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Indonesia is a developing country that has always prioritized sustainable development. In achieving these development goals, Indonesia needs to achieve economic growth by improving population welfare and increasing income. With the form of panel data from 34 provinces in Indonesia that have unique characteristics, the author presented them during 2015-2019. Through multiple linear regression, this study seeks to discuss the relationship of unemployment, labor force participation rate, and poor people to Indonesia’s GDP growth. These findings suggest that the three macroeconomic variables have a negative impact on GDP. Regarding GDP growth, only unemployment has an actual effect, while others have no significant effect. The implications of the policies pursued by the government are not only paying attention to economic aspects but social problems that are expected to spur economic development.

Perkembangan pariwisata di pulau Bali yang merupakan penyumbang devisa terbesar bagi Indonesia belum mampu memberikan manfaat ekonomi secara signifikan bagi masyarakat Bali. Hal ini terlihat dari meningkatnya jumlah penduduk miskin di Bali meliputi wilayah perkotaan dan perdesaan dari tahun 2012 hingga 2020, sebelum sektor pariwisata mengalami penurunan secara signifikan yang disebabkan oleh pandemi Virus CORONA. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut maka perlu dilakukan pengembangan pariwisata yang lebih memprioritaskan pada peningkatan ekonomi masyarakat lokal Bali dengan melibatkan masyarakat lokal secara langsung pada pengembangan pariwisata. Salah satunya dengan mengembangkan pasar tradisional sebagai daya tarik wisata. Adapun yang melatarbelakangi upaya ini adalah karena pasar tradisional merupakan tempat transaksi jual beli dari seluruh lapisan masyarakat di Bali. Selain itu, pengembangan pasar tradisional menjadi tempat wisata diharapkan mampu bersaing dengan semakin banyaknya pasar modern yang tumbuh di Bali. Lokasi penelitian yang dipilih adalah Pasar Kumbasari yang berlokasi di kota Denpasar. Pemilihan lokasi ini dilatarbelakangi karena Kumbasari merupakan salah satu pasar terbesar diBali dan saat ini dalam proses renovasi. Pasar ini pada masa sebelum pandemi Covid-19 beroperasi selama 24 jam dan menjadi tempat mencari nafkah bagi ratusan masyarakat Bali. Strategi pengembangan ini menggunakan analisis SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats). Faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang dimiliki oleh pasar tradisional khususnya pasar Kumbasari sebelum dilakukan renovasi dianalisa sehingga ditemukan berbagai kondisi baik itu berupa kekurangan/ kelemahan, ancaman, peluang dan kekuatan yang dapat dijadikan bahan pertimbangan dalam upaya peningkatan kualitas pasar pada saat dan setelah dilakukan upaya renovasi. Hingga akhirnya renovasi pasar Kumbasari dapat dilakukan sesuai dengan kebutuhan serta dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu tempat yang layak untuk dikunjungi wisawatan baik lokal maupun mancanegara, sehingga dapat memberikan manfaat secara maksimal bagi peningkatan ekonomi masyarakat Bali.

Planting Aceh is one of the provinces that contributes to coffee production in Indonesia. Aceh Province is one of the plantation commodities that has the potential to increase the pace of the regional economy. However, Aceh is one of the provinces that are classified as poor in Indonesia, in 2018 the number of poor people was 809.76 thousand. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of coffee farmers and non-coffee farmers who are different and analyze the impact of coffee farmers' production in reducing poverty and how the impact of coffee production on reducing poverty in Aceh Province. The type of data used is secondary data from SUSENAS BPS in 2018 and 2019. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and probit regression. The results of the study are that in 2019 the characteristics that were significantly different between coffee farmers and non-coffee farmers Then the impact of the coffee farmer profession in reducing poverty levels in Aceh Province was seen that the results obtained by non-coffee farmers had more differences in total assets and expenses compared to coffee farmer.

Provinsi Yogyakarta mendapat peringkat 8 provinsi paling bahagia di Indonesia yaitu sebesar 72,93. Walaupun Yogyakarta memiliki peringkat Indeks Kebahagiaan cukup tinggi, namun Provinsi Yogyakarta memiliki beberapa permasalahan dari segi ekonomi. Pertama, persentase penduduk miskin di Yogyakarta pada bulan Maret 2017 sebesar 13,02 persen dan pada bulan September 2017 sebesar 12,36 persen, persentase ini di atas rata-rata persentase penduduk miskin tingkat nasional. Kedua, gini ratio Yogyakarta sebesar 0,432, ini menyebabkan gini ratio Yogyakarta tertinggi di seluruh provinsi Indonesia, dan permasalahan ketiga, pada tahun 2017 Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP) Yogyakarta adalah UMP terkecil di seluruh Indonesia, yaitu sebesar Rp. 1.337.645. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran umum dan variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhi tingkat kebahagiaan penduduk Yogyakarta tahun 2017. Metode yang digunakan Regresi Logistik Ordinal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat kebahagiaan masyarakat Yogyakarta di pengaruhi oleh variabel usia, pendapatan, kepemilikan tabungan, dan tidak mengalami gangguan kesehatan.

We test a key assumption underlying seminal theories about preferences for redistribution, which is that relatively poor people should be the most in favor of redistribution. We conduct a randomized survey experiment with over 30,000 participants across 10 countries, half of whom are informed of their position in the national income distribution. Contrary to prevailing wisdom, people who are told they are relatively poorer than they thought are less concerned about inequality and are not more supportive of redistribution. This finding is consistent with people using their own living standard as a “benchmark” for what they consider acceptable for others. (JEL D12, D31, H23, I31, I32)

Prospek ekonomi Indonesia melemah secara signifikan dengan adanya pandemi COVID-19. Struktur perekonomian Indonesia secara spasial pada tahun 2020 didominasi oleh kelompok provinsi di Pulau Jawa yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap PDB sebesar 58,75 persen. Pandemi COVID-19 memiliki dampak sosial ekonomi terbesar di wilayah yang padat penduduk dikarenakan pembatasan sosial, termasuk Pulau Jawa sebagai pusat perekonomian Indonesia. Hal ini dapat mengindikasikan apabila perekonomian Pulau Jawa terkontraksi, maka perekonomian Indonesia ikut terkontraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi sosial ekonomi di Pulau Jawa sebelum dan setelah memasuki pandemi COVID-19 dan mengelompokkan kabupaten/kota di Pulau Jawa berdasarkan kondisi sosial ekonomi melalui variabel Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka, jumlah angkatan kerja, jumlah sektor unggulan, pengeluaran per kapita, dan persentase penduduk miskin, serta membandingkannya ketika sebelum dan setelah memasuki pandemi COVID-19 dengan menggunakan metode Cluster Ensemble. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa secara rata-rata terjadi penurunan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan jumlah sektor unggulan, serta peningkatan TPT, jumlah angkatan kerja, penduduk miskin, dan pengeluaran per kapita di Pulau Jawa setelah memasuki pandemi COVID-19. Dari 3 klaster yang terbentuk pada tahun 2019 dan 5 klaster pada tahun 2020, didapat bahwa secara umum pengelompokan tiap klaster tidak jauh berbeda, namun terdapat beberapa perbedaan karakteristik dan anggota klaster.

Peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam meningkatkan perekonomian rakyat masih sangat penting dan merupakan tanggung jawab pemerintah dalam mensejahterakan masyarakat. Bantuan Keuangan Pemerintah Provinsi kepada Desa/Kelurahan (BKP2DK) di Provinsi Jambi, merupakan salah satu sumber dana yang memberi kontribusi bagi pelaksanaan pembangunan di desa dengan tujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan mengurangi jumlah pendunduk miskin di Desa/Kelurahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana implementasi Bantuan Keuangan Pemerintah Provinsi Jambi kepada Desa/Kelurahaan di Provinsi Jambi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposife sampling terhadap perangkat desa dan masyarakat didesa se Provinsi Jambi. Sedangkan metode analisis digunakan analisis deskriptif dengan menggambarkan kondisi variable yang diteliti, serta analisis statistik menggunakan uji beda. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi bantuan keuangan provinsi bidang infrastruktur lebih banyak digunakan untuk pembangunan BUMDES, sementara bidang penguatan kelembagaan lebih banyak dialokasikan untuk petugas syara/guru ngaji. Dalam penelitian ini juga ditemukan bahwa masih kurangnya peran pembinaan dan pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh Tim Evaluasi Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota sehingga terdapat beberapa penggunaan bantuan keuangan yang belum sesuai dengan petunjuk yang sudah ditetapkan. Namun Bantuan Keuangan Pemerintah Provinsi Jambi kepada Desa/Kelurahan mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat desa dilihat dari berkurangnya jumlah penduduk miskin dan jumlah keluarga miskin, serta bertambahnya jumlah Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDES) dan Usaha Menengah, Kecil dan Mikro (UMKM) di desa yang menjadi sampel penelitian.

The COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world community and even Indonesia caused various kinds of problems. This is related to how the community can adapt to the disaster, so that they are able to survive and get through it. All means are certainly done, including changing the habits they have been doing to adapt in normal times. Changes in habitual patterns in adapting are very interesting to study, especially for poor people who are beneficiaries of the hopeful family program who are certainly the most affected by this Covid-19 pandemic disaster. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study on how to change the adaptation pattern of the poor beneficiaries of the Family Hope Program (PKH). Of course this study uses a qualitative method with case studies. In addition, this study also uses quantitative techniques in collecting data, both in the form of primary and secondary data. This research was conducted in Bagelen Village, Gedong Tataan District, Pesawaran Regency. The results of this study, namely a change in the pattern of adaptation of the PKH beneficiary community during the Covid-19 pandemic. These changes are related to the patterns of survival carried out by PKH beneficiary communities during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) have a significant role in filling the gap between the formal financial institutions and the poor people. This study aims at estimating the interaction between outr...

Black people, immigrants of color, poor people, and those with chronic illness are in danger of dying from the new coronavirus at an escalating pace over the next 2 years in this country. A psychoanalytic lens is used to make a notation on what is going on in this country in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the perils of being declared essential to the functioning of this society.

Bangladesh has made progress in advancing adolescent girls’ education, but there remain substantial evidence gaps around age and gender differences in motivations, retention, and access to education for adolescents living in urban slums. This article draws on quantitative and qualitative data collected in 2017 and 2018 by Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) with adolescents aged 10–17 across three low-income areas in Dhaka to explore adolescent educational attainment, aspirations, and environmental factors that constrain both. We find high educational and professional aspirations among adolescents and their parents, with parental support being an important predictor of both current enrolment and adolescent aspirations. Location is also an important predictor of adolescent aspirations and enrolment, highlighting the importance of infrastructure and services, integration into the city, and stability of the community (including schools and facilities), along with higher incomes and better employment opportunities for households.

The Livestock sector plays a central role in nature resource based livelihood of the vast majority of population and often considered as the poor people’s ATM. They are kept as a unit of production and provide an important source of revenue, employment and wealth. However this sector is facing a number of problems like bad health, shortage of feed and fodder, increase incidence of emerging and reemerging diseases etc and the most drastic amongst them being the Natural disasters like earthquake, floods, volcanoes etc. This paper gives a brief idea about the ill effects of natural disasters on the health of livestock, thereby effecting their production and productivity along with the various strategies to be kept in mind while dealing with disaster like event.

This study aimed to determine the effect of education and unemployment on poverty in Jambi Province. This study uses quantitative methods to analyze the impact of the average length of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the open unemployment rate on poverty in Jambi Province for the 2017-2019 period. The subjects of this study were residents of every district and city in Jambi Province. The type of data in this study is secondary data obtained and collected indirectly from the object under investigation. The things of this research are nine districts and two cities in Jambi province for the period 2017-2019 from the official portal of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) Jambi Province. The data used are the average length of schooling (RLS), expected years of education (HLS), and the open unemployment rate (TPT), and the number of poor people in Jambi Province in the 2017-2019 period. The results of the study show that education and unemployment simultaneously affect poverty in Jambi Province

The alleviation of illiteracy in Indonesia has been performed by the central government through the district government policy. In this study will be performed a research about the alleviation of illiteracy in Sumenep district by using paradigm of SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) in quality educational aspect and skill life education. This research uses descriptive-qualitative method in collecting and analyzing the data about the alleviation of illiteracy policy that is applied by government in Sumenep district. The Sumenep district government policy becomes a basic part in advancing the society, includes the policy in education aspect. One of the Sumenep district’s policies in education aspect includes an initiation in convincing the society through the alleviation of illiteracy for poor people. This research gets a conclusion that alleviation of illiteracy was performed by Sumenep district government in order the people get the quality education for their development in literary aspect (reading and writing) and to support their future that is faced to the technology world more advanced and more advanced, this becomes an indicator of prevailed policy.

This article proposes a reflection on the policies of tobacco consumption regulation in the ECOWAS countries. The argument is built from a cost-benefit economic approach. It shows that, even if fiscal and pricing policies are necessary to reduce the demand for tobacco, they must make it possible to strengthen information and awareness policies for a comprehensive approach to the fight against smoking and passive smoking.New forms of regulation should be established, which are part of a logic of promotion and health education for dependent, and/or poor people because the latter have difficulty changing their behavior following an increase in drug prices.

The deadly coronavirus has affected not only the lives of the people but also the economies of all states of the world. Mainly the lockdown to control the spread of the virus has affected economies. The primary objective of this study was to explore the impacts of novel coronavirus pneumonia on the economy of Pakistan and the government response to it. It has also severely affected the already vulnerable economy of Pakistan by limiting the economic activities, a lot of industrial units and small and medium-sized enterprises either stopped or limited their productions, foreign trade decreased by 40.74 percent, affected the services sector, reduced the tax collection volume, 2.06 million people lost their jobs, increased poverty ratio, tourism industry ruined, and GDP recorded negative for the first time in the history (0.38 percent). The pandemic not only affected the economy of the state but also severely affected the individual economies. The government of Pakistan released some relief packages for industries and poor people but could not control the impacts of a pandemic on the economy. Pakistan is required to formulate and implement comprehensive microeconomic policies to reduce economic losses. ©2021 The Society of Economics and Development, except certain content provided by third parties.

Analisa-se o fenômeno do encarceramento em massa após a vigência da legislação antidrogas, examinando as relações entre as políticas de guerra às drogas e elevado percentual de pessoas negras e pobres presentes no sistema prisional brasileiro. Parte-se de estudo realizado por Michelle Alexander nos EUA e de sua tese de que as políticas antidrogas escondem uma nova forma de segregação racial herdeira das leis conhecidas como Jim Crow. Fez-se revisão da literatura científica relacionada às políticas criminais e antidrogas em suas relações com questões raciais e transformações do padrão de repressão policial e judicial, sistematizando dados públicos sobre o sistema penitenciário brasileiro em cotejo com as mudanças trazidas pela legislação antidrogas no Brasil. Revelou-se forte relação entre as alterações legislativas e a explosão do número de encarcerados no país, uma vez que a legislação antidrogas permite que arraigadas práticas discriminatórias se expressem em prisões e condenações de pretos e pobres.

Decision support system is defined as a system that is intended to support managerial decision makers in certain situations. Decision support systems are intended to be a tool for decision makers to expand their capabilities, but not to replace their judgment. This RTLH (Unfit for Living House) assistance must be right on target for poor people who meet the criteria as requirements for receiving RTLH assistance, so that residents who are unable to receive RTLH assistance can receive the assistance. In its implementation, the underprivileged population who is entitled to receive assistance unfit for habitation is determined by the Social Service (Dinsos). One of the methods in decision support is the Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) method or commonly abbreviated as the SMART method. The SMART method is a method that has minimum calculations and is very simple, but objective on the results of decision support. From research conducted using the SMART method, it was found that R9 with a final optimization value of 0.725 became the recipient of uninhabitable housing assistance from 10 alternative data on uninhabitable houses analyzed.

In recent years, the adverse effects of growing water scarcity on the lives and livelihoods of poor people have become a major policy concern in India. This paper reviews the effectiveness of macro...

The analysis results used in the problem of poverty are increasingly developing as the understanding of the problem of poverty becomes more complex in the spatial and temporal patterns, seeing the patterns and characteristics of a phenomenon with spatial imaging and study of patterns is the main objective of this study by looking at the pattern of the percentage of poor people and the level of inequality. The method used is processing Moran's I spatial data, Moranscatterplot and LISA, testing development inequality with the Williamson Index, The research area covers 15 districts/cities in 2015-2019. Spatial linkages The percentage of poor people between districts/cities in Lampung Province has a positive Moran's I value, has a spatial pattern with the same characteristics and is clustered. Development inequality is negative Moran's I, Development inequality has a spatial pattern with different characteristics in 2015 -2019. Poverty analysis indicates that during the 5-year study period, 5 districts in Lampung Province were still trapped in high poverty levels, The results of regional development inequality with the Williamson index indicate 3 regions with high levels of inequality, 4 areas of moderate inequality and 8 regions with low levels of inequality.

Buku ini merupakan disertasi doktoral Andreas A. Yewangoe saat studi di Vrije Universiteit di Amsterdam, Belanda. Isinya menyajikan potret kemiskinan di Asia yang ketika itu sedang mengalami penjajahan bangsa-bangsa Barat maupun Jepang. Dalam buku ini Yewangoe menyoroti persoalan kemiskinan secara khusus di Indonesia. Benua Asia dikenal oleh negara Barat sebagai benua yang religius oleh karena di dalamnya terdapat keanekaragaman agama. Namun sebagian besar penduduknya berada di garis kemiskinan. Fakta tersebut mendorong Yewangoe mengajukan beberapa pertanyaan yang kritis yang menjadi pokok analisis dalam disertasinya. Mengapa justru negara yang religius memiliki populasi orang miskin sangat banyak? Apakah agama melegitimasi adanya penderitaan akibat kemiskinan penderitaan? Untuk kepentingan apakah penderitaan karena kemiskinan itu? Yewangoe dalam bukunya ini menggunakan beberapa perspektif analisis diantaranya: historis, sosial, politik, ekonomi maupun budaya. Dengan demikian melalui buku ini pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut akan terjawab secara lengkap.

This study analyzes the effect of socio-economic and demographic characteristics on poverty levels in Aceh Province in the short and long run. Socio-economic characteristics are represented by factors of income per capita, open unemployment rate, and cigarette consumption. While the demographic characteristics are represented by the dependency ratio factor. This study uses panel data from 23 districts/cities in Aceh Province for the 2010-2019 period and the analysis model used is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) panel model. The results found in this study are the dependency ratio factor, cigarette consumption, and the open unemployment rate have a significant effect in the long run on the percentage of poor people. Meanwhile, the significant factors in the short run are the dependency ratio and the open unemployment rate.

Why do some poor people engage in clientelism whereas others do not? Why does clientelism sometimes take traditional forms and sometimes more instrumental forms? We propose a formal model of clientelism that addresses these questions focusing primarily on the citizen’s perspective. Citizens choose between supporting broad-based redistribution or engaging in clientelism. Introducing insights from social psychology, we study the interactions between citizen beliefs and values, and their political choices. Clientelism, political inefficacy, and inequality legitimation beliefs reinforce each other leading to multiple equilibria. One of these resembles traditional clientelism, with disempowered clients that legitimize social inequalities. Community connectivity breaks this reinforcement mechanism and leads to another equilibrium where clientelism takes a modern, instrumental, form. The model delivers insights on the role of citizen beliefs for their bargaining power as well as for the persistence and transformation of clientelism. We illustrate the key mechanisms with ethnographic literature on the topic.

This study aims to determine and analyze: 1). Changes that occur in capital expenditure, unemployment, and the number of poor people in Tebo Regency during 2004-2018, 2). Effect of capital expenditure and unemployment rates on poverty levels in Tebo Regency during 2004-2018. The data analysis method used in this study uses the formula of development and multiple linear regression. Based on the results of research during 2004- 2018 in Tebo Regency, the average capital expenditure increases 20.99 percent every year, the number of unemployed people has increased 28.57 percent every year and the average number of poor people has decreased 0, 42 percent every year. Capital expenditure and unemployment rate influence reducing the level of poverty in Tebo Regency during 2004-2018 with a regression coefficient value of capital expenditure and the unemployment rate which has a negative regression coefficient. Keywords: Capital expenditure, Poverty rate, Unemployment rate

Background: Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) affect a huge population of the world and the majority of the victims belong to the poor community of the developing countries. Until now, the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 tropical diseases as NTDs that must be addressed with high priority. However, many heterocyclic scaffolds have demonstrated potent therapeutic activity against several NTDs. Objective: There are three major objectives: (1) To discuss the causes, symptoms, and current status of all the 20 NTDs; (2) To explore the available heterocyclic drugs, as well as their mechanisms of action (if known), that are being used to treat NTDs; (3) To develop general awareness on NTDs among the medicinal/health research community and beyond. Methods: The 20 NTDs have been discussed according to their alphabetic orders along with the possible heterocyclic remedies. The current status of treatment with an emphasis on the heterocyclic drugs (commercially available and investigational) has been outlined. In addition, a brief discussion of the impacts of NTDs on socio-economic conditions is included. Results: NTDs are often difficult to diagnose and the problem is worsened by the unhealthy hygiene, improper awareness, and inadequate healthcare in the developing countries where these diseases primarily affect poor people. The statistics include the duration of suffering, the number of individuals affected, and access to healthcare and medication. The mechanisms of action of various heterocyclic drugs, if reported, have been briefly summarized. Conclusion: Scientists and pharmaceutical corporations should allocate more resources to reveal the in-depth mechanism of action of many heterocyclic drugs that are currently being used for the treatment of NTDs. Analysis of current heterocyclic compounds and the development of new medications can help in the fight to reduce/remove the devastating effects of NTDs. An opinion-based concise review has been presented. Based on the available literature, this is the first attempt to present all the 20 NTDs and related heterocyclic compounds under the same umbrella.

Introduction: Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are rich sources of forest and contribute of rural livelihoods in fulfilling their subsistence needs and household level income. This research explores the present status of potential NTFPs, influential factor for their collection with contribution for upliftment of rural livelihood. Methods: The inventory method for bio-physical data and social data for livelihood was used using simple random sampling method. Result: Seventy-three plant species were recorded with most dominant species at 3000-3300m altitude (6923/hectare). Female, illiterate, poor people, aged (>30 years) and people having land holding below five ropani are the main influential socio- demographic and economic factors to collect NTFPs in the study area. Local people have alike opinions about the resource condition of NTFPs. Conclusion: NTFPs plays a significant role for the subsistence of livelihood of local people. The research will be the fruitful to concerned stakeholders to uplift rural livelihood and enhance entrepreneurship towards NTFPs promotion at local level.

Traditional medicine (TM) is an important source of care for most poor people. Aware of this role, most African countries have developed national policies to give legal status to TM and its practitioners. Currently, at least 30,000 people practice TM in Burkina Faso. However, few, particularly women, have licenses to practice TM. This paper presents the results of a pilot project that aimed at accompanying the traditional women healers from Sanmatenga province in obtaining licenses. The application for TM practice includes personal attested documents and ethnomedical evidence or proof of efficacy of the traditional product. To assess the ethnomedical evidence, the traditional healer is monitored by a nurse over a four-month period during which the nurse follows patients receiving the traditional treatment. The nurse investigates the work of the traditional healer and its final report includes its opinion on the traditional healer and the number of patients followed, cured or lost after treatment with the traditional product. Perceptions of different stakeholders regarding the intervention were obtained through unstructured interviews. 60 traditional women healers were selected from three health districts of the province of Sanmatenga. They were followed by 10 nurses. Currently, about 37% of traditional women healers are licensed. Findings showed that the different stakeholders welcomed the intervention and made recommendations to strengthen this relationship. Thus, strengthening the capacities of traditional healers as well as the collaboration with conventional medicine practitioners contribute to build stronger healthcare systems. Key words: Traditional medicine, traditional women healer, conventional medicine, license, ethnomedical evidence, healthcare system.

In Myanmar, two expatriates have started infected by COVID-19 pandemic on 23 March in 2020 and COVID-19 period was divided into the two periods by the data of patients, from starting July 29, no more infected people found till August 19. Myanmar citizen think that there will be no more new COVID-19 cases, they started running their daily work, not following precaution methods. Unfortunately, the number of patients increased more and more, starting from 20th August. The period between 23rd March and 19th August was regarded as COVID-19 first wave and the period starting from 10th August was COVID-19 second wave by Government. In Myanmar, numbers of developed city are fewer than rural townships. Infrastructures of townships are same and most people, living in rural townships are not rich and they didn’t have saving money in Banks and they are depending on their monthly salaries. During pandemic period, general workers faced with unemployment problem and difficulty in daily expenses. Some volunteers helped daily expenses to poor people in COVID-19 first wave. In second COVID-19 wave, volunteers cannot help many families. This paper focused on COVID-19 pandemic impact on Public psychological consequences, Economy, Educational dimension and the prospects after pandemic.

A key target of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is “to eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere” by 2030. It is thus imperative to investigate how the poor people themselves perceiv...

In the aftermath of the September 1991 military coup that overthrew democratically elected president Jean-Bertrand Aristide, tens of thousands of poor people boarded precarious boats to flee a brut...

Poverty eradication is one of the three major battles in our country at the present stage and is a common subject for world development. It is the key to study the dynamic evolution model from poverty, poverty alleviation to wealth. This paper analyzes the causes of poverty from macro to micro, from the regional breadth, and extracts ten factors of poverty. Combined with the dynamic evolution model, this paper puts forward that “root” culture is the key to prevent the return to poverty and realize the stable eradication of poverty, and puts forward the strategy of cultivating the “root” culture of the poor people in the university library, which is of great significance for the realization of stable poverty alleviation in our country.

Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, located in the southwest of Sichuan Province, is China’s largest Yi ethnic community and one of the country’s concentrated contiguous areas of deep poverty. On February 11, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping visited the poor people in the hinterland of Daliang Mountain and discussed with local officials and people on targeted poverty alleviation measures. In November 2020, the last seven state-level poverty-stricken counties in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture announced the elimination of poverty, thus eliminating all poverty-stricken counties in Sichuan Province. This is a historic moment for Liangshan Prefecture, a historic moment for Sichuan Province, and also a historic moment for China’s poverty alleviation. In this paper, the combination of Yi’s handmade embroidery and fast fashion clothing is of great practical significance to help Liangshan consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation.

The article deals with the first comment by S. Shevyryov on Dostoevsky’s novel «The Poor People». Shevyryov came out against the «natural school» presented by V.G. Belinsky and A.I. Herzen and positively denied the partisan view of literature.

The capacity to aspire is understood as the capacity to identify and navigate pathways to realise personal ideas of the good life. The constrained capacity to aspire of poor people inhibits their ability to change their circumstances. The questions at the heart of this paper are whether local government plays a role in the development of this capacity and how. We examined these questions through interviews with over 50 young people in a rural municipality in Colombia, where particular development-related strategies are implemented, and found that local government can strengthen the capacity to aspire by creating spaces of participation and assisting access to higher education. However, corruption, unsustainability, discontinuity of programmes, and the disregard of youth preferences constitute hindrances to the capacity to aspire that originate from government action as well. This discussion is developed around the notions of conversion factors, practical reasoning, terms of recognition, and human agency. The paper concludes that the capacity to aspire can be developed by including youth voices in policy planning, which would initiate new levels of interaction with the government that could further change the terms of recognition, and by adopting a political discourse that takes the capacity to aspire seriously.

According to a report by the Central Statistics Agency, the percentage of poor people in urban areas in September 2019 was 6.89%. Meanwhile, the percentage of poor people in rural areas in September 2019 was 13.10%. The data above is only a national percentage, there are still many provinces that have a poverty percentage above the national percentage, especially in Central Kalimantan Province. There are many factors that influence poverty, including education, employment status, working sector, and per capita income. This paper focuses on a study to determine the factors that have the greatest influence on poverty in Central Kalimantan Province in 2019. The results of this study simplify the poverty factor into 2 (two) factors, namely the first factor consisting of variables of education, work status, and sector. work. Meanwhile, the second factor consists of the variable per capita income for food. In addition, the greatest eigen value was obtained in the education variable of 465.67, which indicates that the education variable has the greatest influence on poverty in Central Kalimantan Province in 2019.

Islam is a complete code of conduct. Per the obligation of physical prayers, there are other aspects in the form of pillars. All the pillars have been clarified in the light of Quran and Sunnah. As we viewed the fact, that zakat is a financial prayer for fulfilling the economic needs of the poor people. Equally, we can perceive that the Muslim countries including Pakistan have their directions for the gathering of taxes from the Muslims. This study has been carried out to elaborate the concept of zakat and tax in Islam. Furthermore it has found similarities and differences of zakat and tax, and to discover the Islamic concept of tax from muslins in comparison of zakat. Therefore, for this purpose all the available online documents Quran verses and A hady is including articles, blogs, journals’ website, e-books and thesis were brought under consideration. Moreover, interviews were conducted. Responses were got from five prominent Muslim scholars regarding the concept of zakat and tax. Four main questions were asked with some sub questions and relevant critical responses were found. However discourse analyses were followed for finding out whether the terms are similar or different and then themes were drawn for describing the Islamic concept of zakat and tax. Data were analyzed based on the themes. It was recommended that tax money may be utilized only for the welfare of citizens and development of country otherwise it is unlawful in Muslim country to take tax from Muslims.

ResumoO objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a importância do direito à cidade, sobretudo, examinando como resgatar as camadas mais empobrecidas do Brasil, por vezes, tão prejudicadas por especulações imobiliárias, tendo de morar em locais degradados e distantes, sem infraestrutura, enquanto enormes espaços vazios figuram ociosos por muitos anos. Como objetivo específico, pretende analisar o Imposto Predial e Territorial Urbano (IPTU), progressivo no tempo, como forma de se efetivar o direito à cidade, pela função socioambiental do uso da propriedade. Metodologicamente, por intermédio de pesquisa qualitativa e de método dedutivo, busca-se acesso a dados coletados no acervo bibliográfico nacional, com algumas incursões em publicações internacionais. Observa-se que a esperança para os pobres vem da qualidade da tributação nos países mais desiguais. Conclui-se, que a tributação do IPTU pode ser cada vez mais justa no Brasil e que o IPTU progressivo no tempo contribui significativamente para a efetivação do direito à cidade.Palavras-chave: Direito à cidade. Especulação. IPTU Progressivo no Tempo. Pobreza. AbstractThe objective of this research is to analyze the importance of the right to the city, especially by examining how to rescue the impoverished layers of Brazil, sometimes so harmed by real estate speculation, having to live in degraded and distant places, without infrastructure, while huge empty spaces have staying for many years disoccupied. Its specific objective was to analyze the property tax (IPTU), which is progressive over time, as a way to guarantee the right to the city via the socio-environmental function of the use of property. Methodologically it was decided to do a qualitative research by the deductive method. Data was collected in the national bibliographic collection, with some forays into international publications. It was noted that the hope of poor people rely on the quality of taxation in the most unequal countries. It was concluded that progressive property tax taxation may be increasingly fair in Brazil and that the progressive property tax in the time contributes significantly to the realization of the right to the city.Keywords: Right to the city. Speculation. Progressive IPTU in Time. Poverty.

Background: Generic drugs are the painstaking solution to deal with out of pocket expenditure however, the impact has not yet been seen in India. Thus, to understand the facilitators and barriers, this study aimed to gather evidence on the perception of the acceptability of generic drugs among patients, pharmacists, and physicians. Methods: The key informant interviews (KII) were conducted during 2017-2018 in Gujarat, India. A total of 25 (9 patients, 8 pharmacists, 8 physicians) KIIs were included in the thematic analysis. Results: Most of the patients knew about cheaper drugs are available in the market, but they perceived that those meant for poor people. Pharmacists talked about the profit from branded drugs are higher than generics. Pharmacist and doctors expressed concern for the efficacy of generic drugs, as it requires more visits to hospitals. Patients usually report more side effects if using generic drugs, apart from that poor packaging and lack of trust on generic also remained an issue in terms of satisfaction. Pharmacist and patients are both expressed their reliance on doctors suggestion and prescription; however, doctors are really not in favour to prescribe generics. The ethical dilemma remained with the pharmacists in not suggesting generics as an alternative to the branded drugs. Conclusion: The study concludes that cost is the main perception of patients, pharmacists, and physicians, however; the decision power lies with the pharmacist and doctors, which is mainly not in favour to use or promote the generic drugs even if the cost is low because of efficacy and satisfaction issues.

The poor are people who have average monthly expenditures per capita below the poverty line. Wonosobo District became the poorest district in Central Java in 2011-2018, although the percentage of poor people has decreased every year. It cannot be separated from the efforts of the Wonosobo District Government to overcome poverty through various programs. This study classified households in Wonosobo District in 2018 as poor and non-poor based on influencing factors. This study used the Support Vector Machines (SVM) method to be compared with the Classification and Regression Trees (CART) method. It used the data from the 2018 National Socio-Economic Survey of Central Java with a total of 795 observations. Result of the research using the SVM method and the RBF kernel, the classification accuracy reaches 89.82% then the classification accuracy using the CART method reaches 87.08%. GUI designed by RShiny package can make easier for users to analyze the SVM and CART with the valid output.

Ponggok is the sub district with the largest poor people in Blitar Regency. According Ministry of Social Affairs data, there are 6,875 KPM BPNT programs. Geographically Ponggok is located in North Blitar which have fertile soil from Kelud eruption. Morphologically Ponggok is connect area between Kediri and Blitar regency so all area can be reached by transportation. Poverty at Ponggok is structural poverty because bad policies. This study aims to determine the process of poverty reduction program planning in Social Service of Blitar Regency. The research method used is qualitative method. Based on the research, the program planning in the Social Service has been suitable according to the stages in the planning theory, and according procedures regulated by Permendagri No.86 of 2017. Some factors that influence the planning process include: human resource planners, social cultural, and system used.

The pattern in a relationship between the response variable and the predictor variable can be known and some cannot be known. In determining the unknown pattern of relationships, nonparametric regression approaches can be used. The nonparametric regression approach is very flexible. One of the most frequently used nonparametric regression approaches is the truncated spline. Truncated splines are polynomial pieces that are segmented and continuous. The purpose of this study is to obtain the best estimator model in the Gini Ratio case against the variables suspected of influencing it, then perform simultaneous hypothesis testing on the nonparametric regression model. The criteria for the goodness of the model use the GCV and R2 values. In the case modeling of the District / City Gini Ratio in East Java Province using a nonparametric regression approach, it was found that the truncated spline estimator with 3 knots points gave quite good results. This is indicated by the coefficient of determination of the truncated spline estimator, which is 84.76%. Based on the results of simultaneous testing, it was found that the open unemployment rate, the percentage of poor people and the rate of economic growth simultaneously had an influence on the Gini Ratio.

Base-of-the-pyramid (BOP) business models aim to achieve profitability and poverty reduction by including poor people into corporate value chains. This goal duality creates tensions. Actors’ responses to these tensions are influenced by their cognitive frames of the phenomena building the tension. Applying a cognitive perspective, I investigate how corporate actors with different frames of poverty respond proactively or defensively to the poverty–profitability tension by adapting business model elements. I find that proactive and defensive responses differ for actors holding different cognitive frames of poverty. The responses have consequences for the poverty impact potential of BOP business models.

Objective: Explore the effects of poverty simulation integrated into an upper level nutrition course as a preparation for working with low income individuals. Background: The number of poor people ...

We investigate the existence of representative agent under various heterogeneities in a recursive utility framework. We provide the analytical solution of household allocations. We numerically explore whether we can find a representative agent whose income is the aggregate income of the society and whose allocations are the aggregate allocations of the society under heterogeneity in the parameter of risk aversion and/or parameter of intertemporal substitution, or discount rate or survival probability. We find that there is no representative agent when the heterogeneity is in survival probability. From the data, we know that there is heterogeneity among people in terms of survival probability. For instance, women tend to live longer than men, rich people tend to live longer than poor people. We conclude that it may be better to use heterogeneous agents models than the representative agent models under the recursive utility framework. Our results support the idea that we do need the heterogeneous agent models indeed.

This study aims to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of zakat distribution as a mechanism for alleviating the poor. The approach used in this study is the study of literature or library research. The results of this study indicate that the effect of zakat distribution on efforts to reduce poverty is varied in each region. Even so, the distribution of zakat funds has a positive effect, but the influence of zakat is varied. There is even a small impact on increasing the income of the poor and economic growth. This is caused by different perspectives in various regions. Therefore, the management of zakat needs to be adjusted with the recipient’s profile of zakat (mustahik). Within the national (macroeconomic) framework, zakat funds can be used to increase the purchasing power of the poor and economic growth, thereby narrowing the gap between rich and poor people. In general, muzaki and mustahik have the same view on the aspect of zakat, namely as an activity of worship.

The objective of this study was to examine industrialization in Tanzania and the need to include the disadvantaged people in the development process. This study used a documentary review methodology. The study found that although industrialization is key to economic growth, if not properly managed, it tends to marginalize the poor people. This calls for social inclusion policy measures. The study, therefore, recommends that, if industrialization is to benefit the disadvantaged, agriculture, which employs the majority of the people, should be industrialized. Further, since the benefits of industrialization may not necessarily accrue to the poor, the above need to be accompanied by conscious efforts of the government and the private sector to provide social and economic services to the disadvantaged poor. Keywords: Industrialization; Social Inclusion; Butter & Bread vs. Yeast & Bread; Economic Growth vs. Economic Development

We present a model of ambivalent classism in which hostile (overtly negative and insulting) and benevolent (subjectively positive but condescending) attitudes about poor people co-exist and indepen...