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Evident invisibles emerge in the ethnographic encounter which change the whence and the whither of the ethnographic gesture. Long ago, Margaret Mead critiqued anthropologists for ignoring ‘the world in between’ that makes their fieldwork possible – this article takes the argument a step further, proposing that all ethnographic encounters are fundamentally ‘amidst’. Thus, it calls for a shift from translation to intermediation as the guiding trope of ethnography. Although the practice of ethnography requires the objectification of a ‘field’, metaphysical pluralism remains the fundamental condition of ethnographic intermediation. In light of that, the article critiques (a) the practice of describing our main methodological disposition as ‘participant observation’, arguing instead for the older term ‘intensive ethnographic research’; and (b) the implicit use of the trope of ethnography-as-translation. Ethnographic examples are taken from the author’s own fieldwork in the coastal mangroves of southern Bahia (northeast Brazil) in the late 2000s.

RATIONALE: Family caregivers of persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cognitive and/or behavioural impairments (PALS/CIs) experience various challenges and needs, including emotional and practical support from peers. Various forms of peer-support have shown different strengths and weaknesses; however, little is known about how family caregivers of PALS/CIs interact with and perceive virtual face-to-face peer-support.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to understand how caregivers of PALS/CIs interact with and perceive virtual face-to-face peer-support in a palliative rehabilitation programme designed to promote targeted palliative rehabilitation initiatives for caregivers of PALS/CIs.METHOD: A qualitative design using participant observations of 17 recorded virtual group-facilitated meetings from two rounds of a 4-month intervention was performed. The Medical Research Council framework, the inductive interpretive description methodology and the theoretical framework of Sense of Coherence guided the study. Nineteen participants, divided into four groups, were included.RESULTS: Three themes emerged: 'Relating my situation to others', 'Making room for forbidden thoughts' and 'Longing for normalcy'. The themes reflected the various ways participants interacted in online group meetings and how the interactions evolved around practical, emotional and forbidden thoughts. Sharing personal and sorrowful concerns and frustrations engendered feelings of trust and a sense of belonging, which empowered the participants to address their genuine wish and longing for normalcy with all the trivialities of which ALS/CIs had robbed them.CONCLUSION: Virtual face-to-face peer-support can enable caregivers of PALS/CIs to share experiences of everyday life challenges that cannot always be shared elsewhere. Being able to relate to and learn from other's experiences alleviated feelings of loneliness, frustration, and concerns and thereby enhanced comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. Online palliative rehabilitation interventions should provide an opportunity for caregivers to meet regularly in interactive group meetings. Familiarization takes time online and is necessary to improve their sense of feeling safe to share their deepest thoughts. Such group interventions, facilitated by trained healthcare professionals, offer a means to support dynamic group interactions and discussion of sensitive topics.

The present study aimed to clarify the differences in nutritional intake in relation to the consumption of local food products and dietary patterns between two rural Kenyan regions, Kitui and Vihiga, where different ethnic groups live in different agro-ecological zones. A participant observation study with weighted dietary records was conducted in August 2019. Enumerators stayed in each targeted household for approximately one week and measured the ingredients and dishes. We compared the dietary intake of farm women in charge of meal preparation (n = 21) between the two regions and examined the contribution of each dish to the intake and the degree of home production for each food item. The results showed no difference in energy intake, but vitamin B2, B12, and C intakes were significantly higher in Vihiga, influenced by their consuming small fish and a variety of homegrown leafy vegetables. The people in Kitui consumed large quantities of homegrown pigeon peas, largely contributing to their nutritional intake. Dietary patterns were similar; common staple foods and tea with sugar accounted for about 40% of energy and protein intakes and fruit consumption was low. There was no difference in foods purchased frequently. These results suggested that promoting locally available fruits and vegetables would contribute to a sustainable supply of adequate micronutrients. Further studies are required to develop strategies to promote healthy dietary habits and improve health status.

Classic anthropological fieldwork emphasized working „abroad‟ – that is, doing fieldwork in societies that were culturally and geographically distant from that of the ethnographer. More recent discussions of anthropological fieldwork have drawn attention to significance of working „at home‟ – including paying attention to the forms of social differentiation and marginalization present in the society to which the ethnographer belongs. There are arguments that native anthropologists are better qualified to study issues involving their group than outsiders are. This paper discusses the researcher’s field experience conducting native ethnography among the Nrobo of Southeastern Nigeria. This study adopted ethnographic methods of participant observation – adopting chitchatting and semi-structured interviews. Also, focus group discussion (FGD) was used to cross-check the validity of data from the other instrument. This study found among other things, that conducting native ethnography is a challenge to the ethnographer. The mutual intelligibility does not guarantee quick rapport instead it sets up suspicion. Furthermore, ethical issues in ethnographic research are culturally relative. The Nrobo case stipulates time value and as such reward is expected for every task that takes up their time. Also security threat poses challenges to native ethnography. This study, to the best of my knowledge, is the first attempt to conducting native ethnography among this group. As such it adds to the corpus of ethnographies on the Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria.

Background Each year a small number of women decide to birth at home without midwifery and medical assistance despite the availability of maternity services in the country. This phenomenon is called freebirth and can be used as a lens to look into shortcomings of maternity care services. Aim By exploring women’s pathways to freebirth, this article aims to examine the larger context of maternity services in Poland and identify elements of care contributing to women’s decision to birth without midwifery and medical assistance. Methods A qualitative methodology was used employing elements of ethnographic fieldwork, including digital ethnography. Semi-structured interviews with twelve women who freebirth, analysis of online support groups, secondary sources of information and elements of participant observation were used. Findings Women’s decisions to freebirth were born out of their previous negative experiences with maternity care. Persistent use of medical technology and lack of respect from maternity care providers played a major role in pushing women away from available Polish maternity services. While searching for a better environment for themselves and their babies for the subsequent births, women experienced a rigidity of both mainstream and homebirth services and patchy availability of the latter that contributed to their decisions to freebirth. Conclusions Freebirth appears to be a consequence of inadequate maternity services both mainstream and homebirth rather than a preference. Women’s freebirth experiences can be used to improve maternity care in Poland and inform similar contexts globally.

This thematic issue addresses one of the most important social and political challenges worldwide: The social inclusion of poor children and youth. In addressing it in this commentary I will have Europe as the regional context and Norway as the national one, although the methodological perspectives I bring forth have relevance beyond Europe.

BACKGROUND Neonatal mortality (death within 0-28 d of life) in Kenya is high despite strong evidence that newborn care recommendations save lives. In public healthcare facilities, nurses counsel caregivers on term newborn care, but knowledge about the content and quality of nurses' recommendations is limited. PURPOSE To describe the term newborn care recommendations provided at a tertiary-level, public referral hospital in Western Kenya, how they were provided, and related content taught at a university nursing school. METHODS A rapid, focused ethnographic assessment, guided by the culture care theory, using stratified purposive sampling yielded 240 hours of participant observation, 24 interviews, 34 relevant documents, and 268 pages of field notes. Data were organized using NVivo software and key findings identified using applied thematic analysis. RESULTS Themes reflect recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding, warmth, cord care, follow-up examinations, and immunizations, which were provided orally in Kiswahili and some on a written English discharge summary. Select danger sign recommendations were also provided orally, if needed. Some recommendations conflicted with other providers' guidance. More recommendations for maternal care were provided than for newborn care. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE There is need for improved consistency in content and provision of recommendations before discharge. Findings should be used to inform teaching, clinical, and administrative processes to address practice competency and improve nursing care quality. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Larger studies are needed to determine whether evidence-based recommendations are provided consistently across facilities and other populations, such as community-born and premature newborns, who also experience high rates of neonatal mortality in Kenya.

This article is set in a gated enclave of the new elite in Mysuru (formerly Mysore) city in the state of Karnataka in South India. Mysuru is a growing information technology centre that it is also undergoing urban transformation which includes international style fortified neighbourhood developments suitable for this class of highly qualified, globally mobile wealthy professionals predominantly engaged in the information technology sector. Residents in the neighbourhood seem to live in a world of their own, where they set their own rules and enforce their own sanctions. They have chosen to stay there to segregate themselves from the world outside. Ensconced in their comfortable high walled enclosures, they nevertheless allow the entry of a much polarized lower class into their homes as workers for various services, for sheer need of sustaining the grandeur of their daily lives. The neighbourhood association has become a powerful corporate and a potent tool for expression of everyday power. Using participant observation, interviews, narrative lore and other qualitative measures, the article probes the psyche of the new elite, their interaction with service classes, and the dynamics of power in the enclave. Narrating one incident as the prism that deflects several strands in the complex web of relationships, I have demonstrated the power of the residents’ welfare association as experienced, expressed and enacted in the everyday in that domain. I have argued that this power gets augmented through the fortification and essentially draws from ownership and control over spatial arrangements.

In complex watershed management systems, learning from mistakes and adapting the rules accordingly is important. Our study investigates the interaction between two groups of stakeholders in a government-led Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) program in Peru’s Colca Valley: 1) local water users at the community level and 2) regional water agency officials. We examined how learning and adaptation happened or did not happen for both stakeholder groups. We collected data through 90 semi-structured interviews with local water users in three Colca Valley communities and water agency officials, as well as participant observation during meetings between the two groups. We found that both stakeholder groups learned and adapted to each other’s responses in a dynamic way. Nevertheless, the type of adaptation that occurred was maladaptive because it sustained the program flaws that reinforced the gap between the IWRM policies of regional water agencies and the water management priorities and incentives of local water users. We found that while there was an initial top-down and bottom-up sharing of information, water agency officials generally did not have the capacity to implement lessons learned and often dismissed negative feedback voiced by local water users. At the community level, water users had limited incentives to comply with IWRM requirements because the rules disadvantaged them economically. As a result, they learned to withhold information from water agency officials. We label this phenomenon maladaptive learning and argue that it leads to outcomes that are mutually non-beneficial for both stakeholder groups.

Studying the social aspects of pharmaceuticals is an inherent part of the field of social pharmacy. Ethnography as a methodology provides a lens to guide researchers on this endeavor by offering richer insights into “real world practices” of professionals, patients and relatives compared to other methods. With a focus on meaning making, ethnography goes beyond descriptions and promotes theory-informed interpretations. Therefore, this methodology can lead to new understandings of medicine use in practice and in policy making. This article provides a brief introduction to ethnography, especially in relation to doing participant observation and fieldwork. An example from an ethnographic fieldwork on Danish home care for frail elderly is used to illustrate how ethnography can be applied, while focusing on three key features of ethnographic analysis: Thick descriptions, analytical generalizability and reflexivity.

Food-energy-water (FEW) nexus governance includes the communication and collaboration among multi-level stakeholders across sectoral boundaries of the resources for decision-making. It can increase resource security and decrease unintended consequences, as compared to single-sector governance approaches. Despite these benefits, in practice, many decisions continue to be made separately from one another without cross-sector collaboration. This research integrates the theory of collaborative governance with the concept of the FEW nexus to identify and understand the barriers to this collaboration and to provide recommendations for increased collaborative FEW nexus governance. Focusing on the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area, a water-scarce region with a growing population, we conduct a comprehensive case study with social network analysis, participant observation, and interviews. We present the results of our analysis in three sections. First, we identify the key barriers to collaborative FEW nexus governance within four identified themes: structural asymmetries, process asymmetries, communication and coordination, and external influences. Second, we unpack how stakeholders in our study case experience these barriers. Finally, from our case study, we provide recommendations for overcoming barriers and implementing collaborative FEW nexus governance in practice, such as building trust and finding mutual benefit. We conclude that “sector mismatch,” similar to scale mismatch, is the main cause of the identified barriers and that approaches to collaborative FEW nexus governance must address this mismatch for successful engagement.

This thesis examines the landscapes of mental health service provision which have emerged under austerity, and the institutional geographies which work to reproduce these. While austerity is sometimes portrayed as a relatively uniform process of retrenchment, I begin by offering a forensic cultural geography of austerity, a granular survey of the uneven geographies of mental health services and spending which emerged between 2010 and 2020. I situate these in a conjunctural analysis of English politics, economics and culture. To conceptualise how these national patterns are rescaled into the everyday, I then turn to the question of austerity’s institutionalisation. How is the process of fiscal cutting made ethically and affectively tenable for those who must enact it? These empirical sections build on nine on participant observation with two groups of participants in a county in the south of England: clients and staff at a mental health day centre threatened with closure; and county council commissioners who allocate funding for services. While bureaucrats are typically depicted as meting out austerity with indifference, the commissioners I worked with were deeply invested in the notion that they provided care. Consequently, they reimagined austerity in optimistic terms, as a hopeful process of optimisation. I map the institutional geographies within the council which enabled this austerity optimism to be embodied and felt, and the discourses and knowledge-making practices which underpinned this interpretation. I argue that these practices inculcated an anaesthetic ignorance among the commissioners – a placatory unseeing of austerity’s harms which allowed them to continue with the work of cutting. I conclude by foregrounding the voices and experiences of clients at the mental day centre, offering a countertopography which challenges claims of austerity optimism. Here, I theorise austerity and care temporally arguing that budget shortfalls were undermining expansive temporalities of care, intensifying distress and destabilising hopes for the future. In turn, they deepened commodification, tying staff and clients ever more tightly into the logics and time-spaces of the market. This thesis makes four significant contributions to geographical literature. In response to approaches which occlude the complexity of state retrenchment, it develops a comprehensive account of mental health services and expenditure under austerity, relating these patterns to a political and economic conjuncture emergent in Britain since 2010. It furthers geographical research on ‘everyday austerity’ through a relational account of the institutional geographies which rescale austerity from fiscal policy to quotidian phenomenon, drawing on feminist theories of affective economies. It advances mental health geography by mapping landscapes of service provision under austerity and conceptualising the role of institutional actors in enacting these. And finally, it develops the concept of camouflaging, as a process integral to reproduction and legitimation of austerity. Rather than focussing on moments when austerity materialises and is felt, the thesis charts the practices through which austerity is made to disappear from everyday life., Economic and Social Research Council [Grant number: ES/J50003/1]

On the basis of participant observation and questionnaire data, we consider the cultural shaping of video gaming pleasure and distress in face-to-face gaming centers in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. W...

The propose of this paper is to generate a research agenda on exploring the possible prospects of cultural exchanges in the context of trade routes along the Belt and Road Initiative by using cha chaan teng (茶餐厅), or Hong Kong style cafe, which has been a “by-product” of inter-cultural experiences in the 1950s in Hong Kong. Thus, the theoretical framework used for researching cha chaan teng, and constructing the research agenda are informed with the concepts of food, culture, and mobilities. Ethnographic in-depth interviews, systematic participant observation of cafes, content analysis of selected cha chaan teng websites were used to gain understanding of this cultural practice. Drawn on the past development of cha cha cheng, this paper suggests that Belt and Road Initiative can be seen as one of the many trade initiatives at the current time, and food consumption, adaptation, and invention along the routes are businesses which go along well with the movements of people and projects. It is reasonable to expect intriguing business opportunities and products through cultural exchanges, something similar to the development of cha chaan teng started in the past in Hong Kong. The research agenda advocate inter- and multidisciplinary theoretical approach and mixed methodologies to explore what new developments will be brought along the routes either something that will emerge as new, or something that will continue to synergize from the past practices. Hopefully, empirical findings will direct toward a culturally sensitive interaction, in which understanding, compassion, tolerance, and respect can be nurtured and developed.

This paper analyses the networks, experiences and aspirations of Nepalese workers in Southern Portugal's farms and greenhouses. The main research objective is to analyse how recruitment networks, which supported the move of Nepalese to Portugal, were established and have rapidly consolidated. These networks impacted not only the increase of irregular migration flows but also the migration experience and vulnerability in the country of destination, including the passive acceptance of a certain degree of exploitation. By highlighting the perspective of the migrants themselves, we examine the impact on their lives, both of the migration experience and of paying large sums to smugglers, usually obtained through indebtment, to enter Portugal. We relate this impact to a context of immigration where the existence of a large informal labour market facilitates these workers being hired as irregular migrants. The study employed secondary data, in-depth interviews and participant observation. As well as migrants, greenhouse owners and recruiters were also interviewed for the study. The main finding is that the disposition of Nepalese to migrate, in which the pressure of the family plays a key role, tends to be reinforced by the action of the networks of recruiting agents. Secondly, the costs of migration and labour exploitation tend to be accepted by the migrants as a way to fulfil their social aspirations and economic necessities. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Background Qualitative and mixed methods approaches are commonly used to understand participants' interactions with real-world settings and can help health services researchers to obtain realistic details about patients’ health behaviors. However, interviews do not easily capture data about how patients perform health-related behaviors that are not part of their daily routine. A scenario-based approach is one method that can be used prospectively to explore how patients make decisions about their health-related behaviors. This approach is comprised of a set of small tailored probable circumstances with equally plausible situations, and are presented as narrative descriptions. To understand how older adults, a group at high-risk for OTC misuse, select over-the-counter (OTC) medication qualitative methods can be used. Objectives This study describes a scenario-based hybrid approach that included a simulation exercise and a situational interview to understand how older adults first select and then take OTC medication. Methods The scenario-based hybrid approach consisted of 1) a simulation exercise to emulate participants' real-world experiences as they selected a medication in a store, followed by 2) a situational interview to capture how participants intended to take the medication they selected. Video recordings captured interview data as well as participants’ body language, navigation patterns, and other nuanced data that would not have been captured in audio recordings. Results/Conclusion The scenario-based hybrid approach not only yielded detailed information about behavior, but also allowed investigators to discern participants' decision-making, influences, and the rationales they use when selecting and taking OTC medications. Studies aiming to capture participants’ behavior in naturalistic situations can use these techniques to draw inferences from direct and indirect visual references that may not be captured otherwise. In this study, the goal was to understand how older adult participants select and take OTC medications. This approach allowed the research team to expediently recreate situations in which participants would purchase an OTC medication, a task that may not occur frequently and thus may not be amenable to participant observation or accurately recalled using retrospective interviewing.

Tanzania's President sent a plane to Madagascar in May 2020 to bring a shipment of Covid-Organics, a purported cure and prevention for COVID-19. The herbal remedy was described as a gift to help African countries in need. Drawing on preliminary data in English and Kiswahili from unstructured participant observation, social and legacy media available online and shared through contact channels, and ongoing conversations, we explore the Tanzanian policy response to COVID-19. What can the exemplary case of Covid-Organics in Tanzania help us to understand about South-South humanitarian assistance (SSHA) in times of crisis? We suggest that Covid-Organics has enabled the government to project a link to latent debates about Pan-Africanism and Julius Nyerere's legacy and Madagascar's SSHA has provided an opportunity for a public reflection on Africa's place in the world. For some, the remedy's ‘Africanness’ is its comparative advantage, even promising a continental renaissance. For others, the lack of scientific evidence or approval by global health authorities like WHO is delegitimizing. These findings suggest that receivers of SSHA make sense of it in both a broad, post-colonial discursive context and in a specific context of local contestation. If the promise of this particular form of aid is its ability to transcend deep divisions between North and South, the case of Covid-Organics suggests that SSHA draws on deep ideologies of Pan-Africanism; is increasingly important in crises that are global; and like other forms of humanitarianism, reflects elite politics and priorities rather than prioritizing the distribution of humanitarian goods and decreasing inequality.

Public space is an essential social infrastructure for the continuous negotiation of city life and democracy because it offers (ideally) an interactive platform for people from diverse social and cultural backgrounds and the forms of public life they cherish. This contribution inquires how public space’s design and materiality play a fundamental role in popular struggles for social justice. By focusing on the differentiated access of women to public space, the role of gender in its design, and appropriation through a feminist intersectionality lens, this article aims to understand better the complex interplay between urban space and its non‐human material agency vis‐à‐vis citizen mobilizations, movements, and socially engaged art interventions. Drawing from extensive participant observation and spatial analysis, the exemplary public space of Shahbag Chattwar (a public square/plaza) will shed light on the “gendered spatiality” of pivotal popular mobilizations and reclamations from the historical momentum of the 1952 language movement, over the 2013 contemporary Shahbag protests, and to the 2020 anti‐metro rail protests at the Dhaka University campus. Analyzing urban space as a “palimpsest,” this research reflects on both historic and ongoing scenarios of popular protests as they repeatedly occupy public space and leave spatial traces through spatial design and art. In sum, the article seeks to gain insight into public space as a principal site of contestation and negotiation of juxtaposed layers of gendered dynamics, civil rights, secularism, and fundamentalism.

La presente investigación parte de un proceso de intervención en las aulas de formación del profesorado que pretende generar un acercamiento a las posibilidades educativas del arte LGTB, cuyo objetivo consiste en reflexionar sobre la oportunidad de utilizar piezas ar-tísticas, incorporando cuestiones como la diversidad sexual y de género, fomentando así la superación del odio, la homofobia y la transfobia. Como metodología se plantea un estu-dio de caso en el que se analiza un taller impartido a dos grupos de la Facultat de Magisteri de la Universitat de València, incorporando la Investigación Educativa Basada en Artes. La recogida de datos se lleva a cabo durante la práctica docente, usando instrumentos de evaluación como diagnósticos, grupos focales y observación participante, fomentando el debate como fuente de argumentación al tratar cuestiones de diversidad sexual. Como resultado destaca la buena acogida de la temática por parte del alumnado, quienes reco-nocen haber superado estereotipos y tabús convencionales, propiciando con ello entornos inclusivos, lo cual repercute en la formación de docentes desde el respeto a la diversidad y la educación inclusiva. Como discusión final, expresar la conveniencia de asumir la falta de atención curricular hacia estas cuestiones. This research offers an intervention process in teacher training classrooms, generating an approach to the educational possibilities of LGTB art. The objective is reflecting the opportunity to use pieces of art, incorporating issues such as gender and sexual diver - sity, promoting the overcoming of hatred, homophobia and transphobia. As a method- ology, a case study is presented, analyzing a workshop given to two groups of students at the Faculty of Magisteri of the University of Valencia, also incorporating Arts-Based Educational Research. Data collection is carried out during teaching practice, using assessment instruments such as diagnoses, focus groups and participant observation, fostering debate as a source of argumentation when dealing with issues of sexual di- versity. As a result, we highlight the good reception of the subject by the students, who acknowledge having overcome conventional stereotypes and taboos, thereby promot- ing inclusive environments. All this improves teacher training by increasing respect for diversity and inclusive education. As a final discussion, it is convenient to assume the lack of curricular attention to these issues.

PurposeMy research is a study of forest fires that occurred near the Atikamekw community of Wemotaci (Quebec, Canada). This article focuses on the gendered aspects of two forest fire situations experienced by the people of Wemotaci, as I realized during fieldwork that men and women had different experiences and roles during the fires that did not seem to be valued the same. As a result, I decided to mobilize Indigenous feminist theories to understand the entanglement of multiple oppressions especially colonialism and the patriarchy in disaster situations.Design/methodology/approachI used interviews, participant observation and focus-groups during several stays in Wemotaci. I drew on methodologies developed by Indigenous researchers who aim to decolonize research. In this approach, I built respectful relationships with participants, conscious that I was part of the network I was studying.FindingsThis research reveals the importance in disaster research to adapt our methodology to the participants realities while factoring our positionality in. More specifically, I show how the use of an Indigenous feminist perspective allows me to understand how patriarchal-colonialism manifests during forest fire situations intertwined with traditional Atikamekw gender roles. This understanding makes it possible to see ways of managing and studying disasters that challenge systemic oppressions by rethinking the notion of vulnerability and making space for Indigenous people agency, knowledge and experiences.Originality/valueThe use of a feminist framework in this male-dominated field is still innovative, especially mobilizing a feminist approach that is consistent with the participants' realities while acknowledging the researcher's positionality which translate here in the use of Indigenous feminist theories.

The objectives of this research were to describe the Ulur-ulur traditional ceremony, the procession, and the values of local wisdom contained in it. This research was a qualitative study using the snowball sampling method with passive participant observation techniques and interviews. The researchers conducted in-depth interviews with note-taking and one-on-one interview techniques, namely by asking questions to the informants one by one and then recording the answers from the informants. The data validated by the source triangulation method were then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman research method, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research result shows that (1) the Ulur-ulur ceremony is one of the rituals that manifests the residents’ gratitude for the abundant water sources for the residents’ rice fields. (2) Ulur-ulur traditional ceremony procession consists of the preparation stage, jodhang procession, jamasan of Dewi Sri and Jaka Sedana statues, prayers and kajat, sowing flowers, and closes with a typical art performance of Tulungagung regency. (3) The practice of Ulur-ulur traditional ceremony has local wisdom values: religious, social, educational, historical, and economic values.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a constituição “profissional” de carreiras esportivas de jogadoras das equipes sub-15 e sub-17 no Esporte Clube Pelotas/Phoenix, no interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, utilizando-se de observação participante e entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas em 2017. Ao longo deste estudo, identificou-se que fatores como recursos financeiros, mudanças no calendário de competições, apoio familiar, afetam diretamente as perspectivas de consolidação da carreira de jovens atletas. Conclui-se, pelos relatos ouvidos, que a constituição “profissional” da carreira dessas atletas era perpassada por atos de resiliência e rebeldia, tendo em vista que, para persistir na modalidade, precisavam constantemente reforçar seu desejo de continuidade na prática e, por vezes, estabelecer conflitos com os desejos de suas famílias de origem.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlighted the growing attention to the adequacy of health planning models to sustainable development. A re-reading of the results of a round table debate on "sustainable planning", which took place at the 5th National Congress of Tropical Medicine (Portugal, 2019) under a participant observation strategy, framed by the findings of a “synthesis of better evidence” literature review and cross-referenced with the reflections of different authors and experts about the momentum created by the COVID-19 pandemic, underlined the challenges to sustainable health planning that have emerged and are projected beyond the current pandemic context. Variable perceptions of the term “sustainable health development”, leading to the potential loss of their relevance in guiding the elaboration of policies and strategic plans, and the potential higher effectiveness of the participatory approaches of health planning in achieving sustainable health were highlighted in the debate and literature, in general and in public health emergency contexts. Those results gained new relevance during the current COVID-19 pandemic, bringing back to the forefront a reflection of the inadequate planning framework that has usually been used to understand and respond to global health challenges, despite the already existing experience, evidence and support instruments. Highlights: - The path to sustainable development needs appropriate health planning models; - COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragilities of the strategic planning frameworks; - Sustainable health planning approaches demand social and community mobilisation; - Equity in health must integrate the planning models for sustainable development. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Religious cyberization is a new way of dissemination and development of traditional offline religions. In the process of cyberization, all aspects of religions are likely to be affected by the new Internet environment. Taking a Chinese online religious group as Internet field, this article analyzes the influence of cyberization on belief system, religious authority and religious experience of folk religion, and makes a preliminary exploration of its causes in combination with the characteristics of Internet and folk religion. This study mainly adopted the method of participant observation, and conducted online and offline interviews with participants when necessary. In addition, the researcher also analyzed documents, audio and other files uploaded in the online group. In the case discussed in this article, compared with officially recognized religions in China, folk religion seems to be more adapted to the opportunities and challenges brought by the new territory of the Internet due to its unique diffuseness and inclusiveness.

Purpose It is predicted that increasing numbers of citizens of the Pacific Island nation of Tuvalu will migrate to New Zealand in the coming decades due to the threat of climate change. Tuvaluans currently living in New Zealand face disparities in income, education and health. This study aims to understand the views of recent Tuvaluan immigrants to Auckland, New Zealand on health behaviors, health care and immigration. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and participant observation using a focused ethnography methodology. Findings Participants explained that Tuvaluans in New Zealand do not fully use primary care services, have a poorer diet and physical activity compared to those living in Tuvalu, and struggle to maintain well-paying, full-time employment. Practical implications As Tuvaluan immigration to New Zealand continues, it will be important to educate the Tuvaluan community about the role of primary health-care services and healthy behaviors, facilitate the current process of immigration and provide job training to recent immigrants to improve their opportunities for full-time employment and ensure cultural survival in the face of the threat of climate change. Originality/value This paper contributes to a greater understanding of the challenges to be faced by Tuvaluan environmental migrants in the future and features a high proportion of study participants who migrated due to climate change.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la pobreza desde las experiencias de dos familias de la colonia Emiliano Zapata Sur II de Mérida Yucatán, con la finalidad de contribuir al quehacer del Trabajo Social desde una perspectiva humanista. El análisis mantuvo un enfoque cualitativo que se colocó dentro de un paradigma interpretativo y se apoyó de un método fenomenológico. Se utilizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observación participante para obtener durante dos años los datos primarios. Entre los principales resultados se encuentran que los jefes de familia, son quienes palían la pobreza a través de su ingreso y liderazgo. Asimismo, existe un estigma sobre la colonia que la cataloga como “pobre” que influye en su condición. De igual forma, a pesar de que la familia es un sistema, cada miembro experimenta la pobreza de forma particular, necesitando más o menos recursos y satisfactores. Se recomienda para futuras investigaciones, tomar en consideración la “forma de pensar y de vivir” de la familia y de cada integrante, uno de los mayores retos al que el Trabajo Social se enfrenta desde todos sus campos de diagnóstico e intervención, dada la elevada población y la limitación de sus recursos como profesional dentro y fuera de las instituciones. The main objective of this research was to analyze poverty from the experiences of two families from the Emiliano Zapata Sur II neighborhood of Mérida Yucatán, in order to contribute to the work of Social Work from a humanistic perspective. The analysis maintained a qualitative approach that was placed within an interpretive paradigm and was supported by a phenomenological method. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation were used to obtain the primary data for two years. Among the main results are that the heads of the family are those who alleviate poverty through their income and leadership. Likewise, there is a stigma on the colony that classifies it as “poor” that influences its condition. Similarly, despite the fact that the family is a system, each member experiences poverty in a particular way, requiring more or less resources and satisfiers. It is recommended for future research to take into consideration the “way of thinking and living” of the family and of each member, one of the greatest challenges that Social Work faces from all its fields of diagnosis and intervention, given the high population and the limitation of their resources as a professional inside and outside the institutions.

Introduction: Institutional care for children is a global phenomenon. Despite its advantages, common threats have been described. In Peru, more than 70% of institutionalized children/adolescents have living parents who cannot take care of them. The study aims to understand the care/rearing of institutionalized girls in Arequipa, Peru. Methodology: Ethnographic design, with a sample integrated by 27 institutionalized girls. Data collected based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The analysis followed the Method of Constant Comparisons. Results: Five main themes were found: (a) The little house (foster home) is better than my house; (b) They take care of me—even when I am sick—; (c) But . . .; (d) What I have lived is what I am; (e) Happiness fits in this little house. Discussion: An ethnography of care/rearing practices could be helpful for a better understanding of the dimensions of the life of institutionalized girls living in developing countries.

Purpose: This article intends to examine the improvement in fighting against food insecurity in Cameroon since February 2008, a period marked with so-called hunger riots. In response to this, and in order to reply satisfactorily to this social crisis and the security that predates it, the government set up, at the end of 2008, the national food security programme (NFSP). This programme, which is the site of our empirical investigation, has undergone some vicissitudes and a marked evolution up to now. Methodology: Based on Using participant observation, non-reactive data collection techniques and socio-historical analysis, the article highlights the concept of the food security policy process, which does not escape the enlightening analytical framework of the advocacy coalition framework. It proposes, based on the analysis of the interpenetration of the NFSP by state and others institutional actors, to outline the contours of a category of negotiated and incremental food security policy process. Findings: Therefore to improve the food security policy process, a social division of labour is needed between the decision-making centre – the Inter-ministerial Committee on Food Security (CISA) and the Steering Committee (COPIL) – and the technical expertise centre – the Technical Group on Food Security (GTSA). Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The NFSP should play a more synthesizing role between these two centres in terms of the framework for the elaboration of the national food security policy strategy.

Drawing on fan studies, sports media studies, media industries studies, and participant observation of the American Outlaws, this essay analyzes specific aspects of the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup as televised by Fox Sports in the wider context of soccer’s evolving place within the American sports media marketplace. American media companies have increasingly positioned soccer as an upscale sport in the U.S. In addition to representing an affluent and cosmopolitan taste culture, the representation of the American Outlaws as part of Fox Sports’ programming and branding flattened the frictions of class, national identity, politics, and race that shaped American soccer discourse in the summer of 2019. This essay explores this flattening and the underlying tensions between televising a tournament based in American national identity that allows for a more mass audience appeal and the more niche-based framing of soccer—including the progressive politics of women’s soccer—in U.S. sports media.

This research is motivated by efforts to improve effective educational services so that they are able to face developments and competition that is so tight and become an institution that is able to survive, and play a good role, even more advanced. The curriculum can be said to be the heart of education because of its central position in all school activities. The Islamic education curriculum is very interesting to study because ideally, it should contain material that provides coverage for life in this world and in the hereafter. This study aims to analyze and find the concept of curriculum design in realizing an effective school. This study uses a qualitative approach, the type of case study with a multi-case design. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. Data analysis uses the Miles Huberman model of data reduction, data presentation, verification, and drawing conclusions. Data were analyzed from single and cross-case data. Data validity techniques through credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results showed that the curriculum design in schools was prepared based on the school's vision, mission, and goals, which were discussed in teacher and education staff working meetings involving committees and foundations. The results of the curriculum design are subject-centered design for intracurricular activities, and with the type of learner-centered design for extracurricular activities. Then, the contents of the curriculum consist of the National Curriculum, local content, and an adequate internal (typical) Islamic curriculum.

PurposeThis paper illustrates how Taiwan has tried to mobilize its prehistory Austronesian linguistic heritage and indigenous cultural memories to reposition itself in the Asia-Pacific. It examines how the attempt has gradually evolved into cross-border exchange and partnership based on the interconnectivity across the Pacific on different levels.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on policy review of the Taiwan government's growing focus on indigenous culture in strategizing diplomacy and cultural policy from 2000 through 2021 and the researcher's participant observation in expert cultural heritage meetings (2018–2021). It is also complemented by semi-structured interviews with both selected state actors and civil actors.FindingsThe past connection among indigenous communities in Taiwan and the Austronesian peoples contributes to building up new cultural circuits across-borders based upon shared indigenous heritage and demonstrates the extraterritorial role of heritage, which can be the potential base for developing diplomacy.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited in not directly engaging with actors in the Pacific given limited time, budget and mobility under the coronavirus disease (COVID) pandemic. The author would like to follow on that in her future research.Originality/valueThe paper sheds light on the uneasy relationship between indigenous heritage making and nation building and its cultural implications. This study demonstrates that the state framework of heritage is not necessarily appropriate to deal with these complicated historical matters, especially when the notion of heritage per se is not decolonised in a settler state.

Practice change is essential if environmental agencies are to incorporate diverse values in decision making, but little is currently known about what constrains or enables such change. Over a 19-month period, we observed how environmental professionals responded to an agency request that they consider a wider range of values in strategic bushfire management planning than had been considered in past practice. Through participant observation, interviews and document analysis, we examined how practices did and did not change and what contributed to these outcomes. Practices for assessing well understood values (e.g. towns and houses, ecological resilience) were refined, while practices for handling less familiar values (e.g. animal welfare, economic values and Indigenous cultural heritage) were either maintained, adapted or transformed, with outcomes varying across values and regions. The findings partly confirm expected biases toward values that can be spatially located and quantified, and point to other conditions supporting change to incorporate new types of values: alignment between policy and planning guidance, alignment between a value and priorities of professionals and agencies involved in planning, collaboration that supported input from cross-agency actors, and scope for experimentation. We discuss the practical implications of these findings for agencies seeking to incorporate values in environmental planning.

El artículo reúne vivencias, relatos y testimonios de una experiencia didáctica innovadora desarrollada en la asignatura Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales en la formación de profesores de Educación Primaria. La recopilación de la información se llevó a cabo mediante técnicas como la observación participante y la realización de entrevistas a estudiantes, asimismo se hizo uso de instrumentos como los diarios de campo para documentar los aspectos significativos observados en el aula de clase. Los resultados de la sistematización describen un conjunto de metodologías didácticas que, sin pretensión de ser un esbozo metódico de soluciones, conllevan al lector a un nicho de autorreflexión acerca de qué hay más allá de lo que cotidianamente realizamos en el aula de clase. Por ello, en su escritura se describen cada una de las siguientes metodologías desarrolladas: Innovación pedagógica al iniciar y finalizar una clase, estrategias didácticas innovadoras, socialización, participación y construcción colectiva de los aprendizajes, y el aula de clase epicentro de innovación. Al finalizar, se realiza una breve reflexión acerca los retos emergentes que tiene el profesorado frente a la innovación pedagógica como tarea ineludible en los procesos de aprendizajes del Siglo XXI, y a manera de conclusión, se sostiene que la implementación de metodologías participativas genera más motivación y mayores condiciones para la construcción de aprendizajes significativos en el estudiantado.

Whereas the emergence of pyramid schemes exerted considerable impacts on people’s lives, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the experiences of members from the sociological perspective, particularly in non-Western contexts. Therefore, this study illuminates social processes underlying participation in such schemes in a less studied social setting, Iran. This article also critically traces the social and psychological consequences of membership in pyramid schemes. We adapted a critical ethnographic approach, including participant observation of local branch offices, followed by 16 in-depth interviews with the former members of schemes. Our findings suggest that the practices deployed by the schemes lead to the building of social identity, namely, “superhuman,” mainly based on the misinterpretation of the real world. Finding the reality surrounded deliberately contrasted with the firms’ promises, the constructed identity fails, and members lose their social capital.

Education is strategic to increasing human resources quality which is a determinant factor of national development. To achieve education goals, we need human resources. Human resources are a keys factor in an institution. Human resources will support organizations with their creation, talent, creativity, and support. Education plays an important role in increasing human resources. Human resources in education include principle, teachers, staff, and committees. Teacher plays an important role to decided education success to produce quality output. A teacher is the main key to learning success. The teacher is expecting to create learning education interaction and make innovation to learning quality improvement. The purpose of study is to analysis and finding increasing teacher performance through human resources in Islamic education Institution. The research method used descriptive qualitative. The data collecting method uses in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. The result of the study the human resources at Pondok Pesantren Banyumas Jawa Tengah managed is well. The study has proven with planning, recruitment, teacher selection, placement process or orientation, teacher performance assessment, training, carrier development, compensation and allowance, teacher dismissal. Teacher performance is optimal yet, cause many teachers cannot finish their tasks on time, although discipline is a priority. While the implementation of human resources management did well and given an effect on increasing teacher performance. Many resistances increasing teacher performance is prepared lesson plan and learning media maximal yet

A produção científica em saúde é direcionada às pesquisas que geram benefícios para a população. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi descrever a construção da rede de cuidados para acolhimento psicológico aos trabalhadores da saúde em sofrimento psíquico durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Do ponto de vista da metodologia, trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, associado à técnica de observação participante, com coleta de dados empíricos na pesquisa qualitativa. Foram levantados os principais caminhos e fluxos da construção da rede de acolhimento psicológico aos trabalhadores da saúde em um cenário que impôs desafios inéditos. Os resultados apontam para a composição estratégica, ativa, dialógica e interativa da rede de cuidado e acolhimento psicológico a esse grupo. Destaca-se a necessidade de investimento e dedicação contínuos nos dispositivos que compõem o itinerário de serviços e cuidados, com vistas a fomentar a robustez da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS), seu alcance, capilaridade e efetividade.

Este trabalho buscou relatar a experiência da rede de humanização atuante no Sistema Único de Saúde da Bahia (SUS-BA) durante o enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19. Essa rede realizou diversas estratégias para colocar em prática os dispositivos e as diretrizes das Políticas Nacional e Estadual de Humanização da Atenção e da Gestão do SUS. O objetivo é descrever o processo de implementação da humanização nas unidades de saúde no estado da Bahia, durante a pandemia da Covid-19. A partir de análise documental, foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo de metodologia qualitativa, que utilizou as técnicas de observação participante e coleta de dados secundários, registrados em um formulário desenvolvido na plataforma virtual Microsoft Form. O formulário foi respondido por trabalhadoras(es) e gestoras(es) das unidades da rede assistencial, gestão direta e indireta da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia (Sesab) e outras unidades importantes para a rede de humanização do SUS-BA. A partir das experiências, foi possível perceber a forte atuação da rede no enfrentamento à pandemia, que fortaleceu as ações de cuidado aos trabalhadores e usuários nas unidades da Sesab. Considera-se necessária a continuidade dessas práticas e a concretização da rede para além do momento de pandemia, sendo fundamental a inerência de tais práticas humanizadas para a potencialização do SUS.

Todo ciudadano sin importar su condición económica, social o física deberá gozar de las mismas condiciones, oportunidades de uso y disfrute del espacio público, libre de toda restricción o discriminación que tenga el propósito de obstaculizar su inclusión en el paisaje urbano. Por lo tanto, las personas con discapacidad, como actores dentro del mismo, deberán participar activamente en las decisiones que afecten su configuración, ordenamiento y proyección. A partir de la mirada personal de quienes se enfrentan desde su condición el espacio público en la zona céntrica de la ciudad colombiana de Cúcuta, el presente estudio desarrollado en el año 2018, consolida el análisis de percepción en materia de accesibilidad al medio urbano de los individuos con los tipos de alteración más representativos en la ciudad. Para tal fin, la investigación hizo empleo de una metodología cualitativa: muestreo avalancha y herramientas como la observación participante y entrevista, que permitieron consolidar una línea base de indicadores del espacio público para la población con limitaciones, como instrumento de medición de la calidad de vida y bienestar social en las ciudades y elemento enriquecedor en la formulación de las políticas públicas en materia de espacio público.

A pandemia do novo coronavírus se apresenta como um dos maiores desafios sanitários do século 21. O primeiro caso confirmado no Brasil foi registrado no dia 25 de fevereiro de 2020, em São Paulo, e na Bahia, em 6 de março de 2020. Em função da Emergência de Saúde Pública de Importância Internacional (ESPII), a Secretaria da Saúde do Estado da Bahia (Sesab) desenvolveu o Projeto de Operação Especial de Vigilância Sanitária, em articulação com a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), em um período de 90 dias. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever as ações de controle e mitigação da epidemia de Covid-19 no estado da Bahia, mediante a realização de barreiras sanitárias nos principais aeroportos, rodoviárias e nas rodovias intermunicipais de maior fluxo de veículos, com desenvolvimento de atividades de educação e comunicação em saúde para viajantes e trabalhadores. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com uso da técnica da observação participante, cujas atividades foram centradas na avaliação do risco sanitário, visando o controle e a mitigação da epidemia de Covid-19 no estado da Bahia. As barreiras sanitárias nos principais pontos de entrada do estado contribuíram para detecção e notificação de casos suspeitos para Covid-19, bem como para refrear a introdução e disseminação do vírus SARS-CoV-2 em determinados territórios. Considera-se as barreiras sanitárias uma estratégia relevante, visto que podem contribuir na implementação de ações de vigilância relacionadas às pessoas em trânsito (viajantes e trabalhadores), de modo a minimizar e/ou reduzir o avanço da epidemia em sua fase inicial no território baiano.

Most criminal justice research pertaining to social climate in U.S. prisons has focused on the experiences of incarcerated people and correctional officers, with no studies to our knowledge that explore correctional educators’ significant contributions to prison social climate. Utilizing results from semi-structured interviews and participant observation with correctional educators in institutions managed by eight different state prison administrations, the present study fills this knowledge gap by examining two questions. First, how do correctional educators characterize the life experiences and motivations of incarcerated people who are pursuing an education? Second, how do correctional educators variously regard their respective professional roles as influencing and/or intervening in incarcerated individuals’ lives? Taken together, these findings offer insights into the nuanced ways that correctional educators interpret and understand compound disadvantage among incarcerated people, prison social climate, and motivations for engaging in correctional education. Our recommendations indicate the utility of fostering a collaborative, peer-driven learning environment by including current and former prisoners in education and programming initiatives, and prioritizing sustainable education in a humane institutional environment through recruitment of skilled professional staff willing to engage in cross-professional dialogue.

Este trabalho, financiado pelo Ministério da Cidadania e pela Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), apresenta a experiência de pesquisa extensionista desenvolvida no acompanhamento do Projeto Cidadania em Ação, na área da Educação. O objetivo da pesquisa extensionista foi acompanhar, de forma participante, o oferecimento de esporte na faixa etária dos 6 aos 14 anos. A metodologia, de orientação qualitativa, envolveu observação participante, entrevistas e questionários. Para desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram acompanhados três núcleos do projeto, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que atendiam prioritariamente a faixa etária foco do estudo. Este artigo apresenta a avaliação dos participantes sobre o desenvolvimento das ações. O estudo indica aspectos em que o Projeto atende às proposições iniciais, em sua ação educativa e de integração entre os participantes, assim como limites, indicados pelos participantes, no que se refere principalmente aos materiais disponibilizados.

This paper explores the experience and impact of participation in afterschool oral improvisation workshops – bertso workshops – for young Basque speakers. Drawing on participant observation and in-...

Objetivo: este artículo reconfigura las dinámicas del proceso de la Liberación de la Madre Tierra del pueblo Nasa, para visibilizarlo en una apuesta por la reterritorialización que inicia con la recuperación de tierras despojadas. Metodología: este trabajo investigativo de enfoque histórico–hermenéutico, implicó la observación participante, el uso de técnicas como registro de video gráfico y de audio, la aplicación de entrevistas informales con representantes de la comunidad Nasa, y el análisis documental de fuentes primarias y secundarias elaborados por la comunidad. Resultados: se describen las principales disputas en torno a la tierra en la región, pasando desde la colonización hasta el conflicto armado interno. Presenta la historia de organización que allí ha puesto en práctica la comunidad, haciendo especial énfasis en el proceso de Liberación de la Madre Tierra; pues a partir de este cúmulo de experiencias organizativas ha sido posible responder a los procesos de desterritorialización que han propiciado agentes externos a los pueblos indígenas del norte del Cauca. Finalmente, se analizan los escenarios y apuestas que han resultado de este proceso, y su relación con otros movimientos sociales. Conclusiones: las reflexiones y experiencias en torno al proceso de Liberación de la Madre Tierra plantean horizontes esperanzadores para la construcción de modos de vida autónomos, centrados en un relacionamiento distinto con la tierra, que permiten cuestionar y confrontar el sistema imperante.

Objetivo: promover la educación en Derechos Humanos desde la teoría crítica como aporte a la construcción de paz con los estudiantes de grado octavo del colegio Carlos Albán Holguín. Metodología: se tomó la etnografía educativa como método de investigación, utilizando instrumentos de recolección de información como diario de campo, observación participante, entrevista y encuesta. Resultados: se muestran los datos obtenidos de las encuestas, la comparación entre ellas y los resultados de los proyectos informativos que realizaron los y las estudiantes. Conclusiones: se muestran las reflexiones logradas con los y las estudiantes, notando la importancia de la educación y defensa de los Derechos Humanos; todo ello encaminado a la búsqueda de la paz.

Educational inclusion of foreign pupils has become a priority objective in recent years in many countries worldwide. Attending to the cultural diversity of pupils and providing an inclusive educational response is now a main goal of education systems. In this context, educational leadership is a key factor for school improvement. Management teams face the difficult mission of responding to the diversity of people that make up the educational community in a scenario marked by the expansive increase in migrant families and the scarcity of inclusive and intercultural government programmes. This article explores good management practices for cultural diversity management in six early childhood and primary education centres in Spain and Chile from an inclusive leadership approach. Factors that influence the development of inclusive leadership and the process deployed to carry out diversity management are examined. Through a qualitative methodology, six case studies were carried out using the interview, participant observation, and document analysis as instruments. The main outcomes show the importance of leaders in promoting an inclusive collaborative culture, in classroom practices focused on the knowledge and cultural capital of foreign pupils, the development of organisational and didactic strategies based on the recognition and participation of the educational community, its commitment to social justice, a management of diversity based on collaboration, and a shared concept of educational inclusion. The conclusions show four common dimensions in the good practices of each country: professional development of the community, school participation, inclusive school culture, and positive management of diversity., We are deeply grateful to the editors and unknown reviewers of this article for the valuable comments we received for writing this article. We would also like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competit‐ iveness (project CSO2013–43266‐R “Construyendo difer‐ encias en la escuela. Estudios de las trayectorias de las ATAL en Andalucía, de su profesorado y de su alum‐ nado”) who supported the research and the National Research and Development Agency (ANID) through the National Scientific and Technological Research Commission (CONICYT; Fondecyt projects 1190349 and 3200192). This article was translated by Neil Macowan Language Services.

This is a qualitative study examining the utilisation pattern of traditional medicine among young Malay women breast cancer patients. The study has shown that there is an increasing number of breast cancer patients to opt for traditional medicine in searching for a cure. To address the issue, an ethnographic fieldwork was carried out in Klang Valley and several selected areas of Selangor. Thirteen (13) young Malay breast cancer patients were selected as informants for this study by employing purposive snowballing technique. Guided by semi-structured interview schedule, a series of in-depth interviews, phone and online interviews and participant observation were conducted at various settings to capture informants’ health seeking behaviour. It is evident that traditional medicine is still prevalent as one of the treatment options among breast cancer patients. They strongly believed that relying on a single treatment for chronic illness like breast cancer is insufficient. In relation to this, traditional healers and health practitioners such as bomoh and ustaz were consulted by Malay informants either as an alternative or complementary for a cure. Several treatment methods such as herbal remedies for oral consumption, air penawar (healing water) for drinking and bathing and specific item such as an egg for surgery-like procedure were prescribed to treat the cancer-related symptoms suffered. In most instances, majority of the patients were guided by family and friends’ suggestions towards the utilisation of traditional medicine.

Esta investigación responde a la pregunta: ¿Cuáles son las disputas que giran en torno al cierre de la escuela comunitaria Río Cenepa de Tauri? Se fundamenta en los postulados del modelo EG de Thévenot y Boltanski, y aplica una metodología de carácter cualitativo mediante tres técnicas de recolección de información: consulta documental, observación participante y entrevista a profundidad. El artículo introduce el Plan de Reordenamiento de la Oferta Educativa y el cierre de las escuelas comunitarias en Ecuador, y especifica los hallazgos sobre las disputas de los actores frente al cierre de la escuela. La situación inicial, las disputas, las pruebas y los acuerdos son las categorías de análisis identificadas en el proceso de cierre de la escuela Río Cenepa.

Ethical issues of ethnographic research are long-debated, but the context of volunteering and voluntary organisations emphasises challenges and opportunities associated with this method. In this paper, we explore these rarely examined concerns with focus on participant-observation, in terms of ‘voluntariness’ of participants, responsibilities of researchers in maintaining boundaries and self-care of researchers themselves in such contexts. Reflecting on implications in ethnographic enquiry from research design to conclusions, we argue volunteering should be viewed as an important context highlighting ethical issues often seen as ‘tick-box’ exercises or generally accepted research limitations. The increased risks to participants through access, sampling and questioning processes, to ethnographers through emotional involvement and to volunteer-involving organisations are discussed through reflection on three distinct pieces of research conducted between 2009 and 2019. These issues are ethical as well as methodological, as data yielded may be rich, demonstrating immersion in the ‘community’, but also limited in credibility.