused misused on other women (anonymous), other than that the causes of Unmet need factors: Side effects on health, prohibitions from spouse or husband, discomfort, costs to be incurred, do not want to bother, subjective experience does not use contraception does not occur in pregnancy.

The Norway rat is a globally distributed pest, known for its resilience to eradication and control programs. Efficient population control, especially in urban settings, is dependent on knowledge of rat demography and population ecology. We analyzed the relationship between four demographic outcomes, estimated by live-trapping data, and fine-scale environmental features measured at the capture site. Wounds, a proxy for agonistic interactions, were associated with mature individuals. Areas with environmental features favorable to rats, such as open sewers and unpaved earth, were associated with more mature individuals with a better body condition index. The control measures (environmental stressors) are likely to be disrupting the social structure of rat colonies, increasing the frequency and distribution of agonistic interactions, which were common in both sexes and maturity states. The relationship between the favorable environmental conditions and the demographic markers analyzed indicate possible targets for infestation control through environmental manipulation, and could be incorporated into current pest management programs to achieve long-term success. Our study indicate that urban interventions focused on removal of potential resources for rats could be potential long-term solutions by reducing the carrying capacity of the environment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11252-020-01075-2.

In recent years, Beijing has implemented urban renewal policies aimed at forcing out rural migrants to restrict the city’s population. One such policy restricts their access to public schools. We use the demolition of the Beijing Sun Palace Farmers’ Market to examine the long-term impacts of these policies on the educational status of migrant children in Beijing. Based on a survey and in-depth interviews with migrant vendors, we find that government-initiated urban remodelling campaigns have an enduring impact on their social mobility and the educational opportunities of their children. Despite severe limitations to their mobility and economic opportunities, many migrant vendors were still determined to stay in Beijing. Subsequently, their worsened living status significantly affected their children’s prospects. Migrant children caught in this urban dynamic either struggle in substandard informal migrant schools in Beijing or are left behind in their hometowns, with little hope of a good education or improved social status.

Population density is an important variable in the development of social complexity. Estimating population densities from the archaeological record requires combining estimates of population, area, and time. Archaeological population estimates tend to be reported as a maximum population derived from the total accumulation of discrete archaeological material types, usually ceramics or radiocarbon (14C) dates. However, given the palimpsest nature of the archaeological record at recurrently occupied archaeological sites, these maximal, total estimates are, at best, a poor reflection of contemporaneous populations. I present a method for calculating average yearly population densities for occupations at a large, multicomponent site using a combination of distributional data and 60 14C dates. By employing this method at other sites in the same region, modeling intra-regional population dynamics at fine time scales will be possible.

Evitar el crecimiento desmedido de la población y los potenciales efectos negativos en los habitantes de un determinado territorio se ha convertido en una de las prioridades de los estados. Su accionar se basa en implementar políticas públicas en torno a la planificación familiar, no obstante, la planificación familiar por sí sola no es suficiente. Para que esta sea eficiente y logre el impacto deseado en el control de la población, es necesaria la disponibilidad en el mercado de métodos (productos) anticonceptivos. En este sentido, el presente estudio pretende medir la asociación y la dependencia que tienen las importaciones de anticonceptivos en el control poblacional. La delimitación de tiempo se centra entre los años 1990-2017, periodo en el cual se analiza la asociación existente entre el número de nacidos frente a las importaciones (en toneladas) de profilácticos y anticonceptivos hormonales en el Ecuador, esto mediante correlaciones de Pearson; y la dependencia mediante regresiones lineales. Los resultados reflejan que existe una correlación entre las variables: importación de preservativos e importación de métodos anticonceptivos hormonales, con la reducción o aumento en el número de nacidos en Ecuador. Asimismo, se evidencia que la variable importación de anticonceptivos hormonales explica en mayor medida el número de neonatos, en comparación con la variable importación de preservativos.

The objective of the research is to re-examine the influences of population density, energy consumption on CO2 emission in Pakistan. In addition, the effect of the growth and trade is also discovered in the study using Fully Modified Least Square (FMOLS) method from 1990 to 2014. Further, robust analysis is carried by utilizing Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) method. Initially, unit root test is tested by Augmented Dicky Fuller test and Phillips-Perron (PP) test, and long run relationship is studied by Johansen Cointegration test. The outcomes of the research show the influential contribution of population density, energy consumption on environmental decay in Pakistan. Likewise, the other elements, which plays significant role in pollution, are growth and trade. The results of the robustness check also endorse population density and energy consumption are contributing CO2 emission in Pakistan. Therefore, the study recommends that population control should be the target of the government and limit and introduce environmentally friendly sources of energy. Keywords: Population density, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, Pakistan.JEL Classifications: Q4, Q42DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10341

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine frequency of contraceptive use, reasoning for not using any method and complications of various methods among low socioeconomic section of society. Study Design: Cross Sectional Observational study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Farooq Hospital, Westwood Branch, Lahore. Period: From 1st July 2019 to 31st December 2019. Material & Method: All married women between 18-40 years of age,having at least one child, presenting to gynae outdoor, were included in the study. Sample size was 408. Mean and standard deviation calculated for age and parity. Frequency and percentage of remaining variables calculated by using SPSS version 16. Results: Out of total 408 participants, 48.3% were in age range of 21-30 years and 86.5% were having parity of ≥ 2. 47.5% participants were illetrate and 52.5% were having different level of education. 53% participants were not using any contraception and only 47% were practicing contraception. Most commonly used method among users were interval IUCD (32.3%) and barrier method (30.2%). Least common method used was Implanon (1.04%). Most common reasons among nonusers were lack of knowledge (30.5%) and fear of side effects (21.7%). Least common reasons were myths and false beliefs (8.8%). Common complications among users were menstrual irregularity (29.6%),vaginal discharge (12%) and failure of method leading to conception (7.8%). Conclusion: There is need for strong implementation of government family planning policies and motivation of couples through media and health personnel to achieve effective use of contraceptives.

Covid 19 is an unfortunate situation that nevertheless could be said to have produced environmentally beneficial results. It has forced Africans and humanity in general to change attitudes and lifestyles that were hitherto inimical to the environment to ones that could restore the environment. For the sake of survival, consumerism which is one of the greatest hallmarks of Africans and a source of depletion of earth resources has given way to frugality; transportation activities that is one of the greatest sources of global warming have significantly reduced and most importantly human population which has terrifically posed as a threat to the survival of the environment is being forcefully checked. These and many other life changes in human beings, though accidental, are healing the environment, and the paper argues that if they are sustained, the environment will totally be restored to sound health. Most of these changes will naturally be sustained even after the Covid 19 pandemic, for as Aristotle acknowledged, actions perpetrated for a long time become habituated. However, I believe that if conscious efforts are also made to sustain these changed attitudes, then the environmental crisis currently enveloping the globe will be halted. The paper using philosophical methods of criticality and argumentation concludes that Covid 19 though tragic for humans, nevertheless has lessons that could be useful for the present drive to sustain the environment and by that prevent future pandemic that could be environmentally related. The paper argues vehemently that African governments must steer their developmental agenda towards environmental sustenance in line with Covid 19 seeming directives to humanity.

An overview of population density control in social mammals sets the framework for examining reproductive responses to increasing population densities. We begin by honoring John B. Calhoun who played a major role, starting about 70 years ago, in correcting the conventional wisdom of the time that population control was all about adjusting mortality rates. Reproduction was considered a constant, and emigration was viewed as a component of mortality. His research was mostly on domestic and feral populations of Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus for which he built complex arenas that could house thousands of inhabitants. In addition, he constructed elaborate living quarters in the alleyways of Baltimore. For the captive populations, he would individually mark all the inhabitants so that he could identify them and observe their behavior. Eight examples of his research publications are described. He was able to document a list of reproduction related behaviors that are the main focus of this essay, and clearly demolish the simplistic notion that reproduction is a constant. A summary of some of the major issues that encompasses the science of population growth and regulation is provided. There follows a series of 19 examples of non-Calhoun publications that cover many more species of social mammals, including humans. A comprehensive list of the many negative adaptations involving reproductive processes are documented for the 27 publications reviewed confirming that in many species reproductive constraints are non-trivial. There follows a brief discussion that attempts to create a cohesive whole for this intellectual adventure.

Research on female foeticide in India frames India’s reproductive subjects as incapable of exercising mastery over their bodies. This framing often questions Indian women’s exercise of reproductive agency within Indian patriarchy and views women as preferring sons. Such framing is problematic as it pays very little attention to India’s population control measures, which are steeped in India’s colonial history, and sets women up for tutelage, instead. In response, this essay using Foucault historicises influential theoretical approaches to population control based on three texts,originating in different historical and geographical locations,written by Thomas Malthus, Margaret Sanger and Amartya Sen.This analysis demonstrates how colonial contexts and history framed research in the past and continues doing so in the present. This study addresses the epistemological conditions of knowing female foeticide. Drawing on Butler’s notion of framing this essay argues that Indian women’s autonomy is framed both as passive − a masculinist position − and as ‘other’ − an Orientalist position. This essay also argues that this causal location of women then deflects attention from state policies which maybe exacerbating such a practice and is not helping the Indian reproductive subject. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The National policy on (1) prescribes a student-teacher ratio of 1:25 for pre-primary classes; 1:35 for primary and 1:40 for secondary schools. The policy are supposed to be adherence to by all educational institutions in the country but it is unfortunate that many public and private schools classroom are overpopulated. This articled examines the challenges facing the implementation of student-teacher ratio policy as drafted in the National policy on education. The article used secondary data to thrown light on points raised in this article. We identified the following as the challenges facing the implementation of student-teacher ratio policy and they includes: inadequate funding, inadequate teachers, inadequate infrastructural facilities, weak quality assurance agencies, lack of political will and corruption. To solve the challenges identified and to ensure implementation of student-teacher ratio policy in Nigeria, the article suggests that the government should: provide adequate funding, employ more professional teachers, provision of more infrastructural facilities, strengthen the quality assurance control agencies, fight institutional corruption and ensure population control.

The Nigerian population policy targeted a 30.2% prevalence of modern contraceptives among its population by the year 2015. In spite of the widespread knowledge of contraceptive use among the population, the prevalence stood at 12% in 2018. This study, riding on several previous studies on the determinants of contraceptive use in Nigeria, investigates the latent and under-explored determinants against the background that what is known has not significantly translated to the realization of the country’s population policy targets. Using data on 27,274 married and in-union women aged 15–49 from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey, the relationships between sex preference, family composition, intimate partner violence, and coital frequency and contraceptive use were analyzed using bivariate statistics and logistic regression. The prevalence of contraceptive use was 9.9%, and in both the unadjusted and adjusted regression models with other known sociodemographic confounders of contraceptive use, family composition, and active coital frequency predicted increased odds of utilization (P

From December 2014 to February 2016, a cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out in 60 health facility catchment areas along Lake Kariba in Zambia’s Southern Province. The trial sought to evaluate the impact of four rounds of a mass drug administration (MDA) intervention with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DHAP) or focal MDA with DHAP at the household level compared with a control population that received the standard of care. This study was the first randomized controlled trial with DHAP for MDA in sub-Saharan Africa and was conducted through a collaboration between the National Malaria Elimination Programme in the Zambian Ministry of Health, the PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa, and the Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation at Tulane University. This article serves as an introduction to a collection of articles designed to explore different aspects of the intervention. By describing the recent history of malaria control in Zambia leading up to the trial—from the scale-up of point-of-care diagnosis and treatment, vector control, and indoor residual spraying early in the twenty-first century, to the efforts made to sustain the gains achieved with that approach—it provides a rationale for the implementation of a trial that has informed a new national strategic plan and solidified malaria elimination as Zambia’s national goal.