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Phaeophyscia kaghanensis Niazi, Nadeem, Afshan & Khalid, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) The taxon is characterized by its greyish white to grey thallus, absence of asexual diaspores or cortical hairs, flat to slightly concave lobes, white medulla, black lower surface, large, Physcia-type ascospores of 24-30× 12-17 µm, and absence of secondary substances. HOLOTYPE. — Pakistan. Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Garhi Dupatta, 34°36’N, 73°35’E, 817 m alt., on tree bark, 2.X.2021, N. S. Afshan & A. R. Niazi, CKR-22 (holo-, LAH [LAH37615]; GenBank[OP933723]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kaghan Valley, Sharan, 34°30’N, 73°18’E, 2500 m alt., on tree bark, 22.VIII.2022, N. S. Afshan & A. R. Niazi, KA-17 (LAH [LAH 37616]; GenBank[OP 933724]). ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet ‘kaghanensis’ (Latin) refers to the type locality of Kaghan Valley. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; no lichen substance detected by TLC. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — The known collections of the new species are from moist temperate, coniferous forest in the Himalaya in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The specimens were found on siliceous rock. The forest is dominated by species such as Pinus roxburghii Sarg., Pyrus pashia L., Quercus oblongata D.Don and Q. glauca Thunb. The maximum daily temperature of the region varies around 30-32°C during the summer, the average winter temperature is 4°C, and there is moderate rainfall. MYCOBANK. — MB846997. DESCRIPTION Thallus Foliose, epiphloeodal, greyish white to grey, remaining unchanged when wet, loosely attached to substratum, 3-5 cm in diam., more or less circular in outline. Lobes Densely, dichotomously or irregularly branched, without pruina, lobe tips greyish-white, flat to slightly concave, imbricate, usually upturned near the tips, 0.8-2.5 mm wide. Soralia and isidia Absent. Upper surface Dark brown, paraplectenchymatous, 20-25 µm thick. Algal layer 30-35 µm thick. Photobiont cells Globose, 10-15 µm in diam. Medulla White. Lower surface Black, usually becoming pale to dark grey towards lobe tips, not rhizinate. Rhizines Absent. Lower cortex Paraplectenchymatous, dark brown, 28-35 µm thick. Apothecia Frequent, usually present, 2.5-4 mm in diam., stipitate, lacking cortical hairs, epruinose. Disc Chocolate brown to black, dull, epruinose, flat to strongly convex. Margins Prominent, creamy to pale white. Epihymenium Light brown to brownish orange, 13-17 µm. Hymenium Hyaline, 90-110 µm. Hypothecium Hyaline, 25-35 µm. Ascus Cylindrical to clavate, 70-83 × 22-28 µm. Ascospores Dark brown, ellipsoid, Physcia - type, 24-30× 12-17µm. Paraphyses Hyaline, branched and anastomosing, 2-3 µm thick, wider at the apex, 4-5 µm thick. Pycnidia Not found., Published as part of Niazi, Abdul Rehman, Afshan, Najam-ul-Sehar, Naseer, Arooj, Nadeem, Muhammad, Iftikhar, Fatima, Fayyaz, Iram, Ashraf, Asma, Imtiaz, Sawera, Fatima, Shahzadi Qamar & Khalid, Abdul Nasir, 2023, A new species and a new record of the genus Phaeophyscia Moberg (Lecanorales, Physciaceae) from Pakistan supported by phenotypic and molecular phylogenetic analyses, pp. 51-59 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (4) on pages 52-56, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7867201, {"references":["MOBERG R. 1995. - The lichen genus Phaeophyscia in China and Russian Far East. Nordic Journal of Botany 15 (3): 319 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1995. tb 00158. x","SVOBODA D. 1978. - Phaeophyscia hirsuta - a little known lichen in the Czech Republic. Mycotaxon 7: 302.","LIU D. & HUR J. S. 2019. - Revision of the lichen genus Phaeophyscia and allied atranorin absent taxa (Physciaceae) in South Korea. Microorganisms 7 (8): 242. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / microorganisms 7080242"]}

Phaeophyscia microspora Aptroot & Schumm (Fig. 3) Virtuelles Herbarium de Flechtengattungen Hyperphyscia, Paeophyscia, Physcia und Physconia: 193 (Schumm & Aptroot 2019). SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Pakistan. Margalla Hills, Islamabad, 1604 m alt., on tree bark, 33°41’35”N, 73°03’50”E, 09.IV.2019, A. Ashraf, K. Habib & M. Usman, T5-02 (LAH[LAH37622]; GenBank[OQ024193]); Azad Jammu and Kashmir, District Bagh, 33.9259°N, 73.7810°E, 4734 m alt., on tree bark, 10.XI.2021, A. Naseer, B-04 (LAH[LAH37624]; GenBank[OQ073895]); Azad Jammu and Kashmir, District Bagh, 33°55’33.24”N, 73°46’51.6”E, 4734 m alt., on tree bark, 12.XI.2021, A. Naseer, B-05 (LAH[LAH37625]; GenBank[OQ073896]); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kaghan Valley, Shogran, 34°64’N, 73°46’E, 2362 m alt., on bark, 24.VIII.2021, A. R. Niazi & M. Nadeem, SN-1 (LAH [LAH37618]; GenBank[OP933725]); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kaghan Valley, Siri Paya, 33°71’N, 78°08’E, 3000 m alt., on tree bark, 26.VIII.2022, A. R. Niazi & M. Nadeem, BK-14 (LAH [LAH37617]; GenBank[OP933722]). CHEMISTRY. — Thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; no lichen substance detected by TLC. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Pakistani collections of this species are from humid to moist temperate, coniferous forest and scrub forest. The specimens were found on tree bark. The maximum daily temperature of the Himalaya region varies around 30-32°C during the summer, the average winter temperature is 4°C, while Margala Hills have an average maximum temperature of 34.3°C and minimum of 3.4°C with an average rainfall of 1200 mm per year. DESCRIPTION Thallus Foliose, epiphloeodal, rust grey to pale grey, remaining unchanged when wet, loosely attached to substratum, very variable in size, 2-4 cm in diam. Lobes Densely, dichotomously or irregularly branched, without pruina, lobe tips creamy white, flat to strongly convex, imbricate, usually upturned near the tips, 0.5-1.5 mm wide. Soralia and isidia Absent. Cortex Dark brown, paraplectenchymatous, 18-23 µm thick. Algal layer 28-34 µm thick. Photobiont cells Globose, 8-13 µm in diam. Medulla White. Lower surface Black, usually becoming pale to dark grey towards lobe tips, rhizinate. Rhizines Dense, black, simple, 1.3-2.5 mm long. Lower cortex Paraplectenchymatous, dark brown, 18-30 µm thick. Apothecia Abundant, usually present, 1.5-3 mm in diam., stipitate to very shortly stipitate, the margin entire or becoming regularly crenate, with prominent cortical hairs, epruinose or slightly pruinose. Disc Charcoal black, shiny, flat to strongly concave or sometimes convex. Margins Prominent, creamy to pale white. Epihymenium Light brown to orange, 18-24 µm. Hymenium Hyaline to creamy, 70-90 µm. Hypothecium Creamy white, 22-28 µm. Ascus Cylindrical to clavate, 45-55 ×12-14 µm. Ascospores Dark brown, ellipsoid, Physcia - type, 16-20 ×7.5-9 µm. Paraphyses Hyaline, branched and anastomosing, 1.7-2.8µm thick, wider at the apex, 3-4 µm thick. Pycnidia Not found., Published as part of Niazi, Abdul Rehman, Afshan, Najam-ul-Sehar, Naseer, Arooj, Nadeem, Muhammad, Iftikhar, Fatima, Fayyaz, Iram, Ashraf, Asma, Imtiaz, Sawera, Fatima, Shahzadi Qamar & Khalid, Abdul Nasir, 2023, A new species and a new record of the genus Phaeophyscia Moberg (Lecanorales, Physciaceae) from Pakistan supported by phenotypic and molecular phylogenetic analyses, pp. 51-59 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (4) on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a4, http://zenodo.org/record/7867201, {"references":["SCHUMM F. & APTROOT A. 2019. - Virtuelles Herbarium der Flechtengattungen Hyperphyscia, Phaeophyscia, Physcia und Physconia. Books on Demand, Norderstedt, 632 p."]}

Phaeophyscia kaghanensis Niazi, Nadeem, Afshan & Khalid, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) The taxon is characterized by its greyish white to grey thallus, absence of asexual diaspores or cortical hairs, flat to slightly concave lobes, white medulla, black lower surface, large, Physcia-type ascospores of 24-30× 12-17 µm, and absence of secondary substances. HOLOTYPE. — Pakistan. Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Garhi Dupatta, 34°36’N, 73°35’E, 817 m alt., on tree bark, 2.X.2021, N. S. Afshan & A. R. Niazi, CKR-22 (holo-, LAH [LAH37615]; GenBank[OP933723]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kaghan Valley, Sharan, 34°30’N, 73°18’E, 2500 m alt., on tree bark, 22.VIII.2022, N. S. Afshan & A. R. Niazi, KA-17 (LAH [LAH 37616]; GenBank[OP 933724]). ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet ‘kaghanensis’ (Latin) refers to the type locality of Kaghan Valley. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; no lichen substance detected by TLC. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — The known collections of the new species are from moist temperate, coniferous forest in the Himalaya in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The specimens were found on siliceous rock. The forest is dominated by species such as Pinus roxburghii Sarg., Pyrus pashia L., Quercus oblongata D.Don and Q. glauca Thunb. The maximum daily temperature of the region varies around 30-32°C during the summer, the average winter temperature is 4°C, and there is moderate rainfall. MYCOBANK. — MB846997. DESCRIPTION Thallus Foliose, epiphloeodal, greyish white to grey, remaining unchanged when wet, loosely attached to substratum, 3-5 cm in diam., more or less circular in outline. Lobes Densely, dichotomously or irregularly branched, without pruina, lobe tips greyish-white, flat to slightly concave, imbricate, usually upturned near the tips, 0.8-2.5 mm wide. Soralia and isidia Absent. Upper surface Dark brown, paraplectenchymatous, 20-25 µm thick. Algal layer 30-35 µm thick. Photobiont cells Globose, 10-15 µm in diam. Medulla White. Lower surface Black, usually becoming pale to dark grey towards lobe tips, not rhizinate. Rhizines Absent. Lower cortex Paraplectenchymatous, dark brown, 28-35 µm thick. Apothecia Frequent, usually present, 2.5-4 mm in diam., stipitate, lacking cortical hairs, epruinose. Disc Chocolate brown to black, dull, epruinose, flat to strongly convex. Margins Prominent, creamy to pale white. Epihymenium Light brown to brownish orange, 13-17 µm. Hymenium Hyaline, 90-110 µm. Hypothecium Hyaline, 25-35 µm. Ascus Cylindrical to clavate, 70-83 × 22-28 µm. Ascospores Dark brown, ellipsoid, Physcia - type, 24-30× 12-17µm. Paraphyses Hyaline, branched and anastomosing, 2-3 µm thick, wider at the apex, 4-5 µm thick. Pycnidia Not found.

Phaeophyscia microspora Aptroot & Schumm (Fig. 3) Virtuelles Herbarium de Flechtengattungen Hyperphyscia, Paeophyscia, Physcia und Physconia: 193 (Schumm & Aptroot 2019). SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Pakistan. Margalla Hills, Islamabad, 1604 m alt., on tree bark, 33°41’35”N, 73°03’50”E, 09.IV.2019, A. Ashraf, K. Habib & M. Usman, T5-02 (LAH[LAH37622]; GenBank[OQ024193]); Azad Jammu and Kashmir, District Bagh, 33.9259°N, 73.7810°E, 4734 m alt., on tree bark, 10.XI.2021, A. Naseer, B-04 (LAH[LAH37624]; GenBank[OQ073895]); Azad Jammu and Kashmir, District Bagh, 33°55’33.24”N, 73°46’51.6”E, 4734 m alt., on tree bark, 12.XI.2021, A. Naseer, B-05 (LAH[LAH37625]; GenBank[OQ073896]); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kaghan Valley, Shogran, 34°64’N, 73°46’E, 2362 m alt., on bark, 24.VIII.2021, A. R. Niazi & M. Nadeem, SN-1 (LAH [LAH37618]; GenBank[OP933725]); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kaghan Valley, Siri Paya, 33°71’N, 78°08’E, 3000 m alt., on tree bark, 26.VIII.2022, A. R. Niazi & M. Nadeem, BK-14 (LAH [LAH37617]; GenBank[OP933722]). CHEMISTRY. — Thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-; no lichen substance detected by TLC. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Pakistani collections of this species are from humid to moist temperate, coniferous forest and scrub forest. The specimens were found on tree bark. The maximum daily temperature of the Himalaya region varies around 30-32°C during the summer, the average winter temperature is 4°C, while Margala Hills have an average maximum temperature of 34.3°C and minimum of 3.4°C with an average rainfall of 1200 mm per year. DESCRIPTION Thallus Foliose, epiphloeodal, rust grey to pale grey, remaining unchanged when wet, loosely attached to substratum, very variable in size, 2-4 cm in diam. Lobes Densely, dichotomously or irregularly branched, without pruina, lobe tips creamy white, flat to strongly convex, imbricate, usually upturned near the tips, 0.5-1.5 mm wide. Soralia and isidia Absent. Cortex Dark brown, paraplectenchymatous, 18-23 µm thick. Algal layer 28-34 µm thick. Photobiont cells Globose, 8-13 µm in diam. Medulla White. Lower surface Black, usually becoming pale to dark grey towards lobe tips, rhizinate. Rhizines Dense, black, simple, 1.3-2.5 mm long. Lower cortex Paraplectenchymatous, dark brown, 18-30 µm thick. Apothecia Abundant, usually present, 1.5-3 mm in diam., stipitate to very shortly stipitate, the margin entire or becoming regularly crenate, with prominent cortical hairs, epruinose or slightly pruinose. Disc Charcoal black, shiny, flat to strongly concave or sometimes convex. Margins Prominent, creamy to pale white. Epihymenium Light brown to orange, 18-24 µm. Hymenium Hyaline to creamy, 70-90 µm. Hypothecium Creamy white, 22-28 µm. Ascus Cylindrical to clavate, 45-55 ×12-14 µm. Ascospores Dark brown, ellipsoid, Physcia - type, 16-20 ×7.5-9 µm. Paraphyses Hyaline, branched and anastomosing, 1.7-2.8µm thick, wider at the apex, 3-4 µm thick. Pycnidia Not found.

Niazi, Abdul Rehman, Afshan, Najam-ul-Sehar, Naseer, Arooj, Nadeem, Muhammad, Iftikhar, Fatima, Fayyaz, Iram, Ashraf, Asma, Imtiaz, Sawera, Fatima, Shahzadi Qamar, Khalid, Abdul Nasir (2023): A new species and a new record of the genus Phaeophyscia Moberg (Lecanorales, Physciaceae) from Pakistan supported by phenotypic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (4): 51-59, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4878.3.2

The paper provides data on morphology, ecology, differentiation and distribution of the crustose, epiphytic and epixylic lichen Rinodina sibirica in Eurasia. An anatomical and morphological description of R. sibirica is provided based on 138 specimens studied. Based on these records, we show that the distribution of the species from the Russian Far East is ranging from the Kamchatka Peninsula to the Mongolian border in the south and the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Tyumen Region in the west. Current data suggest that R. sibirica is an American-Asian species with a wide Amphiberingian range, only slightly extending to Europe in the Ural Mts.

Seven genera new to science, i.e.: Helmutiopsis, Huriopsis, Johnsheardia, Klauskalbia, Kudratovia, Kurokawia and Poeltonia of the Physciaceae are proposed for the ‘Rinodina’ atrocinerea, the ‘Rinodina’ xanthophaea, the ‘Rinodina’ cinnamomea, the ‘Heterodermia’ obscurata, the ‘Rinodina’ straussii, the ‘Anaptychia’ isidiata and the ‘Physconia’ grisea groups consequently that all form strongly supported monophyletic branches in a phylogeny analysis based on a combined matrix of nrITS and mtSSU sequences. Phylogenetic positions of species belonging to the genera Kashiwadia s. l., Leucodermia, Mischoblastia,Oxnerella, Phaeorrhiza s. l., Polyblastidium and Rinodinella s. l. are discussed. Oxnerella afghanica which for the first time recorded as parasitic lichen species from both epiphytic and saxicolous crustose lichens is designated as type species for the genus Oxnerella. Sequences of the recently described Physcia orientostellaris as well as Huriopsis xanthophaea and additional sequences of Kashiwadia aff. orientalis and Mischoblastia aff. oxydata are submitted to the GenBank. The positions of Polyblastidium casaterrinum from Costa Rica, ‘Rinodina’ efflorescens from Białowieża, Poland, and ‘Mischoblastia’ confragosula from Cambodia in the Physciaceae are confirmed in a phylogeny analysis based on the nrITS sequences. The presence of ‘extraneous mycobiont DNA’ in lichen associations is exemplified with earlier incorrect identifications of Heterodermia, Kashiwadia, Kurokawia,Oxnerella and Poeltonia specimens. Fifty-six new combinations are presented: Helmutiopsis alba (for Rinodina alba Metzler ex Arn.), Helmutiopsis aspersa (for Lecanora aspersa Borrer), Helmutiopsis atrocinerea (for Parmelia atrocinerea Fr.), Huriopsis chrysidiata (for Rinodina chrysidiata Sheard), Huriopsis chrysomelaena (for Rinodina chrysomelaena Tuck.), Huriopsis lepida (for Lecanora lepida Nyl.), Huriopsis luteonigra (for Rinodina luteonigra Zahlbr.), Huriopsis plana (for Rinodina plana H. Magn.), Huriopsis thiomela (for Lecanora thiomela Nyl.), Huriopsis xanthomelana (for Rinodina xanthomelana Müll. Arg.), Huriopsis xanthophaea (for Lecanora xanthophaea Nyl.), Johnsheardia cinnamomea (for Rinodina mniaroea var. cinnamomea Th. Fr.), Johnsheardia herteliana (for Rinodina herteliana Kaschik), Johnsheardia jamesii (for Rinodina jamesii H. Mayrhofer), Johnsheardia reagens (for Rinodina reagens Matzer et H. Mayrhofer), Johnsheardia zwackhiana (for Lecanora zwackhiana Kremp.), Kashiwadia austrostellaris (for Physcia austrostellaris Elix), Kashiwadia jackii (for Physcia jackii Moberg), Kashiwadia littoralis for Physcia littoralis Elix), Kashiwadia nubila (for Physcia nubila Moberg), and Kashiwadia tropica (for Physcia tropica Elix), Klauskalbia crocea (for Heterodermia crocea R. C. Harris), Klauskalbia flabellata (for Parmelia flabellata Fée), Klauskalbia obscurata (for Physcia speciosa (Wulfen) Nyl. *obscurata Nyl.), Klauskalbia paradoxa (for Heterodermia paradoxa Schumm et Schäfer-Verwimp), Kudratovia bohlinii (for Rinodina bohlinii H. Magn.), Kudratovia candidogrisea (for Rinodina candidogrisea Hafellner, Muggia et Obermayer), Kudratovia luridata (for Buellia luridata Körb.), Kudratovia metaboliza (for Rinodina metaboliza Vain.), Kudratovia pycnocarpa (for Rinodina pycnocarpa H. Magn.), Kudratovia roscida (for Lecanora roscida Sommerf.), Kudratovia straussii (for Rinodina straussii J. Steiner), Kudratovia terrestris (for Rinodina terrestris Tomin), Kurokawia bryorum (for Anaptychia bryorum Poelt), Kurokawia isidiata (for Anaptychia isidiata Tomin), Kurokawia mereschkowskii (for Physcia mereschkowskii Tomin), Kurokawia palmulata (for Psoroma palmulatum Michx.), Kurokawia runcinata (for Lichen runcinatus With.), Kurokawia stippea (for Parmelia aquila var. stippea Ach.), Lecania safavidiorum (for Oxnerella safavidiorum S. Y. Kondr., Zarei-Darki, Lőkös et Hur), Leucodermia erinacea (for Lichen erinaceus Ach.), Mischoblastia confragosula (for Lecanora confragosula Nyl.), Mischoblastia destituta (for Lecidea destituta Nyl.), Mischoblastia moziana (for Lecanora moziana Nyl.), Mischoblastia moziana subsp. parasitica (comb. et stat. nova for Rinodina moziana var. parasitica Kaschik et H. Mayrhofer), Mischoblastia ramboldii (for Rinodina ramboldii Kaschik), Mischoblastia vezdae (for Rinodina vezdae H. Mayrhofer), Oxnerella afghanica (for Rinodina afghanica M. Steiner et Poelt), Oxnerella castanomelodes (for Rinodina castanomelodes H. Mayrhofer et Poelt), Physciella nigricans (for Lecanora nigricans Flörke), Poeltonia elegantula (for Physconia elegantula Essl.), Poeltonia grisea (for Lichen griseus Lam.), Poeltonia isidiomuscigena (for Physconia isidiomuscigena Essl.), Poeltonia perisidiosa (for Physcia perisidiosa Erichsen), Poeltonia venusta (for Parmelia venusta Ach.), and Polyblastidium albicans (for Parmelia albicans Pers.) are proposed.

This paper presents a new saxicolous species of Rinodina from the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. Rinodina jacutica is characterized by spores of the Dirinaria-type and type A development, a light-gray thallus with a slight yellowish tinge and spot tests K+ yellow and P+ yellow, atranorin present. The paper provides data on the morphology, anatomy, ecology, and collection site of R. jacutica.

Rinodina jacutica Galanina & Konoreva sp. nov. Mycobank no: 841873 (Figs 1A–C) Thallus thin to thick, areoles at first discrete, becoming confluent, light gray with a slight yellowish tinge. Apothecia quickly become narrowly attached. Vegetative propagules absent. Ascospores Dirinaria - type, (16.5–) 18.0–20.0 (– 23.0) × (7.5–) 8.5–10.0 (–11.5) μm, lumina Physcia- like, spores lightly pigmented at maturity, most mature spores inflated at septum, more so on application of KOH; torus absent; walls lightly ornamented. Secondary metabolite atranorin by TLC. Type:— RUSSIA, Republic of Sakha, Oymyakonskiy District, near Ust-Nera, right bank of Ambar-Yuryuete, Larix gmelinii - Sphagnum -lichen forest, 64°30′31.6″N, 143°16′56.8″E, 1179 m a. s. l., 7 July 2016, L. A . Konoreva 75 (holotype LE 15578!, isotype VLA L –2928!). Thallus thin in young parts to thick (0.4 mm) in old parts, light gray with a slight yellowish tinge, areolate, margin of scattered areoles. Areoles 0.2–0.5 mm wide, at first discrete, margins even or dissected and sublobate, then confluent, surface, matt, slightly convex. Prothallus black, well developed, clearly visible between areoles in young parts of the thallus (Fig. 1A). Vegetative propagules absent. Apothecia numerous, broadly attached when young but quickly become narrowly attached, scattered when young and densely contiguous in older parts of the thallus, 0.9–1.0 (–1.5) mm diameter (n = 30); disc black, at first plane, becoming slightly convex; thalline margin concolorous with thallus, mostly continuous but sometimes with a crenulate (beaded) appearance, to 0.1 mm wide, persistent, excipular ring absent. Сortex of apothecia to 20–30 μm wide with a slight yellowish tinge, not expanded below, epinecral layer absent, algal cells to 8.5–12 μm long. Proper exciple hyaline, 15 μm wide, expanding to 20 μm at surface, pigmented the same colour as epihymenium; hypothecium hyaline, 30–90 μm high; hymenium 80–150 μm high, paraphyses 1.5– 2.0 μm wide, not conglutinate, apices to 5.5–6.0 μm wide, forming a dark brown epihymenium, pigment arnoldiana - brown. Ascospores 8 per ascus, type A development, Dirinaria - type (Fig. 1: B, C; 2: A, B), (17.0–) 18.3–20.4 (–23.0) × (7.8–) 8.4–9.5 (–11.0) μm (n = 60), torus lacking, septal disc sometimes present (Figs. 1C, 2B 4), walls lightly ornamented. Chemistry: cortex K+ yellow, P+yellow (atranorin confirmed by TLC on 3 July 2021 by Paukov; and on 19 January 2022 by Konoreva). Etymology: The species is named after the site of its discovery, Yakutia, the cold pole of the northern hemisphere. Ecology: On stones in coniferous moss-lichen larch forest of the Ambar-Yuryuete river valley. Notes: The species was found in the Oymyakonsky Region, located in the eastern part of the Republic of Sakha (previously Yakutia) on the border with the Magadan Region and the Khabarovsk Territory. The Tas-Kystabyt Ridge (highest point 2341 m) is located within this region. The climate of the Oymyakonsky Region is very continental, the annual temperature range spans 100 °C (minimum -65 °C, maximum 35 °C). The region is extremely dry, the annual precipitation being around 200 mm. The region is in an area of continuous permafrost (Danilova, 2005). Larch woodlands occur at altitudes of 600(–800) m to 1200(–1600) m above sea level. At higher altitudes larch forests are replaced by thickets of dwarf pine, and mountain tundras are located at the highest elevations (Karavaev & Dobretsova, 1964; Danilova, 2005). Additional specimen examined (paratype). RUSSIA, Republic of Sakha, Oymyakonskiy District, near Ust-Nera, right bank of Ambar-Yuryuete, Larix gmelinii - Sphagnum -lichen forest, 64°30′31.6″N, 143°16′56.8″E, 1179 m a. s. l., 7 July 2016, L. A . Konoreva 65 (paratype LE 15579!)., Published as part of Galanina, Irina A., Sheard, John W. & Konoreva, Liudmila A., 2022, A new saxicolous species, Rinodina jacutica (Physciaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia, pp. 121-126 in Phytotaxa 564 (1) on pages 122-124, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.564.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/7077729, {"references":["Danilova, N. S. (ed.) (2005) Diversity of the flora of Yakutia. Publishing house of SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 328 pp. [In Russian]","Karavaev, M. N. & Dobretsova, L. A. (1964) A brief sketch of the vegetation of the river valley Nera in its lower reaches (basin of the upper Indigirka). Botanicheskii Zhurnal 49 (11): 1544 - 1559. [In Russian]"]}

This study aims to explore how lichen diversity, composition, and distribution vary with altitude, and environmental factors (temperature and relative humidity). The study was conducted in the forest of Gunung Bunga Buah, Selangor at five sites (different altitudes). Forty-four lichen species were identified. Their diversity, composition, and distribution correlated significantly with the altitude and environmental factors, increasing diversity at higher altitudes. Graphidaceae and Physciaceae species were present at all altitudes, and the dominant species changed according to altitude: Some Parmeliaceae species were found only at higher altitudes (601-1430 m) while Chrysothrix xanthina and a few Physciaceae species were present only at lower altitudes (0-600 m). These findings will provide additional information about the lichens of the tropical montane forest of Malaysia to enhance knowledge on how to manage and sustain lichens in this type of forest.

Lichen is a mutualism symbiotic organism between fungi (mycobiont) and photosynthetic symbiont in the form of algae (photobiont). It can be found from the lowlands to the highlands, growing epiphytically on soil, rocks, weathered wood, and tree bark, as shown on surface of the tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) in The PT Sarana Mandiri Mukti Tea plantation in Kepahiang regency, Bengkulu Province. The purpose of this research was to identify and find out the species of epiphytic lichens on the tea plant in this place. The study was conducted in May–November 2019. Samples was collected purposively, by taken ephyphitic lichens growth on the bark of tea plants stems. Then, samples was identified based on morphological characteristics at the Basic Science Biosystematics Laboratory, FMIPA University of Bengkulu. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. It was identified as many as 35 species of lichens from the Ascomycota division, belonged to three classes, six orders, 11 families; those are Graphidaaceae, Stereocaulaceae, Parmeliaceae, Lecanoraceae, Malmideaeceae, Pertusariaceae, Teloschistaceae, Caliciaceae, Physciaceae, Arthoniaceae, dan Pyrenulaceae. 23 species have crustose type thalus and 12 species have foliose type thalus.

The lichen genus Rinodina in the Magadan Region is revised on the basis of extensive collections by the authors in 2011–2015. Fifteen species have been recorded, of which Rinodina cinereovirens, R. endospora, R. laevigata, R. metaboliza, R. olivaceobrunnea, R. parasitica, and R. subparieta are new for the study area. Rinodina endospora and R. sicula are rare in Russia and have only recently been found in Northeastern Asia. The presence of R. archaea and R. exigua in the Far East of Russia has not yet been confirmed.

The article presents information about the taxonomy and ecology of lichens in the Ohaliksai River basin. According to the conducted studies, 11 families of the Lecanoromycetes class (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoraceae, Ramalinaceae, Megasporaceae, Physciaceae, Teloschistaceae, Peltigeraceae, Collemataceae, Candelariaceae, Umbilicariaceae, Physciaceae), 1 family of the Eurotiomycetes class (Verrucariaceae) and 1 family Lichinaceae of the class Lichinomycetes were identified, 18 groups and 23 species were noted as widespread. The taxonomic analysis and ecological characteristics of the identified species are presented.

The Polylepis australis forests in Central Argentina support a great biodiversity in a relative small area. As a result of this study focusing on the diversity and ecology of the lichen communities of these forests, we present five new species for South America: Rinodina ficta, R. malcolmii, R. obscura, Usnea glabrata, Tetramelas triphragmioides and eight taxa new for Argentina: Calicium abietinum, Erioderma leylandii subsp. leylandii, Leptogium microstictum, Phaeophyscia endococcinodes, Rinodina dolichospora, R. intermedia, Usnea cirrosa and U. flavocardia. Unidentified Usnea species, similar to U. silesiaca, were also characterized and discussed.

The principal goal of our study was to test whether ecologically and chemically different populations of lichens in thePhysconia muscigenagroup belong to a single, or multiple, species. We used sequence data from three markers (ITS rDNA, mtSSU rDNA and TEF1-α) for the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees based on a sampling of mostly European and Canadian populations ofP. muscigena(Ach.) Poelt,P. muscigenavar.bayeri(Nádv.) Poelt andP. isidiomuscigenaEssl. In addition, we sought any possible geographical or ecological trends among chemotypes and haplotypes. Results show that: 1) sequence data of ITS rDNA and TEF1-α show large genetic variation in thePhysconia muscigenagroup, which does not correlate with geographical distribution or thallus chemistry; 2)Physconia muscigenavar.bayeriandP. isidiomuscigenaappear undifferentiated withP. muscigenain our phylogenetic trees, and the three species cannot be distinguished on the basis of ITS rDNA, mtSSU rDNA and TEF1-α sequences. We therefore synonymizedPhysconia muscigenavar.bayeriwithP. muscigenaand we recombineP. isidiomuscigenaas a variety ofP. muscigena.

The species diversity is significantly associated with forest structure and species composition of tropical forest communities. Humans have also been exploiting lichens and their substances for various purposes since long time and they area also act as Bioindicators. The main objective of the present study is to document the diversity and distribution pattern of lichen in the dry areas of Malnad region. In present communication we analysed diversity, distribution pattern of 29 species of lichens from tropical forests in Mallenahalli forest of Chikkamagaluru district. The study area covers moist and dry deciduous type of vegetation. From the present enumeration we recorded 17 macrolichen, and 12 microlichens species belongs to 17 genera and 15 families. Habitat specialization can account for the coexistence of lichen species in tropical forests. The members of families Parmeliaceae (7), Physciaceae (3), Pertusariaceae (3) exhibited the maximum species in the area. In our study, the foliose lichens were dominant, comprising 14 species followed by 12 species for crustose and three species for fruticose lichens.

Key to Phaeorrhiza 1. Apothecia cryptolecanorine, disc concave to plane........................................................................................................... P. nimbosa - Apothecia lecideine, disc strongly convex......................................................................................... P. sareptana var. sphaerocarpa, Published as part of Zhong, Qiuyi, Zhang, Yanyun, Wang, Xinyu, Timdal, Einar, Gong, Hede, Wang, Zizhi & Wang, Lisong, 2021, Phaeorrhiza (Physciaceae), a new lichen genus record to China, pp. 228-238 in Phytotaxa 510 (3) on page 231, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.510.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5426411

The genus Phaeorrhiza is reported as new for the Chinese lichen biota, including the two species, Phaeorrhiza nimbosa (Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt and P. sareptana var. sphaerocarpa. (Tr. Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt. The genus grows on soil in alpine meadows, morphologically characterized by a squamulose to subfoliose thallus, rhizohyphae, and Beltraminia-type ascospores. P. nimbosa has cryptolecanorine to eulecanorine apothecia, while P. sareptana var. sphaerocarpa has lecideine apothecia. Descriptions, a key and a phylogram of these species are provided.

Key to Phaeorrhiza 1. Apothecia cryptolecanorine, disc concave to plane........................................................................................................... P. nimbosa - Apothecia lecideine, disc strongly convex......................................................................................... P. sareptana var. sphaerocarpa

Three new genera Coppinsidea, Vandenboomia and Wolseleyidea are described and the genera Ivanpisutia, Lecaniella and Myrionora are resurrected on the basis of a phylogenetic analysisof multi-locus sequence data of the Ramalinaceae including the nuclear protein-codingmarker rpb2, the internal transcribed spacer and a fragment of the small mitochondrialsubunit. The genus Hertelidea was positioned within the Ramalina clade of the phylogenetic tree of the Ramalinaceae. Bacidia sipmanii, Phyllopsora chlorophaea, P. castaneocincta and Ramalina subbreviuscula were recorded from South Korea for the first time here confirming by molecular data, too.Forty-eight new combinations are proposed: Bacidia alnetorum (basionym: Biatoraalnetorum S. Ekman et Tonsberg), Biatora amazonica (basionym: Phyllopsora amazonica Kistenich et Timdal), Biatora cuyabensis (basionym: Lecidea cuyabensis Malme), Biatora halei (basionym: Pannaria halei Tuck.), Biatora kalbii (basionym: Phyllopsora kalbii Brako), Biatora subhispidula (basionym: Psoroma subhispidulum Nyl.), Coppinsidea alba (basionym: Catillaria alba Coppins et Vězda), Coppinsidea aphana (basionym: Lecidea aphana Nyl.), Coppinsidea croatica (basionym: Catillaria croatica Zahlbr.), Coppinsidea fuscoviridis (basionym: Bilimbia fuscoviridis Anzi), Coppinsidea pallens (basionym: Bilimbia pallens Kullh.), Coppinsidea ropalosporoides(basionym: Gyalidea ropalosporoides S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkos et J.-S. Hur), Coppinsidea scotinodes (basionym: Lecidea scotinodes Nyl.), Coppinsidea sphaerella (basionym: Lecidea sphaerella Hedl.), Ivanpisutia hypophaea (basionym: Biatora hypophaea Printzen et Tonsberg), Ivanpisutia ocelliformis (basionym: Lecidea ocelliformis Nyl.), Lecaniella belgica (basionym: Lecania belgica van den Boom et Reese Naesb.), Lecaniella cyrtellina (basionym: Lecanora cyrtellina Nyl.), Lecaniella dubitans (basionym: Lecidea dubitans Nyl.), Lecaniella erysibe (basionym: Lichenerysibe Ach.), Lecaniella hutchinsiae (basionym: Lecanora hutchinsiae Nyl.), Lecaniella naegelii(basionym: Biatora naegelii Hepp), Lecaniella prasinoides (basionym: Lecania prasinoides Elenkin), Lecaniella sylvestris (basionym: Biatora sylvestris Arnold), Lecaniella tenera (basionym: Scoliciosporum tenerum Lonnr.), Mycobilimbia albohyalina (basionym: Lecidea anomala f. albohyalina Nyl.), Mycobilimbia cinchonarum (basionym: Triclinum cinchonarum Fee), Mycobilimbia concinna (basionym: Phyllopsora concinna Kistenich et Timdal), Mycobilimbia ramea (basionym:Bacidina ramea S. Ekman), Mycobilimbia siamensis (basionym: Phyllopsora siamensisKistenich et Timdal), Myrionora australis (basionym: Biatora australis Rodr. Flakus et Printzen), Myrionora ementiens (basionym: Lecidea ementiens Nyl.), Myrionora flavopunctata (basionym: Lecanora flavopunctata Tonsberg), Myrionora globulosa (basionym: Lecidea globulosa Florke), Myrionora hemipolia (basionym: Lecidea arceutina f. hemipolia Nyl.), Myrionora lignimollis (basionym: Biatora ligni-mollis T. Sprib. et Printzen), Myrionora malcolmii (basionym: Phyllopsora malcolmii Vězda et Kalb), Myrionora vacciniicola (basionym: Lecidea vacciniicola Tonsberg), Phyllopsora agonimioides (basionym: Coenogonium agonimioides J. P. Halda, S.-O. Oh et J.-S. Hur), Phyllopsora sunchonensis (basionym: Agonimia sunchonensis S. Y. Kondr. etJ.-S. Hur), Vandenboomia chlorotiza (basionym: Lecidea chlorotiza Nyl.), Vandenboomia falcata (basionym: Lecania falcata van den Boom, M. Brand, Coppins, Magain et Serus.), Wolseleyidea africana (basionym: Phyllopsora africana Timdal et Krog), Wolseleyidea byssiseda (basionym: Lecidea byssiseda Nyl. ex Hue), Wolseleyidea canoumbrina (basionym: Lecidea canoumbrina Vain.), Wolseleyidea furfurella (basionym: Phyllopsora furfurella Kistenich et Timdal), Wolseleyidea ochroxantha (basionym: Lecidea ochroxantha Nyl.), and Wolseleyidea swinscowii (basionym: Phyllopsora swinscowii Timdal et Krog). The combination Biatora longispora (Degel.)Lendemer et Printzen is validated here. The new names Biatora vezdana for Lecaniafurfuracea Vĕzda and Coppinsidea vainioana for Lecidea sphaeroidiza Vain. are proposed. The phenomenon of presence of ‘extraneous mycobiont DNA’ in lichen association, i.e. DNA, belonging neither to mycobiont nor photobiont or to endophytic fungi is for the first time illustrated. So the presence of nrITS and mtSSU sequences of crustose lichen Coppinsidea ropalosporoides in thalli of crustose Verrucaria margacea and foliose Kashiwadia orientalis, as well as nrITS of Phyllopsora sp. KoLRI in Agonimia pacifica and Biatora longispora, or nrITS and mtSSU of Biatora longispora in thalli of Agonimia pacifica, Oxneriopsis oxneri and Pyxine limbulata, Ivanpisutia oxneri in thalli of Rinodina xanthophaea, etc. is documented. Scarce cases of presence of ‘extraneous mycobiont DNA’ in representatives of the Teloschistaceae, Physciaceae known from literature data are discussed, too.

This article consolidates lichenological data on foliose lichens of Azerbaijan and addresses their species diversity. It was determined that the studied lichens belong to classes Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes and Lichenomycetes of the phylum Ascomycota. They are represented by 166 species, including 8 orders: Caliciales , Candelariales, Lecanorales , Peltigerales , Teloschistales , Umbilicariales , Verrucariales , Lichinales ; 15 families: Candelariaceae, Collemataceae, Lecanoraceae, Lobariaceae, Nephromataceae, Pannariaceae, Parmeliacea e, Peltigeraceae, Peltylaceae, Physciaceae , Placynthiaceae , Stereocaulaceae , Teloschistaceae, Umbilicariaceae, Verrucariaceae; and 51 genera. Such species as Anaptychia elbursiana , Enchylium ligerinum , Phaeophyscia hirsuta , Parmelia fraudans , Physconia perisidiosa , Punctelia rudecta , Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla , and Umbilicaria proboscidea are new to the lichen flora of the studied region. The article provides information on the location in the studied region, the substrate and the ecological group for each species. It was found that the species diversity of foliose lichens is is mainly formed by five polymorphic families, such as Parmeliacea e, Physciaceae , Collemataceae, Peltigeracea e, and Umbilicariaceae, thatcomprise 132 species (79.5% of the total number of species). Among genera, only five of themhave significant species diversity: Peltigera (17 species), Physcia (15), Umbilicaria (13), Collema (9) and Parmelia (5). As for the humidity factor, five groups were distinguished: mesophytes (132 species), xerophytes (17), xeromesophytes (9), hygromezophytes (6), mesoxerophytes(2). As for the substrate, foliose lichens were devided into five ecological and substrate groups: epiphytes (53 species), epilites (48), epigeids (22), epibriophytes (18), eurysubstrate linchens (25).

Lichens are one of the most successful group of organisms and form an important aspect of biodiversity of any region. But still lichens are under explored in most of regions. The present work has been carried out in Padder Valley, Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). A thorough survey of the lichen diversity from all the possible habitats was conducted in the study area which indicated the presence of 110 species belonging to 54 genera and 23 families. Parmiliaceae has been recorded as the largest family (16 genera, 27 species) and is followed by Physciaceae (8 genera, 14 species). Four families have been observed to be monotypic. Lecanora has been recorded as dominant genera with 7 species followed by Peltigera with 5 species. Corticolous was most preferred substratum exhibited by 61 species while foliose was the most dominant type of growth form represented by 52 species. The study has added 94 lichen taxa as new records for district Kishtwar and is first of its kind in Padder Valley, J&K.

van den Boom, P. P. G., Elix, J. A. & Giralt, M. 2020. Lichen diversity of crustose Caliciaceae and Physciaceae from Alentejo, the Azores and Madeira (Portugal) including the new Amandinea madeirensis. – Herzogia 33: 420 – 431.Examination of crustose Caliciaceae and Physciaceae from Portugal (Alentejo, Madeira and the Azores) revealed the new corticolous species, Amandinea madeirensis, characterized by 16-spored asci and small Physconia-type ascospores. The new species is compared with the other known corticolous species of Buellia s. lat. with polyspored asci and a key to these species is provided. Additional information is given for a further 49 species, of which Amandinea polyspora, Rinodina teichophila and the lichenicolous fungus Wernerella maheui are new records for Portugal. The following are new records for the regions studied: Buellia mediterranea and B. caloplacivora are new to the Azores, Buellia uberiuscula and Rinodina guzzinii are new to Madeira, while most records from Alentejo are new for the province. An additional record of the rare species Buellia indissimilis, hitherto known only from two localities (including the type) in northern Portugal, is included.

Berger, F., Zimmermann, E. & Brackel, W. v. 2020. Species of Pronectria (Bionectriaceae) and Xenonectriella (Nectriaceae) growing on foliose Physciaceae, with a key of the Central European species. – Herzogia 33: 473 – 493.Confusion about the identity of Xenonectriella leptaleae (J.Steiner) Rossman & Lowen led us to revise Central European material of the hypocrealean genera Pronectria and Xenonectriella growing on foliose Physciaceae to clarify the taxonomy. Consequently, we reinstate Pronectria leptaleae and describe Pronectria etayoi, Xenonectriella physciacearum and X. zimmermanni as new species. The new combination Xenonectriella angulospora is proposed. A key to the species of the genera Pronectria and Xenonectriella growing on Physciaceae in Europe is provided.

Heterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W. L. Culb. Figure 3E Materials examined. COLOMBIA • Magdalena, Santa Marta, locality of Minca, Bella Vista village, Villa Kelly coffee farm; 11°05.67′N, 074°04.87′W; 1550 m a.s.l.; 28 Jun. 2017; K. Ramírez Roncallo leg.; KRR 225; CBUMAG:LIC:397. Identification. Lobes with excavate or pseudocyphellate margins, forming non-convergent lateral soralia; presence of nordistic acid in the medulla (K + red) (Díaz-Escandón 2017). Ecology and distribution. Heterodermia pseudospeciosa has been recorded in the departments of Cauca, Cundinamarca, Risaralda, and Valle del Cauca, in lowlands, foothills of the Andean mountains, and Andean forests, from 900 to 2700 m a.s.l., on bark, rocks, and wooden fences (Díaz-Escandón 2017). In SNSM, it was found in coffee crops in the sub-Andean forest, at 1550 m a.s.l., on bark., Published as part of Ramírez-Roncallo, Kevin, Gómez-Ramírez, Hugo & Negritto, María A., 2020, New records of lichenized fungi in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, pp. 1421-1431 in Check List 16 (6) on page 1427, DOI: 10.15560/16.6.1421, {"references":["Diaz-Escandon D (2017) La tribu Heterodermieae Trevis. en Colombia. Master tesis, Universidad del Valle, Cali, 115 pp."]}

Hyperphyscia lucida is described as a new lichen species from the Netherlands on morphological grounds. It most closely resembles H. adglutinata, but differs by a whiter grey thallus, confluent or laterally imbricate, mostly flat and closely appressed, shiny lobes, a transparent prothallus, and groups of laminal pustules that develop into finely granular to coarsely isidioid soredia. Hyperphyscia lucida was found in 2020 in an area of approximately 1 km2 in the freshwater tidal area the Biesbosch. Thalli were found on 14 Salix trees in the southwest of two ca 60-year-old willow forests, together with a. o. Hyperphyscia adglutinata (with apothecia), Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Xanthoria parietina and Hypnum cupressiforme. Further interesting companions include Porina byssophila, Physciella chloantha and Strangospora deplanata.

The genus Heterodermia (Physciaceae, Lecanorales) in the Yaboty Biosphere Reserve(Misiones, Argentina). In this work, a study of the Heterodermia species of the Yaboty Biosphere Reserve is presented. Six species were identified, of which Heterodermia galactophylla (Tuck.) W.L. Culb. is recorded for the first time from Argentina, and the distribution range within the country is extended for other four species: Heterodermia japonica (M. Sato) Swinscow & Krog, Heterodermia aff. speciosa (Wulfen) Trevis., Heterodermia squamulosa (Degel.) W.L. Culb., and Heterodermia vulgaris (Vain.)Follmann & Redon. A dichotomous key for the species of the area and a brief description, observations and illustration of each of them are presented.

The paper presents new data on distribution of the lichen Rinodina megistospora in the Russian Far East and its revealed range in eastern Asia. R. megistospora is recorded for the first time for the Sakhalin Region (Sakhalin and Iturup islands). It has been found on the territory of Russia in eight localities in the boreal and nemoral zones of Northeast Asia. The species grows in old-growth intact coniferous and oak forests on bark of Betula sp., Kalopanax septemlobus, Picea sp., Quercus crispula and Sorbus sp. Current data suggest that R. megistospora is one of the species belonging to the Eastern Asiatic — Western North American group of species, characterized by disjunctive range. The paper presents the anatomical and morphological description of Rinodina megistospora, based on the examined specimens.

Yakovchenko, L., Galanina, I. & Davydov, E. A. 2017. Buellia lacteoidea new to Eurasia from Transbaikal Territory (South Siberia, Russia). – Herzogia 30: 515–519. Yakovchenko, L., Galanina, I. & Davydov, E. A. 2017. Buellia lacteoidea neu fur Eurasien aus Transbaikalien (Sudsibirien, Russland) – Herzogia 30: 515–519. Buellia lacteoidea (Physciaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes), hitherto only known from western North America, is reported from the Transbaikal Territory (South Siberia, Russia). A morphological description based on the Russian material is provided.

Ezhkin, A. K. & Schumm, F. 2017. Heterodermia incana (Physciaceae), a new record for Russia – Herzogia 30: 504–508. We report a new finding of Heterodermia incana, a rare lichen with an otherwise tropical distribution, from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. It is the northernmost record for Heterodermia incana to date. We provide illustrations of its morphological features, an occurrence map and results of HPTLC.

A new species belonging to the lichen genus Physconia is described from Alaska and the Canadian and American Rocky Mountains and adjacent forested regions. It is also reported from China, Nepal, India and Siberia. The new species, Physconia labrata, is superficially similar to P. perisidiosa, but can be distinguished by having a blackened, corticate lower surface and a paraplectenchymatous upper cortex.

Rinodinais a widespread, polyphyletic genus of crustosePhysciaceaewithc. 300 species worldwide. A major missing link in understanding its global biogeography has been eastern Asia where the genus has never been systematically revised. Here we review specimen and literature records forRinodinafor north-eastern Asia (Russian Far East, Japan and the Korean Peninsula) and recognize 43 species. We describe two species,R. hypobadiaandR. orientalis, as new to science.Rinodina hypobadiais distinguished by its pigmented hypothecium,Dirinaria-type ascospores and pannarin in both thallus and epihymenium.Rinodina orientalisis characterized by its erumpent apothecia that remain broadly attached, with discs sometimes becoming convex and excluding the thalline margins, ascospores belonging to thePhyscia-type and secondary metabolites absent. Nine other species are reported from the region for the first time. These includeR. dolichospora,R. freyi,R. metaboliza,R. sicula,R. subminutaandR. willeyi. Of particular biogeographical interest are three additional new records that have western North American–eastern Asian distributions: the corticolous speciesR. endospora,R. macrosporaandR. megistospora. Six species have the better known eastern North American–eastern Asian distributions:R. ascociscana(syn.R. akagiensis,R. melancholica),R. buckii,R. chrysidiata,R. subminuta,R. tenuis(syn.R. adirondackii) andR. willeyi, and two have eastern North American–eastern Asian–European distributions:R. excrescensandR. moziana(syn.R. destituta,R. vezdae). Our study begins to close one of the largest gaps in our knowledge of circumboreal species distributions inRinodinaand, together with previous studies in North America and Europe, provides new insights into circumboreal crustose lichen biogeography.Rinodina cinereovirens(syn.R. turfaceavar. cinereovirens) is also reported as new to North America.

Genera Heterodermia and Polyblastidium . Here we present a survey of the foliose lichenized fungi of Physciaceae collected in the State Park of Serra da Cantareira during end of the 1990s and currently deposited in SP Herbarium. Samples of eight species, belonging to the genera Heterodermia Trevis . (5 spp.) and Polyblastidium Kalb (3 spp.), were found and analyzed. Descriptions, comments, illustrations, and a key of the species found are presented. Heterodermia velata Marcelli & Benatti is new to science while H. isidiophora (Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi is a new citation for Brazil.

A revision of the specimens from southern South America deposited at CTES herbarium identified as Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.) Follmann & Redón was made. As a result, four new species, viz. H. mobergiana Michlig, M.P. Rodríguez & Aptroot, H. neocomosa M.P. Rodríguez L.I. Ferraro & Aptroot, H. ramosociliata M.P. Rodríguez, Michlig & Aptroot, and H. sorediosa Michlig, L.I. Ferraro & Aptroot, all closely related to H. comosa, are here proposed. Each species is described, illustrated and commented. A distribution map is also presented. Fil: Michlig, Silvia Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez, Maria Pia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Aptroot, André. ABL Herbarium; Países Bajos Fil: Niveiro, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Ferraro, Lidia Itati. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina

Amandinea rangitatensis Elix & H.Mayrhofer, Buellia haywardii Elix, A.Knight & H.Mayrhofer, B. maungatuensis Elix & H.Mayrhofer, B. papanui Elix & H.Mayrhofer, and Tetramelas allisoniae Elix, H.Mayrhofer & Glenny are described as new to science. Rinodinella fertilis var. hypostictica (Elix) Elix is recorded for the first time from New Zealand. Tetramelas allisoniae also occurs in Tasmania.

In recent years there has been growing interest in the study on lichen diversity with relation to altitudinal gradient and anthropogenic disturbances , as changes in lichen community composition may indicate air quality and microclimatic changes. The altitudinal data of species diversity and its subsequent changes with respect to time and space may provide vital information regarding impact of air pollution and/or climate change at regional or global scales. Chopta-Tungnath and adjoining areas of Garhwal Himalaya provide habitat and ecological variation with range of altitude lying between 300 to 3000 m. Out of the 116 species of lichens known from the studied area, the highest species diversity was observed between altitudes 1800 to 2100 m. Lichen communities occurring between 600–1800 m were dominated by members of Physciaceae, while Parmeliaceae were most common above 1800 m. Altitude beyond 2100 m experiences high precipitation, varying temperature conditions and increased incident UV radiation, which are responsible for controlling the variability in lichen diversity to a great extent in the region. The diversity of secondary metabolites in lichen species and consequent changes in species composition at various altitudes indicate the association of secondary chemicals in conferring the lichens resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The correlations of lichen diversity, secondary metabolites and the altitudes at which the lichens are growing, present suggestive role of secondary metabolites in determining species composition and sustainability in different environmental conditions.

This preliminary investigation describes the diversity and distribution of lichens from the different archaeological monuments of Sonitpur district, located in the Eastern Himalayan region of India, which is a part of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. It is a land of natural beauty and rich cultural heritage and it is well reflected in the number of archaeological sites and monuments of ancient time at this region. Enumerations of 38 species of lichen belonging to 21 genera and 15 families have been reported from the archaeological monuments of Sonitpur district. 6 species are new records for this state. Members of Physciaceae showed higher dominance with 11 species followed by Teloschistaceae with 4 species and Lecanoraceae and Verrucariaceae each containing 3 species, respectively. Cryptothecia subnidulans is the most widespread species, reported from 7 study sites. Key words: Diversity, Eastern Himalayan, heritage, hot spot, species.

The present study conducted in 21 sacred groves of Almora and Pithoragarh districts of Uttarakhand, India revealed the occurrence of 116 macrolichen species, belonging to 13 families and 38 genera, colonizing Quercus, Lyonia, Pinus, Rhododendron, Cedrus and Myrica trees along with some shrubs viz. Pyracantha, Berberis and miscellaneous substrates. Sacred groves having Quercus as climax vegetation came out as abode of a good number of lichens making it the best host for lichens in Himalaya encompassing 79 macrolichen species, which is quite high in comparison to Pinus that only hosts 29 species. Parmeliaceae was the dominant family with 51 species of macrolichens, followed by Physciaceae (36), Collemataceae and Lobariaceae (10 species each). Since lichens are very slow growing organisms, and quite sensitive to ecological and environmental fluctuations, if once got vanished from a particular location, they will take several years to re-establish, hence, conservation of their habitat (sacred grove) is very important to prevent their extinction. The study revealed that macrolichen diversity in the studied sacred groves was positively correlated with associated taboos of the sacred groves (0.680**, P

Twenty-eight new records of lichenized fungi have been reported from the community forest of Dadeldhura situated in Mahakali zone of far west Nepal. The species diversity is distributed in 13 families (Acarosporaceae, Arthoniaceae, Caliciaceae, Chrysothrichaceae, Cladoniaceae, Collemataceae, Graphidaceae, Lecanoraceae, Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Pyrenulaceae, Ramalinaceae, Verrucariaceae), showing 4 growth forms (squamulose, crustose, foliose and dimorphic) reported from three (soil, bark and rocks) substrata. A brief annotated morpho-taxonomic description of all the 28 species along with their ecology and distribution is given. Photomicrographs of all the described species are provided for visual validation. Taxonomic, growth form and substratum diversity of all 28 described species is discussed. A supplementary conspectus table is provided, giving overview of the phorophyte diversity of corticolous species along with the taxonomy and growth form diversity of described lichen species. The findings have been discussed in light of less explored region in central Himalaya and importance of community forests in Nepal for diversity studies.

As part of a comprehensive biodiversity inventory of Galapagos lichens, species in the genus Rinodina were reviewed. If most of the new species occur only in the archipelago, the degree of endemism in Galapagos Rinodina could be as high as 37%, significantly higher than the rate previously suggested for Galapagos lichens in general (8–10%). Across South America the genus Rinodina has, however, been very poorly studied. It is therefore currently not possible to assess if this rate of endemism will be confirmed in the long run. In addition to the newly described species, several are reported for the first time from Ecuador: Rinodina colobinoides occurs both in Galapagos and on the mainland; R. lepida is so far not known from continental Ecuador. Rinodina subtubulata was previously known only from its type locality in New Zealand. A key to all species and detailed descriptions to the new taxa as well as the poorly known R. subtubulata are provided.

Rinodina intrusa and R. maculans are reported as new to Fakahatchee Strand State Park, Florida. The distribution, morphology and distinguishing features of the two species are discussed.

Two new species belonging to the common and widespread lichen genus Physcia are described from western North America. One of these, P. occidentalis, is an obligately saxicolous species that reproduces by fragmentation, primarily through the production of largely terminal blastidia. Only a single very immature apothecium was observed among all collections. The species occurs from British Columbia to California, with outliers in Colorado. The other species, P. rhizinata, is a corticolous, typically fertile species lacking asexual propagules, and has often been confused with P. stellaris. It is presently known only from California. The close evolutionary relationship of these morphologically dissimilar taxa highlights the currently limited understanding of factors that lead to phenotypic divergence in lichen symbioses.

Rinodina lecideopsis is described as new to science. The species is characterized by the lecideine appearance of its apothecia due to the darkly pigmented cortex of the thalline margin and by a broad, hyaline proper exciple, which limits the algae to a narrow region at the base of the margin. The hymenium is densely inspersed with oil droplets and the spores are Bischoffii-type, both characters indicating a relationship with R. bischoffii. The new species belongs to a group of ecologically similar saxicolous lichens restricted to outcrops in tallgrass prairies, and glade openings in savannas and woodlands, fire-adapted ecosystems of the central United States. The biogeography and conservation needs of these lichens is briefly discussed.

Alatalo, J. M., A. K. Jagerbrand & U. Molau. 2014. Climate change and climatic events: community-, functionaland species-level responses of bryophytes and lichens to constant, stepwise, and pulse experimental warming in an alpine tundra. Alpine Botany 124(2): 81–91. Allen, J. A. & J. C. Lendemer. 2015. Japewiella dollypartoniana, a new widespread lichen in the Appalachian Mountains of Eastern North America. Castanea 80(1): 59–65. [New species: Japewiella dollypartoniana J.L. Allen & Lendemer.] Alverdieva, S. M. 2012. Taxonomic analysis of the lichen flora of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Proceedings: Biological and Medical Sciences 67(1): 25–29. [In Azerbaijani, with English title.] Anna, V., D. Lyudmyla, H. Rai & D. K. Upreti. 2013. Photobiont diversity of soil crust lichens along substrate ecology and altitudinal gradients in Himalayas: a case study from Garhwal Himalaya. Pages 73–88. In: H. Rai & D. K. Upreti (eds.), Terricolous lichens in India. Springer Verlag, New York. Ari, F., N. Aztopal, S. Oran, S. Bozdemir, S. Celikler, S. Ozturk & E. Ulukaya. 2014. Parmelia sulcata Taylor and Usnea filipendula Stirt. induce apoptosis-like cell death and DNA damage in cancer cells. Cell Proliferation 47(5): 457–464. Asplund, J. & D. A. Wardle. Within-species variability is the main driver of community-level responses of traits of epiphytes across a longterm chronosequence. Functional Ecology 28(6): 1513–1522. Atanassova, A. & H. Mayrhofer. 2012. Physciaceae Part 1. Foliose genera. Fungi of Bulgaria. Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia. 112 pages. Bajpai, R., V. Shukla, D. K. Upreti & M. Semwal. 2014. Selection of suitable lichen bioindicator species for monitoring climatic variability in the Himalaya. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21(19): 11380–11394. Balasubramanian, M. & P. Nirmala. 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of foliose lichens. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 6(9): 177–184. Baniya, C. B., H. Rai & D. K. Upreti. 2013. Terricolous lichens in Himalayas: patterns of species richness along elevation gradient. Pages 33–52. In: H. Rai & D. K. Upreti (eds.), Terricolous lichens in India. Springer Verlag, New York. Bartoli, F., A. C. Municchia, Y. Futagami, H. Kashiwadani, K. H. Moon & G. Caneva. 2014. Biological colonization patterns on the ruins of Angkor temples (Cambodia) in the biodeterioration vs bioprotection debate. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 96: 157–165. Benatti, M. N. 2011. Two new species of Bulbothrix Hale. Mycology 2: 255–259. [New species: Bulbothrix lyngei Benatti & Marcelli and Bulbothrix caribensis Marcelli & Benatti.] Benatti, M. N. & M. P. Marcelli. 2009. Especies de Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycetes liquenizados) com medula pigmentada do litoral centro-sul do Estado de Sao Paulo [Species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycetes) with pigmented medulla in the center-south coast of Sao Paulo State]. Hoehnea 36: 597–612. [In Portuguese with English abstract.] Benatti, M. N. & M. P. Marcelli. 2010. Four Parmeliaceae species excluded from Bulbothrix. Mycotaxon 111: 387–401. Benatti, M. N. & P. Jungbluth. 2014. Foliose Physciaceae from the Parque Estadual da Cantareira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. I. Genera Dirinaria, Hyperphyscia, and Pyxine. [Physciaceae foliosas do Parque Estadual da Cantareira, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. I. Generos Dirinaria, Hyperphyscia e Pyxine]. Iheringia 69(1): 17–27. Bessadottir, M., E. A. Skuladottir, S. Gowan, S. Eccles, S. Omarsdottir & H. M. Ogmundsdottir. 2014. Effects of antiproliferative lichen metabolite, protolichesterinic acid on fatty acid synthase, cell signalling and drug response in breast cancer cells. Phytomedicine 21(12): 1717–1724. Biazrov, L. G. & L. A. Pelgunova. 2015. Composition and proportion of elements on surface of crustose lichens. Arid Ecosystems 21(2): 62–70. Blanchon, D. 2013. Aukland lichens. Aukland Botanical Society 68(1): 21–27. Blanchon, D., R. Kooperberg, O. Er & C. Reynolds. 2013. Lichens of the mangroves and shell banks near the Miranda Shorebird Centre, Firth of Thames. Aukland Botanical Society 68(1): 87–88. Breuss, O. & R. Lucking. 2015. Three new lichen species from Nicaragua, with keys to the known species of Eugeniella and Malmidea. Lichenologist 47(1): 9–20. [New species: Eugeniella palleola Breuss & Lucking, Graphis paraschiffneri Lucking & Breuss, and Malmidea cineracea Breuss & Lucking.] 3 Corresponding author’s e-mail: sarah.z.hodkinson@gmail.com The cumulative database for this series is available in searchable form on the World Wide Web at http://nhm2.uio. no/botanisk/lav/RLL/RLL.HTM with full abstracts of electronically available articles. We owe thanks to the following: Einar Timdal for his work on the RLL database, Bill Buck for highlighting the more obscure sources, Jim Bennett for sharing his Scopus alerts, and the authors who send reprints or electronic versions of their works to us for inclusion. DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-118.3.347

Amandinea lobarica, a new corticolous lichen species, is described from high elevations in Guatemala. It is characterized by a thin, granulose, brownish thallus containing lobaric acid, small, convex lecideine apothecia, filiform conidia and large, narrowly ellipsoid ascospores with roughly ornamented walls. The new species is compared with other Buellia s. lat. taxa that possess rather large and strongly ornamented ascospores, such as Buellia hypothallina, here placed in synonymy with Gassicurtia vaccinii, Amandinea leucomela, A. mediospora, A. megaspora, A. subduplicata and five very closely related taxa treated here as belonging to the Amandinea incrustans group. Two tables summarizing the main differences between these species and a key are provided. New data on the chemistry of A. leucomela and a new record of A. montana for Guatemala are also included.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimum conditions for culturing Anaptychia ciliaris mycobionts in vitro and analyzing their ontogenetic development while in culture. After the testing of two germination and four development media, results of germination and growth were evaluated. We here recommend the use of basal medium without additional carbon source for germination process. Mycobiont growth was possible in all organic media tested. The maximum mycobiont growth was observed in Lilly and Barnet medium enriched with 3% glucose.

Monerolechia norstictica Elix from Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland is described as new to science. In addition, the new combinations Monerolechia californica (H.Magn.) Elix and M. glomerulans (Müll.Arg.) Elix are made and a key is provided for the three species which occur in Australia.