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Environmental issues caused by irrational environmental intertemporal choices are becoming increasingly severe. There is an urgent need to find an effective way to solve this problem. Vertical position as an concept which closely related to our lives was proved to have an impact on people's intertemporal choices. Therefore, in this research, we decide to use vertical position as an intervention to prompt individuals to make more rational intertemporal choices. However, different from previous researches, this research will focus on the impact of vertical position on individuals' environmental intertemporal choices, and based on previous researches, we will conduct this reseach not only from the perspective of space, but also from the perspective of plane, in order to futher explore the impact of vertical position on intertemporal choices from multi-angle. Furthermore, the sign effect in the environmental intertemporal choice field will also be studied.

The space industry has always set ambitious tasks to create unique equipment, including control equipment. Ensuring electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of such systems is carried out at all stages of the life cycle of an aircraft (AC), starting from its development, including testing and stages of operation. Digital technology is characterized by high noise immunity. However, any modern technical system in the aggregate contains sensors, communication lines and receiving antennas sensitive to the effects of external interfering signals that propagate both through wires and over the air. Hence, the relevance of ensuring the EMC of integrated technical systems that perform the functions of measurement, data processing and the formation of control actions, both digital and analog, is obvious. The electromagnetic compatibility of a sophisticated aircraft or spaceship technical system with other systems is a prerequisite for their sustainable operation. Aerospace technology, where both highly sensitive measurements and energetic control effects are closely combined in the dense layout of an aircraft, requires a solution to the EMC problem. This paper shows the need for effective technology to control the electromagnetic radiation created in the surrounding space, both by subsystems of aircraft and by the whole object. A method for visualizing 3D electromagnetic field both in space and in time is considered.

Zrcadlová symetrie je potenciálně velmi užitečná vlastnost, kterou vykazuje mnoho reálných objektů. Nalezne využití v různých aplikacích jako zarovnání objektů, komprese, symetrická editace nebo rekonstrukce neúplných objektů. V tomto článku navrhujeme novou, diferencovatelnou míru symetrie, která umožňuje použití gradientní optimalizace k hledání symetrie v geometrických objektech. Dále navrhujeme novou metodu pro nalezení roviny symetrie 3D objektu, založenou na táto myšlence. Zmíněná metoda funguje velmi dobře na dokonale i přibližně symetrických objektech, je robustní vůči šumu a vůči chybějícím částem. Navíc ji lze použít pro diskrétní množinu bodů, tudíž metoda neklade prakticky žádné požadavky na vstupní data. Díky flexibilitě navrhované míry symetrie je metoda také velmi snadno rozšiřitelná, např. přidáním více informací o vstupním objektu a jejich využitím pro další zlepšení jejich výsledků. Navržená metoda byla testována s velmi dobrými výsledky na mnoha objektech včetně neúplných a zašuměných objektů a porovnána s dalšími moderními metodami, které překonala v mnoha aspektech. Reflectional symmetry is a potentially very useful feature which many real-world objects exhibit. It is instrumental in a variety of applications such as object alignment, compression, symmetrical editing or reconstruction of incomplete objects. In this paper, we propose a novel differentiable symmetry measure, which allows using gradient-based optimization to find symmetry in geometric objects. We further propose a new method for symmetry plane detection in 3D objects based on this idea. The method performs well on perfectly as well as approximately symmetrical objects, it is robust to noise and to missing parts. Furthermore, it works on discrete point sets and therefore puts virtually no constraints on the input data. Due to flexibility of the symmetry measure, the method is also easily extensible, e.g., by adding more information about the input object and using it to further improve its performance. The proposed method was tested with very good results on many objects, including incomplete objects and noisy objects, and was compared to other state-of-the-art methods which it outperformed in most aspects

Ushbu maqolada m-n qyimatli moslikning xususiy holi 1-1 qiymatli proyektiv moslik yordamida egri chiziq yasash usullari yoritilgan., This paper describes the methods of constructing a curve using a projective compatibility with a value of 1-1, a special case of m-n-value compatibility.

Mazkur maqolada talabalarning konstruktorlik qobiliyatini ikkinchi tartibli chiziqlarni avvaldan berilgan parametrlar asosida yasash orqali rivojlantirish masalalari talqin qilingan., This article discusses the development of students' design skills by creating second-order lines based on previously given parameters.

Building information models (BIM) in the civil industry are very popular nowadays. The basic information of these models is the 3D geometric model of a building structure. The most applied methodology to model the existing buildings is by generating 3D geometric information from point clouds provided by laser scanners. The fundamental principle of this methodology is the recognition of structures shaped in basic geometric primitives, e.g., planes, spheres, and cylinders. The basic premise of the efficiency of this methodology is the automation of detection, since manual segmentation of a point cloud can be challenging, time-consuming, and, therefore, inefficient. This paper presents a novel algorithm for the automated segmentation of geometric shapes in point clouds without needing pre-segmentation. With the designed algorithm, structures formed in three types of basic geometrical primitive can be identified and segmented: planar (e.g., walls, floors, ceilings), spherical (e.g., laser scanner reference targets), and cylindrical (e.g., columns, pillars, piping). The RANSAC paradigm partially inspires the proposed algorithm; however, various modifications must be made. The algorithm was tested on several point clouds and was compared with the standard RANSAC algorithm; this part is described in the last section of the paper. One of the tests was performed on a double cylinder-shaped test object, the parameters (radius and height) of this object were available with high accuracy (0.1 mm), and the differences between the known and estimated parameters were below 0.5 mm in each case, indicating the correctness of the proposed algorithm. Also, a comparison with the standard RANSAC algorithm was performed, where the algorithm proposed showed better results than the standard RANSAC algorithm. The segmentation quality was, on average, increased from 50% to 100%.

Мета дослідження – висвітлити тенденцію творчості художника-бойчукіста Онуфрія Бізюкова 1960-х років. Проаналізувати художньо-стилістичні твори митця цього періоду, виявити аспекти відродженння ідей бойчукізму в цей час. Методологія дослідження. Використано методи історичного і мистецтвознавчого аналізу. Наукова новизна. Вперше введено до наукового обігу факти з життя і творчості бойчукіста Онуфрія Бізюкова, проаналізовані полотна художника 1960-х років, виявлено схильність до експерименту у ракурсі ідей бойчукізму. Висновки. У результаті проведеного дослідження з’ясовано, що О. Бізюков застосовував прийоми посткубізму, експериментував з площиною та кольором у період 1960-х років. У творах художник звертає особливу увагу на композицію, конструкцію, ритміку, форму та їх відповідність до змісту. Найважливіше те, що митець зумів зберегти, розвинути і передати традиції школи Михайла Бойчука для майбутніх поколінь у другій половині ХХ століття., The aim of the research is to highlight the tendency of the artist-boychukist Onufriy Bizyukov’s work of the 1960s. To analyze the artistic and stylistic works of the artist of this period, to reveal aspects of the revival of the ideas of Boychukism at this time. Research methodology. Methods of historical and art-study analysis are used. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the facts about the life and work of the boychukist Onufriya Bizyukova were introduced into scientific circulation, the analysis of the paintings of the artist of the 1960s, the tendency to experiment in the perspective of the ideas of Boychukizm was revealed. Conclusions. As a result of the research, it was found out that O. Byzyukov used postcurrency techniques, experimented with the plane and color in the 1960s. In the works the artist focuses on the composition, structure, rhythm, form and their correspondence to the content. The most important is that the artist managed to preserve, develop and transfer the traditions of the school of Michael Boychuk for future generations in the second half of the twentieth century.

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We present a new method for inferring the gravitational potential of the Galactic disk, using the time-varying structure of a phase-space spiral in the $(z,w)$-plane (where $z$ and $w$ represent vertical position and vertical velocity). Our method of inference extracts information from the shape of the spiral and disregards the bulk density distribution that is usually used to perform dynamical mass measurements. In this manner, it is complementary to traditional methods that are based on the assumption of a steady state. Our method consists of fitting an analytical model for the phase-space spiral to data, where the spiral is seen as a perturbation of the stellar number density in the $(z,w)$-plane. We tested our method on one-dimensional simulations, which were initiated in a steady state and then perturbed by an external force similar to that of a passing satellite. We were able to retrieve the true gravitational potentials of the simulations with high accuracy. The gravitational potential at 400-500 parsec distances from the disk mid-plane was inferred with an error of only a few percent. This is the first paper of a series in which we plan to test and refine our method on more complex simulations, as well as apply our method to Gaia data., Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures

Some aspects of geometric form generation in regular discrete structures for different spheres of design and architecture are elaborated and the main promising directions/trends in their development are identified. New types of folded and lattice shells have been created by the author for different types of civil buildings and interiors based on copyright methods of geometric and physical form generation. It is shown that regular discrete structures as objects of modern design and architecture could be effectively used in a broad range of industries.

We study spaces of realisations of linkages (weighted graphs) whose underlying graph is a series parallel graph. In particular, we describe an algorithm for determining whether or not such spaces are connected., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures

Maqola matematikadan amaliy mashg„ulotlarda darslarning samaradorligini yanada oshirish maqsadida zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari vositalaridan maqsadli foydalanish, xususan kompyuter o„quv dasturlarini qo„llashga doir namunalarga bag„ishlangan., The article is devoted to the issues of improving and deepening practical lessons in mathematics for the purpose of which a number of typical examples are considered using modern computer software tools

L’œuvre d’Hayao Miyazaki est connue du public entre autres pour la place importante accordée aux aéronefs, que ceux-ci soient imaginaires comme dans Nausicaä de la Vallée du vent, ou bien réalistes dans Porco Rosso ou Le vent se lève. L’analyse de l’ensemble des productions du réalisateur et dessinateur permet de constater que cet intérêt trouve en réalité des racines nettement plus profondes, plongeant dans une passion pour la technique des années 1920-1930 majoritairement exprimée via une activité de mangaka dans le magazine de modélisme Model Graphix. Miyazaki exploite ainsi un certain nombre de thématiques techniques liées à cette période bien précise, qu’il s’agisse de configurations particulières d’hydravions, de placements d’hélices, ou encore de filières techniques méconnues. Ceci ne l’empêche pas par ailleurs de se tourner également vers l’esthétique steampunk, avec des références aux machines volantes de Jules Verne ou d’Albert Robida. Hayao Miyazaki’s work is known to the public, among other things, for the importance given to aircrafts, both imaginary as in Nausicaä of The Valley of the Wind, or realistic as in Porco Rosso or The Wind Rises. The analysis of his entire production shows that this interest actually has much deeper roots, plunging into a passion for the 1920’s-1930’s technique, mainly expressed through a mangaka activity in the Model Graphix model building magazine. Miyazaki thus exploits a certain number of technical themes linked to this very precise period, particular configurations of seaplanes, propellers placement, or even unusual technical fields. However, this does not prevent him from turning to the steampunk aesthetic, with references to Jules Verne’s or Albert Robida’s flying machines.

International audience; Two mobile agents represented by points freely moving in the plane and starting at two different positions, have to meet. The meeting, called rendezvous, occurs when agents are at distance at most r of each other and never move after this time, where r is a positive real unknown to them, called the visibility radius. Agents are anonymous and execute the same deterministic algorithm. Each agent has a set of private attributes, some or all of which can differ between agents. These attributes are: the initial position of the agent, its system of coordinates (orientation and chirality), the rate of its clock, its speed when it moves, and the time of its wake-up. If all attributes (except the initial positions) are identical and agents start at distance larger than r then they can never meet, as the distance between them can never change. However, differences between attributes make it sometimes possible to break the symmetry and accomplish rendezvous. Such instances of the rendezvous problem (formalized as lists of attributes), are called feasible.Our contribution is three-fold. We first give an exact characterization of feasible instances. Thus it is natural to ask whether there exists a single algorithm that guarantees rendezvous for all these instances. We give a strong negative answer to this question: we show two sets S1 and S2 of feasible instances such that none of them admits a single rendezvous algorithm valid for all instances of the set. On the other hand, we construct a single algorithm that guarantees rendezvous for all feasible instances outside of sets S1 and S2. We observe that these exception sets S1 and S2 are geometrically very small, compared to the set of all feasible instances: they are included in low-dimension subspaces of the latter. Thus, our rendezvous algorithm handling all feasible instances other than these small sets of exceptions can be justly called almost universal.

A new transform approach for solving mixed boundary value problems for the biharmonic equation in simply and multiply connected circular domains is presented. This work is a sequel to Crowdy (2015, IMA J. Appl. Math., 80, 1902–1931) where new transform techniques were developed for boundary value problems for Laplace’s equation in circular domains. A circular domain is defined to be a domain, which can be simply or multiply connected, having boundaries that are a union of circular arc segments. The method provides a flexible approach to finding quasi-analytical solutions to a wide range of problems in fluid dynamics and plane elasticity. Three example problems involving slow viscous flows are solved in detail to illustrate how to apply the method; these concern flow towards a semicircular ridge, a translating and rotating cylinder near a wall as well as in a channel geometry.

Нефроптоз – часто встречаемое заболевание (от 0,07 до 10,6%), возникающее у пациентов наиболее трудоспособного возраста (20-40 лет) вследствие опущения патологически подвижной почки, требующее хирургического лечения. Наиболее эффективной и малотравматичной операцией в данном случае является лапароскопическая нефропексия, которая заключается в фиксации патологически подвижной почки в ее правильном физиологическом положении к относительно неподвижным структурам (расположенным вблизи) при помощи синтетического импланта. Методика нефропексии должна отвечать определенным требованиям: физиологичность, минимальная травматичность, гарантия от возникновения рецидива, обеспечивать предупреждение развития фибропластических процессов вокруг почки. Принимая во внимание, что имплант изготавливается из плоской синтетической сетки, а нижний сегмент почки (за который осуществляется фиксация) имеет объемную форму – целесообразно использовать при выкройке импланта математически обоснованную развертку на плоскость. При этом применение импланта оптимальной формы и размера, конкретного к каждой отдельно взятой почки значительно улучшает результаты лапароскопической нефропексии. Целью данной статьи является математическое обоснование оптимальной развертки синтетического сетчатого импланта на плоскость для надежной фиксации почки при лапароскопической нефропексии., Nephroptosis is a common disease (from 0.07 to 10.6%) that occurs in patients of the most able-bodied age (20-40 years) due to the omission of a pathologically motile kidney requiring surgical treatment. The most effective and low-traumatic surgery in this case is laparoscopic nephropexia, which consists of fixing the pathologically moving kidney in its correct physiological position to relatively immobile structures (located near) by synthetic implant. The nephropexia technique requires the following: physiology, minimal invasiveness, a guarantee against relapse, to ensure the prevention of the development of fibroplastic processes around the kidney. Taking into account that an implant is made of a flat synthetic mesh, and the lower segment of the kidney (for which fixation is performed) has a three-dimensional shape, it is advisable to use a mathematically grounded sweep on the plane when the implant is made. In this case, the use of an optimal shape and size implant, specific to each kidney taken, significantly improves the results of laparoscopic nephropexia. The purpose of this article is the mathematical justification for the optimal sweep of the synthetic reticular implant on the plane for reliable fixation of the kidney during laparoscopic nephropexia.

Este artículo muestra la implementación del videojuego “El Misterio de la Pirámide” producto del proyecto “El videojuego como agente motivador en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas” realizado en la Especialización en Edumática de la Universidad Católica de Pereira. El juego se implementó con estudiantes de la Escuela Esperanza Planes de Pereira y tuvo como objetivo principal fortalecer el pensamiento geométrico y espacial, específicamente resolver problemas reales traduciéndolos al lenguaje geométrico en el plano y en el espacio. La metodología en que se enmarcó esta investigación buscó medir el impacto del videojuego en las competencias geométricas, la motivación y las habilidades lingüísticas; para esto se realizó un diseño de investigación de carácter Mixto, abordando lo cuantitativo desde la geometría y lo cualitativo desde la motivación y las habilidades lingüísticas. Luego de haber implementado el videojuego, como parte fundamental de esta investigación se concluye que este tipo de desarrollos tecnológicos convierten las matemáticas en algo atractivo y emocionante. This article shows the implementation of the video game “El Misterio de la Pirámide” product of the project “The game as a motivator in learning mathematics” developed in the Specialization in Edumática of the Catholic University of Pereira. The game was implemented with students from school Esperanza Planes in Pereira and its main objective is to strengthen the geometric and spatial thinking, specifically solve real problems translating the geometric language in the plane and in the space. The methodology in this research is framed sought to measure the impact of the game in geometric skills, motivation and language skills; for this was made a mixed research design, from addressing the quantitative with geometry and qualitative from the motivation and language skills. After implementing the game, as a fundamental part of this research concludes that such technological developments make mathematics into something attractive and exciting.

We show that an "-power-quasisymmetric map f : A → R n can be extended to a C"-power-quasisymmetric map F : R n → R n if A ⊂ R n satisfies a geometric thickness condition and " is small enough. The constant C depends on c and n only.

Shanna used a piece of graph paper that is 11 x 8.5in. (see attached picture).

Sadie used a piece of 11 x 8.5 piece of graph paper with holes and some plastic reinforcement on the side. She used tape to seal some of the edges together. (see attached picture).

Kelsea used a piece of 11 x 8.5 piece of graph paper with holes and plastic reinforcements on one side. (see attached picture).

Melanie used a 11 x 8.5in piece of graph paper to make the airplane.(see attached picture).

Jordan used a piece of 11 x 8.5 graph paper that had holes and plastic reinforcements on one side. (see attached picture).

Jacob used a piece of 11 x 8.5 graph paper with holes and plastic reinforcements on one side. (see attached picture).

Cory used a piece of graph paper that was 11 x 8.5 inches. He had holes on one side with plastic reinforcement on it. (see attached picture)

Jarrett used a piece of 11 x 8.5 graph paper which he ended up cutting to make even weight because the paper had holes and plastic reinforcement on one side. (see attached picture).

Several discrete geometry problems are equivalent to estimating the size of the largest homogeneous sets in graphs that happen to be the union of few comparability graphs. An important observation for such results is that if G is an n-vertex graph that is the union of r comparability (or more generally, perfect) graphs, then either G or its complement contains a clique of size n(1/(r+1))., This bound is known to be tight for r = 1. The question whether it is optimal for r >= 2 was studied by Dumitrescu and Toth. We prove that it is essentially best possible for r = 2, as well: we introduce a probabilistic construction of two comparability graphs on n vertices, whose union contains no clique or independent set of size n(1/3+o(1))., Using similar ideas, we can also construct a graph G that is the union of r comparability graphs, and neither G nor its complement contain a complete bipartite graph with parts of size cn/(log n)(r). With this, we improve a result of Fox and Pach.

The giant birefringence of layered h-BN was demonstrated by analyzing the interference patterns in reflectance and transmittance measurements in the mid-infrared to the deep ultraviolet energy range. The refractive index for polarization perpendicular to the c axis is much higher than the refractive index for polarization parallel to the c axis, and it displays a strong increase in the ultraviolet range that is attributed to the huge excitonic effects arising from the unique electronic structure of h-BN. Thus, h-BN is shown to exhibit a giant negative birefringence that ranges from -0.7 in the visible to -2 in the deep ultraviolet close to the band gap. The electronic dielectric constants for polarization perpendicular and parallel to the c axis were determined to be epsilon(perpendicular to)(infinity) = 4.95 and epsilon(parallel to)(infinity) = 2.86, respectively. The anisotropy we find in high-quality h-BN is significantly larger than proposed in previous experimental studies but in excellent agreement with ab initio calculations., This work has been supported by the Spanish MINECO/FEDER under Contracts No. MAT2015-71035-R and No. MAT2016-75586-C4-1-P. B.G. acknowledges the Russian Megagrant program (Ioffe Institute of RAS, Contract No. 14.W03.31.0011). T.T. acknowledges support from the Elemental Strategy Initiative conducted by the MEXT, Japan and JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. JP15K21722.

Producción Científica, We consider the value ˆμ( ) = limm→∞ m−1a(mL), where a(mL) is the last value of the vanishing sequence of H0(mL) along a divisorial or irrational valuation centered at OP2,p, L (respectively, p) being a line (respectively, a point) of the projective plane P2 over an algebraically closed field. This value contains, for valuations, similar information as that given by Seshadri constants for points. It is always true that ˆμ( ) ≥ p1/vol( ) and minimal valuations are those satisfying the equality. In this paper, we prove that the Greuel-Lossen-Shustin Conjecture implies a variation of the Nagata Conjecture involving minimal valuations (that extends the one stated in [15] to the whole set of divisorial and irrational valuations of the projective plane) which also implies the original Nagata’s conjecture. We also provide infinitely many families of minimal very general valuations with an arbitrary number of Puiseux exponents, and an asymptotic result that can be considered as evidence in the direction of the above mentioned conjecture., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad ( grants MTM2012-36917-C03-03 / MTM2015-65764-C3-2-P / MTM2016-81735- REDT), Universitat Jaume I (grant P1-1B2015-02)

We search for far-infrared (FIR) counterparts of known supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Galactic plane (10 deg, Comment: 33 pages and 39 figures. Accepted in MNRAS. Appendix figures are available here: https://github.com/hanchawn/Arxiv (includes full catalogue of Herschel images from this sample)

The electrocoagulation setup must be optimized in order to design an economically feasible process. Therefore, in this work, the effect of the punched aluminum electrode on the performance of the electrocoagulation (EC) has been investigated. A series of experiments were performed for treatment of sewage wastewater using plane electrode and compare with punched electrodes. Effect of contact time, voltage, electrode spacing and stirring speed has been optimized for removal of Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and Total dissolved solids (TDS). It was observed that the performance of electrocoagulation process increased using punched electrode. Also, the less operating cost noticed in punched electrode as compared to a plane electrode for (70–80%) removal of BOD and TDS. These data would be useful in designing of an EC reactor to obtain high removal efficiency at low energy consumption. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, Sewage wastewater, Aluminum, Plane, Punched electrode

Let E be a normalized, rank two vector bundle on P 3 . Let H be a general plane. If E is stable with c 2 ≥ 4 , we show that h 0 ( E H ( 1 ) ) ≤ 2 + c 1 . It follows that h 0 ( E ( 1 ) ) ≤ 2 + c 1 . We also show that if E is properly semi-stable and indecomposable, h 0 ( E H ( 1 ) ) = 3 .

Humans now spent most of their time indoor where they can be exposed to various aerocontaminants, among which pollen. The question of remanence of pollen grains indoor is important because allergic patients could get symptoms from these indoor pollen far away from the pollination period but the temporal relationship between both phenomenons is poorly documented. In this study, we monitored pollen counts both in house dust samples and outdoor pollen traps during the whole pollen season in Southern France and computed the influx and remanence of various pollen species throughout the pollen season. Five families living in the same street volunteered to participate. Monitoring of indoor pollen counts was performed at four occasions through sampling of house dust from the living room. During the same period, outdoor pollen counts were monitored using a Burkard pollen trap. Pollens from 73 taxa were identified on the house dust samples collected indoor. For each pollen type, indoor pollen count dynamics were consistent with the observed pollen counts in Burkard traps over the whole pollination period. Two groups of pollen types can be defined on the basis of these results: the first group includes Platanus, Quercus and Cupressaceae which exhibit high remanence and a low penetration, and the second group contains species with high penetration but various remanence. Date of sampling was the main factor affecting penetration coefficients very low in winter, to moderate in spring and huge in summer. Pollen type, housing and sampling time period have bearing on penetration and remanence of pollen grains indoor.

We report on a theoretical and experimental investigation of the normal contact of stretched neo-Hookean substrates with rigid spherical probes. Starting from a published formulation of surface Green's function for incremental displacements on a prestretched, neo-Hookean, substrate [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 56, 2957 (2008)], a model is derived for both adhesive and nonadhesive contacts. The shape of the elliptical contact area together with the contact load and the contact stiffness are predicted as a function of the in-plane stretch ratios ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{x}$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{y}$ of the substrate. The validity of this model is assessed by contact experiments carried out using an uniaxally stretched silicone rubber. For stretch ratio below about 1.25, a good agreement is observed between theory and experiments. Above this threshold, some deviations from the theoretical predictions are induced as a result of the departure of the mechanical response of the silicone rubber from the neo-Hokeean description embedded in the model.

The extended finite element method (XFEM) is found promising in approximating solutions to locally non-smooth features such as jumps, kinks, high gradients, inclusions, voids, shocks, boundary layers or cracks in solid or fluid mechanics problems. The XFEM uses the properties of the partition of unity finite element method (PUFEM) to represent the discontinuities without the corresponding finite element mesh requirements. In the present study numerical simulations of a dynamically loaded orthotropic viscoelastic cracked body are performed using XFEM and the J-integral and stress intensity factors (SIF’s) are calculated. This is achieved by fully (reproducing elements) or partially (blending elements) enriching the elements in the vicinity of the crack tip or body. The enrichment type is restricted to extrinsic mesh-based topological local enrichment in the current work. Thus two types of enrichment functions are adopted viz. the Heaviside step function replicating a jump across the crack and the asymptotic crack tip function particular to the element containing the crack tip or its immediately adjacent ones. A constitutive model for strain-rate dependent moduli and Poisson ratios (viscoelasticity) is formulated. A symmetric double cantilever beam (DCB) of a generic orthotropic material (mixed mode fracture) is studied using the developed XFEM code. The same problem is studied using the viscoelastic constitutive material model implemented in ABAQUS through an implicit user defined material subroutine (UMAT). The results from XFEM correlate well with those of the finite element method (FEM). Three cases viz. static, dynamic and viscoelastic dynamic are studied. It is shown that there is an increase in the value of maximum J-integral when the material exhibits strain rate sensitivity.

In electrical impedance tomography (EIT) one wants to image the conductivity distribution of a body from current and voltage measurements carried out on its boundary. In this paper we consider the underlying mathematical model, the inverse conductivity problem, in two dimensions and under the realistic assumption that only a part of the boundary is accessible to measurements. In this framework our data are modeled as a partial Neumann-to-Dirichlet map (ND map). We compare this data to the full-boundary ND map and prove that the error depends linearly on the size of the missing part of the boundary. The same linear dependence is further proved for the difference of the reconstructed conductivities-from partial and full boundary data. The reconstruction is based on a truncated and linearized D-bar method. Auxiliary results include an extrapolation method to estimate the full-boundary data from the measured one, an approximation of the complex geometrical optics solutions computed directly from the ND map as well as an approximate scattering transform for reconstructing the conductivity. Numerical verification of the convergence results and reconstructions are presented for simulated test cases.

In this study, the Earth's curvature is analyzed from numerous aspects as well as the visibility between two points on the Earth's surface. It also describes the way and the size of the Earth's part which can be approximated in the plane depending on the graphical precision and the scale of topographic maps. It equally considers the possibility of visibility between two points on the Earth's surface depending on the relief shapes and the curvature of the Earth's surface applying both classical methods and sophisticated solutions.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the composition of architectural exterior design. The design elements of exterior composition can be classified into three categories ; Plane, Line and Point. This paper is intended as an analysis of the representative works of the three contemporary Japanese architects, Yoshio Taniguchi, Fumihiko Maki, and Hiroshi Miyazaki on the basis of these three categories as the design elements.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the composition of architectural exterior design. The design elements of exterior composition can be classified into three categories ; Plane, Line and Point. This paper is intended as an analysis of the representative works of the three contemporary Japanese architects, Yoshio Taniguchi, Fumihiko Maki, and Hiroshi Miyazaki on the basis of these three categories as the design elements.

Tree‐ring growth analysis can provide information about tree development for forest inventory, environmental assessment, atmospheric and soil monitoring. Metal concentrations in wood increment correlate with metal concentrations in the environment and can indicate local environmental contamination sources. One of the most important steps of tree analysis is tree‐ring sampling. To determine trace metal (TM) concentrations precisely in a separate ring, the possibility of random errors during wood sampling must be eliminated. This guides to choose a precise tree‐ring sampling method. This paper examines three tree‐ring sampling tools (common chisels, arched chisels and a plane) and compares TM concentrations (Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb,) in wood samples collected by each of the methods employed. Average values of metals in tree rings sampled with common chisels, arched chisels and plane were 17.0±0.16 mg/kg for Mn, 4.7±0.21 mg/kg for Zn, 0.49±0.20 mg/kg for Pb, 0.29±0.02 mg/kg for Cu, 0.21±0.02 mg/kg for Ni and 0.12±0.01 mg/kg for Cr and were in the range of typical concentrations in investigated region as well as forPinus sylvestrisL. The average values were calculated for the three methods used. Statistical analysis (Anderson–Darlin test, Kruskal–Wallis tests, median and percentage coefficient of variation) revealed no significant differences between metal concentrations determined in tree rings which were sampled using common chisels, arched chisels and planing. Various techniques – common chisels, arched chisels and plane – can be successfully used for tree‐ring sampling, however, an increment borer provides possibility of sampling a non‐felled tree. Article in English. Medienos rievių ėminių ėmimo sunkiųjų metalų analizei metodų palyginimas Santrauka.Medienos metinių rievių analizė suteikia informacijos apie medžio vystymasi, svarbios inventorizuojant miškus, vertinant aplinkos poveikį, atliekant aplinkos oro ir dirvožemio monitoringą. Sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos metinėse rievese susijusios su metalų koncentracijomis aplinkoje ir gali nusakyti vietinės aplinkos taršos lygi. Vienas iš svarbių medienos analizes etapu yra metinių rievių ėminių ėmimas. Siekiant tiksliai nustatyti sunkiųjų metalų koncentracija metinėje rievėje svarbu išvengti atsitiktinių paklaidų. Šiame darbe aptariami trys metinių rievių ėminiu ėmimo metodai (įprastiniai kaltai, lenktieji kaltai ir obliavimas) ir lyginamos pagrindinių sunkiųjų metalų (Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) koncentracijos ėminiuose, paimtuose kiekvienu iš minetuju metodu. Vidutines sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos, nustatytos šiais metodais, sieke 17,0±0,16 mg/kg Mn, 4,7±0,21 mg/kg Zn, 0,49±0,20 mg/kg Pb, 0,29±0,02 mg/kg Cu, 0,21±0,02 mg/kg Ni ir 0,12±0,01 mg/kg Cr ir buvo panašios į koncentracijas, aptiktas Pinus sylvestris L. medienoje nagrinėjamoje teritorijoje. Apskaičiuotos vidutinės vertės. Atlikus statistinę analizę (Anderson ir Darlin testas, Kruskal ir Wallis testas, variacijos koeficientas) tebuvo tik nereikšmingas sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijų metinėse rievėse skirtumas, ėminius ėmus aptartais metodais. Ivairūs metodai – iprastiniai kaltai, lenktieji kaltai ir obliavimas – gali būti sekmingai taikomi metinių rievių ėminiams imti, tačiau “amžiaus” grąžtu ėminius galima imti nenukertant medžio. Reikšminiai žodžiai: „amžiaus“ grąžtas, kaltas, medienos ėminiai, metinė rievė, obliavimas, sunkieji metalai. Сравнение методов взятия проб годичных колец древесины для анализа тяжелых металлов Резюме.Анализ годичных колец древесины предоставляет информацию о развитии дерева, что важно для инвентaризации леса, оценки воздействия на окружающую среду и мониторинга воздуха и почвы. Концентрации тяжелых металлов в годичных кольцах древесины зависят от их концентрации в окружающей среде и могут свидетельствовать об уровне загрязнения местности. Одним из важных этапов анализа древесины является взятие проб годичных колец. Для точного определения концентрации тяжелых металлов в годичных кольцах древесины важно избежать случайных погрешностей. В статье анализируются три метода взятия проб годичных колец древесины (дробление обычным долотом, круглым долотом и строгание) и сравниваются концентрации основных тяжелых металлов (Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) в пробах, взятых каждым из названных методов. Средние концентрации тяжелых металлов при их измерении указанными методами достигали 1,695±0,161 мг/кг для Mn, 0,471±0,206 мг/кг для Zn, 0,487±0,202 мг/кг для Pb, 0,290±0,021 мг/кг для Cu, 0,210±0,023 мг/кг для Ni и 0,117±0,010 мг/кг для Cr. Эти концентрации тяжелых металлов аналогичны концентрациям в древесине сосны (Pinus sylvestris L) на данной исследуемой территории. При помощи статистического анализа [тест Андерсона–Дарлина (Anderson–Darlin), тест Крускаля–Валиса (Kruskal–Wallis), коэффициент вариации] выявлена лишь незначительная разница между концентрациями тяжелых металлов в годичных кольцах древесины, взятых уже названными методами. Методы дробления обычным долотом, круглым долотом и строгания могут успешно применяться для взятия проб годичных колец древесины, однако сверло „века“ предоставляет возможность взятия пробы без спиливания дерева. Ключевые слова: сверло „века“, долото, пробы древесины, годичные кольца, строгание, тяжелыe металлы. First Publish Online: 10 Feb 2011

Surface reconstruction from cross cuts usually requires curve reconstruction from planar noisy point samples -- The output curves must form a possibly disconnected 1manifold for the surface reconstruction to proceed -- This article describes an implemented algorithm for the reconstruction of planar curves (1manifolds) out of noisy point samples of a sel-fintersecting or nearly sel-fintersecting planar curve C -- C:[a,b]⊂R→R is self-intersecting if C(u)=C(v), u≠v, u,v∈(a,b) (C(u) is the self-intersection point) -- We consider only transversal self-intersections, i.e. those for which the tangents of the intersecting branches at the intersection point do not coincide (C′(u)≠C′(v)) -- In the presence of noise, curves which self-intersect cannot be distinguished from curves which nearly sel fintersect -- Existing algorithms for curve reconstruction out of either noisy point samples or pixel data, do not produce a (possibly disconnected) Piecewise Linear 1manifold approaching the whole point sample -- The algorithm implemented in this work uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with elliptic support regions near the selfintersections -- The algorithm was successful in recovering contours out of noisy slice samples of a surface, for the Hand, Pelvis and Skull data sets -- As a test for the correctness of the obtained curves in the slice levels, they were input into an algorithm of surface reconstruction, leading to a reconstructed surface which reproduces the topological and geometrical properties of the original object -- The algorithm robustly reacts not only to statistical noncorrelation at the self-intersections(nonmanifold neighborhoods) but also to occasional high noise at the nonselfintersecting (1manifold) neighborhoods

Microstructural developments in deformed Zircaloy 2 were studied using techniques ranging from positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Grain fragmentation during plastic deformation, which is expected to involve dislocation realignment and recovery, showed a clear correlation with drop in mean PAS lifetime (τm). An increased τm, on the other hand, was associated with annihilation of deformation twins. The deformation twins, { 1 0 1 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 ¯ 0 1 1 〉 type tensile twins, were identified from axis–angle relationship: 94.8° 〈 1 ¯ 2 1 ¯ 0 〉 . A deviation of more than 5° from the exact twin orientation relationship was considered as annihilation. Such annihilation, caused by developments of in-grain misorientations, is expected to involve accommodation through interfacial dislocations. Presence of such dislocations, and associated point defects, offers an explanation for the observed increase in τm.

The purpose of the present study is to provide a rigorous analysis to the coaxial waveguide with two opposing grooves in the outer and inner cylinders with different depths and filled with different dielectric materials. The representation of the solution to the three-part mixed boundary-value problem in terms of Fourier integrals leads to a couple of simultaneous modified Wiener-Hopf equations that are reduced to infinite systems of linear algebraic equations. These systems are solved numerically and the bandstop filter characteristics of the reflection coefficient are studied in terms of frequency, groove sizes and the parameters of the filling dielectric material.

The systematics of perturbative semiclassical quantum defect expansions corresponding to a hydrogenic potential plus a perturbing term of the form -A/2r(kappa), kappa >= 2, are studied as a function of expansion order N. Towards this task the expansions mu(N) are first used as input for constructing associated N-dependent atomic RKR-QDT potential curves. Subsequently the coordinate Fisher information for the energy levels supported by those curves as well as its rate e with respect to N is semiclassically computed. Then, the plot of relative quantum defect error between successive orders, delta mu(N+1,N), with respect to epsilon serves as convergence indicator for both approximate potentials and quantum defects. For a given. and when the quantum defect expansion proves to be of limited accuracy the plot reveals an A- and N-dependent scatter of points and "saturation" (the relative error remains almost constant with respect to epsilon). More importantly, when epsilon is equal to or lower than the value of epsilon (N = 1) for which pi(mu 1) 1 orders (m = 1). These power-laws may be employed for setting-up confidence level bounds on perturbative expansions. European Physical Journal D

We consider the problem of constructing stable maps from surfaces to the plane with branch set a given set of curves immersed (except possibly with cusps) in the plane. Various constructions are used (1) piecing together regions immersed in the plane (2) modifying an existing stable map by a sequence of codimension one transitions (swallowtails etc) or by surgeries. In (1) the way the regions are pieced together is described by a bipartite graph (an edge C* corresponds to a branch curve C with the vertices of C* corresponding to the two regions containing C). We show that any bipartite graph may be realized by a stable map and we consider the question of realizing graphs by fold maps (i.e. maps without cusps). For example, using Arnol'd's classification of immersed curves, we list all branch sets with at most two branch curves and four double points realizable by planar fold maps of the torus.

We consider the integration of one-dimensional highly oscillatory functions. Based on analytic continuation, rapidly converging quadrature rules are derived for a general class of oscillatory integrals with an analytic integrand. The accuracy of the quadrature increases both for the case of a fixed number of points and increasing frequency, and for the case of an increasing number of points and fixed frequency. These results are then used to obtain quadrature rules for more general oscillatory integrals, i.e., for functions that exhibit some smoothness but that are not analytic. The approach described in this paper is related to the steepest descent method, but it does not employ asymptotic expansions. It can be used for small or moderate frequencies as well as for very high frequencies. The approach is compared with the oscillatory integration techniques recently developed by Iserles and Nørsett. ispartof: SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis vol:44 issue:3 pages:1026-1048 status: published

Experimental investigations on wave reflections, run-up and run-down and wave pressures on plane, dentated and serrated seawalls were carried out for a wide range of wave heights, wave periods, seawall slopes and in a constant water depth of 0.7 m. Based on the measurements, predictive equations are proposed. A total performance evaluation is carried out on each seawall. The improved performance of the serrated seawall compared to plane seawall is brought out. It is found that closer to deep water condition, the reflection coefficients from the serrated and the dentated vertical seawalls are only about 0.5 and 0.6 respectively compared to the fully reflecting plane vertical wall. Sloped serrated seawall is capable of dissipating the wave energy almost two times that of the sloped plane seawall. Closer to still water level, the normalized wave pressure value (ratio of maximum wave pressure to static pressure due to the water column equal to incident wave height) for 2% exceedence is 0.9, 1.1 and 1.15 for the serrated, dentated and plane seawalls. The measured relative run-up value (ratio between the maximum run up to the incident wave height) for 2% exceedence is 1.30, 1.5 and 1.6 for serrated, dentated and plane seawall respectively. Hence, the design crest level of the serrated seawall can be at a lower level than that of the plane seawall. Overall, it is found that the serrated seawall is about 20% to 40% better than the plane seawall for reducing the wave pressure, reflection, run-up and rundown. The results can be used for better hydrodynamic design of coastal structures with vertical face (like quay walls in harbors, vertical seawalls and caisson type breakwaters) and sloped structures (like seawalls, dikes, sea side sloped caissons).

Given a graph G=(V,E) and k positive integers n1,n2,...,nk such that ∑i=1k ni=|V|, we wish to find a partition P1,P2,...,Pk of the vertex set V such that |Pi|= ni and Pi induces a connected subgraph of G for all i, 1⩽i⩽k. Such a partition is called a k-partition of G. A graph G with n vertices is said to be k-partitionable if there exists a k-partition of G for any partition of n into k parts. Lovász (Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 30 (1977) 241) showed that k-connected graphs are k-partitionable. In this paper we prove that plane triangulations are 6-partitionable. This result is the best possible as there exist plane triangulations which are not 7-partitionable., © Elsevier