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Purpose: The aim of this research work is to analyze and compare profitability performance of selected paper companies in India. Approach/Methodology/Design: An analytical study method is employed in this research work by relying on secondary data. In this research work 12 paper companies are selected as a sample based on their higher net sales and the study period are last10 financial years from 2012-13 to 2021-22. Ratio Analysis is used as an accounting tool in which six profitability ratios are employed. One-way ANOVA technique of parametric test is used as a statistical tool to identify the difference among sample means. Findings: The major finding of the research work indicates that in all the selected paper companies the profitability performance of shows fluctuating trend during the study period of 10 years. The overall performance was good and satisfactory in Satia Industries Ltd., JK paper Ltd., Seshasayee Paper and Board Ltd. and NR Agarwal Industries Ltd. and it was low and dissatisfactory in Orient Paper & Industries Ltd. and Astron Paper & Board Mill Ltd. for all the selected profitability ratio during the study period. The results of statistical test revealed that in gross profit ratio, operating profit ratio and return on assets ratio formulated null hypotheses are rejected and in net profit ratio, return on net worth ratio and return on capital employed ratio formulated null hypotheses are accepted. Originality/value: In this research work profitability analysis is carried out which is helpful to know the profitability performance of selected paper companies. The result would help investors to make right choice of investment in selected companies. It would also identify that how efficiently a business can generates profit and value for its shareholders from its sales or operations, shareholders' fund or balance sheet’s assets.

The paper industry is closely related to forestry resources, which constitute an essential part of achieving sustainable development. Green credit can provide financial support to assist the paper industry in achieving carbon neutrality. To develop a method for performing green credit risk assessments in the paper industry, first, an initial index system was established on the basis of two dimensions: financial risk and socio-environmental risk. Then, the KMV model was applied to measure credit risk. The combined results of this model, along with the environmental penalties of an enterprise, formed the basis for the classification of green credit risk. Third, the Gini index was used to filter out, one by one, the indexes with the least influence among the factors, and then random forest iterations were performed until the prediction accuracy reached the optimum, thus establishing a green credit risk prediction model for the paper industry. The results show that the accuracy of the sample classification reached 93.75%, and the accuracy of the sample classification for high-risk enterprises reached 100%. The established index system offers good guidance for the assessment of green credit risk in the paper industry, in which the interest coverage ratio, current ratio, asset-liability ratio, and green emissions are the main factors affecting green credit risk.

Resumen La crisis económica que se derivó de la Primera Guerra Mundial provocó, entre otros efectos, la caída aguda de los resultados económicos de la prensa española y una amenaza real de colapso generalizado. Reconvertida a grandes empresas, con exponentes como el primer trust periodístico español, creado en 1906, los editores de periódicos plantearon por primera vez un dilema clave para el sistema representativo: si se quería que existiese prensa, el tesoro público debía colaborar mediante subvenciones a la compra de papel. Se puso en marcha, de esta forma, el primer gran rescate de la prensa española, con una aportación millonaria de dinero público a empresas privadas que, en teoría, tendría que devolverse progresivamente. Fue, para Indalecio Prieto, “un gran escándalo”. Abstract The economic crisis derived from World War I produced, among other effects, a sharp drop in the economic performance of the Spanish press and an actual threat of generalized collapse. Reorganized as large companies, with examples such as the first Spanish journalistic trust created in 1906, newspaper publishers posed a central dilemma for the representative system for the first time: if the press were to exist, the public treasury would have to cooperate through subsidies for the purchase of paper. In this way, the first great rescue of the Spanish press was launched, with a millionaire contribution of public funds to private companies that, in theory, would have to be repaid progressively. It was, for Indalecio Prieto, “a big scandal.” Resumo A crise econômica derivada da Primeira Guerra Mundial provocou, entre outros efeitos, a queda aguda dos resultados econômicos da imprensa espanhola e uma ameaça real de colapso generalizado. Reconvertidos a grandes empresas, com expoentes como o primeiro trust jornalístico espanhol, criado em 1906, os editores de jornais propuseram pela primera vez um dilema-chave para o sistema representativo: se se quisesse que existisse imprensa, o tesouro público deveria colaborar mediante subsídios para a compra de papel. Dessa forma, deu-se início ao primeiro grande resgate da imprensa espanhola, com uma contribuição milionária de verba pública a empresas privadas que, em teoria, teria que ser devolvido progressivamente. Foi, para Indalecio Prieto, um “grande escândalo”.

Nanocellulose is a sustainable nanomaterial with outstanding physico-mechanical properties, a fact that confers the nanomaterial a huge potential in sectors such as the papermaking, nanocomposites, aerogels for selective solvent removal, hydrogels for controlled drug delivery, substrates for printed electronics and rheological modifiers, among others. The production of nanocellulose has traditionally been based on the use of cellulosic fibers delignified by chemical pulping processes. These treatments remove most of the lignin and also reduce the hemicellulose content, achieving mass yields close to 50%. On the contrary, thermomechanical pulping processes, in which the use of chemical agents is avoided, preserve the chemical composition of the raw material, thus reaching yields greater than 95%. In this context, and with the aim of keeping the nanocellulose sector as sustainable as possible, thermomechanical fibers are considered a more economical and environmentally friendly option than highly delignified fibers. Furthermore, the elevated presence of lignin could boost the mechanical destructuring of the fibers and confer additional properties to the resulting nanomaterial due to the partially hydrophobic nature of lignin. La nanocelulosa es un nanomaterial sostenible con excelentes prestaciones físico-mecánicas, lo cual le otorga un alto potencial en sectores como el papelero, nanocompuestos, aerogeles selectivos de disolventes, hidrogeles de liberación controlada de sustancias, sustratos para impresión de dispositivos electrónicos y modificadores reológicos, entre otros. La producción de nanocelulosa se ha basado tradicionalmente en el uso de fibras celulósicas deslignificadas mediante procesos de pulpeado químico. Estos tratamientos eliminan la mayor parte de la lignina y reducen también el contenido de hemicelulosa, logrando rendimientos másicos cercanos al 50%. Por lo contrario, los procesos de pulpeado termomecánicos, en los cuales se evita el uso de agentes químicos, permiten preservar la composición química de la materia prima, alcanzando así rendimientos superiores al 95%. En este contexto, y con el objetivo de mantener el sector de la nanocelulosa lo más sostenible posible, las pulpas termomecánicas son consideradas una opción económica y medioambientalmente más atractiva que aquellas fibras altamente deslignificadas. Además, la elevada presencia de lignina podría favorecer la desestructuración mecánica de las fibras, confiriendo propiedades adicionales al nanomaterial resultante debido el carácter parcialmente hidrofóbico de la lignina.

Orientador: João Sinezio de Carvalho Campos Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Resumo: Este trabalho teve como escopo a aplicação da eletroflotação no tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria de papel e a verificação de sua viabilidade técnica e econômica. Para isto, compararam-se eletrodos de alumínio e ferro, sendo este com densidade de corrente de 211 A/m2 e aquele com 169 A/m2 em um reator de 20 L e monitorou-se o comportamento dos parâmetros pH, condutividade, temperatura, turbidez, DQO, Sólidos Sedimentáveis e DBO. Para o eletrodo de alumínio testado, houve um aumento do valor do pH de 7,32 para 9,19, a condutividade diminuiu conforme esperado pelo diagrama de solubilidade de Al(OH)3 em função do pH, a temperatura aumentou de 23,6 para 31,5ºC em decorrência do efeito Joule, a turbidez reduziu 93%, a DQO 96%, os Sólidos Sedimentáveis 98% e a DBO 99%, além do efluente final não ter apresentado coloração residual. O eletrodo de ferro apresentou resultados satisfatórios mas não tão promissores quanto os do alumínio. Neste caso, também houve aumento do pH de 7,31 para 9,80, a condutividade diminuiu conforme os diagramas de solubilidade dos Fe(OH)2 e Fe(OH)3 em função do pH, a elevação da temperatura foi de 25,9 para 31,8ºC pelo mesmo motivo já citado, a turbidez reduziu 50%, a DQO 83%, os Sólidos Sedimentáveis 97 % e a DBO 84%. No final do tratamento, o efluente apresentou uma coloração amarela residual bastante forte, devido à oxidação dos íons Fe2+ a Fe3+. Alguns dos principais cálculos feitos foram em relação ao consumo de energia, que para ambos os materiais foi de 9,0 kWh/m3, consumo do eletrodo, tendo sido de 4,0 g para alumínio e 12,5 g para ferro, custo de operação de 7,01 R$/m3 para alumínio e 2,84 R$/m3 para ferro, além da quantidade de gases gerados, sendo, para ambos os materiais, de 4,9 L de hidrogênio e 2,51 L de oxigênio. Estes resultados indicam que a aplicação da eletroflotação em escala industrial deve ser mais pesquisada para que se diminua o custo de operação através de otimizações do sistema e para que se tenha total controle da quantidade de gases produzidos e do aumento da temperatura Abstract: This work describes the application of electroflocculation in the effluent of a paper industry and its technical and economical feasible assessment. The aluminum and iron electrodes were compared, being the first tested with a current density of 211 A/m2 and the second with 169 A/m2 in a reactor of 20 L and the behavior of parameters pH, conductivity, temperature, turbidity, COD, Settling Solids and BOD were monitored. With the aluminum electrode tested, there was an increase in pH value from 7,32 to 9,19; conductivity decreased as expected by the Al(OH)3 solubility diagram according to pH; the effluent temperature rised from 23,6ºC to 31,5ºC due to the Joule effect; turbidity has decreased 93%, COD 96%, Settling Solids 98% and BOD 99%. After treatment the final effluent has exhibited no residual color. The iron electrode has showed satisfactory results but not so promising as that obtained with aluminum. In this case, there were also an increase in pH value from 7,31 to 9,80; conductivity has decreased as expected by the Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 solubility diagrams as function of pH; the effluent temperature increased from 25,9ºC to 31,8ºC by the same reason ever explained with the aluminum electrode; turbidity has decreased 50%, COD 83%, Settling Solids 97% and BOD 84%. At the end of treatment, the effluent exhibited a quite strong yellow residual color, due to oxidation of iron ions (Fe2+ to Fe3+). Some of the main calculus regarded the energy consumption, that for both materials was 9,0 kWh/m3. The electrode consumption was 9,0 g for aluminum and 12,5 g for iron. The operating cost was 7,01 R$/m3 for aluminum and 2,84 R$/m3 for iron. The quantity of gases produced was 4,9 L of hydrogen and 2,51 L of oxygen. These results indicated that the electroflotation application in a comercial scale must be more investigated to reach optimization and total control of the quantity of gases generated and temperature rise Mestrado Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Resumo: Neste presente trabalho, foi estudada a grafitização de N-metilol acrilamida em amido de mandioca nativo, em meio aquoso, com proporções de 20, 30 e 40% em relação ao peso de amido, tendo como objetivo avaliar a aplicação técnica do produto resultante em formulações de tintas de revestimentos couché, aplicado sobre uma superficie de papel cartão. Estes novos polímeros, bem como o amido de mandioca e o amido de milho nativo, foram caracterizados por: (i) Análise Dinâmico-Mecânica (DMA), onde se conseguiu verificar moderadas modificações nas transições térmicas; (ii) Espectroscopia na região do Infravermelho(FT_IR); (iii) Microscopia Ótica (MO) e (iv) Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), onde percebeu-se mudanças morfológicas nos grânulos de amido modificado, que se apresentaram maiores que os do amido nativo. Para uma análise do comportamento destes polímeros em formulações de tintas de revestimentos couché, foi utilizado como referência padrão o látex de estireno-butadieno carboxilado, atualmente utilizado na indústria de papel, como ligante (ou resina) principal. Nas tintas de revestimentos couché desta tese, foram analisadas as aplicações feitas em papel cartão revestido, onde se utilizou para teste de imprimibilidade as seguintes análises: Pick teste seco; Pick teste úmido; alvura; teste de absorção superficial - K & N; brilho de impressão; rugosidade e absorção de óleo. Um bom revestimento deverá apresentar uma boa adesão à superficie do papel, evitando seu arrancamento do mesmo. Dos testes de arrancamento, todas as amostras dos revestimentos feitos com amido de mandioca, modificados com Nmetilol acrilamida, apresentaram excelentes resultados Abstract: In this work, it was studied the graftization of native tapioca starch with of Nmethylol acrylamide (NMA) in aqueous media, at several proportions (20, 30 e 40%) relative to the starch weight, with the aim to evaluate the technical application of the product obtained in inks formulations used for finishing covering, applied over paper-card surfaces. The NMA and the native starch, as well as the starch derivatives, were characterized by: (i) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), which showed mild modifications in the thermal transitions; (ii) lnfrared Spectroscopy (F_TIR); (iii) Oplical Microscopy (OM) and (iv) Electron Scanning Microscopy (SEM) which revealed morphological changes in the starch grains, being the modified starch grains bigger than those native. To analyze the behavior of these polymers in formulations of inks, used for finishing covering (known as couché paper card), it was utilized latex of styrene-butadiene - carboxylate as reference, current1yused as binder in the paper industry. For the paper card with the finishing covering it was utilized tests of printability as: dry pick test; wet pick test; whiteness; K and N test; shine of impression; roughness and oil absorption. In the printing process, the graphic ink used presents tacking that is responsible for a perpendicular force to the surface of the paper, which is able to peel its covering. The peeling tests done with the formulations modified with modified tapioca starch with Nmethylol acrylamide (NMA) presented very promising results Mestrado Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Kelly Cristina Poldi Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica Resumo: Em muitas indústrias de manufatura, como a papeleira, moveleira e metalúrgica, há a produção e o corte dos objetos produzidos em unidades menores para atender a uma demanda específica. Na otimização desses processos produtivos, encontram-se os problemas de dimensionamento de lotes e de corte de estoque. Nos processos de produção e corte, o problema de corte de estoque apresenta-se como um subproblema fundamental do problema de planejamento de produção, no entanto, são encontrados na literatura vários trabalhos que tratam esses problemas de forma desacoplada. Tratar esses dois problemas de forma separada pode aumentar os custos globais. Nesse trabalho, tratamos tais problemas de maneira integrada, propondo um modelo para a produção e corte de papel, baseado na literatura, que considera o custo de preparação da máquina e a capacidade de produção. Para a resolução do modelo, foi utilizado o método de geração de colunas, a heurística relax-and-fix e um pacote de otimização. Testes computacionais foram realizados a fim de analisar a metodologia utilizada na resolução do modelo Abstract: In many manufacturing industries, such as paper, furniture and metallurgy, there are the production of the objects and the cutting of the objects into smaller pieces in order to meet a specific demand. In the optimization of such productive processes, one can identify the lot-sizing and the cutting stock problems. In the production and cutting processes, the cutting stock problem is a fundamental subproblem of the production planning problem. However, in the literature, these problems are mostly dealt separately. Treating these two problems separately can increase overall costs. In this research, we deal with these problems in a coupled way, proposing an integrated model for the production and cutting of paper based on the literature, which considers setup costs and production capacity. For the solution of the proposed model, we used the column generation method, the relax-and-fix heuristic and an optimization package. Computational tests were carried out in order to analyze the methodology used in the resolution of the model Mestrado Matemática Aplicada Mestra em Matemática Aplicada CAPES

The construction industry uses a large amount of natural virgin material for differentgeotechnical structures. In Europe alone, 11 million tonnes of solid waste is generated per year asa result of the production of almost 100 million tonnes of paper. The objective of this research is todevelop a new geotechnical composite from residues of the deinking paper industry and to present itspractical application, e.g., as a backfill material behind a retaining structure. After different mixtureswere tested in a laboratory, the technology was validated by building a pilot retaining wall structurein a landslide region near a railway line. It was confirmed that a composite with 30% deinking sludgeand 70% deinking sludge ash had a high enough strength but experienced some deformations beforefailure. Special attention was paid to the impact of transport, which, due to the time lag betweenthe mixing and installation of the composite, significantly reduced its strength. The pilot retainingwall structure promotes the use of recycled materials with a sustainable design, while adhering togovernment-mandated measures. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne: 28. 1. 2021. Št. članka 979. Abstract. Bibliografija: str. 16-17.

The present paper reveals results of research for cost-effective removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) contained in industrial paper mill effluent. Not only process efficiency but also wastewater treatment costs are discussed. Different pre-treatment processes are applied aiming to investigate the COD removal before discharge to the municipal sewage network. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal operating conditions for the coagulation process. The effects of key operational parameters, including the type of coagulant, initial pH, temperature and coagulant dose, on COD percentage removal were investigated. The laboratory experiments confirmed the high efficiency of chemically enhanced mechanical treatment towards COD. The data obtained show that even low dose of chemicals provides sufficient COD reduction. The initial pH of the wastewater had a significant impact on the COD removal. Under the optimal operational conditions (pH = 7.5, T = 18 °C) the treatment of wastewater from paper industries by coagulation has led to a reduction of 70% COD for wastewater discharged. In terms of the investigated paper industry wastewater, polyaluminium chloride appears to be most suitable for treatment of high COD concentration. However, in an economic evaluation of requirements for wastewater treatment, operating costs and associated saving were such that PAX was more favourable. Fil: Boguniewicz Zablocka, Joanna. Opole University Of Technology; Polonia Fil: Klosok Bazan, Iwona. Opole University Of Technology; Polonia Fil: Naddeo, Vincenzo. Universita di Salerno; Italia Fil: Mozejko, Clara Alexandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Ingeniería y Tecnología. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Ingeniería y Tecnología; Argentina

A simple method for preparing chelated calcium from black liquor produced in the paper industry was studied. Various factors influencing the chelation rate of Ca2+ were studied, including the system pH, reaction temperature, reaction time, reaction solution ratio. The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the system pH, reaction temperature, reaction solution ratio (V(CaCl2):m (Black liquor)) and time were 5.6, 25°C, 1:20 and 60 min, respectively. The maximum Ca2+ chelation rate was 88.75%. The characteristics of chelated calcium fertilizer in black liquor were studied by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope . The results indicated that the CaCl2 could be chelated by the black liquor from paper-making industry, and showed a high chelating rate.

Aim of study: It was aimed to rank financial performance of companies in the paper industrytraded at BIST.Material and methods: The financial performances of sevencompanies in the paper industry which are tradedon the Borsa İstanbul (BIST) were determinedby using financial data in 2016. For this purpose, ten financial ratios were obtainedfrom the financial data of companies, each of which had its own superiority. The datawere conducted by the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity toIdeal Solution) method which is the "Multi Criteria Decision Making"(MCDM) method to interpret.Main results: The results indicated that the companies were rankedfollows; ALKA, KARTN, VKING, BAKAB, TIRE, OLMIP and KAPLM based on thefinancial performance scores.Research highlights: In Turkey, production in paper industry meets nearly half of the consumption and paper demand are met by imports.The high prices of energy and initial investment costs encourage imports ofpaper products and they prevent newinvestments. From this perspective, growth, development and high performance ofpaper companies will keep this industry alive., BİST’deişlem gören kağıt sektöründeki firmaların TOPSIS yöntemiyle finansalperformanslarının değerlendirilmesiÖzetÇalışmanın amacı: BİST’de işlem gören kağıtsektöründeki firmaların finansal performanslarına göre sıralanmasıamaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve yöntem: Borsa İstanbul’da (BIST) işlemgören kağıt sektöründeki 7 firmanın 2016 yılına ait verileri kullanılarakfinansal performansları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, şirketlere aitfinansal verilerden 10 finansal oran elde edilmiştir ve bu finansal oranlarınher biri diğerlerine göre üstünlüğe sahiptir. Bütünleşik bir değerlendirmeyapılması amacıyla, veriler “Çok Kriterli Karar Verme” (ÇKKV) yöntemlerindenolan TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution)yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir.Sonuçlar: Şirketler finansal performanslarına göreALKA, KARTN, VKING, BAKAB, TIRE, OLMIP ve KAPLM olarak sıralanmıştır..Araştırma vurguları: Ülkemiz kağıt sektöründegerçekleştirilen üretim ile tüketimin yarısı karşılanabilmekte ve kağıtihtiyacı ithalatla karşılanmaktadır. Enerji fiyatlarının ve ilk yatırımmaliyetlerinin yüksek olması yeni yatırımları engellerken ithalata teşviketmektedir. Bu bakımdan sektörde var olan firmaların gelişmesi, büyümesi veperformanslarının yüksek olması sektörü canlı tutacaktır.

We present a rotational terahertz imaging system for inline nondestructive testing (NDT) of press sleeves for the paper industry during fabrication. Press sleeves often consist of polyurethane (PU) which is deposited by rotational molding on metal barrels and its outer surface mechanically processed in several milling steps afterwards. Due to a stabilizing polyester fiber mesh inlay, small defects can form on the sleeve’s backside already during the initial molding, however, they cannot be visually inspected until the whole production processes is completed. We have developed a fast-scanning frequenc-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) terahertz imaging system, which can be integrated into the manufacturing process to yield high resolution images of the press sleeves and therefore can help to visualize hidden structural defects at an early stage of fabrication. This can save valuable time and resources during the production process. Our terahertz system can record images at 0.3 and 0.5 THz and we achieve data acquisition rates of at least 20 kHz, exploiting the fast rotational speed of the barrels during production to yield sub-millimeter image resolution. The potential of automated defect recognition by a simple machine learning approach for anomaly detection is also demonstrated and discussed.

Purpose: This study aimed at implementing lean six sigma to evaluate the productivity and manufacturing waste in the production line of a paper companyMethodology/Approach: The study is a case study in nature. The method illustrates how lean six sigma (LSS) is used to evaluate the existing production process in a paper production company with focus on productivity and manufacturing waste. The study considered a real-time problem of customer’s dissatisfaction. The gathered data is based on machine functionality (up time, down time and cycle time); materials and labour flow at every process stages of the production line. The optimization of the production process was based on lean tools like value stream mapping, process cycle efficiency, Kaizen, 5S and pareto chartFindings: Based on lean six sigma application, it was discovered that the present production performance was below standard and more manufacturing wastes were generated. The present productivity and manufacturing wastes are reported as low process cycle efficiency (23.4 %), low takt time (4.11 sec), high lead time (43200sec), high number of products not conforming to six sigma values, high down time (32.64 %) and excess labour flow (33). After the implementation of the lean six sigma tools for certain period of time, there are lots of improvements in the production line in terms of all the parameters considered.Research Limitation/ Implications: The study has demonstrated an application of lean six sigma in the case of solving real-time problems of productivity and manufacturing wastes which have a direct implication on customer’s satisfaction. The lesson learned and implications presented can still be further modeled using some lean based software for validityOriginality/Value: The study has contributed to the body of knowledge in the field of LSS with focus to process based manufacturing, unlike most literature in the field concentrate more on discrete based manufacturing.

The paper industry is a traditional industry with extensive consumption of resources and energy and more pollutant discharge. This industry is closely related to production and life activities. Under the general requirement of “to step up conservation of the Yangtze River and stop its over development”, the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt should urgently undergo green transformation and development. Based on the undesirable slack-based measure model, spatial gravity center, Kernel density function, Theil index, and panel model, this study examines the green development efficiency and its influencing factors of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2001 to 2016. Results showed the following: (1) from 2001 to 2016, the green development efficiency of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt had been steadily improved, but the overall efficiency value is not high, which has a great potential for improvement. The green development efficiency of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt presents the regional differentiation law of gradient increasing in the upper, middle, and lower reaches. (2) According to the gravity center trajectory, the efficiency center of the green development of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is located in the middle reaches of Hunan Province and Hubei Province and moves to the southwest. This case indicates that the green development efficiency of the paper industry in provinces and cities in the southwest has been improved. (3) The regional differences in the green development efficiency of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt show the characteristics of narrowing fluctuations. The regional differences are the primary sources of the difference in the green development efficiency of the paper industry. (4) The enterprise scale, science and technology investment, and industrial structure have significant positive effects on the green development efficiency of the paper industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. On the contrary, environmental regulation and foreign investment intensity have significant negative effects. However, the above factors have different effects on the green development efficiency of the paper industry in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

We investigated the use of dissolved air flotation (DAF) to treat clear water effluent from the paper industry in order to remove fibers. The dosage of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) was varied in the following concentrations: 0, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 mg/L; as well as bubble rise velocity of 18 and 9 cm/min for two types of paper wastewater: print and gloss. Data were statistically analyzed through factorial arrangement 6x2x2. The treatment of the print paper effluent showed better performance in removing the analyzed parameters with an optimal dosage of 100 mg/L PAC, whereas the gloss paper effluent treatment had satisfactory removal of analyzed parameters with an optimal dosage of 150 mg/L of PAC. This led to the observation that the high efficiency directly obtained with the DAF in conjunction with the use of PAC coagulant was an excellent primary treatment option for effluent resulting from the paper industry.

This paper aims at analyzing the origins and development of the Argentine paper industry in a context of changes in technology and production processes worldwide. We explore the period of time between 1880 and the 1940’s. We analyze the factors that stimulated industrial implantation and modeled the structure of the sector, focusing on company strategies in changing macro-economic environments. We pay special attention to concentration processes like those that gave birth to La Papelera Argentina S.A. and, in the 1930’s, to Celulosa Argentina, a company that would lead the sector for decades., El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los orígenes y el desenvolvimiento de la industria papelera en la Argentina en el marco de las transformaciones tecnológicas y productivas en este sector a escala internacional. Para ello exploramos el periodo comprendido entre las décadas de 1880 y 1940. El trabajo analiza los factores que estimularon la implantación industrial, modelaron la estructura sectorial, y se focaliza en las estrategias empresariales en el marco de los cambiantes entornos macroeconómicos. En especial, nos concentramos en el análisis de los procesos de concentración con la conformación, en la década de 1920, de La Papelera Argentina S.A. y, en los años treinta, la fundación de Celulosa Argentina, firma que lideraría el sector durante las siguientes décadas.

WOS: 000345631200034, In this paper, the treatability of white liquor by conventional (CFP), modified (MFP) and electro-Fenton oxidation processes (EFP) was investigated depending on the COD parameter. Based on the experimental results, up to 62.4%, 58.4% and 54.9% COD removals by the CFP, MFP and EFP were achieved, respectively. It was observed that adjustment of initial pH to acidic values is not required in the CFP. The optimal operational conditions were found to be [ Fe2+] = 500 mg/L, [ H2O2] = 1000 mg/L at pH 7.3 (original pH) in the CFP, [ Fe 0] = 1250 mg/L, [ H2O2]= 1000 mg/L at pH 3 in the MFP, and I = 1.0 A, [ H2O2] = 1500 mg/L at pH 3 in the EFP, respectively. As a result, the CFP has been determined as a more efficient alternative treatment method. (C) 2013 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University., Selcuk University Scientific Research Project FundsSelcuk University, The authors are grateful for kindly financial support provided by the Selcuk University Scientific Research Project Funds (S.U. BAP).

El procès d'industrialització va suposar grans canvis en el món del treball. Les antigues condicions laborals es van veure alterades, encara que no van desaparèixer totalment. En aquest treball s'analitza un cas de continuïtat tecnològica: la fabricació manual del paper. L'anàlisi es realitza sobre una de les zones més paradigmàtiques d'aquesta pauta, la comarca barcelonesa d'Anoia. La manufactura paperera es va caracteritzar per la general absència de gremis. Aquest buit va ser ocupat per les formes d'organització alternatives, com el compagnonnage francès, agrupacions obreres de la mà d'obra qualificada. En el Regne Unit aquestes forces van derivar a la creació de l' Original Society of Papermakers. No és té plena constància de la presència d'institucions similars a Catalunya, encara que algunes pistes senyalen la seva existència sota alguns mecanismes menys explícits. Alguns dels seus elements definitoris estaven presents en la gènesis del sindicalisme i van protagonitzar els conflictes encapçalats pels paperers, com les vages convocades entre el 1867 i 1883, 1908-1909 i 1917-1919.

industrialization process of the city of Burgos. The establishment of large factories in two sectors, textile and paper industries, entails the development of other complementary activities and the configuration of inter-firm relations of economic and technical character, which modified the traditional manufacturing framework for the first time. At the same time, the shape of a basic business system took place, supported both in the growth of small workshops that progressively enlarged the scale of production, and in new investments, that contribute to the sectorial diversification of the local economy and create the first factories of the city. Nevertheless, in the middle of the 1950s the inherent distortions of the autarkic industrial policy were notably evident, so that the productive system of Burgos already showed clear symptoms of stagnation due to the lack of new entrepreneurial initiatives and the dismantling of the less competitive manufacturing facilities. This paper analyzes the process of this first industrialization, with the purpose of illustrating the structural importance of that period in the conformation of the local economy of cities of medium size like Burgos. El segundo tercio del siglo XX abre una etapa clave en el impulso y avance del proceso de industrialización de la ciudad de Burgos. La implantación de grandes factorías dedicadas a la producción de tejidos y a la fabricación de papel induce la emergencia de otras actividades complementarias y la configuración de relaciones interempresariales de carácter técnico y económico, que modifican por primera vez el entramado manufacturero tradicional. Al mismo tiempo, tiene lugar el desarrollo de un sistema empresarial básico, sustentado tanto en el crecimiento de pequeños talleres, que progresivamente van aumentado la escala de producción, como en la realización de nuevas inversiones, que contribuyen a la diversificación sectorial de la economía local y crean las primeras fábricas de la ciudad. Sin embargo, a mediados de los años cincuenta se ponen en evidencia las distorsiones inherentes a la política industrial autárquica, de manera que el sistema productivo de Burgos muestra ya claros síntomas de estancamiento ante la ausencia de nuevas iniciativas empresariales y el desmantelamiento de las instalaciones fabriles menos competitivas. El artículo analiza el proceso de esta primera industrialización, con el objeto de ilustrar la importancia estructural de aquel periodo en la formación de la economía local de ciudades de tamaño medio como Burgos.

The aim of the study is to model and to simulate the thermal and electrical efficiencies of the cogeneration plant of a paper mill. The final purpose is the benefits optimization by adjusting production to the amount of energy to be sold. It is necessary to know it because the sale price goes down when the actual production of electrical energy does not match the scheduled power.

In this work it was carried out the bioremediation of water containing chlorides with native microalgae (MCA) provided by the Centre for study and research in biotechnology (CIBIOT) at Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Microalgae presented an adaptation to the water and so the conditions evaluated reaching a production of CO2 in mg L-1 of 53.0, 26.6, 56.0, 16.0 and 30.0 and chloride removal efficiencies of 16.37, 26.03, 40.04, 25.96 and 20.25% for microalgae1, microalgae2, microalgae3, microalgae4 and microalgae5 respectively. Water bioremediation process was carried out with content of chlorides in fed batch system with an initial concentration of chlorides of 20585 mg L-1 every 2 days. The Manipulated variables were: the flow of MCA3 (10% inoculum) for test one; NPK flow for test two, and flow of flow of MCA3+0.5 g L-1 NPK. Chloride removal efficiencies were 66.88%, 63.41% and 66.98% for test one, two and three respectively, for a total bioprocess time of 55 days. Resumo Neste trabalho avaliou-se a biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos utilizando microalgas nativas (MCA) fornecidas pelo Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biotecnologia (CIBIOT) da Universidad Pontifícia Bolivariana. As microalgas empregadas apresentaram uma adaptação ao meio de cultura e as condições operacionais avaliadas atingindo uma produção de CO2 em mg L-1 de 53,0, 26,6, 56,0, 16,0 e 30,0 e eficiências de remoção de cloretos de 16,37, 26,03, 40,04, 25,96 e 20,25% para MCA1, MCA2, MCA3, MCA4 e MCA5 respectivamente. A biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos foi realizada em modo batelada alimentada (Feed Batch) com uma concentração inicial de cloretos de 20585 mg L-1. A alimentação foi realizada a cada 2 dias. A variável manipulada foi: ensaio um, uma vazão de MCA3 (10% de inoculo); ensaio dois, uma vazão de NPK e ensaio três, uma vazão de MCA3+0,5 g L-1 NPK. As eficiências de remoção foram 66,88%, 63,41% e 66,98% para os ensaios um, dois e três, respectivamente num tempo do bioprocesso total de 55 dias.

Cet article porte sur la crise qui affecte depuis plus de 20 ans l’industrie des produits forestiers du Québec. L’approche socioéconomique qui est ici suivie croise, à travers une perspective diachronique, l’analyse des marchés, des modes d’organisation du travail et de la production, et des règles de gouvernance qui s’appliquent aux entreprises de cette industrie. Le diagnostic aboutit à la conclusion que la combinaison systémique de facteurs de changements de types économique, organisationnel et institutionnel se conjugue à une crise sociale. Cette dernière, portée par différents acteurs, a conduit à remettre en cause l’action et la place qu’occupent les grandes entreprises papetières et à réformer le régime forestier du Québec avec la Loi sur l’aménagement durable du territoire forestier (2010)., This article focuses on the crisis that has impacted the forestry products industry in Quebec for more than 20 years. Using a socioeconomic approach and a diachronic perspective, the study examines the market analyses, work organization and production methods, and governance regulations that apply to businesses from this sector. It concludes that a systemic combination of economic, organizational and institutional change factors are combined with a social crisis, affects various types of actors. In that context, the activities and place occupied by the large paper companies have been put into question, in turn leading to the reform of the forest management system in Quebec with the passage of the Sustainable Forest Development Act (2010).

The high water recycling ratio used in some industries can cause nutrients to accumulate in the system, leading to thick, rapidly growing biofilms inducing detrimental effects. Nowadays, chemical treatments are widely used but the increasingly restrictive environmental regulations induce the necessity to take the environmental aspect into account in the choice of a suitable treatment. With this in mind, this study analyses a method for controlling thick, dense biofilm development by applying synergistic actions having low environmental impact, i.e., an enzymatic and a mechanical (shear stress) treatment well suited to industrial water networks. For that purpose, biofilms were grown on plastic plates set in a Couette-Taylor reactor (CTR) that was inoculated using a "white water" sampled from a paper industry network. Development of the biofilms was controlled by applying a constant continuous feeding with a high COD/N ratio of 20, a well-defined shear stress and an external aeration, those conditions leading to a well-controlled G-value and a gamma(S/O2) value close to 1, and consequently, to the development of thick mainly aerobic heterotrophic biofilms representative of that encountered in high loaded industrial water networks. Optimal operating conditions for biofilm treatments were determined considering the penetration time for the enzymatic treatment taking into account both internal and external mass transport (using Biot number calculation). In addition, an optimal shear stress increment of 2.5 Pa was selected in order to maximise biofilm detachment while avoiding compression phenomena due to the mechanical treatment. The combined treatment led to an increase of 80% in biofilm mass removal (COD) compared to the enzymatic treatment alone and removed a large part of the basal layer of the biofilm, 80% reduction being observed in the support coverage. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The use of superheated steam as a drying medium for paper drying has been studied on a laboratory scale since the mid-1980s. This paper reviews previous studies in the context of a study aiming at industrial application of superheated steam drying of paper. The drying rates in a superheated steam atmosphere as well as the quality effects of steam drying on paper are both extensively reported in the literature. However, there are a number of questions to be answered before applying steam drying on an industrial scale. Air tightness, quality of steam, and the use of steam are examples of topics to be addressed. To study these questions more closely, a continuous steam dryer was built. Integration of a steam dryer was studied with steady-state process simulation.

Applying the precautionary principle to manufactured nanoparticles requires a full risk assessment throughout the life cycle of nanomaterial-containing products. We propose a pragmatic methodology for the systematic identification of knowledge gaps and of priority starting points for exposure assessment as one step of a risk assessment. Its feasibility and usefulness are demonstrated for the post-use phase of automobiles and paper products. These starting points include, for example, automobile recycling facilities or factories using large amounts of recovered paper. Our methodology is transferable to other life cycle phases and could also be applied to selected nanomaterials or to products still being developed.

Treballs Finals de Grau d'Enginyeria Química, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2015-2016, Tutors: oan Llorens Llacuna i Xavier Fragua Fernandez The energy of biomass can be obtained by various techniques, such as combustion or by upgrading it into a more valuable fuel, gas or oil. Biomass can also be transformed into a source of value-added products for the chemical industry by using different thermochemical technologies; one of them is fast pyrolysis, which has received extensive interest in recent years. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is a thermal decomposition process that occurs in the absence of oxidizing agents. Quick biomass decomposition followed by a rapid vapor condensation converts biomass into a liquid product known as bio-oil. For the usage of bio-oil as fuel, its oxygen content must be reduced. On the other hand, if the intent is to only use it as a chemicals’ source, then the oxygen removal step may not be necessary. Many oxygen-containing chemicals now are produced from fossil fuels via oxidation or hydration of olefins to introduce oxygen-containing functional groups. In contrast, these functional groups are already present in bio-oil. The first step was to study different processes to obtain chemicals from bio-oil and to perform characterization analyses of a bio-oil from paper sludge feedstock in order to define its chemicals. Subsequently, some of the technologies to obtain these chemicals were tested to see if it was possible to obtain similar results when applying them to the bio-oil obtained from our pyrolysis process. At the end of the project an initial approach to the investigation of two methods to recover the phenolic fraction present in pyrolysis oil was done. These methods are: solvent extraction using methanol and water and phase separation injecting sulfur dioxide, and both reported promising results, being able to obtain a final product which can be used as a substitute of traditional phenol.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of synthesis parameters on properties of sepiolite based nanostructered composite and their applications in paper industry. The investigation of the properties of starch dispersions with sepiolite nanoparticles different concentrations showed that increasing the sepiolite content led to a change of the nature of the viscosity. Pure starch dispersion is a non-Newtonian dilatant fluid; and the addition of ultrasonificated sepiolite nanoparticles transformed this dispersion into a pseudoplastic fluid. Scanning electron microscopy showed homogeneous sepiolite nanofibers dispersed on the paper samples. The presence of sepiolite influenced the paper grammage, breaking length, bursting strength and flat crush. Additionally, the preparation method of the sepiolite-starch dispersions influenced on the improvement of the mechanical properties of the paper. The papers coated with ultrasonificated dispersions followed by dilution, similar to the industry procedure, showed the highest values of the relevant mechanical and viscoelastic properties. The presence of sepiolite in PVB coating showed no significant influence on Tg values. The values of the break force and the tensile energy absorption of paper samples were increased by up to 10 %. The nanoindentation tests also showed increases in the hardness and modulus. The paper sample reinforced with nanocomposite PVB/3 wt. % sepiolite exhibited the best improvements of the mechanical properties measured by both methods... Predmet ove doktorske disertacije je proučavanje uticaja parametara sinteze na svojstva nanostrukturnih kompozita na bazi sepiolita u cilju dobijanja materijala poboljšanih svojstava, kao i proučavanje primene ovih materijala u industriji papira. Proučavanjem svojstava disperzija skroba sa nanočestičnim sepiolitom različitih koncentracija utvrđeno je da povećanje sadržaja sepiolita u disperziji skroba dovodi do promene prirode viskoznosti ove disperzije. Disperzija čistog skroba je nenjutnovski dilatantni fluid, a dodatkom ultrazvučno tretiranih nanočestica sepiolita postaje pseudoplastični fluid. Skenirajućom elektronskom mikroskopijom je pokazano homogeno dispergovanje nanovlakana sepiolita na uzorcima papira na kojima je nanešena disperzija na bazi skroba i sepiolita. Prisustvo sepiolita u disperzijama koje se koriste za ojačavanje papira značajno je uticalo na gramaturu, dužinu kidanja, otpornost na pritisak i otpornost na pucanje papira. Utvrđeno je da način pripreme disperzija sepiolita i skroba takođe utiče na mehanička svojstva papira. Uzorci papira na koje su nanešene ultrazvučno tretirane disperzije, a zatim pripremljene slično industrijskom postupku, su pokazale najbolja mehanička i viskoelastična svojstva. Proučavanjem svojstava nanostrukturnih premaza za papir na bazi sepiolita i polivinil butirala pokazano je da prisustvo nanočestica sepiolita ne utiče značajno na vrednost temperature transformacije, Tg. Dodatkom različitih količina sepiolita, vrednosti sile kidanja i apsorbovane zatezne energije su povećane do 10 % u odnosu na uzorke papira sa čistim PVB-em. Mehanička svojstva papira ojačanog kompozitom PVB/sepiolit su IV ispitana mikrokidalicom i nanoindentacijom. Obe metode su pokazale da uzorak papira ojačan sa PVB-em u kome je dispergovano 3 mas. % sepiolita ima najbolja mehanička svojstva, što je posledica sinergetskog dejstva čestica sepiolita i polimernog matriksa, polivinil butirala...

The lack of harmonized European legislation on food packaging led the Confederation of European Paper Industries to the proposal of a voluntary Industry Guideline for the compliance of paper and board materials for food contact applications. In the present work, a previously established method for the simultaneous determination of contaminants commonly found in recycled paperboard was improved and its applicability as a quality control tool in the paper industry was also assessed. The method involves a sample pre-treatment followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis.For analysis, paperboard samples were collected both from three sections of the same reel and from different reels belonging to the same production run. Results highlighted no significant differences in terms of contaminant distribution among samples, which ensured good sampling representativeness. The performance of the method was considerably improved in terms of linearity range, limits of detection and quantification (5- to 2-fold lower) by using a quadrupole GC/MS system instead of an ion trap GC/MS system.The proposed method could offer a key strategy for analysis of benzophenone derivatives, diisopropyl naphthalene and phthalates in recycled paperboard in order to assess compliance of food packaging with the voluntary limits recommended by the Industry Guideline. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

At present, there is no reliable method in use that unequivocally describes paper industry material flows and makes it possible to compare geographical regions with each other. A functioning paper industry Material Flow Account (MFA) that uses uniform terminology and standard definitions for terms and structures is necessary. Many of the presently used general level MFAs, which are called frameworks in this article, stress the importance of input and output flows but do not provide a uniform picture of material recycling. Paper industry is an example of a field in which recycling plays a key role. Additionally, terms related to paper industry recycling, such as collection rate, recycling rate, and utilization rate, are not defined uniformly across regions and time. Thus, reliably comparing material recycling activity between geographical regions or calculating any regional summaries is difficult or even impossible. The objective of this study is to give a partial solution to the problem of not having a reliable method in use that unequivocally describes paper industry material flows. This is done by introducing a new material flow framework for paper industry in which the flow and stage structure supports the use of uniform definitions for terms related to paper recycling. This new framework is termed the Detailed Wheel of Fiber.

A dynamic simulation model of a 3-layer board machine was developed. The simulation model consists of stock preparation and proportioning, short circulations, wire and press sections, and drying section including the steam and condensate systems. Physical, first principles models were used whenever possible. The control system and automatic grade change program were modelled as well. The simulator was extensively validated against measurements. Two simulation cases concerning grade changes are discussed: re-tuning of the automatic grade change program, and studying the potential of a new dryer.

As part of an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) international epidemiological study of workers in the pulp and paper industry, previously unpublished exposure measurements were assembled in a database. This article summarizes the results of 3,873 measurements carried out in the production departments of paper and paperboard mills and recycling plants in 12 countries. In the paper and paperboard mills, most of the agents were measured in the pulping and refining departments and in on-machine coating and winding of paper/paperboard. Exposures to asbestos, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria, nitrogen dioxide, minerals dusts, paper dust, sulphuric acid and different solvents sometimes exceeded exposure limit values. In the re-pulping and de-inking departments of recycling plants high exposures to formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria and paper dust were observed. High exposures to asbestos, bioaerosols, carbon monoxide and paper dust were found in many departments; ammonia, formaldehyde, mineral and paper dust and solvents were found in coating machines; and diphenyl and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were found in some special circumstances. Measurements in the newsprint and uncoated paper machine departments revealed only a few elevated exposures. In nearly all departments, measurements of epichlorohydrin, PCBs, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans tended to be low, often even below their detection limits. In spite of some uncertainties in the measurement data, the study provides new insights into the level and variation of occupational exposures of production workers in the paper and paperboard industry. © Springer-Verlag 2004.

The modern and rapidly developing paper and board industry requires more efficient agents for the surface of paper in order to improve the mechanical properties. The starch coating used for the reinforcement of schrenz (110g/m(2)) contained ultrasonicated nanoparticles of the mineral sepiolite. The viscosity of starch dispersions modified with different concentration of sepiolite was followed at the temperature of the coating on schrenz. The values of the breaking length, bursting strength and CMT-strength of the paper reinforced with modified starch were increased by up to 20%. The viscoelastic properties as storage modulus were increased, too. Scanning electron microscopy of the samples showed deagglomeration and homogeneity of the sepiolite nanoparticles.

Developments in paper machinery have produced or are producing solutions to enhance water removal and improve paper properties. These include impingement drying and impulse technology. However, both methods also use energy in some other form than steam to bring about drying. On paper machines, where a large share of conventional drying is replaced with new technologies, the energy system should be reconstructed to achieve the increased power-to-heat ratio with better efficiency than with the conventional steam power plant. CHP-solutions based on diesel and gas turbine processes were compared against the steam boiler based process to assess their potential for increasing thermal efficiency in combined power and heat production. The calculated results confirm that the efficiency of heat and power production can be significantly increased in the selected cases by utilising either diesel or gas turbine technology.

M.Tech. (Fine Art) As a Fine Art graduate student, I worked at Phumani Paper Project's research unit based at the Technikon Witwatersrand from 2001 to 2004. The experience allowed me to render my services as a trainer for craft product design to help develop and sustain the poverty alleviation programme for Phumani Paper's papermaking projects around the country. Participants of the project benefit from the program in terms of training in the making of craft items, personal capacity building, and income generating opportunities. South Africa's history is fundamental to understanding the present social imbalance which the government, non-governmental organisations and private organisations are trying to address in various ways. My research work at the KwaZulu-Natal Papermaking and Packaging Project (KZN-PCPP) in Eshowe culminated in the writing of this dissertation. My research explored issues related to materials and design for the sustainability of the KZNPCPP. In regard to poverty alleviation I used Participatory Action Research (PAR), which was core to the activities and works presented in this dissertation. New designs for the packaging of craft products introduced during my intervention period helped improve the marketability of the products produced at KZNPCPP, and helped the participants to learn new skills. I focused on the introduction of sugar cane paper pulp in the making of ceramic wares. This added value to the potters' experience and to a certain extent helped reduce losses due to breakage during transportation.

Background It is important for industries to find green chemistries for manufacturing their products that have utility, are cost-effective and that protect the environment. The paper industry is no exception. Renewable resources derived from plant components could be an excellent substitute for the chemicals that are currently used as paper binders. Air laid pressed paper products that are typically used in wet wipes must be bound together so they can resist mechanical tearing during storage and use. The binders must be strong but cost-effective. Although chemical binders are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, the public is demanding products with lower carbon footprints and that are derived from renewable sources. Results In this project, carbohydrates, proteins and phenolic compounds were applied to air laid, pressed paper products in order to identify potential renewable green binders that are as strong as the current commercial binders, while being organic and renewable. Each potential green binder was applied to several filter paper strips and tested for strength in the direction perpendicular to the cellulose fibril orientation. Out of the twenty binders surveyed, soy protein, gelatin, zein protein, pectin and Salix lignin provided comparable strength results to a currently employed chemical binder. Conclusions These organic and renewable binders can be purchased in large quantities at low cost, require minimal reaction time and do not form viscous solutions that would clog sprayers, characteristics that make them attractive to the non-woven paper industry. As with any new process, a large-scale trial must be conducted along with an economic analysis of the procedure. However, because multiple examples of “green” binders were found that showed strong cross-linking activity, a candidate for commercial application will likely be found.

This paper discussed the fuzzy reliability of pulping system in paper industry. Pulping system consists of four subsystems such as Digester, Knotter, Deckers, and Openers. These subsystems are working in series. In subsystems Knotter and Openers, one unit is operative and another unit is kept as cold standby. Fuzzy failure rates and fuzzy repair rates of the subsystems are taken as general. Trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are used to find out the reliability of the pulping system. Using Mehar’s method, the numerical results for reliability are obtained by considering exponential, Rayleigh, and Weibull distributions. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it is suggested that paper industry management should involve Weibull distributed random variables for pulping system to attain higher reliability.

Ingeniería técnica Industrial. Especialidad en Química industrial

To enter new markets and remain competitive in the existing markets, companies need to shift their focus from traditional means and ways to some innovative approaches. Though the paper industry in India has improved remarkably on its technological and environmental issues, yet it shows a low rate of innovation. The present paper attempts to review the industry in the perspective of technological innovations and investigates empirically the role of innovations in performance improvement and pollution control. Multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis are applied for data processing. The findings reveal that the mean scores on the factors, such as sales, quality, and flexibility, are higher for the good innovators than those for the poor innovators. Conversely, the factors which are likely to be reduced as a result of innovations, such as time, cost, emissions, and disposal of waste, have shown higher means for the poor innovators.

Based on a research framework which combines environmental economics and innovation studies, we explore the relevance of the regulatory framework for innovation activities in the German paper industry, with a focus on climate poli-cies. Innovation activities considered include research and development, adop-tion and organizational change. Empirically, we mainly rely on the survey data of paper producers and technology providers. Findings suggest that innovation activities are mainly governed by market factors and (as yet) are hardly affected by the European Emission Trading System and other climate policies. Also, the impact of these policies on innovation activities is lower for technology providers than for paper producers. However, the majority of companies expect the ef-fects of the regulatory climate policy framework on innovation to increase by 2020.

Una tesi de la UdG proposa l’optimització de la gestió energètica de les indústries papereres

The paper deals with power quality (PQ) issues in the specific industrial sector of paper fabrication. In this sector a wide research activity has been performed at customers level in order to identify main susceptibilities of the industrial process and to determine costs associated to PQ events. To this aim data, made available both from production process logs and from electricity distributor protection system interruption recordings, have been used. Finally, some real figures of possible costs due to PQ problems have been identified and discussed in details.

This study explored the efficacy of a pilot wetland in improving the quality of the final effluent from PANPAPER mills that discharge into the Nzoia river that drains into Lake Victoria in Kenya. The system's operation, between 2002 and 2005 was dynamic involving different operation modes, hydraulic loading rates and retentions. The study reports for the first time reduction rates for BOD and phenols in a constructed wetland for pulp and paper mill wastewater and gives recommendations for design, set-up and maintenance of a full-scale facility.

The area of Capellades (Barcelona), together with the Alcoy one, led the Spanish papermaking manufacture growth during the eighteenth century. Later on, during the mechanization process of the nineteenth century, this area did not adopt the continuous fabrication technique and went on making paper by hand. This decision was not guided by atavism. Such a technological option was an answer to its productive specialization (quality paper and cigarette paper) which could still benefit from a substantial demand. This technological model, which was not static, was successful thanks to the district dynamics and the establishment of a dense network for raw materials supply and for paper commercialisation. Without taking into account all these factors, it is very difficult to understand why very small firms have survived until the present and have been even able to hold leading positions in some paper markets. KEY Classification-JEL: L22, L23, N63, N93

En este trabajo se propone un novedoso modelo de programación no lineal que resuelve el problema de minimizar el consumo de agua fresca utilizada en el proceso papelero, obteniendo considerables reducciones del agua consumida y de los residuos vertidos. Se determina el grado de contaminación de los flujos a ser reciclados, así como la máxima composición de contaminante que pueden aceptar los diferentes equipos y en base a esto se identifica la máxima posibilidad de reciclado de flujo de residuales al proceso. Se modela matemáticamente el problema y se obtienen como respuesta el mínimo consumo de agua fresca, el caudal máximo de residual vertido, la masa de fibra en suspensión que puede ser recuperada y la cantidad de contaminante a ser removida en el proceso. Se concluye que el modelo utilizado, es una herramienta sistemática, potente y genérica y puede ser utilizada en cualquier proceso de reducción de residuos. This work proposes a novel non-linear programming model that solves the problem of minimizing fresh water consumption in the paper manufacturing process, as well as reducing waste release. The degree of pollution of the flows to be recycled and the maximum contaminant composition treatable by different equipment units are determined; on the basis of this data, the maximum amount of recycleable residual flow is determined. The problem is modeled mathematically, determining the minimum consumption of fresh water, the maximum flow of waste water, the mass of fiber in suspension which can be recuperated, and the amount of pollutant to be removed in the process. It is concluded that the model used is a powerful generic systematic tool which can be used in any process for the reduction of residues. Fil: González Cortes, Meilyn. Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas; Cuba Fil: González Suárez, Erenio. Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas; Cuba Fil: Aguirre, Pio Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo y Diseño. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo y Diseño; Argentina Fil: Corsano, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo y Diseño. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo y Diseño; Argentina

Rapid fluorescence techniques were evaluated for the detection of bacterial contaminants in papermaking chemicals including starch and the resin-based sizes and starch slurries used in the paper industry. Viable and non-viable bacterial cells were visualised by fluorescent probes and detected by epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The best discrimination ability was obtained with the fluorescent probes LIVE/DEAD and SYBR Green, based on the staining of cellular nucleic acid, and ChemChrome V3, which demonstrated cellular enzymatic activity. The process samples had to be diluted and filtered before fluorescence staining and analysis because they were viscous and contained solid particles. Fluorescence microscopic counts of bacteria in highly contaminated process samples were similar to plate counts, but flow cytometric enumeration of bacterial cells in process samples yielded 2- to 10-fold lower counts compared with plate counts, depending on the consistency of the sample. The detection limits in flow cytometric analysis and in epifluorescence microscopy were 103–106 cells ml−1 and 105–106 cells ml−1, respectively. Intrinsic bacterial contamination was detectable with fluorescence techniques and highly contaminated process samples could be analysed with fluorescence methods.

Project Report 2001-21

This paper examines the relationship between the environmental and economic performance of firms in the European paper manufacturing industry. Based on panel data, it first investigates the relationship separately, with the analysis based on four hypotheses formulated with regard to country influence, process influence and firm size influence on environmental and economic performance. Hypotheses are tested using pooled regression and a panel regression framework with random firm and temporal effects. The main results of this analysis based on separated regressions are that (i) only for a direct comparison between the UK and Germany, country effects are found to be consistent with the hypotheses, i.e. German firms have better environmental, but worse economic performance than UK firms, (ii) there is a significant sub-sector effect on environmental performance only, (iii) effectively no significant firm size effect can be detected. Subsequent to analysing the relationship separately, the paper estimates the determinants of the relationship between environmental and economic performance using three simultaneous equations systems. It was found that for the system with return on sales as economic performance variable, and an environmental performance index as environmental performance variable, a significant and positive regression coefficient was estimated for the asset-turnover ratio, as well as significant and negative coefficients for the dummy variables representing the industrial and mixed sub-sector. For the system with return on capital employed and the environmental index, significant and positive coefficients were found for the latter, both linear and squared. This last finding fits better with "traditionalist" reasoning about the relationship between environmental and economic performance, which predicts the relationship to be uniformly negative.

This dissertation examines the performance of China's pulp and paper industry under environmental regulations, and reflects on the implementation of the regulations, and especially on market-based instruments. The dissertation includes two empirical chapters: one uses a frontier production function model to examine the impact of China's environmental policy on paper mills' environmental as well as efficiency performance; the other derives shadow prices for pollutants for the same group of mills, based on a distance function model, to examine the efficiency performance of current pollution control policy and the degree of regional variation in the policy enforcement. The basic conclusion from the first empirical chapter is that the economic instrument-pollution levy system-can be an effective tool in inducing polluting mills to abate their pollution, and there is no strong evidence that the instrument adversely affected the mills' efficiency performance. The reason that the pollution problem is not lessening over time can be largely attributed to allocative inefficiency and regional disparity in policy enforcement, as is demonstrated by the second empirical chapter. These results should point future policy in the direction of better enforcement and/or the trial of a tradable permit system. Ph. D.

Project Report 1999-26