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We describe two new genera of Triassic Aviculopectinoidea: Cristaflabellum n. gen., which is biconvex and has a strongly plicate shell, and Globodiscus n. gen., which is equiconvex and externally smooth or nearly so. Globodiscus contains the new species G. kiliani n. gen. n. sp. and G. vinzenti n. gen. n. sp. In order to make the taxonomic concept of the superfamily Aviculopectinoidea more consistent with that of its sister group Pectinoidea (scallops), we use tribes rather than families or subfamilies for accommodating the new taxa. Cristaflabellum is placed in the tribe Antijanirini (previously family Antijaniridae), whereas Globodiscus is made the type genus of the new tribe Globodiscini. Both tribes are placed within the family Aviculopectinidae, which is revised to include both equiconvex and inequiconvex taxa. We suggest that tribes are a more appropriate taxonomic rank for many of the previously erected species-poor families and subfamilies of Aviculopectinoidea.UUID: http://zoobank.org/d143663a-9016-459f-8e24-660102adcf6a

Dijkstra, Henk H., Beu, Alan G. (2018): Living Scallops of Australia and Adjacent Waters (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinoidea: Propeamussiidae, Cyclochlamydidae and Pectinidae). Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 70 (2): 113-330, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.70.2018.1670, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.70.2018.1670

Twenty species of Pectinoidea (12 Propeamussiidae, three Cyclochlamydidae, five Pectinidae) are herein listed. Six new species of Pectinoidea (three Propeamussiidae, three Cyclochlamydidae) are from littoral and bathyal depths of the western and southwestern Pacific, sampled by various expeditions and cruises to Papua New Guinea and the South China Sea, viz. Propeamussium regillum n. sp. from the bathyal Bismarck and Solomon Seas, Parvamussium minusculum n. sp. from the lower bathyal South China Sea, Cyclopecten inoculatus n. sp. from the bathyal Bismarck Sea, Cyclochlamys corrugata n. sp., Cyclochlamys barbatula n. sp. and Micropecten reticulatus n. sp. from shallow coastal waters of Papua New Guinea. Fourteen species of Pectinoidea (nine Propeamussiidae, five Pectinidae) are new records for the Bismarck Sea (five), for the Solomon Sea (four), and for the South China Sea (seven).

Twenty-five species of Pectinoidea (24 Propeamussiidae, 1 Cyclochlamydidae) are herein listed from the Mozambique Channel, northwestern and southern Madagascar, and northeastern South Africa. New species: Propeamussium rosadoi, Parvamussium catillus, Parvamussium kilburni, Parvamussium puillandrei, Parvamussium strongae, Cyclopecten cassiculus, Cyclopecten kantori, Cyclochlamys bacachorda. New synonym: Amussium sewelli Knudsen, 1967 = Propeamussium watsoni (E.A. Smith, 1885). New records for the Mozambique Channel and northwestern Madagascar: Propeamussium andamanicum, Propeamussium arabicum, Propeamussium caducum, Propeamussium jeffreysii, Propeamussium sibogai, Propeamussium watsoni, Parvamussium formosum, Parvamussium scitulum, Parvamussium torresi, Parvamussium vesiculatum, Cyclopecten kapalae, Similipecten eous. New records for southern Madagascar: Propeamussium jeffreysii, Propeamussium sibogai, Propeamussium watsoni, Parvamussium formosum, Parvamussium scitulum, Parvamussium thyrideum, Par...

Twenty-five species of Pectinoidea (24 Propeamussiidae, 1 Cyclochlamydidae) are herein listed from the Mozambique Channel, northwestern and southern Madagascar, and northeastern South Africa. New species: Propeamussium rosadoi, Parvamussium catillus, Parvamussium kilburni, Parvamussium puillandrei, Parvamussium strongae, Cyclopecten cassiculus, Cyclopecten kantori, Cyclochlamys bacachorda. New synonym: Amussium sewelli Knudsen, 1967 = Propeamussium watsoni (E.A. Smith, 1885). New records for the Mozambique Channel and northwestern Madagascar: Propeamussium andamanicum, Propeamussium arabicum, Propeamussium caducum, Propeamussium jeffreysii, Propeamussium sibogai, Propeamussium watsoni, Parvamussium formosum, Parvamussium scitulum, Parvamussium torresi, Parvamussium vesiculatum, Cyclopecten kapalae, Similipecten eous. New records for southern Madagascar: Propeamussium jeffreysii, Propeamussium sibogai, Propeamussium watsoni, Parvamussium formosum, Parvamussium scitulum, Parvamussium thyrideum, Parvamussium vesiculatum, Parvamussium vidalense, Cyclopecten kapalae, Similipecten eous. New record for South Africa: Propeamussium jeffreysii, Parvamussium formosum, Parvamussium scitulum, Cyclopecten horridus, Similipecten eous.

Eighteen species of Pectinoidea (six Propeamussiidae Abbott, 1954, one Entoliidae Teppner, 1922, eleven Pectinidae Rafinesque, 1815) are listed from the Tarava Seamounts, Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia. Four Propeamussiidae species (Parvamussium lamellatum n. sp., Parvamussium scutulatum n. sp., Parvamussium vesiculosum n. sp., Cyclopecten comptulus n. sp.) are new to science.

Sixty one Pectinoidea species (11 Propeamussiidae and 50 Pectinidae) collected by the 2004 Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project (PMBP) to Panglao, Philippines, and the PANGLAO 2005 Deep-Sea Cruise are described. One Propeamussiidae species is new to science: Parvamussium largoi spec. nov. Three pectinoidean species (1 Propeamus-siidae, 2 Pectinidae) are new records for the Philippines: Similipecten eous (Melvill in Melvill & Standen, 1907), "Mimachlamys" kauaiensis (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) and Haumea rehderi (Grau, 1960). Records of species in the ZMA collection (now Naturalis Biodiversity Center) from the Philippines, not sampled by PMBP 2004 and PANGLAO 2005, are given. Amussium electrum Pelseneer, 1911 is newly synonymised with Propeamussium caducum (E.A. Smith, 1885). Type data, references, descriptions, horizontal and vertical distribution and habitat of each species are provided.

Twenty-five species of Pectinoidea (24 Propeamussiidae, 1 Cyclochlamydidae) are herein listed from the Mozambique Channel, northwestern and southern Madagascar, and northeastern South Africa. New species: Propeamussium rosadoi, Parvamussium catillus, Parvamussium kilburni, Parvamussium puillandrei, Parvamussium strongae, Cyclopecten cassiculus, Cyclopecten kantori, Cyclochlamys bacachorda. New synonym: Amussium sewelli Knudsen, 1967 = Propeamussium watsoni (E.A. Smith, 1885). New records for the Mozambique Channel and northwestern Madagascar: Propeamussium andamanicum, Propeamussium arabicum, Propeamussium caducum, Propeamussium jeffreysii, Propeamussium sibogai, Propeamussium watsoni, Parvamussium formosum, Parvamussium scitulum, Parvamussium torresi, Parvamussium vesiculatum, Cyclopecten kapalae, Similipecten eous. New records for southern Madagascar: Propeamussium jeffreysii, Propeamussium sibogai, Propeamussium watsoni, Parvamussium formosum, Parvamussium scitulum, Parvamussium thyrideum, Parvamussium vesiculatum, Parvamussium vidalense, Cyclopecten kapalae, Similipecten eous. New record for South Africa: Propeamussium jeffreysii, Parvamussium formosum, Parvamussium scitulum, Cyclopecten horridus, Similipecten eous.

New shell microstructure data for the Triassic pectinid Pleuronectites reinforce shell morphological data suggesting that its family Pectinidae was derived from the superfamily Aviculopectinoidea and not from the Pernopectinidae-Entolioidesidae-Entoliidae clade. This would make the superfamily Pectinoidea, as defined by recent authors, polyphyletic. This would also imply that alivincular-alate ligaments evolved independently in the Pernopectinidae-Entolioidesidae-Entolidae and Pectinidae clades.

Twenty-nine species of Pectinoidea (12 Propeamussiidae, 1 Entoliidae, 16 Pectinidae) are recorded from the Austral Islands, the southernmost archipelago of French Polynesia. One genus (Pectinidae: Lamellipecten n. gen.) and five species (Propeamussiidae: Parvamussium australanum n. sp., Cyclochlamys australensis n. sp., Cyclopecten ambiguus n. sp.; Pectinidae: Lamellipecten aduncus n. gen., n. sp., Mimachlamys erycina n. sp.) are new to science, and most others are new records for the archipelago. The near-shore fauna of Rapa has 12 species of Pectinidae, and half of these have narrow-range distributions. Such a remarkably high level of marine endemism is shared by other mollusc taxa on Rapa.

Twenty-nine species of Pectinoidea (12 Propeamussiidae, 1 Entoliidae, 16 Pectinidae) are recorded from the Austral Islands, the southernmost archipelago of French Polynesia. One genus (Pectinidae: Lamellipecten n. gen.) and five species (Propeamussiidae: Parvamussium australanum n. sp., Cyclochlamys australensis n. sp., Cyclopecten ambiguus n. sp.; Pectinidae: Lamellipecten aduncus n. gen., n. sp., Mimachlamys erycina n. sp.) are new to science, and most others are new records for the archipelago. The near-shore fauna of Rapa has 12 species of Pectinidae, and half of these have narrow-range distributions. Such a remarkably high level of marine endemism is shared by other mollusc taxa on Rapa.

The Icelandic pectinoid fauna is reviewed, based on material from the benthic survey programme BIOICE and 17 species are recorded. Similipecten oskarssoni is proposed as a replacement name for Pecten groenlandicus var. minor Locard, 1898 (Propeamussiidae), which is considered a valid species. Lectotypes are designated for Pecten groenlandicus var. minor and Pecten frigidus Jensen, 1904 (Pectinidae). Cyclopecten ambiannulatus Schein, 1989, Parvamussium propinquum (Smith, 1885), Catillopecten eucymatus (Dall, 1898), and Aequipecten opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758) were previously not known from the Icelandic fauna. All species are figured and described and distinguishing characters are discussed. The distribution in Scandinavian and North Atlantic waters is revised based on the collections in SMNH. The low frequency of juvenile specimens of A. opercularis, Mimachlamys varia and Pecten maximus may indicate that Scandinavian populations are the result of very occasional recruitment.

The Icelandic pectinoid fauna is reviewed, based on material from the benthic survey programme BIOICE and 17 species are recorded. Similipecten oskarssoni is proposed as a replacement name for Pecten groenlandicus var. minor Locard, 1898 (Propeamussiidae), which is considered a valid species. Lectotypes are designated for Pecten groenlandicus var. minor and Pecten frigidus Jensen, 1904 (Pectinidae). Cyclopecten ambiannulatus Schein, 1989, Parvamussium propinquum (Smith, 1885), Catillopecten eucymatus (Dall, 1898), and Aequipecten opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758) were previously not known from the Icelandic fauna. All species are figured and described and distinguishing characters are discussed. The distribution in Scandinavian and North Atlantic waters is revised based on the collections in SMNH. The low frequency of juvenile specimens of A. opercularis, Mimachlamys varia and Pecten maximus may indicate that Scandinavian populations are the result of very occasional recruitment.

The unique, double-retina, concave mirror eyes of scallops are abundant along the valve mantle margins. Scallops have the most acute vision among the bivalve molluscs, but little is known about how eyes vary between scallop species. We examined eye morphology by immunofluorescent labeling and confocal microscopy and calculated optical resolution and sensitivity for the swimming scallops Amusium balloti (Bernardi, 1861), Placopecten magellenicus (Gmelin, 1791), Argopecten irradians (Lamarck, 1819), Chlamys hastata (Sowerby, 1842), and Chlamys rubida (Hinds, 1845) and the sessile scallops Crassadoma gigantea (Gray, 1825) and Spondylus americanus (Hermann, 1781). We found that eye morphology varied considerably between scallop species. The eyes of A balloti and P. magellenicus had relatively large lenses and small gaps between the retinas and mirror, making them appear similar to those described previously for Pecten maximus (Linnaeus, 1758). In contrast, the other five species we examined had eyes ...

Two types of multi-cellular eyes have been identified in the Bivalvia. Paired cephalic eyes occurring internally above the anterior end of the ctenidia are seen only in representatives of the Arcoidea, Limopsoidea, Mytiloidea, Anomioidea, Ostreoidea, and Limoidea. These eyes, comprising a pit of photo-sensory cells and a simple lens, are thought to represent the earliest method of photoreception. Many shallow-water marine, estuarine, and freshwater bivalves also possess simple photoreceptive cells in the mantle that enable them to respond to shadows. In some other marine, shallow-water taxa, however, a second type of more complex photoreceptors has evolved. These comprise ectopic pallial eyes that can be divided into three broad categories, in terms of their locations on the (i) outer mantle fold in representatives of the Arcoidea, Limopsoidea, Pterioidea, and Anomioidea, (ii) middle fold in the Pectinoidea and Limoidea, and (iii) inner fold in the Cardioidea, Tridacnoidea, and Laternulidae (Ano...

This paper addresses the systematics of Pectinoidea collected in the northeast Atlantic on the Lusitanian seamounts, on Galicia Bank, and on the Meteor group seamounts. There are 21 species recorded, of which three (Parvamussium intuslaevis, Cyclopecten cincinnatus, Cyclopecten vimineus from the Meteor group seamounts) are described as new. A lectotype is designated for Propeamussium lucidum (Jeffreys in Thomson, 1873). Cyclopecten antiquatus (Philippi, 1844) is for the first time recorded alive at 805–1160 m on the Meteor group and Galicia seamounts, and distinguished from the Mediterranean–eastern Atlantic species C. hoskynsi (Forbes, 1844). Bathypecten Schein‐Fatton, 1985, is placed in synonymy of Catillopecten Iredale, 1939, and the relevant North Atlantic species accordingly named Catillopecten eucymatus (Dall, 1898) (comb. nov.). The character regarding the development of internal ribs, traditionally considered to diagnose Parvamussium and Cyclopecten, is here shown to conflict with characters of th...

Eight calcite layers of bivalves are examined in the view of QTA. We use the QTAinformation to compare calcite prisms of a fossil species, Trichite , with other outer prismatic calcitelayers. The results indicate that the fossil species exhibit textures close to the ones of Pteriomorphia,but considerably different from the ones of mytilids, as expected from molecular analysis. Textureanalysis results point out that inside the Pterioids, the Pectinoidea family is probably more distantthan Pterioidea and Pinnoidea ones, coherently with other studies, and perhaps closer to Mytiloidea.However, texture analysis seems to favour a closer relationship of Trichites with Pinnoids than withPteriids. Introduction Modern bivalved molluscs make their calcareous shells out of layers of two or more of thefollowing microstructures (aragonitic prisms, nacre, crossed-lamellar, complex crossed-lamellar andhomogeneous, and, or calcitic prisms and foliae). There is good evidence that the earliest bivalves,recorded from the Middle Cambrian, which were wholly aragonitic, comprising a thin outer layer ofprisms and a substantially thicker layer of nacre [1,2], and that the diversity of microstructures aroserelatively rapidly, most by the Ordovician [3]. Quite why this diversity of structures evolved isunclear but raises extremely interesting questions as to the potential benefits of the more derivedmicrostructures. What is well established is that the microstructural arrangements shown bydifferent bivalve taxa is of considerable phylogenetic value [4,5,6].Of particular interest is the evolution of calcitic microstructures from the originally whollyaragonitic primitive shell. Calcitic microstructures are found in only two of the subclasses of theBivalvia: the Pteriomorphia and the Heteroconchia. In each of these subclasses calcite prisms arefound in two apparently separate clades and it is thus entirely reasonable to suggest this mineralogyhas evolved on at least four separate occasions [7,8]. Within the Heteroconchia, outer layers ofcalcite prisms characterise the rudists, large, bizarre extinct bivalves which dominated shallowmarine carbonate platforms for much of the Mesozoic, and also occur in some members of theChamidae, an extant family of tropical bivalves [8]. Within the Pteriomorphia, a large clade ofcalcite secreters, the pterioids, includes major groups such as the oysters, scallops, pinnoids andpteriids, many of which have expanded their calcitic layers such that they may account for most ofthe shell thickness. This expansion of the calcitic shell layers is most extreme in the oysters wherethe only aragonite present is restricted to the muscle attachment sites and ligament [9]. The otherpteriomorphian group to have some members to secrete calcite is the mytiloids (mussels). In boththe chamids and mytiloids, however, there is clear evidence that not all members secrete calcite,implying that even within these taxa the ability to secrete calcite has evolved more than once.The study of crystallographic textures in gastropods has revealed that this may be a method ofrevealing phylogenetic relationships [10]. It may be instructive to study bivalve microstructures inthe same way. This paper focuses on a QTA study of the calcite prisms of a number of modernpteriomorph bivalves. Specifically, we examined and compared calcite prisms from two mytilids

Of the 29 species of Pectinidae here recorded from South Africa and Mozambique, ca. 76% have Indo-West Pacific origins, 17% are of Mediterranean-West African origin and ca. 7% are probably of Southern Ocean origin. New species: Mirapecten tuberosus, Veprichlamys africana. New subspecies: Aequipecten commutatus peripheralis. New synonyms: Chlamys liltvedi Wagner, 1984 = Laevichlamys lemniscata(Reeve, 1853). Genus Karnekampia Wagner, 1988 = Pseudamussium Mörch, 1853, Somalipecten Waller, 1996 = Mirapecten Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938. Perapecten Wagner, 1985, and Lindapecten Petuch, 1995 = Aequipecten Fischer, 1886. New records for South Africa: Delectopecten musorstomi Poutiers, 1981; Anguipecten picturatus Dijkstra, 1995; Decatopecten amiculum (Philippi, 1851); D. plica (Linnaeus, 1758); Glorichlamys elegantissima (Deshayes, 1863); Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus, 1758); Juxtamusium maldivense (Smith, 1903); Laevichlamys deliciosa (Iredale, 1939), L. lemniscata (Reeve, 1853); Pedum spondyloideum (Gmelin, 1791); Semipallium crouchi (Smith, 1892); S. flavicans (Linnaeus, 1758); Haumea minuta (Linnaeus, 1758). New combinations: Chlamys gilchristi Sowerby, 1904, to Pseudamussium; Chlamys weberi Bavay, 1904, to Laevichlamys; Pecten coruscans Hinds, 1845, to Semipallium; Chylams [sic] humilis Sowerby, 1904, and Ostrea multistriata Poli, 1795, to Talochlamys. Lectotypes designated: Pallium striatum Schumacher, 1817; Pecten velutinus Sowerby, 1842; Pecten strangei Reeve, 1852.

Nineteen species of Pectinoidea (16 Propeamussiidae, 3 Pectinidae) are herein listed. All species from the Solomon Islands (9 species), and New Caledonia (Norfolk Ridge [7], main island of New Caledonia [1], Grand Passage [1], Coral Sea [1]) are new records. Two Propeamussiidae species are new to science: Parvamussium orbiculatum n. sp. (Solomon Islands and Coral Sea) and Parvamussium perspicuum n. sp. (Vanuatu). One pectinid species from Vanuatu (Juxtamusium sp.) will be described later, when more material becomes available.

Pteriomorphian spermatozoa. Like those of most other bivalves, are of the classic aquasperm type (conical acrosomal vesicle, short to rod-shaped nucleus, short midpiece composed of two centrioles and a ring of spherical mitochondria, a simple flagellum). Whereas most other bivalve subclasses show at least some defining acrosomal feature(s). this does not appear to be the case within the Pteriomorphia. While this could indicate non-monophyletic status, it also correlates with the fact that the Pteriomorphia are very old and very successful group of bivalves. Acrosomal similarities suggest a close link between the Ostreoidea and Limoidea (acrosomal vesicle with wedge-shaped apical zone: radiating plates present but not well developed): and between the Pterioidea, Pinnoidea and Pectinoidea (dense anterior layer: very well developed radiating plates). For supposedly closely related taxa, the Arcoidea and Limopsoidea (both Arcoida) differ markedly I;om each other in acrosomal shape and substructure. The affinities of the Anomioidea and even more so the Mytiloida remain uncertain, the latter possibly connected with the Pterioida or, more likely, removed from the rest of the Pteriomorphia (mytiloid acrosomes show concentric lamellae). A very close relationship between the Pectinidae and Spondylidae of the Pectinoidea is demonstrated (dense anterior layer of acrosome recurved). Within the Mytilidae (Mytiloidea) there is substantial variation in sperm morphology between supraspecific taxa especially at the subfamial level.

In March 2004, eight pectinoidean species (7 Pectinidae and one Propeamussiidae) are collected by scuba-diving from Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles), of which five are new records (Pectinidae: Decatopecten antillarum, Euvola chazaliei, Laevichlamys multisquamata, Spathochlamys benedicti; Propeamussiidae: Similipecten nanus).

Thirty five species of Pectinoidea (33 Pectinidae, 2 Propeamussiidae) are described from Hansa Bay, Papua New Guinea. Serratovola pallula n. sp. is here introduced as new to science. Lectotypes are designated of Pecten cloacatus Reeve, 1853 and Pecten tricarinatus Anton, 1838, and type localities are designated for Pecten vexillum Reeve, 1853, Pecten spectabilis Reeve, 1853, and Ostrea squamosa Gmelin, 1791.

The report is based on a collection of 344 samples of pectinoids from the Red Sea and adjacent waters. Four species of Propeamussiidae and 18 species of Pectinidae were recognized. One pectinid taxon, Mirapecten yaroni, is undescribed. Three taxa are new pectinid records for the area: Delectopecten musorstomi Poutiers, 1981, Glorichlamys quadrilirata (Lischke, 1870), and Mimachlamys andamanica (Preston, 1908). Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus, 1758) is recorded as living in the area for the first time. Lectotypes are designated for Similipecten eous (Melvill in Melvill & Standen, 1907) Decatopecten flabelloides (Reeve, 1852), Coralichlamys madreporarum (G.B. Sowerby 2nd., 1842) and Semipallium crouchi (Smith, 1892). Type localities of 20 taxa and the depository of type material for 19 taxa a re given. All taxa are figured and extensive synonymy is presented. Intraspecific variation of most taxa is described. The total geographic distribution of each taxon is outlined. The following taxa may be ende...

Twenty-four pectinoidean species are recorded from Lord Howe Island (7 species), Norfolk Island (13 species) and the Kermadec Islands (14 species). Eighteen species are new records, and these are compared with similar species from the Australasian region. The following taxa are newly synonymised: Annachlamys leopardus rena Iredale, 1939 (= A. kuhnholtzi (Bernardi, 1860)), Chlamys cellularis Oliver, 1915 (= C. c. coruscans (Hinds, 1845)), Chlamys (Mimachlamys) asperrimoides Powell, 1958 (= M. senatoria (Gmelin, 1791)). Chlamydella favus lemchei Powell , 1958 is considered to be specifically distinct from Cyclopecten favus Hedley, 1902, and is referred to Cyclochlamys Finlay, 1926. Lectotypcs are for the following species designated: Hemipecten forbesianus A. Adams & Reeve, 1849, Ostrea senatoria Gmelin, 1791, and Ostrea porphyrea Gmelin, 1791.

Sixty one Pectinoidea species (11 Propeamussiidae and 50 Pectinidae) collected by the 2004 Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project (PMBP) to Panglao, Philippines, and the PANGLAO 2005 Deep-Sea Cruise are described. One Propeamussiidae species is new to science: Parvamussium largoi spec. nov. Three pectinoidean species (1 Propeamus-siidae, 2 Pectinidae) are new records for the Philippines: Similipecten eous (Melvill in Melvill & Standen, 1907), "Mimachlamys" kauaiensis (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) and Haumea rehderi (Grau, 1960). Records of species in the ZMA collection (now Naturalis Biodiversity Center) from the Philippines, not sampled by PMBP 2004 and PANGLAO 2005, are given. Amussium electrum Pelseneer, 1911 is newly synonymised with Propeamussium caducum (E.A. Smith, 1885). Type data, references, descriptions, horizontal and vertical distribution and habitat of each species are provided.

The geographic distribution of Recent taxa is important in interpreting paleobiogeography and the fossil record of extinction. We examine the latitudinal diversity gradient in Recent marine bivalve molluscs and the effects of bivalve distributional patterns on the severity of model extinctions using a global biogeographic database for genera of Recent shallow (

Ten species of the genus Spondylus are recorded from South Africa and Mozambique (6 from South Africa, 9 from Mozambique). Of these, only Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers , 1793, has been reported previously. Spondylus groschi from Mozambique and Natal is described as new. The remainder are widely distributed Indo-Pacific taxa: Spondylus cuneus Reeve, 1856, Spondylus sinensis Schreibers, 1793, Spondylus Occidens Sowerby, 1903, Spondylus sanguineus Dunker, 1852, Spondylus castus Reeve, 1856, Spondylus butleri Reeve, 1856, Spondylus flabellum Reeve, 1856, and Spondylus tenuispinosus Sowerby, 1847.

This paper documents the species of Pectinoidea Rafinesque, 1815 collected in Vanuatu during the SANTO 2006 expedition. A total of 49 species (13 Propeamussiidae Abbott, 1954, 4 Cyclochlamydidae n. fam., 1 Entoliidae Teppner, 1922, and 31 Pectinidae Rafinesque, 1815) are represented, of which 70% are new records for Vanuatu. A new family, Cyclochlamydidae n. fam., is established for the genera Cyclochlamys Finlay, 1926, Chlamydella Iredale, 1929 and Micropecten n. gen., formerly placed in Propeamussiidae, but differing by their sculptured prodissoconch (smooth in Propeamussiidae), an occasionally antimarginally sculptured right valve (smooth or weak commarginally sculptured in Propeamussiidae), a (common) simple outer prismatic layer of longitudinally hexagonal microstructure on the right valve (an outer layer of columnar calcite in Propeamussiidae). The family Cyclochlamydidae n. fam. includes about 30 species, all with adult size in the 1.2-6 mm range, and living mainly in the Southern Hemisphere and Indo-West Pacific; the family is not known from the Arctic, the Atlantic, or the northern and eastern Pacific. One new genus, Micropecten n. gen., and two new species, Cyclochlamys aperta n. sp. and Micropecten excuratus n. gen., n. sp., are described.

Twenty-nine species of Pectinoidea (12 Propeamussiidae, 1 Entoliidae, 16 Pectinidae) are recorded from the Austral Islands, the southernmost archipelago of French Polynesia. One genus (Pectinidae: Lamellipecten n. gen.) and five species (Propeamussiidae: Parvamussium australanum n. sp., Cyclochlamys australensis n. sp., Cyclopecten ambiguus n. sp.; Pectinidae: Lamellipecten aduncus n. gen., n. sp., Mimachlamys erycina n. sp.) are new to science, and most others are new records for the archipelago. The near-shore fauna of Rapa has 12 species of Pectinidae, and half of these have narrow-range distributions. Such a remarkably high level of marine endemism is shared by other mollusc taxa on Rapa.

Fifty-two deep-water species of Pectinoidea (37 Propeamussiidae, 1 Entoliidae, 14 Pectinidae) are listed from Norfolk Ridge (11 species), Loyalty Islands (4 species), Fiji Islands (30 species), Tonga (26 species), Solomon Islands (26 species) and the Marquesas archipelago (8 species). All species from Fiji, Tonga and the Marquesas are new records and six species of Propeamussiidae are new to science: Propeamussium boucheti (Fiji and Tonga), Parvamussium biformatum (Solomons), Parvamussium lozoueti (Fiji and Tonga), Parvamussium marquesanum (Marquesas), Parvamussium polynesianum (Marquesas) and Similipecten herosae (Tonga). Two new combinations (Hyalopecten tydemani, Talochlamys gladysiae) are introduced.

A further specimen of the rare allochthonous scallop Chlamys lischkei was found at Schiavonea di Corigliano Calabro, Gulf of Corigliano (Cosenza), while SCUBA diving at a depth of about 30 m on a muddy detritic bottom. This new single record, the third for the entire Mediterranean Sea and the second for the Italian Seas, confirms the sporadic presence, often believed uncertain, of this species in the Mediterranean Sea.

The Pectinoidea species collected on the coral reefs around the Berau Islands (East Kalimantan, Indonesia) were studied. Nineteen species (four Propeamussiidae, fifteen Pectinidae) are listed from the Berau Islands. Three pectinoidean species are new to science, of which two are described herein: Parvamussium caesicium n. sp. and Talochlamys inaequalis n. sp. Two pectinid species (Pascahinnites coruscans coruscans and Palliolum minutulum) are new records for Indonesia.

Fifty-two deep-water species of Pectinoidea (37 Propeamussiidae, 1 Entoliidae, 14 Pectinidae) are listed from Norfolk Ridge (11 species), Loyalty Islands (4 species), Fiji Islands (30 species), Tonga (26 species), Solomon Islands (26 species) and the Marquesas archipelago (8 species). All species from Fiji, Tonga and the Marquesas are new records and six species of Propeamussiidae are new to science: Propeamussium boucheti (Fiji and Tonga), Parvamussium biformatum (Solomons), Parvamussium lozoueti (Fiji and Tonga), Parvamussium marquesanum (Marquesas), Parvamussium polynesianum (Marquesas) and Similipecten herosae (Tonga). Two new combinations (Hyalopecten tydemani, Talochlamys gladysiae) are introduced.

The Triassic fossil record points to the monophyly of the Pectinoidea (scallops), all members of which have a triangular resilium with a nonmineralized medial core that functions below the hinge line. The elastic properties of this resilium in extant taxa predict that the initial adaptation of the Pectinoidea was to swimming. This is indeed corroborated by the shell form of Pernopecten, the earliest known pectinoidean genus, which ranged from late Devonian to earliest Triassic. The new family Entolioididae, a largely Triassic group, provides the missing link between the Pernopectinidae and the families Propeamussiidae, Entoliidae, and Pectinidae, all of which originated by the Middle Triassic and survive to the present day. A new Triassic genus Filamussium shows that the Propeamussiidae originated from the Entolioididae, not directly from the Pernopectinidae as previously supposed. Evidence from morphology, the fossil record, and molecular genetics indicates that the family Spondylidae originated in the Middle Jurassic from an ancestor within the Pectinidae, possibly the genus Spondylopecten, which was already present in the Late Triassic. Journal compilation © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 148, 313–342. No claim to original US government works

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes on the results of recent studies of scallop structure and function. Scallop is used to designate members of the superfamily Pectinoidea, which includes the extant families Pectinidae, Entoliidae, Spondylidae, and Propeamussiidae. The family Pectinidae displays one of the greatest degrees of anatomical differentiation within the Bivalvia. Organs are quite distinct and easily located; this facilitates the anatomical study of scallops. The Pectinidae and other monomyarians are characterized by several important modifications of the more primitive isomyarian body form. The scallop mantle is a two-faced epithelial membrane, which intervenes in several key functions, such as secretion of the shell and ligament, sensory perception, and swimming response through the velum. Its role in pallial water circulation is probably minor, given its patchy cilia distribution. The most conspicuous parts of the scallop nervous system are the two ganglionic concentrations. The parietovisceral ganglion is located on the antero-ventral surface of the adductor muscle. The fused pedal and cerebral ganglia are slightly ventral to the mouth, and are linked to the parietovisceral ganglion by a pair of cerebro-visceral connectives. These ganglia and connectives innervate the rest of the scallop body.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development, physiology, behavior, and ecology of larvae of the Superfamily Pectinoidea. Studies of scallop development have focused on species with commercial potential from shallow temperate to tropical waters, which, with one exception, show typical planktotrophic development. The egg and shell dimensions are used to provide evidence of mode of development. The timing of stages of larval development varies considerably from species to species, though information on early stages is sparse. The putative constraints of food supply, depth, and patchyness of adult environment, temperature also affects scallop life history characteristics. Scallop larvae develop a range of putative sense organs during larval life. The fluorescence microscopy techniques have provided a new understanding of the larval nervous system. Experimental investigation of sensory function yields insight into settlement behavior. Advances in larval biochemistry relate to lipid metabolism and to the role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, especially in metamorphosis control. Larval rearing techniques have refined with much attention being paid to bacteria as sources of disease and as protection against disease.

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Two large bivalve specimens collected in Bay d’Espoir, a deep fjord situated on the south coast of Newfoundland, are described and identified as belonging to the species Acesta excavata (Fabricius 1779). In situ observations onboard the manned submersible PISCES IV and color videos have provided information on the vertical distribution, density and habitat of the species. Maximum abundances of about 15 large individuals/m2 occurred on sheltered rock outcrops at depth ranging from 550 to 775 m, where warm (6°C) continental slope water is found. Differences in shape and thickness between the valves of the two specimens appear to be related to the degree of exposure to rock falls (i.e., sheltered versus exposed habitat). Prior to this account, the European Giant File Clam had never been encountered west of the Azores Islands in the North Atlantic.