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Hyalella minuana Talhaferro & Bueno, n. sp. (Figs 3���8) Type locality: S��o Jos�� do Norte municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, sampling site P1 (31�� 62��� 68.96��� S, 51�� 42��� 59.12��� W). Type specimens. Holotype: male, body length = 7.0 mm; head length = 1.0 mm (MZUSP 41786), S��o Jos�� do Norte municipality (31�� 62��� 68.96��� S, 51�� 42��� 59.12��� W), September 2015, Pires, M. M. & cols. Allotype: female, body length = 5.2 mm, head length = 0.6 mm (MZUSP 41787), same locality as holotype. Paratypes: MZUSP 41788, 10 whole specimens (5 males and 5 females); CCUFLA 440, 10 whole specimens (5 males and 5 females), 3 males and 1 female on slides; CRU0012, 249 whole specimens (31 males, 110 females and 108 juveniles), and 2 males on slides (same collection data of the holotype); Additional specimens. CRU0013, 27 whole individuals (1 male, 9 females and 17 juveniles) and 5 males on slides, S��o Jos�� do Norte municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, sampling site P2 (31�� 51��� 10.17��� S, 51�� 26��� 73.47��� W), September 2015, Pires, M. M. & cols. Diagnosis. Body surface smooth. Eyes ovoid and pigmented. Antenna 1 shorter than antenna 2. Maxilla 1 with palp uniarticulate, not reaching half of the distance between the base of palp and base of the setae of the outer plate. Inner plate of maxilla 2 with two papposerrate setae. Propodus of gnathopod 1 hammer-shaped, longer than wide with nine serrate setae on inner margin. Peduncle of uropod 1 slightly longer than the ramus with seven cuspidate setae on margin, presence of curved seta (male) on inner ramus, followed by three cuspidate setae with decreasing size lined up a row. Peduncle of the uropod 2 slightly longer than the ramus, outer ramus with five cuspidate setae and inner ramus with six cuspidate setae, in both ramus there are is two robust cuspidate setae on apex (one long and one smaller). Peduncle of the uropod 3 and ramus with similar size, peduncle with three cuspidate setae and ramus with six simple setae and one robust cuspidate seta. Sternal gills on pereonites 2 to 7. Description of male. Mean body length: 7.78 �� 0.37 mm (n=5), mean head length = 0.96 �� 0.04 mm (n=5). Body surface smooth. Eyes ovoid and pigmented. Epimeral plate not acuminated (Fig. 3A). Antenna 1 (Fig. 3B): 3.4 mm; peduncle with three articles; first article longer than wide and longer than the third, first article with cuspidate setae on the distal margin; second article with simple setae distributed along the margin; flagellum with 13 articles, all with a group of 2-5 simple setae apically. Aesthetascs observed only in articles 2 and 11. Antenna 2 (Fig. 3C): 5.0 mm, surpassing half of the body length; peduncle longer than head length; flagellum consisting of 15 articles of similar size, with a group of 2-5 simple setae apically. Basic amphipodan mandible type (in sensu of Watling 1993) with palp absent. Right mandible (Fig 3D) incisor process with five teeth and two pappose setae with a group of setules. Left mandible (Fig. 3E) incisor process and lacinia mobilis with five teeth; three pappose setae under the lacinia mobilis. In both mandibles, the molar process is cylindrical, large and triturative, with a group of setules on superior margin and presence of long pappose setae on inner margin. Upper lip (Fig. 3F) with rounded borders and the presence of simple setae and setules, ventral margin with many setules. Lower lip (Fig. 3G) bilobed, with distal margins ovoid, presence of simple setae and setules on inner and distal margins, outer margin smooth. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 3H) palp short and unarticulated, thin apically with one simple seta and setules in the borders, length not reaching half of the distance between the base of the palp and base of the setae on outer plate; inner plate slender, almost reaching the half the length of the outer plate with two apex papposerrate setae, inner and outer margin covered by setules; outer plate with nine serrate setae distributed apically. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 3I) inner and outer plate similar in length and wide; inner plate with simple and serrate setae on apex, inner margin with two papposerrate setae (inner seta short and slender, outer seta long and robust); outer plate with long simple and serrate setae on the apex. Maxilliped (Fig. 3J) plates with apex rounded; inner plate with three cuspidate setae in cone-shaped apical and small pappose setae; inner margin with seven pappose setae, outer margin smooth; outer plate slightly longer than inner plate, with inner margin and apex covered by long simple setae and outer margin smooth; palp with four articles, article 1 with simple setae (1-4) on distal inner margin; article 2 longer and wider than article 3, with inner margin covered by long simple setae; distal inner margin of the article 3 covered by long simple setae, distal outer margin with a group of 4-6 serrate setae and simple setae; dactyl smooth, apex with one long and robust serrate setae and four simple setae subapical with half the length. Gnathopod 1 (Figs 4A, B) subchelate; base long with one simple seta on posterior margin; ischium and merus with a group of simple setae on disto-posterior margin; carpus longer than wide and longer than propodus, posterior lobe is long and convex, forming a shell-shaped structure with a margin covered by serrate setae, inner surface with six simple setae, and disto-anterior margin with a cluster of 5-7 serrate setae; propodus longer than wide, width about 1/5 shorter than length, hammer-shaped, inner face with nine serrate setae arranged in two rows and few smaller simple setae, anterior margin with one simple seta, disto-anterior border covered by comb-scales and a cluster of simple setae, disto-posterior border covered by comb-scales and margin with two simple setae; outer face of propodus not observed; palm transverse and covered by simple and smaller cuspidate setae with accessory seta, with three long and slender simple setae, disto-posterior border of the palm with one cuspidate setae with accessory seta, palm length 1/2 shorter than posterior margin of propodus; dactyl claw-like and covered by comb-scales, length not exceeding the margin of the palm, with one small plumose setae in outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Figs 4C, D) subchelate; base long with five long simple setae on margin; ischium and merus with long simple setae on disto-posterior margin; carpus with distal margin slightly quadrate, posterior lobe of the carpus longer than wide, length between merus and propodus, with a row of serrate setae in the posterior margin; propodus ovate, length about of 1.6 times longer than wide, anterior margin smooth, length about 2.6 times of maximum length of posterior margin, with a cluster of simple setae on border, disto-posterior border with comb-scales and five smaller simple setae, with detail of apex dactyl, presenting two robust cuspidate setae with accessory setae; palm slightly longer than posterior margin of propodus, with inclination transverse and convex, covered by simple and cuspidate setae of medium size; dactyl claw-like and smooth, not exceeding the palm margin in length, with one small plumose setae in outer margin. Pereopod 3 and 4 (Figs 5A, B): coxal plate of the pereopod 4 excavated posteriorly, in both pereopods the base is long with 3-6 setae on posterior margin; anterior margin of merus with two cuspidate setae, posterior margin of merus with 4-7 groups of cuspidate setae distributed on margin; posterior margin of carpus with five groups of cuspidate setae with accessory seta; posterior margin of propodus with seven groups of the cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactyl with one small simple setae, the length of dactyl not reaching half of length of propodus. Pereopod 5 to 7 (Figs 5C���E): pereopod 5 small than pereopod 6 and 7, coxal plates bilobed, in coxal plate of pereopod 7 the posterior lobe is 1/3 small of the anterior lobe; base is long, with the anterior lobe rounded and margin serrated with setules, posterior margin with 3-4 cuspidate setae with accessory seta; merus, carpus and propodus are similar in length, anterior margin of the merus with 2-4 cuspidate setae, posterior margin of the merus and carpus with three pairs of cuspidate setae with accessory seta; posterior margin of the propodus with four pair of cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactyl not reaching half of length of propodus. Pleopods (Fig. 6A) similar, peduncle long and smooth; ramus longer than peduncle, with plumose setae densely distributed for the length of the ramus. Uropod 1 (Fig. 6B) peduncle longer than wide, slightly longer than the ramus, with seven cuspidate setae with accessory seta on superior margin; ramus similar in length and wide, outer ramus with five cuspidate setae with accessory setae distributed along the superior margin of the ramus, apex with two cuspidate setae; inner ramus with four cuspidate setae with accessory setae on the outer side of the ramus, inner side with curved seta reaching the apex of the ramus, followed by three smaller setae arranged in a row, apex with two cuspidate setae. Uropod 2 (Fig. 6C) peduncle slightly longer than the ramus, with four cuspidate setae with accessory seta; ramus similar in length and wide, outer ramus with five cuspidate setae with accessory seta; inner ramus with six cuspidate setae with accessory seta; in both, the apex has two cuspidate setae. Uropod 3 (Fig. 6D) shorter than the peduncle of uropod 1; peduncle longer than wide, similar to the length of the ramus with up to three basal small simple setae, apex with four cuspidate setae with accessory seta and one simple setae; ramus slender with six simple setae apically and one cuspidate seta small and robust. Telson (Fig. 6E) longer than wide; apex with rounded borders with two cuspidate setae with accessory seta and three simple setae. Coxal gills sac-like present on pereonites 2 to 6. Sternal gills tubular present on pereonites 2 to 7. Description of female. CCUFLA 440, body length: 8.3 mm; head length 1.0 mm. Antenna 1 (Fig. 7A): 3.1 mm; peduncle formed by three articles; first article longer than wide and larger than the others article; flagellum composed of 10 articles, with groups of simple setae. Antenna 2 (Fig. 7B): 4.2 mm; reaching half the length of the body; peduncle formed by three articles, greater than the length of the head; flagellum with 13 articles, with groups of simple setae. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 7C, D) subchelate; long base, with one simple seta at the posterior margin, disto-posterior margin with seven long and slender simple setae; ischium with comb-scales on the posterior margin and seven simple long and slender setae on the distal margin; merus with the disto-posterior margin ovoid, with comb-scales and eight long and slender simple setae; carpus longer than wider, posterior margin convex, forming a shell-like structure, covered by serrate setae arranged in a row on the margin, inner surface of the carpus with seven long and slender simple setae, anterior margin smooth, distal margin with serrate setae; propodus longer than wide and widened distally; length about 1.4 times of maximum width, hammer-shaped, anterior margin with three simple setae, disto-anterior and disto-posterior margin covered by comb-scales, disto-anterior margin with a cluster of simple setae, disto-posterior margin with five small simple setae, inner surface with nine serrate setae arranged in two rows; outer face of propodus not observed; straight palm, length about 1/2 smaller than length of posterior margin of propodus, covered by smaller cuspidate setae with accessory seta and simple setae of the medium-sized, and two simple setae long and slender, disto-posterior margin of the palm with one robust cuspidate seta with accessory seta; dactyl claw-like, not exceeding the length of the palm, covered by comb-scales with a small plumose seta on the posterior margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 7E, F) subchelate; long base with three setae on the margin, disto-posterior margin with seven long simple setae; ischium with comb-scales on the posterior and distal margins with eight simple long and slender setae; merus with comb-scales on the posterior margin, distal margin ovoid with a group of long simple setae distributed; carpus longer than wide, posterior margin convex, forming a shell-like structure, with serrate setae arranged in a row on the distal margin, inner surface with four long simple setae, anterior margin with a simple seta, disto-anterior margin with nine long simple setae; propodus rectangular, longer than wide, with length about 1.8 times than of maximum width,, anterior margin with long simple setae, disto-anterior and disto-posterior margin covered by comb-scales, disto-anterior margin with a group of long simple setae, posterior margin with four small simple setae, inner surface with four serrate setae; palm straight and length about 1/2 smaller than length of posterior margin of propodus, with small cuspidate and simple setae, three long and the others of medium-size, disto-posterior margin with one robust cuspidate seta with accessory seta; dactyl claw-like, not exceeding the length of the palm, covered by comb-scales and with small plumose seta on the posterior margin. Presence of foliaceous oostegites on pereonite, with curl-tipped setae on the margin. Intraspecific variation. The number of setae in the inner ramus of uropod 2 varied in some males, where it presented five cuspidate setae with accessory seta instead of six (Fig. 8A). There was also variation in the format and number of setae in the telson, where a quadrangular shape of the telson was observed, with the presence of 5-6 cuspidate setae with accessory seta, without the presence of simple setae (Fig. 8B). Measurements: For males, the mean body length was of 5.64 �� 1.4 mm, while the mean head length was of 0.7 �� 0.16 mm (n=52). The smallest male specimen had 3.1 mm of body length, and 0.5 mm of head length, while the largest male reached 8.2 mm of body length, with head length reaching 1.0 mm. For females, the mean body length was of 5.4 �� 1.5 mm, and the mean head length was of 0.68 �� 0.18 mm (n=130). The body size of the smallest female reached 2.4 mm and the head length, 0.4 mm, while the body size of the largest female measured 11.0 mm and its head length, 1.0 mm. Etymology. The specific name is a homage to the first inhabitants of the municipality, the Minuanos Indians, who, together with the Carij�� and Charrua Indians, previously inhabited the municipality of S��o Jos�� do Norte, the type of locality of species. Habitat. Freshwater, epigean. Hyalella minuana n. sp. was found in intermittent ponds, one without and the other with physical connection with other water bodies, with a size smaller than the one-hectare showing emergent and floating vegetation. Distribution. Specimens of Hyalella minuana n. sp. were found in two wetlands along the Rio Grande Sul state coast, distant from each other ca of 21.6 km. Site P1 (Fig. 1) is a temporary pond with a total area of ca 1,908 m ��, connected to another water body, depth of ~ 50 cm and tree vegetation. Site P2 (Fig. 1) is similar to Site 1, but is environmentally more heterogeneous, with water depth varying more than 20 cm, and without hydrologic connection with other water bodies, showing a total size-are of ca 4,801 m ��. Both sites showed emergent and floating vegetation. Taxonomic remarks. Hyalella minuana n. sp. shares some similarities with most species of the genus, mainly the presence of curved seta in the inner ramus of the uropod 1, characteristic of many species of the genus. Hyalella minuana n. sp. presents body surface smooth, differing from H. kaingang Araujo & Cardoso, 2013, H. pleoacuta Gonz��lez, Bond-Buckup & Araujo, 2006 and H. pseudoazteca Gonz��lez & Watling, 2003 that present dorsal flanges in some segments. Hyalella palmeirensis Streck-Marx & Castiglioni, 2020 resembles Hyalella minuana n. sp. due to the number of setae on the peduncle of uropod 3. However, while H. palmeirensis shows one pappose setae on the inner margin of the maxilla 2, Hyalella minuana n. sp. shows two pappose setae. Also, H. palmeirensis exhibits five serrate setae on the inner surface of the propodus of gnathopod 1, while Hyalella minuana n. sp. have nine serrate setae. Hyalella curvispina Shoemaker, 1942 also resembles Hyalella minuana n. sp. for presenting two pappose setae on the inner margin of the maxilla 2 and three cuspidate setae on the peduncle of uropod 3. However, both species show differences concerning the number of setae on the inner surface of gnathopod 1 and in size and type of the setae on telson. Hyalella curvispina has 5���7 setae on inner margin of gnathopod 1 and its telson is wider than long, with three simple setae. In turn, Hyalella minuana n. sp. present nine serrate setae on inner surface on gnathopod 1 and its telson is longer than wide, showing three cuspidate setae and simple setae. Hyalella castroi Gonz��lez, Bond-Buckup & Araujo, 2006, H. bonariensis Bond-Buckup, Araujo & Santos, 2008, H. georginae Streck & Castiglioni, 2017, H. gauchensis Streck & Castiglioni, 2017 and H. pampeana Cavalieri, 1968, differs from Hyalella minuana n. sp. in the number and disposition of the setae on uropods, form of telson, as well as in number and disposition of the setae on apex. Two new species of Hyalella were recently described for the state of Santa Catarina, H. catarinensis Reis & Bueno, 2020 and H. rioantensis Penoni & Bueno, 2020. Hyalella catarinensis differs from Hyalella minuana n. sp. in the number of setae on the inner surface of gnathopod 1 (H. catarinensis has four pappose setae; Hyalella minuana n. sp. shows nine serrate setae). In addition, H. catarinensis shows five cuspidate setae on the peduncle of uropod 1, while Hyalella minuana n. sp. shows seven cuspidate setae. In the peduncle of uropod 2, H. catarinensis has three cuspidate setae, while Hyalella minuana n. sp. has four cuspidate setae. In turn, H. rioantensis differs from Hyalella minuana n. sp. for not having papposerrate setae on the inner plate of the maxilla 2, and by the absence of serrate setae on the inner surface of the gnathopod 1. In addition, H. minuana n. sp., H. catarinensis and H. rioantensis present the propodus ovate; the maxilliped presents comb-scales only in H. rioantensis, being absent in H. minuana n. sp. and H. catarinensis, while H. minuana n. sp. present serrate setae on the maxilliped, and H. catarinensis and H. rioantensis present pappose setae; in the three species the coxal plate is excavated posteriorly, being slightly longer than wide in H. minuana n. sp., longer than wide in H. catarinensis, and deeper than wide in H. rioantensis., Published as part of Talhaferro, Jordan Tuparai, Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua, Pires, Mateus Marques, Stenert, Cristina, Maltchik, Leonardo & Kotzian, Carla Bender, 2021, Three new species of Hyalella (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from the Southern Brazilian Coastal Plain, pp. 257-292 in Zootaxa 4970 (2) on pages 259-269, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4761718, {"references":["Watling, L. (1993) Functional morphology of the amphipod mandible. Journal of Natural History, 27 (4), 837 - 849. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939300770511","Gonzalez, E. R., Bond-Buckup, G. & Araujo, P. B. (2006) Two new species of Hyalella from Southern Brazil (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 26, 355 - 365. https: // doi. org / 10.1651 / c- 2599.1","Streck-Marx, M. T. & Castiglioni, D. D. S. (2020) A new species of freshwater amphipod (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) from state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 20 (1), e 20190802. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2019 - 0802","Streck, M. T., Cardoso, G. M., Rodrigues, S. G., Graichen, D. A. S. & Castiglioni, D. S. (2017) Two new species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) from state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4337 (2), 263 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4337.2.5","Reis, G. O., Penoni, L. R. & Bueno, A. A. P. (2020) First record of the genus Hyalella (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from Santa Catarina State, Brazil, with description of two new species. Biota Neotropica, 20 (2), e 20190879. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2019 - 0879"]}

Hyalella lagoana Talhaferro & Bueno, n. sp. (Figs 9���14) Type locality. Os��rio municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, sampling site P3 (30�� 02��� 44.8��� S, 50�� 40��� 36.6��� W). Type specimens. Holotype: male, body length = 7.0 mm; head length = 0.8 mm (MZUSP 41789), Os��rio municipality (30�� 02��� 44.8��� S, 50�� 40��� 36.06��� W), October 2015, Pires, M. M. & cols. Allotype: female, body length = 0.7 mm, head length = 5.4 mm (MZUSP 41790), same locality as holotype. Paratypes: MZUSP 41791, 10 whole specimens (5 males and 5 females); CCUFLA 441, 10 whole specimens (5 males and 5 females), 3 males and 1 female on slides; CRU0014, 145 whole specimens (24 males, 72 females and 49 juveniles) and 2 males on slides (same collection data of the holotype). Additional specimens. CRU0015, 4 whole specimens (2 female and 2 juvenile) and 4 males on slides, Garopaba municipality, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, sampling site P8 (28�� 03��� 96.12��� S, 48�� 61��� 31.21��� W), October 2015, Pires, M. M. & cols. Diagnosis. Body surface smooth. Eyes ovoid, large and pigmented. Antenna 1 approximately 1/4 smaller than antenna 2. Palp of the maxilla 1 uniarticulate and oval with apex covered by setules. Plates of maxilla 2 similar in length and width, inner plate with two papposerrate setae in the inner margin. Propodus of gnathopod 1 hammershaped, longer than wide, with four serrate setae on the inner surface. Peduncle of the uropod 1 with seven cuspidate setae on the margin, inner side of the inner ramus with four cuspidate setae, with curved setae reaching the apex of the ramus (male). Uropod 2 longer than the peduncle of uropod 1, peduncle with five cuspidate setae, inner ramus with seven cuspidate setae and outer ramus with six cuspidate setae. Sternal gills on pereonites 2 to 7. Description of male. Mean of body length: 6.74 �� 0.43 mm (n=5), mean of head length: 0.78 �� 0.07 mm (n=5). Body surface smooth. Eyes ovoid and pigmented. Epimeral plate not acuminated (Fig. 9A). Antenna 1 (Fig. 9B): 3.0 mm; peduncle with three articles; first article longer than wide and with robust cuspidate setae on the distal margin; flagellum with 13 articles, each article presents a group of simple setae. Aesthetascs were not observed. Antenna 2 (Fig. 9C): 4.0 mm; peduncle longer than head length; flagellum with 14-15 articles presenting groups of simple setae. Basic amphipodan mandible type (in sensu of Watling 1993) with palp absent. Right mandible (Fig. 9D) incisor process with five teeth, and two pappose setae. Left mandible (Fig. 9E) incisor process with five teeth; lacinia mobilis with four teeth; three pappose setae and setules below the lacinia. In both mandibles, the molar process is cylindrical, large, and triturative, with single long pappose seta on the inner margin, superior margin of the molar process with setules. Upper lip (Fig. 9F) showing outer borders ovoid, with simple setae on the borders, covered by several setules. Lower lip (Fig. 9G) bilobed, with simple setae and several setules on the inner and ventral margins, outer margins smooth. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 9H) palp uniarticulate, margins covered by setules, apex ovoid with a single apical seta, length not reaching half the distance between the palp base and the base of the setae on the apex of the outer plate; outer plate with nine serrate setae at the apex; inner plate slender, reaching half the length of the outer plate, margins covered by setules, and apex with two papposerrate setae of equal size. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 9I) plates similar in length and width; inner plate longer than wide, apex covered with serrate setae and few simple setae, inner margin with two papposerrate setae, inner seta short and slender, outer seta long and robust; outer plate longer than wide, apex covered by long serrate setae and a few smaller simple setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 9J) inner plate 1/3 smaller than the outer plate, inner margin with six pappose setae, apex rounded with three cuspidate setae in cone-shaped, and smaller pappose setae, outer margin smooth; outer plate reaching half the length of the article 2, inner margin covered by simple setae, outer margin smooth; palp with four articles, articles 1 and 2 with several simple setae on inner margin; inner margin of the article 3 covered by long and slender simple setae, outer distal margin with a group of simple and serrate setae; article 2 and 3 with many setules; dactyl longer than wide, with sub-apical simple setae and apex with a single long serrate setae. Gnathopod 1 (Figs 10A, B) subchelate; long base, with one simple seta on the posterior margin, distal margin with a group of simple setae; ischium with comb-scales and simple setae on the posterior margin; merus similar in length to the ischium, longer than wide, distal margin ovoid with six simple setae; carpus longer than wide, distoanterior margin with a group of serrate setae, inner surface with six simple setae, posterior lobe elongated, forming a shell-shaped structure with a margin covered by serrate setae; propodus longer than wide, length about 1.6 times of maximum width, hammer-shaped, inner face with four serrate setae and a few smaller simple setae, disto-anterior margin with comb-scales and one simple seta, disto-posterior margin with comb-scales and cup for dactyl; outer face of propodus not observed; palm transverse and slightly convex, length about 1/3 smaller than posterior margin length of propodus, covered by simple and cuspidate setae with accessory seta and two long and slender simple setae, distal margin of the palm with two robust cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactyl claw-like, covered by comb-scales and congruent of the palm length, outer margin with comb-scales and one small plumose seta. Gnathopod 2 (Figs 10C, D) subchelate; showing a long base, with two simple setae on the posterior margin; disto-posterior margin with groups of long and slender simple setae; ischium as long than wide, with group of simple setae on the disto-posterior margin; merus slightly longer than wide, posterior margin ovoid with long and slender simple setae; carpus as long than wide, disto-anterior margin with serrate setae, posterior lobe convex, shell-like shape, covered with serrate setae; propodus ovate, long than wide, length about 1.2 times of maximum width, distoanterior margin with a group of long simple seta, disto-posterior margin covered by comb-scales, posterior margin with one simple seta of intermediate size, inner face with a few simple and smaller setae; palm slightly convex, longer than posterior margin of the propodus (1.2 times), covered by simple and cuspidate setae with accessory seta; disto-posterior margin with two robust cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactyl claw-like, smooth and congruent of the palm length, with small plumose setae on the outer margin. Pereopods 3 and 4 (Figs 11A, B) similar in size; the coxal plate of the pereopod 4 excavated posteriorly; the base with 4-5 simple setae on the posterior margin in the pereopod 3; in both pereopods, merus longer than carpus with 4-6 groups of simple setae on the posterior margin; carpus with five cuspidate setae on the posterior margin with simple setae; propodus similar to the carpus in length, with seven cuspidate setae on the posterior margin with simple setae; dactyl not reaching half the length of the propodus, with simple seta subapical. Pereopods 5 to 7 (Figs 11C���E): coxal plate bilobed; pereopod 7 with the posterior lobe 1/3 the size of the anterior lobe; pereopod 5 smaller than 6 and 7; pereopods 6 and 7 similar in size; base with anterior margin ovoid, posterior margin with cuspidate setae; merus with cuspidate setae on the anterior and posterior margins; carpus and propodus with pairs of cuspidate setae on the posterior margin; dactyl not reaching half the length of the propodus, with simple seta subapical. Pleopods (Fig. 12A) similar, peduncle longer than wide, approximately 1/2 the length of the ramus; ramus with plumose setae distributed densely over the entire length. Uropod 1 (Fig. 12B) peduncle larger than the ramus and longer than wide, with seven cuspidate setae with accessory setae; ramus similar in length and width; outer ramus with six cuspidate setae with accessory setae, apex with two cuspidate setae; inner ramus with four cuspidate setae with accessory setae on the outer side of the ramus, curved setae on the inner side of the ramus reaching the apex, followed by three cuspidate setae arranged in a row, with decreasing size, apex with two robust cuspidate setae. Uropod 2 (Fig. 12C) larger than the peduncle of uropod 1; peduncle slightly smaller than the ramus, longer than wide, with five cuspidate setae with accessory seta; ramus similar in length and width; outer ramus with six cuspidate setae with accessory seta, apex with two cuspidate setae; inner ramus with seven cuspidate setae with accessory seta, apex with two robust cuspidate setae. Uropod 3 (Fig. 12D) smaller than the peduncle of uropod 1; peduncle with five cuspidate setae with accessory seta and a simple seta; peduncle slightly longer than the ramus, with six long and slender simple setae and small robust cuspidate seta. Telson (Fig. 12E) as longer than wide, apex rounded, with six cuspidate setae with accessory seta and two simple setae at the apex. Coxal gills sac-like present on pereonites 2 to 6. Sternal gills tubular present on pereonites 2 to 7. Description of the female. CCUFLA 441, body length: 6.0 mm, head length 0.8 mm. Antenna 1 (Fig. 13A): 2.0 mm, smaller than antenna 2; peduncle formed by three articles; first article longer than wide with three long and robust simple setae on the margin, distal border with cuspidate seta; first at the second article wider than the third, and similar in length; third article smaller than the two others, in wide and length; flagellum with 9 articles, all with a group of simple setae. Antenna 2 (Fig. 13B): 2.7 mm; peduncle formed by three articles and longer than the length of the head; first article wider than the others, with half the length of the other two articles; second article wider than the third, with similar length; flagellum with 12 articles, all with a group of simple setae. Gnathopod 1 (Figs 13C, D) subchelate; base with long and slender simple setae on the disto-posterior margin; ischium slightly longer than wide, with a group of long and slender simple setae on the disto-posterior margin; merus similar in length and width, disto-posterior margin rounded, with long simple setae; carpus longer than wide, posterior margin smooth, disto-anterior border with a group of long and slender simple setae, posterior margin convex, forming a shell-like structure and covered by serrate setae, inner margin with five simple setae arranged in a row; propodus longer than wide, length about 1.4 times of maximum width, hammer-shaped; anterior margin with two simple setae; disto-anterior and disto-posterior border covered by comb-scales, inner margin with six serrate setae arranged in one row; outer face of propodus not observed; palm slightly convex, length about 1/3 smaller than posterior margin length of propodus, covered by simple setae of intermediary-size and small cuspidate setae, the disto-posterior border with a one small and robust cuspidate seta with accessory seta; dactyl claw-like, not exceeding the length of the palm, covered by comb-scales and with four setules distributed along the inner margin, outer margin with a one simple seta. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 13E, F) subchelate; long base with a long central simple seta in the posterior margin and a group of simple setae on the disto-posterior margin; ischium slightly longer than wide with comb-scales and long simple setae on the disto-posterior margin; merus longer than wide, the disto-posterior margin rounded with combscales and a group of long simple setae; carpus longer than wide, less than 2 times the length of width, anterior margin smooth, the distal border with a group of simple setae, posterior margin convex, forming a shell-like structure covered by serrate setae, inner margin with two long simple setae; propodus rectangular shape, longer than wide, length about 1.8 times of maximum width, anterior margin with a simple seta and comb-scales, posterior margin with four simple setae and comb-scales from the central region to the distal border, inner surface with three serrate setae arranged in one row; palm slightly convex, length about 2.3 times smaller than maximum posterior margin length of propodus, covered by simple setae, the central region with two long and slender simple setae, the distoposterior border with two small and robust cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactyl not exceeding the length of the palm, claw-like, covered by comb-scales and with four setules distributed along the inner margin, outer margin with a simple setae. Presence of foliaceous oostegites on pereonite, with curl-tipped setae on the margin. Intraspecific variation. There was variation in some individuals in the number of bristles in the peduncle and branches of the uropod 3. The peduncle showed three instead of five cuspidate setae with accessory seta, the ramus showed the number of similar subapical setae, however, the number of distal setae differed in both rami, showing only two setae in both (Fig. 14A). The telson differed in some individuals that presented a different apex shape, with the rounder and less wide margins, in addition to having some tiny and robust cuspidate setae and the absence of simple setae (Fig 14B). Measurements. For males, the mean body length was of 6.15 �� 0.9 mm, while the mean head length was of 0.71 �� 0.13 mm (n=43). The smallest male specimen had 3.1 mm of body length, and 0.5 mm of head length, while the largest male reached 90 mm of body length, with head length reaching 0.9 mm. For females, the mean body length was of 5.1 �� 1.0 mm, and the mean head length was of 0.63 �� 0.14 mm (n=85). The body size of the smallest female reached 3.1 mm and the head length, 0.4 mm, while the body size of the largest female measured 8.2 mm and its head length, 1.0 mm. Etymology. The specific name, lagoana, refers to large numbers of ponds found in Os��rio municipality (23 ponds to all), also known as ���Cidade das lagoas���, type locality of species. Habitat. Freshwater, epigean. Hyalella lagoana n. sp. was found in intermittent ponds, the hydrological connection with other water bodies is present in a single pond, in both ponds, the size-area is smaller than the one-hectare, and feature emergent and floating vegetation. Distribution. Hyalella lagoana n. sp. were registered in two sampling sites. Site P3 is an intermittent pond located in the Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 1), showing a total size-area of 1,387 m ��, depth uniform, and inferior to 50 cm. This site is isolated from other water bodies and shows no arboreous vegetation near their banks. Sampling site P8 is located in Santa Catarina (Fig. 1), shows a total area of ca. 3,500 m ��, and is environmentally similar to site 3. However, its depth is not uniform along its area varying more than 20 cm, but not surpassing 50 cm. Its hydroperiod is permanent, and it is connected to other water bodies. Both, sites P3 and P8 contain emergent and floating vegetation in the margins. Taxonomic remarks. Hyalella lagoana n. sp. shares important characteristics with other species, such as presence of curved seta on the inner ramus of uropod 1, that also occurs in H. georginae, H. gauchensis, H. montenegrinae Bond-Buckup & Araujo, 1998, H. curvispina, H. castroi, H. kaingang, H. pleoacuta, H. carstica Bastos-Pereira & Bueno, 2012, H. xakriaba Bueno & Araujo, 2013, H. palmeirensis and H. bonariensis. However, Hyalella lagoana n. sp. differs from H. kaingang, H. pleoacuta and H. pseudoazteca, due to the absence of flanges in pereon and in pleonites. Hyalella lagoana n. sp. is similar to H. montenegrinae and H. pampeana due to the number of setae on the peduncle of uropod 3 and to the presence of two papposerrate setae in the inner margin of the inner plate of the maxilla 2. Hyalella lagoana n. sp. differs from H. montenegrinae and H. pampeana in characteristics related to the number of flagellum on the antennae 1 and 2, number of serrate on the inner surface of gnathopod 1 and in the form and number of setae on telson. Hyalella lagoana n. sp. also differs from H. georginae, H. gauchensis, H. curvispina, H. castroi, H. carstica, H. xakriaba, H. palmeirensis and H. bonariensis by the number of flagellum on the antennae 1 and 2, of serrate setae on the inner surface of the propodus of gnathopod 1, as well as by the number and disposition of setae on uropods, form of telson, and by the type and disposition of setae on the apex of the telson. Hyalella lagoana n. sp. also shares similarities with two species recently described for the Santa Catarina state (Reis et al. 2020). However, it differs from H. catarinensis by the number of papposerrate setae on the inner plate of the maxilla 2 (H. catarinensis with one papposerrate seta on inner plate), and by the form and number of setae cuspidate on the telson (H. catarinensis with telson longer than wide, and with three cuspidate setae apical). Hyalella rioantensis differs from Hyalella lagoana n. sp. for presenting four cuspidate setae on the apex of telson, four to six cuspidate setae on the peduncle of uropod 1, and three or four cuspidate setae on the peduncle of uropod 2. In addition, Hyalella lagoana n. sp. differs from Hyalella minuana n. sp. in number of the teeth on lacinia mobilis of the left mandible (Hyalella lagoana n. sp. with four teeth, Hyalella minuana n. sp. with five teeth); the number of pappose setae on the inner plate of the maxilliped (Hyalella lagoana n. sp. with six pappose setae; Hyalella minuana n. sp. with seven pappose setae); and the number of serrate setae on the inner surface of gnathopod 1 (Hyalella lagoana n. sp. with four serrate setae; Hyalella minuana n. sp. with nine serrate setae)., Published as part of Talhaferro, Jordan Tuparai, Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua, Pires, Mateus Marques, Stenert, Cristina, Maltchik, Leonardo & Kotzian, Carla Bender, 2021, Three new species of Hyalella (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from the Southern Brazilian Coastal Plain, pp. 257-292 in Zootaxa 4970 (2) on pages 270-279, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4761718, {"references":["Watling, L. (1993) Functional morphology of the amphipod mandible. Journal of Natural History, 27 (4), 837 - 849. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939300770511","Bastos-Pereira, R. & Bueno, A. A. P. (2012) New species and new report of Hyalella S. I. Smith, 1874 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Dogielinotidae) from Minas Gerais state, Southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 3350, 58 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3350.1.4","Reis, G. O., Penoni, L. R. & Bueno, A. A. P. (2020) First record of the genus Hyalella (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from Santa Catarina State, Brazil, with description of two new species. Biota Neotropica, 20 (2), e 20190879. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2019 - 0879"]}

Hyalella sambaqui Talhaferro & Bueno, n. sp. (Figs 15���20) Type locality. Passo de Torres municipality, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, sampling site P4 (29�� 32��� 08��� S, 49�� 72��� 39��� W). Type specimens. Holotype: male, body length = 8.1 mm, head length = 0.9 mm (MZUSP 41792), Passo de Torres municipality (29�� 26��� 75.29��� S, 49�� 74��� 23.31��� W), October 2015; Pires, M. M & cols. Allotype: female, body length = 5.0 mm, head length = 0.6 mm (MZUSP 41793), same locality as holotype. Paratypes: MZUSP 41794, 10 whole specimens (5 males and 5 females); CCUFLA 442, 10 whole specimens (5 male and 5 female) and 4 males and 1 female on slides; CRU0016, 514 whole specimens (131 males, 205 females and 178 juveniles) and 2 males on slides (same collection data of the holotype). Additional specimens. CRU0017, 34 whole specimens (6 males and 28 females), and 5 males on slides; Balne��rio da Gaivota municipality, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, sampling site P5 (29�� 13��� 02.58��� S, 49�� 62��� 02.09��� W), October 2015; Pires, M. M & cols. CRU0018, 429 whole specimens (64 males, 95 females and 270 juveniles), and 5 males on slides; Balne��rio Arroio do Silva municipality, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, sampling site P6 (28�� 98��� 22.17��� S, 49�� 42��� 57.15��� W), October 2015; Pires, M. M. & cols. CRU0019, 7 whole specimens (6 females and 1 juvenile), and 1 male on slide; Jaguaruna municipality, Santa Catarina state, Brazil, sampling site P7 (28�� 62��� 78.68��� S, 48�� 90��� 82.36��� W), October 2015; Pires, M. M. & cols. Diagnosis. Body surface smooth. Eyes ovoid and pigmented. Antenna 1 shorter than antenna 2. Inner plate of maxilla 1 slender with 1/3 the width of the outer plate, with two unequal papposerrate apical setae. The inner plate of maxilla 2 with one long and one shorter papposerrate setae of inner margin. Propodus of gnathopod 1 hammershaped, inner face with six serrate setae. Uropod 1 with curved setae on inner side of inner ramus. Sternal gills on pereonites 2 to 7. Description of male: Mean of body length: 5.31 �� 0.61 mm (n=6), mean of head length: 0.68 �� 0.06 mm (n=6). Body surface smooth. Eyes ovoid and pigmented. Epimeral plate slightly acuminate (Fig 15A). Antenna 1 (Fig. 15B) shorter than antenna 2 (1/4 times); shorter than half body length; peduncle slightly longer than head length, all segments of peduncle with group of simple and cuspidate setae; first article longer than second; third article slightly shorter than second; flagellum with 9 articles, longer than peduncle, with group of simple setae occurring on all articles. Aesthetascs were not observed. Antenna 2 (Fig. 15C) reaching half the length of the body; peduncle slightly longer than head length; flagellum with 13 articles, longer than peduncle, with a group of simple setae occurring on all articles. Basic amphipodan mandible type (in sensu of Watling 1993), with palp absent. Right mandible (Fig. 15D) incisor process with four denticles, and two pappose setae. Left mandible (Fig. 15E) incisor process with six denticles; lacinia mobilis with seven denticles (four long, three short), and three pappose setae under lacinia mobilis. In both mandibles, the molar process is large, cylindrical and triturative, with one long pappose seta on inner margin. Upper lip (Fig. 15F) margins rounded, distal borders covered by setules, and few smaller simple setae. Lower lip (Fig. 15G) outer lobes rounded, with many setules on ventral face and inner borders. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 15H) palp uniarticulate, not reaching half of the distance between the base of palp and base of setae on outer plate; inner plate slender, 1/3 shorter than the outer plate, with two apical pappose setae, with many setules along on the margins; outer plate with nine distal serrate setae. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 15I) inner plate subequal in length to outer plate; inner plate with one robust and one shorter papposerrate setae proximally on inner margin, apex with many serrate and simple setae; outer plate with many serrate and simple setae on the apex. Maxilliped (Fig. 15J) inner plate longer than wide, slightly shorter than outer plate, apically rounded with three cuspidate setae in cone-shaped, inner borders with five long pappose setae and apex of inner plate with many small pappose setae, surface dorsal with several setules; outer plate longer than wide, apically rounded, apex and inner border with several simple setae; palp with four articles, article 1 with 1 or 2 simple setae, inner margin with 1 to 3 simple setae; outer margin of article 2 with two simple setae and inner borders with a several long and slender simple setae; inner margin of article 3 with several long simple setae and apex with some papposerrate setae; dactyl smooth, apex with one long simple setae, and another three short simple setae subapical. Gnathopod 1 (Figs 16A, B) subchelate; basis longer than wide, with two small setae on dorsal margin and a group of simple setae on disto-posterior border; ischium longer than wider with a group of simple setae on distoposterior border; merus with disto-posterior border rounded with simple setae; carpus longer than wide, posterior lobe convex, forming a shell-shaped structure with many serrate setae distributed along the margin, inner surface with three simple setae, border disto-anterior with four long serrate setae; propodus longer than wide, length about 1.2 times of maximum width, hammer-shaped, inner face with five serrate setae arranged in one row, anterior and posterior margin with one simple setae, comb-scales on disto-anterior and disto-posterior border, disto-anterior border with a group of long simple setae; outer face of propodus not observed; palm flat with length shorter than posterior margin of propodus (1.9 times) and several simple setae (some long, some short), distal margin with one cuspidate seta with accessory seta; dactyl claw-like, reaching palm angle, covered by comb-scales and with one simple setae in the outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Figs 16C, D) subchelate; basis long with three simple setae on dorsal margin, distal margin of basis and ischium with a group of simple setae; merus slightly longer than wider, posterior border rounded, with simple setae; carpus with posterior lobe elongated, forming a shell-shaped structure with many serrate setae distributed along the margin, disto-anterior margin with two simple setae; propodus ovate, length about 1.3 times of maximum width, with comb-scales on disto-posterior margin, margin disto-anterior with a cluster of short simple setae, anterior margin with one simple seta, and posterior margin with two or three simple setae; palm transverse, longer than posterior margin of propodus (1.2 times), slightly convex with several strong cuspidate medium-length and short setae, and some simple setae, distal margin of the palm with one cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactyl claw-like and smooth, outer margin with one short simple seta and inner surface with six tiny setae, length congruent with palm. Pereopods 3 and 4 (Figs 17A, B) similar in size and shape; posterior margin of carpus and propodus with cuspidate setae with accessory seta and simple seta; posterior margin of merus and basis with simple setae; dactyl less than half the length of propodus, surface smooth with simple seta. Coxal plates longer than wide, pereopod 4 excavated posteriorly; both coxal plates with small simple setae on margin, outer surface covered with microtrichs. Pereopods 5 to 7 (Figs 17C���E): coxal plate of pereopod 5 wider than long with two lobes, anterior lobe slightly shorter than posterior; coxal plate of pereopod 6 wider than long with anterior lobe 1/3 of posterior lobe length; coxal plate of pereopod 7 wider than long with lobe unique; all coxal plates with small simple setae on margins and outer surface with covered by microtrichs. Pereopod 5 visibly shorter than pereopods 6 and 7, the latter two similar in length, posterior margin of basis of peraeopods 5 to 7 oval, less expanded in 6, borders finely serrate with simple setae; anterior margins of merus, carpus and propodus with groups of 2-5 cuspidate setae with one accessory seta on anterior margins; dactylus less than half the length of propodus, with simple seta. Pleopods (Fig. 18A) all pleopods similar, peduncle shorter than ramus, biramous, ramus multi-annulated and both ramus with many long plumose setae. Uropod 1 (Fig. 18B) peduncle slightly longer than ramus, peduncle with six cuspidate setae on dorsal surface with accessory setae; ramus subequal in length; inner ramus with two dorsal cuspidate setae with accessory seta, one long curved setae on inner side, four distal cuspidate setae with accessory setae (one long), and two cuspidate setae o the apex; outer ramus with three dorsal cuspidate setae with accessory setae, two subapical cuspidate setae with accessory seta, and two robust cuspidate setae on the apex. Uropod 2 (Fig. 18C) shorter than uropod 1, peduncle slightly longer than wide with four cuspidate setae on dorsal with accessory setae; inner ramus with two dorsal cuspidate setae with accessory seta, three subapical cuspidate setae with accessory seta and two cuspidate setae o the apex; outer ramus with two dorsal cuspidate setae with accessory seta, two subapical cuspidate setae with accessory seta and two cuspidate setae on the apex. Uropod 3 (Fig. 18D) shorter than peduncle of uropod 1, subequal in length in relation to peduncle of uropod 2; peduncle longer than wide and wider than ramus, with three simple setae on basis and three cuspidate setae with accessory seta on the apex; outer ramus inarticulate, slightly longer than peduncle, with three simple setae and one strong and smaller cuspidate setae apically. Telson (Fig. 18E) wider than long, apically rounded, bearing three cuspidate setae with accessory setae unsymmetrically distributed on the distal margin and two small plumose setae on both margin sides. Coxal gills sac-like, present on pereonites 2 to 6. Sternal gills tubular, present on pereonites 2 to 7. Description of the female. CCUFLA 442, body length: 4.30 mm; head length: 4.3 mm. Antenna 1 (Fig. 19A) shorter than antenna 2 (1/4 times), flagellum with eight articles. Antenna 2 (Fig. 19B) reaching half the length of the body, flagellum with nine articles. Gnathopod 1 (Figs 19C, D) subchelate; basis longer than wider; ischium and merus with comb-scales in posterior margin; posterior lobe of carpus convex, forming a shell-shaped structure with many serrate setae distributed along the margin, inner face with three long simple setae, disto-anterior margin with a group of simple setae; propodus slightly longer than wide, length about 1.2 times of maximum width hammer-shaped, comb-scales in distoposterior and disto-anterior margin, inner face with five serrate setae arranged in one row; outer face of propodus not observed palm margin slightly shorter than posterior margin length of propodus (1.3 times) with two long and slender simple setae with several simple and cuspidate setae smaller, distal margin with one robust cuspidate setae with accessory setae; dactyl claw-like with comb-scales, one plumose seta on dorsal margin, length reaching distal border of palm of propodus. Gnathopod 2 (Figs 19E, F) subchelate; basis, ischium, merus and carpus similar to gnathopod 1; propodus longer than wider, rectangular shape, length about 1.7 times of maximum width, differing from male gnathopod 2 in shape and size, inner face with four serrate setae arranged in one row, disto-anterior and disto-posterior border with several comb-scales, disto-posterior border with two simple setae; palm slightly flat, smaller than 1/2 the maximum posterior margin length of propodus with two long and slender simple setae and some smaller cuspidate setae with accessory seta, distal margin with only one small and robust cuspidate seta with accessory setae; dactyl claw-like, reaching the length of palm with comb-scales and one plumose seta on dorsal margin. Intraspecific variation. There was variation in the number of setae in the uropod 3, with a difference even between individuals. In some individuals, the peduncle presents six cuspidate setae, and a long simple seta on the inner margin of the peduncle. However, in the other peduncle the simple seta on the inner margin was absent, and the ramus shows a robust cuspidate seta, but the number of cuspidate setae is upper of three (Fig. 20A). The telson presented a different shape for some individuals, with a rectangular shape and the presence of four cuspidate setae on the apex and three small plumose setae on both margin sides (Fig. 20B). Measurements. For males, the mean body length was 5.57 �� 0.91 mm, while the mean head length was 0.62 �� 0.14 mm (n=229). The smallest male specimen had 3.2 mm of body length, and 0.3 mm of head length, while the largest male reached 8.3 mm of body length, with head length reaching 1.0 mm. For females, the mean body length was 4.7 �� 0.9 mm, and the mean head length was 0.56 �� 0.13 mm (n=346). The body size of the smallest female reached 2.4 mm and the head length, 0.3 mm, while the body size of the largest female measured 8.0 mm and its head length, 0.9 mm. Etymology. The specific name, sambaqui, is a word of Tupi etymology (tamba = shellfish, and ki = pilling-up). The term describes the main characteristics of the coastal region of Santa Catarina during the first arrivals from Europe, regions with enormous amounts of shellmounds. The term also is attributed to the first inhabitants of the region of the municipality of Passo de Torres, called ���men of sambaqui���. Habitat. Freshwater, epigean. Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. was found in intermittent and temporary ponds, with a size-area smaller than one-hectare, depth with 50 cm (�� 20 cm), and feature emergent and floating vegetation in the margins of the ponds. Distribution. Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. was recorded in four wetlands across the extension of the Coastal Plain of Santa Catarina (Fig. 1). The sites P4 and P5 feature permanent hydroperiod, while sites P6 and P7 has a temporary hydroperiod. Of the four collection sites, only site P5 is isolate, without hydrological connection with any other water bodies. In all sampling sites, there is the presence of herbaceous vegetation in margin of the ponds, with total size-area ranging from 2,306 m �� to 5,340 m �� and depth not exceeding 50 cm, ranging around 20 cm in the sites P4 and P6. Taxonomic remarks. In general, the new species shares some morphological characteristics of taxonomic importance with most epigean species of Hyalella from Southern of the Brazil. As well as most species Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. shows one long curved seta on the inner ramus of uropod 1 (except in H. pseudoazteca Gonz��lez & Watling, 2003, in which the curved seta is absent). Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. also shares with most other species of the genus the body surface smooth (except with H. kaingang, that has flanges on pleonites 1 and 2; H. pleoacuta, with flanges on pereion 7 and pleonites 1, 2 and 3; and H. pseudoazteca, with flanges on pereion 7 and pleonites 1 and 2). Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. shares some similarities with Hyalella palmeirensis, such as the number of serrate setae on the inner face of the propodus of gnathopod 1, the number of cuspidate setae on the inner side of the inner ramus of uropod 1, and the number of cuspidate setae on the peduncle of the inner and outer rami of uropod 2. However, both species differ in the number of setae in the peduncle of uropod 1 (H. palmeirensis shows four setae), number of apical and plumose setae on telson (H. palmeirensis has two long simple and three plumose setae), papposerrate setae in the inner plate of the maxilla 2 (H. palmeirensis shows one robust papposerrate setae), ornament on the distal inner margin of gnathopod 2 (absent in H. palmeirensis), setae on telson (H. palmeirensis with two long simple and three plumose accessory setae), and sternal gills in the pereonites (H. palmeirensis has gills in pereonites 3 to 7). Regarding the number of the articles of the flagellum in antennae 1 and 2, H. bonariensis present between 9���12 and 12���15 articles, respectively, being similar to Hyalella sambaqui n. sp., besides that share the presence of sternal gills in the pereonites from 2 to 7; the number of papposerrate setae on the inner plate of the maxilla 1; the number of serrate setae ventrally of the propodus of gnathopod 1. They differ in the setae of the inner plate of the maxilla 2 (H. bonariensis with two rows of simple setae; Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. with several serrulate and simple setae); peduncle of uropod 3 (H. bonariensis with six cuspidate and one simple setae; Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. with three cuspidate setae). As in H. sambaqui n. sp., H. gauchensis and H. georginae present plumose setae on the apex of the telson, however, differs in number of cuspidate setae on the inner and outer rami of uropod 1; the number of serrate setae on the inner face of the propodus of gnathopod 1 (H. sambaqui n. sp. with five serrate setae; H. gauchensis and H. georginae with 9 or 10 and 9 serrate setae, respectively), and in the outer plate of the maxilla 2 (H. gauchensis and H. georginae with several simple setae apically; and H. sambaqui n. sp. with many serrate and simple setae). Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. differs from H. castroi in the number and type of setae on the inner face of the propodus of gnathopod 1 (H. castroi with more than ten papposerrate setae), and the number and type of setae on the inner plate of the maxilla 2 (H. castroi with one strong pappose seta, and H. sambaqui n. sp. with two papposerrate setae on inner margin). Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. differs from H. curvispina in the number of setae on the inner face of the propodus of gnathopod 1 (H. curvispina with five to seven setae arranged to 3 rows), just like in the number of setae on the peduncle of uropod 1 (H. curvispina with seven setae), and the number of setae on the inner and outer rami of uropod 2 (H. curvispina with two or three distal setae and eight setae apically on the inner ramus, and the outer ramus with three distal setae and four setae apically). However, H. curvispina is similar to H. sambaqui n. sp. in the number of setae on the apex of the peduncle of uropod 3 (with three setae), but differs on the number of setae on the apex of the both rami of uropod 3 (H. curvispina with eight slender and one robust setae). Hyalella sambaqui n. sp. also resembles H. brasiliensis Bousfield, 1996 described from Rio dos Patos, Paran�� state. The description of H. brasiliensis is old and shows few morphological information. However, it is possible to observe that both species show some similarities, such as the presence of sternal gills in the, Published as part of Talhaferro, Jordan Tuparai, Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua, Pires, Mateus Marques, Stenert, Cristina, Maltchik, Leonardo & Kotzian, Carla Bender, 2021, Three new species of Hyalella (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from the Southern Brazilian Coastal Plain, pp. 257-292 in Zootaxa 4970 (2) on pages 279-288, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4761718, {"references":["Watling, L. (1993) Functional morphology of the amphipod mandible. Journal of Natural History, 27 (4), 837 - 849. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939300770511","Bousfield, E. L. (1996) A contribution to the reclassification of Neotropical freshwater hyalellid amphipods (Crustacea: Gammaridea, Talitroidea). Bolletino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale de Verona, 20, 175 - 224."]}

The black string solution is a model of black holes in (3+1) dimensions that can be related to the BTZ (2+1) dimensions black hole solution. This object can be seen as a cylindrical black hole. In this work it is considered the black string Hawking temperature obtained by the Hamilton-Jacobi method and a description of a system composed by a black string and a thermal reservoir, considering the thermal equilibrium state., "pages, 5 figuras

Acrotaphus kourou P��dua & S����ksj��rvi sp. n. (Figs 127���135) Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other Acrotaphus by the combination of the following characters: 1) margin of gena behind eyes convex in dorsal view; 2) posterior ocelli separated from eyes by 0.6�� its diameter in dorsal view; 3) mesosoma black, except tegula, scutellum, postscutellum and posterior region of propodeum orange; 4) ovipositor slender, 1.2�� as long as hind tibia. Description. Female. Body [6.0] mm. Head. Lower face [1.1]�� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna), flat, with scattered punctures which bear long conspicuous bristles; head in dorsal view with margin of gena convex behind eyes; margin of gena [0.65]�� length of eye in dorsal view; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by [0.6]�� its diameter in dorsal view. Mesosoma. Pronotum moderately long, smooth and polished, with distance from tegula to head greater than [0.65]�� distance from tegula to hind margin of propodeum; mesoscutum smooth and polished, with notaulus weakly marked; scutellum, in dorsal view, more or less triangular; mesopleuron polished, with fine bristles ventrally; epicnemial carina present ventrally, extending until reaching the level of the lower corner of the pronotum laterally; metapleuron polished, with fine bristles evenly spaced; propodeum smooth dorsally, laterally with scattered fine bristles. Fore wing [5.2] mm; cu-a opposite to the base of Rs&M; 2 rs-m [0.5]�� as long as abscissa of M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu; hind wing with abscissa of Cu 1 between M and cu-a [0.65]�� length of cu-a. Tarsal claw with basal lobe quadrangular, with claw apex slightly overtaking the posterior margin of lobe. Metasoma. Tergite I [1.4]�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite II [1.0]�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite III [1.0]�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergites IV���V [1.0]�� as long as posteriorly broad; ovipositor slender, [1.2]�� as long as hind tibia; lower valve with slightly swelling in the base and mid region. Coloration. Head black, with clypeus brownish, mouthparts yellowish, except apex of mandible black; antenna dark brown. Mesosoma black, except tegula, scutellum, postscutellum and posterior region of propodeum orange. Metasoma orange with tergite V black, except basal region orange and tergites VI+ black. Anterior leg orange, mid leg orange, except coxa black and hind leg entirely black. Wings yellowish; fore wing with apex distal to 2 rs-m black, and with a black median band extending backwards from anterior margin, just proximal to the pterostigma, right through the 1 st subdiscal cell; pterostigma yellowish. Ovipositor brownish, except apex pallid and sheath dark brown. Male. (Figs 130���131). Similar to female in structure and coloration, except body 0.7 mm; lower face 1.0���1.1�� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna); head in dorsal view with margin of gena convex behind eyes; margin of gena 0.6�� length of eye in dorsal view; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by 0.8�� its diameter in dorsal view; fore wing 6.5 mm; tergite I 1.3���1.4�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite II 1.1�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite III 1.0�� as long as posteriorly broad; sternite IX (Fig 133) longer than high, with lateral and anterior margins strongly sclerotised, lateral margin flat and posterior margin slightly concave in central region, with few bristles widely spaced posteriorly. Genital capsule (Figs 134���135): Paramere truncated apically, slightly narrower than the parameral lamina, with bristles except in posterior margin; volsellar lamina with spaced bristles laterally and apically, except on the median and posterior regions and with a set of about four bristles in anterolateral region, just below the base of the digitus; cuspis robust with about five to six teeth more or less aligned in the mid part until apex and with some small bristles in basal region and spaced laterally in apical region; digitus with teeth on apex, rounded distally and angular ventrally, with the margins of the apical region narrower than base; aedeagus with small teeth on apex and its apex slightly curved downward in lateral view. We do not entirely sure of this association with females, so we are not treating them here as paratypes. Type material. Holotype: ♀, FRENCH GUIANA, Kourou, piste Soumourou, ix.2002 (D. Faure rec.), ZMUT. Paratypes: some holotype, but M. [= Montagne] de Kaw, Patawa, viii.2003 (O. Morvan leg.), 1♀, ZMUT. Other material examined. Peru: CU [= Cusco], La Convenci��n, Echarate, CC. [=Comunidad] Tupac Amaru, 11��56���42,14������S / 72��54���57,78������W, 444 m., 12���14.x.2008, Light (M. Alvarado & E. R��zuri leg.), 1♂ [with last tergites extracted], ZMUT; idem, but Timpia, 12��06���47,04������S / 72��49���34,56������W, 519 m., 20���21.x.2009, 1♂, ZMUT. Distribution. French Guiana and Peru (Fig 136). Biological notes. Host unknown. Etymology. The specific name (in apposition) refers to type locality, Kourou, French Guiana. Comments. Acrotaphus kourou sp. n. closely resembles A. micrus sp. n. mainly by the margin of gena being convex behind eyes in dorsal view and mid coxa black. It differs from it by having mesosoma black, except tegula, scutellum, postscutellum and posterior region of propodeum orange and ovipositor 1.2�� as long as hind tibia (mesosoma orange with pronotum black, except its distal half orange and metapleuron black and ovipositor 1.5�� as long as hind tibia, in A. micrus sp. n.)., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E., Monteiro, Ricardo F. & Oliveira, Marcio L., 2020, Review of the New World genus Acrotaphus Townes, 1960 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), with descriptions of fifteen new species, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 4719 (1) on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4719.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3602788

Acrotaphus venezuelanus P��dua sp. n. (Figs 201���209) Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other species of Acrotaphus by the combination of the following characters: 1) margin of gena behind eyes convex in dorsal view; 2) posterior ocelli separated from eyes by 0.4���0.6�� its diameter in dorsal view; 3) mesosoma orange, except pronotum entirely black or only anterior part black; 4) metasoma orange with tergite V except anterior region orange and tergites VI+ black; 5) ovipositor slender, 1.25���1.4�� as long as hind tibia. Description. Female. Body [9.0] 9.0��� 9.5 mm. Head. Lower face [0.9] 0.9���1.0�� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna), flat, with scattered punctures which bear long conspicuous bristles; head in dorsal view with margin of the gena convex behind the eyes; margin of the gena [0.5] 0.5���0.75�� length of of eye in dorsal view; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by [0.4] 0.4���0.6�� its diameter in dorsal view. Mesosoma. Pronotum moderately long, smooth and polished, with distance from tegula to head greater than [0.5]�� distance from tegula to hind margin of propodeum; mesoscutum smooth and polished, with notaulus weakly marked; scutellum in dorsal view triangular; mesopleuron polished, with fine bristles anteriorly and ventrally; epicnemial carina present ventrally, extending until reaching the level of the lower corner of the pronotum laterally; metapleuron polished, with sparse, fine bristles evenly spaced and with a strongly longitudinal groove in lower part, below spiracle; propodeum smooth dorsally, laterally with scattered fine bristles. Fore wing [8.0] 7.5��� 0.8 mm; cu-a opposite to the base of Rs&M; 2 rs-m [0.5]�� as long as abscissa of M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu; hind wing with abscissa of Cu 1 between M and cu-a [0.8] 0.8���0.9�� length of cu-a. Tarsal claw with basal lobe quadrangular, with claw apex slightly overtaking the posterior margin of lobe. Metasoma. Tergite I [1.6] 1.4���1.6�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite II [1.4] 1.1���1.4�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite III [1.3] 1.2���1.3�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergites IV���V [1.3] 1.0���1.3�� as long as posteriorly broad; ovipositor slender, [1.4] 1.25���1.4�� as long as hind tibia; lower valve with slightly swelling in the base and mid region. Coloration. Head black, except apical margin of clypeus slightly yellowish, mouthparts orange, except apex of mandible black; antenna dark brown. Mesosoma orange, except anterior region of pronotum black. Metasoma orange with tergite V black except anterior margin orange and tergites VI+ black. Anterior and mid leg orange, hind leg black, except base of coxa and trochantellus orange. Wings yellowish; fore wing with apex distal to 2 rs-m black, and with a black median band extending backwards from anterior margin, just proximal to the pterostigma, right through the 1 st subdiscal cell; pterostigma yellowish. Ovipositor brownish, except apex pallid and sheath dark brown. Male. (Figs 204���205). Similar to female in structure and coloration, except body 0.6���8.0 mm; lower face 1.0�� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna); head in dorsal view with margin of the gena slightly convex behind the eyes; margin of gena 0.55���0.6�� length of eye in dorsal view; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by 0.5���0.6�� its diameter in dorsal view; fore wing 6.0���7.0 mm; tergite I 1.4�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite II 1.3�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite III 1.2�� as long as posteriorly broad; sternite IX (Fig 207) longer than high, with lateral and anterior margins strongly sclerotised, lateral and posterior margin very slightly concave in central part, with few bristles widely spaced posteriorly. Genital capsule (Figs 208���209): Paramere truncated apically, slightly narrower than the parameral lamina, with bristles except in posterior margin; volsellar lamina with spaced bristles laterally and apically, except in the median and posterior region and with a set of about five bristles in anterolateral region, just below the base of digitus; cuspis robust with about five teeth aligned in the mid part until apex and with some small bristles in basal region and spaced laterally in apical region; digitus with teeth on apex, rounded distally and angular ventrally, with the margins of the apical region narrower than base; aedeagus with small teeth on apex and its apex slightly curved downward in lateral view. Variation. One female has margin of gena behind eyes more or less flat in dorsal view and the males even having similar characteristics to females. We do not have total certainty of this association, so we are not treating them as paratypes, although we think they are conspecific. Type material: Holotype: ♀, VENEZUELA, Lara, Sanare, 1350 m., 08.x.1968 (J.M. Osorio col.), UCLA. Paratype: Peru: Dept. [=Department] of Loreto, Iquitos area, Allpahuayo, 30��58���00������S / 73��25���16������W, 11���17.vii.2011, Malaise trap (G��mez & S����ksj��rvi leg.), ♀, ZMUT. Other material examined: Ecuador: Dept. [=Department] Orellana, Onkonegare, 00��39���25,7������S / 76��27���10,8 ������W, a.s.l.: 216 m., 09.x.1994, Fogging, Lot #916 (T. L. Erwin leg.), ♂, ZMUT; idem, but 06.vii.1995, Lot #1126, ♂ [with last tergites extracted], ZMUT; idem, but Yasuni, 00��37���55������S / 76��08���39������W, a.s.l.: 220��� 250 m., 24.x.1998, Lot #1920, ♂, ZMUT. Peru: Dept. of Loreto, Allpahuayo, 18.vii.2000, Malaise trap (I.E. S����ksj��rvi leg.), I1 (11), ♀, MUSM. Distribution. Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela (Fig 210). Biological notes. Host unknown. Etymology. The specific name refers to type locality, Venezuela. Comments. Acrotaphus venezuelanus sp. n. closely resembles A. bodoquenaensis sp. n. mainly by having the margin of gena convex behind eyes in dorsal view, mid coxa, mesopleuron and metapleuron orange. It differs from it by having mesosoma orange, except pronotum entirely black or only anterior part black (pronotum entirely orange, in A. bodoquenaensis sp. n.)., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E., Monteiro, Ricardo F. & Oliveira, Marcio L., 2020, Review of the New World genus Acrotaphus Townes, 1960 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), with descriptions of fifteen new species, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 4719 (1) on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4719.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3602788

Acrotaphus amajari P��dua sp. n. (Figs 8���16) Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other species of Acrotaphus by the combination of the following characters: 1) margin of gena behind eyes flat in dorsal view; 2) margin of gena 0.6���0.8�� length of eye in dorsal view; 3) posterior ocelli separated from eye by 0.6���0.8�� its diameter in dorsal view; 4) metasoma orange with posterior margin of tergite V and tergites VI+ black; 5) ovipositor 1.0���1.3�� as long as hind tibia. Description. Female. Body [12.0] 9.0���12.0 mm. Head. Lower face [1.0] 1.0���1.05�� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna), flat, with scattered punctures which bear long conspicuous bristles; head in dorsal view with margin of gena flat behind eyes; margin of gena [0.8] 0.6���0.8�� length of eye in dorsal view; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by [0.7] 0.7���0.8�� its diameter in dorsal view. Mesosoma. Pronotum moderately long, smooth and polished, with distance from tegula to head greater than [0.5]�� distance from tegula to hind margin of propodeum; mesoscutum smooth and polished, with notaulus weakly marked; scutellum in dorsal view triangular; mesopleuron polished, with fine bristles anteriorly and ventrally; epicnemial carina present ventrally, extending until reaching the level of the lower corner of the pronotum laterally; metapleuron polished, with sparse, fine bristles evenly spaced and with a strongly longitudinal groove in lower part below spiracle; propodeum smooth dorsally, laterally with scattered fine bristles. Fore wing [10.5] 8.5���10.5 mm; cu-a opposite to the base of Rs&M; 2 rs-m [0.6]�� as long as abscissa of M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu; hind wing with abscissa of Cu 1 between M and cu-a [0.8] 0.8���0.9�� length of cu-a. Tarsal claw with basal lobe quadrangular, with claw apex slightly overtaking the posterior margin of lobe. Metasoma. Tergite I [1.4] 1.0���1.4�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite II [1.1] 1.0���1.2�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite III [1.0] 1.0���1.2�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergites IV���V [0.9] 0.9���1.1�� as long as posteriorly broad; ovipositor robust [1.0] 1.0���1.3�� as long as hind tibia; lower valve with slightly swelling in the base and mid region. Coloration. Head black, except apical margin of clypeus slightly yellowish, mouthparts orange, except apex of mandible black; antenna brownish. Mesosoma orange, except anterior region of pronotum blackish. Metasoma orange, with posterior margin of tergite V and tergites VI+ black. Anterior and mid leg entirely orange, the hind leg orange, with femur, except base, tibia and tarsus blackish. Wings yellowish; fore wing with apex distal to 2 rs-m black, and with a black median band extending backwards from anterior margin, just proximal to the pterostigma, right through the 1 st subdiscal cell; pterostigma yellowish. Ovipositor brownish, except basal region orange and apex slightly brownish, sheath dark brown. Male. (Figs 11���12). Similar to female in structure and coloration, except body 9.0���11.0 mm; lower face 1.1��� 1.2�� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna); head in dorsal view with margin of gena flat behind eyes; margin of gena 0.6���0.8�� length of eye in dorsal view; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by 0.85�� its diameter in dorsal view; fore wing 7.0���9.0 mm; tergite I 1.1���1.4�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite II 1.0���1.1�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite III 0.9���1.3�� as long as posteriorly broad; sternite IX (Fig 14) longer than high, with lateral and anterior margins strongly sclerotised, lateral margin flat and posterior margin concave centrally, with few bristles widely spaced posteriorly. Genital capsule (Figs 15���16): Paramere truncated apically, slightly narrower than the parameral lamina, with bristles except in posterior margin; volsellar lamina with spaced bristles medially and apically, except in the inner margin and posterior part and with a set of three to five bristles in anterolateral region, just below the base of the digitus; cuspis robust with about five to six teeth aligned in the mid part until apex and with two to four few bristles in basal region and spaced laterally in apical region; digitus with teeth in apex, rounded distally and angular ventrally, with the margins of the apical region narrower than base; aedeagus with few teeth on apex and its apex slightly curved downward in lateral view. Variation. Some specimens with hind femur with proximal half orange and distal half black or hind femur orange with distal 0.4 black. Type material: Holotype: ♀, BRAZIL, RR [= Roraima], Amajari, Tepequ��m, 14���29.xii.2015, Malaise large [model Gressit & Gressit, 1962], Project Bionorte (J.A. Rafael and team cols.), INPA. Paratypes: Brazil: AM [=Amazonas], Novo Air��o, Km 10, 2��42���56������S / 60��57���02������W, 07���09.xii.2013, Malaise trap (J.A. Rafael, J. T. C��mara & F.F. Xavier F. cols.), ♀, INPA; idem, but Coari, Rio Urucu, RUC���36 [?], 04��55���53������S / 65��18���13������W, 25.ii���10.iii.1995, Light of mercury (P.F. B��hrnheim et al. leg.), ♂ [with last tergites extracted], UFAM; Manaus, WWF, Reserve 1301, 13.ii.1985, Malaise, Rede Central Sul 1 (Bert Klein), ♀, INPA; idem, but Reserve 1210, Rede Central Oeste, 13.xii.1984, ♂ [with last tergites extracted], INPA; idem, but PDBFF, 02��23���03������S / 59��51���15������W, 16.x.1985, 1♀, INPA; idem, but 02.x.1985, 1♀, INPA; idem, but 04.xii.1985, 1♀, INPA; idem, but Reserve 1208, Fazenda Esteio, 02��22���34������S / 59��52���39������W, 03.ix.1985, Malaise (B. Klein leg.), 1♀, INPA; idem, but ZF 03, Km 23, 04.xii.1984, 1♀ #1727, INPA; PA [= Par��], Paraopebas, FLONA Caraj��s, 06��23���38������S / 50��22���37������W, 31.i���06.ii.2010 (Kumagai, Lima, Lopes & Fonseca cols.), ♀, #1500541, UFMG; idem, but Melga��o, Caxinuan��, ECFPn [=Esta����o Cient��fica Ferreira Penna], Route 1, Trail 3, Tijucaquara, 24.vi.1998 (O. Silveira & J. Dias cols.), ♀, MPEG. Peru: Dept. [=Department] Madre de Dios, Biolat, 11��56���47������S / 71��17���00������W, a.s.l.: 356 m., 16.x. 19991, Fogging, Lot #283 (T. L. Erwin leg.), ♂, ZMUT. Distribution. Brazil and Peru (Fig 17). Biological notes. Host unknown. Etymology. The specific name (in apposition), refers to type locality (holotype) of this specimen-type, Amajari, Roraima, Brazil. Comments. Acrotaphus amajari sp. n. closely resembles A. chedelae Gauld, 1991 mainly by the coloration, margin of gena flat behind eyes and margin of gena 0.6���0.8�� length of eye in dorsal view. It differs from it by having ovipositor 1.4�� as long as hind tibia in A. chedelae)., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E., Monteiro, Ricardo F. & Oliveira, Marcio L., 2020, Review of the New World genus Acrotaphus Townes, 1960 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), with descriptions of fifteen new species, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 4719 (1) on pages 9-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4719.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3602788, {"references":["Gauld, I. D. (1991) The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica I. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 47, 1 - 589."]}

Acrotaphus cuzconus P��dua & S����ksj��rvi sp. n. (Figs 48���51) Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other species of Acrotaphus by the combination of the following characters: 1) fore wing blackish with one yellowish band extending backwards from anterior margin, just proximal to the pterostigma to the encounter of cu-a to base of the Rs&M; 2) metasoma entirely reddish orange; 3) female tarsal claw with basal lobe quadrangular, with claw apex slightly overtaking the posterior margin of lobe; 4) posterior ocelli separated from eyes by 0.1�� its diameter in dorsal view. Description. Female. Body [13.0] mm. Head. Lower face [0.8]�� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna), flat, with scattered punctures which bear long conspicuous bristles; head in dorsal view with margin of gena flat behind eyes; margin of gena [0.5]�� length of eye in dorsal view; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by [0.1]�� its diameter in dorsal view. Mesosoma. Pronotum moderately long, smooth and polished, with distance from tegula to head greater than [0.5]�� distance from tegula to hind margin of propodeum; mesoscutum smooth and polished, with notaulus weakly marked; scutellum in dorsal view triangular; mesopleuron polished, with fine bristles ventrally; epicnemial carina present ventrally, extending until reaching the level of the lower corner of the pronotum laterally; metapleuron polished, with fine bristles evenly spaced; propodeum smooth dorsally, laterally with scattered fine bristles. Fore wing [11.5] mm; cu-a opposite to the base of Rs&M; 2 rs-m [0.8]�� as long as abscissa of M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu; hind wing with abscissa of Cu 1 between M and cu-a [1.3]�� length of cu-a. Tarsal claw with basal lobe quadrangular, with claw apex slightly overtaking the posterior margin of lobe. Metasoma. Tergite I [1.6]�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite II [1.5]�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergite III [1.45]�� as long as posteriorly broad; tergites IV���V [1.3]�� as long as posteriorly broad; ovipositor slender, [1.5]�� as long as hind tibia; lower valve with slightly swelling in the base and mid region. Coloration. Head black, except apical margin of clypeus slightly yellowish, mouthparts yellowish, except apex of mandible black; antenna dark brown. Mesosoma and metasoma entirely reddish orange. Anterior leg orange and mid and hind legs entirely black. Fore wing blackish with one yellowish band extending backwards from anterior margin, just proximal to the pterostigma to the encounter of cu-a to base of the Rs&M; hind wing black with apex yellowish; pterostigma yellowish. Ovipositor brownish. Male. Unknown. Type material: Holotype: ♀, PERU, CU [= Cusco], La Convenci��n, Echarate, CC. [=Comunidad] Santa Rosa, 12��33���51,49������S / 73��05���38,33������w, 1701 m., 19.ix.2010, Light (M. Alvarado & J. Peralta), ZMUT. Distribution. Peru (Fig 52). Biological notes. Host unknown. Etymology. The specific name refers to Cuzco, Peru. Comments. Acrotaphus cuzconus sp. n. closely resembles A. monotaenius sp. n. mainly by having fore wing blackish with one yellowish band extending backwards from anterior margin, just proximal to the pterostigma to the encounter of cu-a to base of the Rs&M, and differs from it mainly by having tarsal claw with basal lobe quadrangular, with claw apex slightly overtaking the posterior margin of lobe, mid leg entirely black and metasoma entirely reddish orange (tarsal claw with basal lobe longitudinally elongated, with claw apex clearly overtaking the posterior margin of lobe, mid leg entirely orange and metasoma entirely black, in A. monotaenius sp. n.)., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E., Monteiro, Ricardo F. & Oliveira, Marcio L., 2020, Review of the New World genus Acrotaphus Townes, 1960 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), with descriptions of fifteen new species, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 4719 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4719.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3602788

Pimpla sumichrasti Cresson, 1874 (Fig. 1C) Pimpla sumichrasti Cresson, 1874: 400. Holotype ♀, Mexico (ANSP). Coccygomimus sumichrasti (Cresson) Townes, 1946: 44. Diagnosis. Head bright to rather dull yellow with black marks and mesosoma predominantly yellow or orange, sometimes with black marks; malar space narrow, less than 0.75�� as long as basal mandibular width, that of male less than 0.60�� basal mandibular width; mesoscutum yellow with three longitudinal black stripes; fore wing with an apical black spot and with Rs strongly sinuous; metasoma with laterotergites V narrow, less than 0.30�� as broad as long; TI of female rather slender, in profile evenly convex; female with tergites VI���VII almost entirely black. Biological note. Unknown (Gauld, 1991; Yu et al., 2012). Distribution. According to Yu et al. (2012): Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela. * Colombia., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., Araujo, Rodrigo O. & Mazariegos, Luis A., 2019, Pimpla Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from Colombia, pp. 439-446 in Zootaxa 4683 (3) on page 441, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3479049, {"references":["Cresson, E. T. (1874) Descriptions of Mexican Ichneumonidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1873, 374 - 413.","Gauld, I. D. (1991) The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica I. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 47, 1 - 589.","Yu, D. S., van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K. (2012) World Ichneumonoidea 2011. Ottawa, Taxapad. Database on flash-drive. Available from: http: // www. taxapad. com (accessed 5 March 2018)"]}

Pimpla caerulea Brull��, 1846 (Fig. 1B) Pimpla caerulea Brull��, 1846. In Lepeletier: Histoire naturelle des insects Hym��nopt��res, 4: 101. des. Type: ♀, Brazil: ���Prov. De Rio Grande��� (MNHN). Coccygomimus caeruleatus Townes & Townes, 1946: 34. Coccygomimus caeruleatus caeruleus Townes & Townes, 1966: 24. Coccygomimus caeruleatus glaucus Townes & Townes, 1966: 25. Diagnosis. Clypeus weakly concave apically; mesosoma and metasoma metallic blue; wings blackish; fore wing with Rs more or less straight and cu-a opposite to Rs&M; metasoma with laterotergite V narrow, less than 0.30�� as long as wide; female with tergite I short and wide, strongly convex laterally; male with fore coxae white marked. Biological notes. Host is the Noctuidae moth Alabama argillacea (H��bner) (Porter, 1970). Distribution. According to Yu et al. (2012): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay and Venezuela. * Colombia., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., Araujo, Rodrigo O. & Mazariegos, Luis A., 2019, Pimpla Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from Colombia, pp. 439-446 in Zootaxa 4683 (3) on page 441, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3479049, {"references":["Brulle, M. A. (1846) Tome Quatrieme. Des Hymenopteres. Les Ichneumonides. In: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A. (Ed.), Histoire Naturelles des Insectes, Paris, 1846, pp. 56 - 324.","Porter, C. C. (1970) A revision of the South American species of Coccygomimus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Studia Entomologica, 13, 1 - 192.","Yu, D. S., van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K. (2012) World Ichneumonoidea 2011. Ottawa, Taxapad. Database on flash-drive. Available from: http: // www. taxapad. com (accessed 5 March 2018)"]}

Pimpla albomarginata Cameron, 1886 (Fig. 1A) Pimpla albo-marginata Cameron, 1886: 267. Holotype ♀, Mexico (BMNH). Coccygomimus albomarginatus (Cameron) Townes & Townes, 1966: 24. Diagnosis. Apex of clypeus deeply bilobed; malar space wide, longer than basal mandibular width, that males less than 0.60�� basal mandibular width; mesoscutum entirely black; postscutellum black; mesopleural suture weakly foveolate; propodeum with conspicuous posterolateral tubercles; fore wing Rs more or less straight and cu-a slightly distal to the base of Rs&M; coxae without black markings and fore coxa white markings; metasoma black and white banded with laterotergites V broad, more than 0.50�� as broad as long; tergite I of female short and broad, in profile strongly convex; tergite I in profile with moderately high blunt hump; sternite I with strongly produced swelling. Biological note. There is no host record for this species (Gauld, 1991; Yu et al., 2012). Distribution. According to Yu et al. (2012): Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama and Venezuela. * Colombia., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., Araujo, Rodrigo O. & Mazariegos, Luis A., 2019, Pimpla Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from Colombia, pp. 439-446 in Zootaxa 4683 (3) on page 440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4683.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3479049, {"references":["Cameron, P. (1886) Hymenoptera. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana; or, Contributions to the knowledge of the fauna and flora of Mexico and Central America. Zoology, 1, pp. 241 - 328.","Gauld, I. D. (1991) The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica I. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 47, 1 - 589.","Yu, D. S., van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K. (2012) World Ichneumonoidea 2011. Ottawa, Taxapad. Database on flash-drive. Available from: http: // www. taxapad. com (accessed 5 March 2018)"]}

Banggai yam (Dioscorea spp) is a type of tuber plant which is endemic (local specific) as native food consumed by local communities in the Banggai Islands. Previously, Banggai yam cultivation was carried out traditionally and for household consumption needs. Currently, apart from being a source of food for family farmers, they have cultivated Banggai yam for economic purposes to increase income and meet market demand. The objectives of this study are 1) To determine the comparison of income between farmers who apply the concept of eco-friendly farming with conventional farming for economic purposes only; 2). To determine the difference between eco-friendly utilization of resources and the conventional utilization of resources for economic purposes only. Data collection was carried out by survey method using a questionnaire to 15 farmers with eco-friendly farming concepts and 15 conventional farming concepts. The analysis model used is qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis is used to explain the different forms of eco-friendly utilization of resources with the conventional utilization of resources for economic purposes only. Meanwhile, the quantitative analysis uses comparative analysis (t-Test) to compare the income of farmers who apply the concept of eco-friendly farming with conventional farming. The results show that there are significant differences in income which are influenced by the number of costs and production that affect the efficiency of farming. Besides, the concept of eco-friendly utilization of resources also leads to productivity reorientation to increase the optimal and sustainable income of farming.

Zatypota riverai Gauld, 1991 (Fig. 2 A���B) Variation. The Brazilian females and males have the scape, pedicel and first flagellar segment pale ventrally. Male (Fig. 2 B): Body length 5.2���5.5 mm; fore wing length 4.3���4.4 mm. Similar to female in structure and color pattern, except malar space 0.4���0.6 �� as long as basal mandibular width; lower face elongate, 0.9���1.0 �� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to level of insertion of antenna). Subgenital plate transverse, about 1.7 �� broader than high, with few bristles spaced medially and posteriorly; sternal apodeme broad, about 0.15 �� longer than sternum (sternal apodeme plus sterno) (Fig. 2 C); genital capsule (Fig. 2 D-E) with paramere rounded apically, narrower than parameral lamina, 0.4 of lateroapical margin with dense bristles; volselar lamina with two or three bristles spaced longitudinally on lateroapical margin; digitus about 0.4 �� length of aedeagus (including aedeagal apodeme), with tooth in apical part, rounded apically and with acuminate prolongation basally; cuspis 0.27 �� length of cuspis plus volsellar lamina, with apical tooth; aedeagus (including aedeagal apodeme) 1.04 �� length of paramere plus parameral lamina (incluing parameral apodeme); basal process of aedeagal apodeme about 0.15-0.23 �� length of aedeagus. Cocoon (Fig. 1 B): Fusiform, 7.6 mm long and about 2.5 mm at its maximum diameter, with silk golden orange brownish color. Natural history. Zatypota riverai is a koinobiont ectoparasitoid of Anelosimus baeza (Theridiidae). All the larva (n=5) found were attached to the dorsolateral and posterior part of the host���s abdomen (Fig. 1), which differs of the anterior-dorsolateral larval placement observed by Fritz��n (2014) in Z. flamma on Parasteatoda sp. (Theridiidae). The head of Z. riverai larva points towards the posterior part of the spider abdomen. We found the parasitized spiders always on shrub vegetation, which provides a favorable microhabitat for the construction of the theridiid���s three-dimensional webs. Before killing the host, the larvae of Z. riverai induced the spider to construct a cocoon web. The general structures of normal and cocoon webs are apparently similar. However, the central region of the cocoon web exhibits a higher number of silk threads, making it denser in comparison with the normal web. Right after building its cocoon web, the spider is killed and entirely consumed by the larva, which moves to the central part of the web and begins to construct the cocoon. The larva last about eight hours to complete the cocoon construction, always in vertical orientation and at night time. After nine days, the adult wasp emerges from the apical part of the cocoon., Published as part of Sobczak, Jober Fernando, Messas, Yuri Fanchini & P��dua, Diego Galv��o De, 2017, Parasitism of Zatypota riverai Gauld (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) on Anelosimus baeza Agnarsson (Araneae: Theridiidae) in northeast Brazil, with a description of the male in Zootaxa 4247 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/437986, {"references":["Gauld, I. D. (1991) The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica. Vol. 1. Keys to subfamilies, and keys to the species of the lower pimpliform subfamilies Rhyssinae, Pimplinae, Poemeniinae, Acaenitinae and Cylloceriinae 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 47, 1 - 589.","Fritzen, N. R. (2014) Two new species of the Polysphincta genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) reared from their spider (Araneae) hosts in Europe. Zootaxa, 3894 (1), 117 - 130."]}

Hyalella montana n. sp. Rodrigues, S.G., Senna, A.R., Quadra, A. & Bueno, A.A.P. (Figs 2���6) Material examined: Holotype male, body length = 5.7 mm, head length = 0.5 mm, Brazil, Itatiaia National Park (22��22���13,3���S ��� 44��42���32,6���W), Minas Gerais state, Itamonte municipality, small stream next to the Alsene river (pH: 7.5; water temperature: 9.7 ��C), 30.XI.2012, coll. A. Quadra, R. Figueir�� and A.R. Senna, CRFFP 86. Paratypes (same collection data of the holotype): 1 male (dissected and draw), CRFFP 87; 1 female (dissected and draw), CRFFP 88; 55 males and 44 females, CRFFP 89. Type locality. Brazil, Minas Gerais state: Itatiaia National Park (22��22���13,3���S 44��42���32,6���W), near to the antique Alsene Hotel, Minas Gerais state, Itamonte municipality, small stream next to the Alsene river, 2,217 meters of altitude. Diagnosis. Body surface smooth. Eyes round, pigmented (few individuals present reduced eyes or absent eyes). Rostrum absent. Antenna 1 shorter than antenna 2, flagellum with 9 articles. Antenna 2 less than half body length, flagellum with 7 articles. Maxilla 2 inner plate with only one long and strong papposerrate apical seta. Maxilliped with palp smaller than inner plate and as the same size as outer plate. Gnathopod 1 propodus width about 1/2 of maximum length, hammer-shaped, comb-scales absent, inner face with 7 serrate setae. Gnathopod 2 carpus wider than long, posterior lobe border with denticles and polygonal patterns; propodus ovate, length 1.3 maximum width, comb-scales absent; palm sub-equal to posterior margin of propodus, slope oblique. Peraeopod 6 and 7 longer than others. Uropod 1 peduncle longer 1.5X than rami, male without curved seta on inner ramus. Uropod 3 shorter than telson, than peduncle of uropod 1 and peduncle of uropod 2; peduncle with five long cuspidate seta; ramus shorter than peduncle. Telson as long as wide, without apical setae, but with pin-shaped setae laterally. Coxal gills sac-like on pereonites 2 to 6 and sternal gills tubular on pereonites 3 to 7. Description of male. Mean body length: 6.1 �� 0.4 mm, mean head length: 0.52 mm �� 0.08 mm (n=4). Body surface smooth; epimeral plates slightly acuminate. Head 1.7X longer than first pereon segment, rostrum absent. Eyes round, pigmented, however, few individuals present reduced eyes or absent eyes. Antenna 1 shorter than antenna 2, shorter than half body length; peduncle slightly shorter than head length; flagellum with 9 articles, longer than peduncle; aesthetascs occurring on flagellum from the article 3 to article 8. Antenna 2 peduncle not surpassing the second pereonite, less than half body length, peduncle slender, 1.25X longer than head; flagellum with 15 articles, longer than peduncle. Basic amphipodan mandible, without palp; incisor toothed; molar large, cylindrical and triturative; left lacinia mobilis with five teeth, setal row on left mandible with four main pappose setae plus accessory setae; right lacinia mobilis with six teeth; setal row on right mandible with three main pappose setae plus accessory setae. Upper lip margin rounded; distal border covered by setules on ventral and dorsal faces. Lower lip outer lobes rounded and distally notched, with setules on ventral and dorsal faces. Maxilla 1 palp uniarticulate, short, longer than wide, reaching the half length the distance between the base of the palp and tip of setae on outer plate, with a long setae; inner plate slender, shorter than outer plate, with two long papposerrate apical setae presenting long setules, with many setae on the inner margin; outer plate with eight serrate setae. Maxilla 2 inner plate as the same size as outer plate, with only one long and nine short papposerrate apical seta, several simple apical setae; outer plate with abundant long simple setae; inner and outer plates covered by several setules. Maxilliped inner plate longer than wide, with three strong cuspidate setae apically, several pappose setae on apical and inner borders; outer plate smaller than inner plate, with several pappose setae and short simple setae; palp as the same size as inner plate and longer than outer plate, four articles; article 1 longer than wide, outer face with simple setae; article 2 longer than wide, inner face with several long simple setae; article 3 longer than wide, outer and inner faces with several long simple setae; dactylus unguiform with few simple setae, shorter than other articles, inner border with several simple setae; distal nail shorter than dactylus. Gnathopod 1 subchelate; coxal plate wider than long, with simple setae on the border; basis and ischium with simple setae dorsally; merus with serrate setae; carpus longer than wide, shorter than propodus, with lateral distal lobe produced and forming a scoop-like structure, border with denticles and polygonal pattern; propodus width about 1/2 of maximum length, hammer-shaped, with several simple long setae on disto-anterior border, combscales absent, inner face with 7 serrate setae, with few simple seta on the disto-posterior border; palm slope oblique, margin slightly concave, palm with many simple setae, posterior distal corner with one long and strong cuspidate seta with an accessory seta; dactylus claw-like, comb-scales absent, with one plumose seta dorsally. Gnathopod 2 subchelate; coxal plate wider than long, with simple setae on the border; basis with several simple setae on posterior margin; merus with few serrate setae on posterior margin; carpus wider than long, posterior lobe slim produced between merus and propodus, border with denticles and polygonal pattern; propodus ovate, length 1.3 maximum width, comb-scales absent; palm sub-equal to posterior margin of propodus, slope oblique, with one row of several cuspidate setae with an accessory setae and simple setae, posterior distal corner with two long and strong cuspidate setae and with a cup for dactylus; dactylus claw-like, congruent with palm, plumose seta dorsally, comb-scales absent. Peraeopods 3 to 7 simple. Peraeopods 3 and 4 merus and carpus posterior margin with clusters of simple setae; propodus posterior margin of peraeopod 3 with simple setae and peraeopod 4 with cuspidate and simple setae; dactylus less than half-length of propodus. Peraeopods 5 to 7 dactylus less than half-length of propodus; merus, carpus and propodus posterior margin with 11���14 marginal clusters of 1���6 cuspidate seta. Peraeopod 3 sub-qual to peraeopod 5; peraeopod 4 sub-equal to peraeopod 5; peraeopod 6 sub-equal to peraeopod 7, and both are longer than others. Coxal plates: peraeopod 3: longer than wide, width about 1/2 of maximum length; peraeopod 4: excavated posteriorly, as long as wide; peraeopod 5: wider than long, with two lobes; peraeopod 6: wider than long, with two lobes; peraeopod 7: wider than long. All coxal plates with small simple setae on the border. Pleopods peduncle shorter than rami, with two coupling spines; both rami with several plumose setae. Uropod 1 peduncle longer 1.5X than rami; outer ramus longer than inner ramus; outer ramus with four dorsal cuspidate setae with an accessory seta and four cuspidate setae with an accessory seta apically; inner ramus with three dorsal cuspidate setae with an accessory seta and three cuspidate setae with an accessory seta apically; peduncle with seven cuspidate setae with an accessory seta dorsally; male without curved seta on inner ramus. Uropod 2 shorter than uropod 1; inner ramus with four dorsal cuspidate setae with an accessory seta and three cuspidate setae with an accessory seta apically; outer ramus with four dorsal cuspidate setae with an accessory seta and three distal cuspidate setae with an accessory setae; peduncle longer and wider than rami, with four cuspidate setae with an accessory seta. Uropod 3 shorter than telson, than peduncle of uropod 1 and peduncle of uropod 2; inner ramus absent; outer ramus uniarticulate; peduncle longer than wide, with five long cuspidate seta; ramus shorter than peduncle; basal width 2.8X the width of ramus apex, with three simple setae and one strong seta apically. Telson entire, apically rounded, as long as wide, without apical setae; few small simple setae and pin-shaped setae laterally. Coxal gills sac-like, present on pereonites 2 to 6. Sternal gills tubular present on pereonites 3 to 7. Female. Mean body length: 6.0 �� 1.1 mm, mean head length: 0.55 �� 0.15 mm (n=4). Antenna 1 similar in shape to male, flagellum with 4 articles; antenna 2 similar in shape to male, flagellum with 6 articles. Gnathopod 1 similar to male gnathopod 1; carpus longer than wide, without comb-scales; with posterior lobe produced and forming a scoop-like structure, with pectinate margin, with several serrate setae; propodus longer than wide, hammer-shaped, palm shorter than posterior margin of propodus, without comb-scales, inner face with few simple setae, palm slope transverse, dactylus claw-like. Gnathopod 2 similar in size and shape to gnathopod 1; different in shape to male gnathopod 2 and smaller; propodus as long as wide, subchelate, inner face with few simple setae, palm transverse with several long simple setae, without comb-scales. Telson similar in shape to male. Habitat. Freshwater, epigean. Conservation. 'Itatiaia' means 'pointed stone' in Tupi-Guarani language (Brazilian Indian language) and it refers to the remarkable relief of the Park. The relief of the INP is characterized by rocky peaks and steep sloped hills on the middle of the plateau (Agulhas Negras 2,791 m, Pedra do Altar 2,661 m) or on its edges (Pedra do Couto 2,682 m, Prateleiras 2,515 m), contrasting with relatively broad floodplain sectors filled with peaty sediments (Modenesi-Gauttieri & de Toledo 1996). The INP was the first National Park established in Brazil in June 1937 and currently covers an area of approximately 30,000 hectares (ICMBio 2015). This Park is considered one of the most relevant conservation areas of the world for housing an extensive area of the threatened Atlantic Rain Forest biome and tens of endemic and endangered species (ICMBio 2015). The plateau area of the INP houses the headwaters of 12 important regional watersheds, which drain to the Grande, Paran�� and Para��ba do Sul Rivers, the most important ones of the southeast Brazil. The aquatic fauna of the INP is still poorly known, but in the last few years new species of freshwater invertebrates have been described (Ermilov et al. 2014; Sousa et al., 2014). The habitat of the new species is protected, since it is located within a Conservation Unit. Tourist visits are allowed, however the relief makes it difficult the access to the higher areas of the INP, assisting in the conservation of the new species. Etymology. The species epithet " montana " is in Latin and it means "mountain", referring to the habitat of the new species. Montana is also the name of a typical phytophysiognomy in the INP that occurs above 1,800 m of altitude (Modenesi-Gauttieri & de Toledo 1996). Remarks. Using the taxonomic key of Rodrigues et al. (2014) for the Brazilian species of the genus, H. montana does not match to any described species for the country, both epigean as the hypogean. The new species does not present curved seta on inner ramus of the uropod 1, one of the most remarkable characteristics of Hyalella, as well as the epigean species H. dielaii Pereira, 2004, H. longistila (Faxon, 1876), H. meinerti Stebbing, 1899, H. warmingi Stebbing, 1899, H. minensis Bastos-Pereira & Bueno, 2013 and H. gracilicornis (Faxon, 1876). However, H. montana differs from all species mentioned mainly by the reduced size of the uropod 3, by presenting a telson without apical setae, by the absence of comb-scales on propodus of gnathopod 1 and 2, and the sternall gills occurring only on pereonites 3 to 7. Unexpectedly, as occurs in a superficial system, the individuals of H. montana present morphological traits similar to the subterranean species of the genus (Rodrigues et al. 2014), as: anophthalmy (in few individuals); extreme reduction of the size of the uropod 3; telson without apical setae; absence of comb-scales of gnathopods 1 and 2; and sternal gills tubular present on pereonites 3 to 7. Of all epigean species of Hyalella described until now, H. montana is the first one to present individuals with transitional morphological traits to the troglomorphism, and it is unique in the genus so far. The fact that it was found buried under rocks and sediment suggests that H. montana is troglophile, and may be still in the process of adaptation to the hypogean environment. Moreover, we observed during the samples that the stream where the new species was found sprouted from the ground, supporting the hypothesis that this new species originates from hyporheic environment and/or is adapting to it. The species H. pernix Moreira, 1903 was described for the INP more than a century ago. Its description is very brief, absent of taxonomic details and with very few illustrations. Pereira (1985) when collected in Esgotada Lake in the INP, identified the material as H. pernix, and also stated that the species was a senior synonym of H. curvispina Shoemaker, 1942. However, Gonz��lez & Watling (2003) concluded that the specimens sampled by Pereira (1985) do not correspond to H. pernix described by Moreira (1903) or to H. curvispina described by Shoemaker (1942) and it refers to a new species, which was never formally renamed. Hyalella montana does not correspond either to the species of Pereira (1985) or to H. pernix, mainly by not presenting curved seta on inner ramus of the uropod 1, comb-scales on gnathopod 1 and 2 and apical setae on telson. Gonz��lez & Watling (2003) also suggest that H. pernix must be redescribed in order to avoid new mistakes as in Pereira (1985), moreover, it is not possible to distinguish it from other Brazilian species based solely on the description of Moreira (1903). Unfortunately, the type material is unknown or is lost, so it is not possible to confirm the validity of H. pernix., Published as part of Rodrigues, Stella Gomes, Senna, Andr�� R., Quadra, Adriana & Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua, 2017, A new species of Hyalella (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from Itatiaia National Park, Brazil: an epigean freshwater amphipod with troglobiotic traits at 2,200 meters of altitude, pp. 147-159 in Zootaxa 4344 (1) on pages 149-157, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4344.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1042349, {"references":["Modenesi-Gauttieri, M. C. & de Toledo, M. C. M. (1996) Weathering and the formation of hillslope deposits in the tropical highlands of Itatiaia - southeastern Brazil. Catena, 27, 81 - 103. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0341 - 8162 (96) 00015 - X","Ermilov, S. G., Tolstikov, A. V., Senna, A. R. & Pesic, V. (2014) A new aquatic species of the oribatid mite genus Mucronothrus (Acari, Oribatida, Trhypochthoniidae) from Brazil. International Journal of Acarology, 40 (7), 570 - 576. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647954.2014.962086","Sousa, F. D. R., Elmoor - Loureiro, L. M. A., Quadra, A. & Senna, A. R. (2014) First record of Cladocera (Crustacea: Chydoridae) from Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Southeastern Brazil. Check List, 10 (3), 665 - 668. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 10.3.665","Rodrigues, S. G., Bueno, A. A. P. & Ferreira, R. L. (2014) A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species. Zootaxa, 3815 (2), 200 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3815.2.2","Bastos-Pereira, R. & Bueno, A. A. P. (2013) A new species of freshwater amphipod (Dogielinotidae, Hyalella) from Southeastern Brazil. Nauplius, 21 (1), 79 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0104 - 64972013000100009","Moreira, C. (1903) Uma especie nova de Amphipode orchestideo, que vive a 2240 metros sobre o nivel do mar. Archivos do Museo Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, 12, 187 - 190.","Pereira, V. F. G. C. (1985) Redescricao de Hyalella pernix (Moreira) (Amphipoda - Hyalellidae) com discussao de seu sinonimo H. curvispina Shoemaker. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 3 (4), 209 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751985000400007","Shoemaker, C. R. (1942) A new species of Amphipoda from Uruguay and Brazil. Journal of the washington Academy of Sciences, 32, 80 - 82.","Gonzalez, E. R. & Watling, L. (2003) A new species of Hyalella from Brazil (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae), with redescriptions of three other species in the genus. Journal of Natural History, 37 (17), 2045 - 2076. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210133237"]}

One important development in interaction potential models, or atomistic force fields, for molecular simulation is the inclusion of explicit polarisation, which represents the induction effects of charged or polar molecules on polarisable electron clouds. Polarisation can be included through fluctuating charges, induced multipoles or Drude dipoles. This work uses Drude dipoles and is focused on room-temperature ionic liquids, for which fixed-charge models predict too slow dynamics. The aim of this study is to devise a strategy to adapt existing non-polarisable force fields upon addition of polarisation, because induction was already contained to an extent, implicitly, due to parametrisation against empirical data. Therefore, a fraction of the van der Waals interaction energy should be subtracted so that the Lennard-Jones terms only account for dispersion and the Drude dipoles for induction. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) is used to resolve the dispersion and induction terms in dimers and to calculate scaling factors to reduce the Lennard-Jones terms from the non-polarisable model. Simply adding Drude dipoles to an existing fixed-charge model already improves the prediction of transport properties, increasing diffusion coefficients and lowering the viscosity. Scaling down the Lennard-Jones terms leads to still faster dynamics and to densities that match experiment extremely well. The concept developed here improves the prediction of density and transport properties and can be adapted to other models and systems. The inclusion of polarisation and the down-scaling of Lennard-Jones terms affects onyl slightly the ordering of the first shell of counterions, leading to small decreases in coordination numbers. The effect of polarisation is major beyond first neighbours, weakening spatial correlations, a structural effect related to the faster dynamics of polarisable models.

In this paper, we analyze numerically the behaviour of the solutions corresponding to a non-Abelian cosmic string in the framework of the Starobinsky model, i.e. where $f(R)=R + ��R^2$. We perform the calculations for both an asymptotically flat and asymptotically (anti)de Sitter spacetimes. We found that the angular deficit generated by the string decreases as the parameter $��$ increases, in the case of a null cosmological constant. For a positive cosmological constant, we found that the cosmic horizon is affected in a non-trivial way by the parameter $��$., 16 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in IJMPD

Objectifs L’endometriose est definie par la presence de tissu endometrial en position ectopique. C’est une pathologie frequente chez la femme en âge de procreer. L’endometriose de l’appareil urinaire est beaucoup plus rare et se classe dans les endometrioses pelviennes profondes. L’atteinte de la vessie est la localisation la plus frequente des localisations urinaires. Methodes Nous rapportant un cas d’endometriose vesicale isolee traite dans notre formation en 2018. Les informations analysees ont interesse les donnees cliniques, endoscopie et d’imagerie ainsi que la technique operatoire d’une cystectomie partielle laparoscopique. Resultats Patiente de 19 ans, celibataire, avec antecedent de laparotomie pour peritonite appendiculaire, admise dans notre formation pour des douleurs pelviennes associees a une hematurie macroscopique catameniale evoluant depuis 3 ans. L’examen clinique etait sans particularites. L’ECBU etait sterile. L’echographie pelvienne a objective un epaississement du dome vesical, l’uterus et les annexes avaient un aspect normal. La cystoscopie montrait une plaque erythemateuse au niveau de la paroi supero-anterieure de la vessie, des biopsies realisees revenues en faveur d’endometriose vesicale. Une IRM pelvienne a objective un processus vesical en isosignal etendu de la face anterieure jusqu’au cul-de-sac vesico-uterin. Une cystectomie partielle, par voie cœlioscopique etait pratiquee. La sonde vesicale a ete retiree le huitieme jour postoperatoire. L’examen histologique etait en faveur d’une endometriose vesicale avec marges de resection saines. Conclusion Devant une douleur pelvienne ou un trouble urinaire cyclique, a recrudescence catameniale, il faut penser, malgre sa rarete, a la possibilite d’une endometriose urinaire. Actuellement, les signes radiologiques d’IRM sont tres evocateurs. La cystectomie partielle est l’intervention de reference pour l’endometriose vesicale profonde. Elle doit idealement etre realisee par voie cœlioscopique.

Purpose: It was the aim of this study to assess the risk of lung cancer in postmenopausal women who received hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Experimental Design: This case-control study involves women who received medical services at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) in Buffalo, New York, between 1982 and 1998, and who agreed to complete an epidemiological questionnaire. Participants with missing smoking data were excluded. The case group consisted of 595 women with primary lung cancer. Controls included 1,195 women, randomly selected from a pool of 5,845 eligible individuals, who received medical services at RPCI for non-neoplastic conditions; they had come to RPCI with a suspicion of neoplastic disease, but were diagnosed with neither benign nor malignant conditions. Controls were frequency matched 2:1 to cases on 5-year age intervals and exposure to smoking (ever/never). Cases and controls were comparable for age (means 61.3 and 61.0 years) and ever smoking (90%). Results: There were more former smokers among the cases (67 vs. 59% in controls); cases were less likely to be high school educated, were thinner, and were less likely to report HRT use compared with controls. Overall, hormone use was associated with a significant reduction in risk of lung cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 0.67; 95% confidence interval 0.53–0.85). Stratified analyses showed significant reductions in lung cancer risk in former smokers and women with normal to low body mass index. Conclusion: This study supports the hypotheses that there is a protective effect of HRT use on lung cancer risk in women.

Hymenoepimecis duckensis P��dua & Onody sp. n. (Figs 32���36) Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other Hymenoepimecis by the combination of the following characters: 1) fore wing hyaline yellowish, with two blackish bands; 2) pronotum predominantly black; 3) female with tarsal claw narrow elongated vertically, with apex slightly overtaking the lobe; 4) female with ovipositor 1.5��� 1.6 �� as long as hind tibia. Description. Female. Body [12.3] 11.0���14.0 mm; face [0.95] 0.95 ���1.0 �� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna), smooth, slightly convex with few spaced bristles; head in dorsal view with genae strongly narrowed behind eyes; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by about [1.0] 0.9 ���1.0 �� its own maximum diameter; occipital carina projected and curved upwards dorsally. Pronotum long, smooth and polished, with distance from tegula to head is greater than [0.64] 0.6���0.7 �� distance from tegula to hind margin of propodeum with an anteriorly, and opening pocket-like structure not reduced longitudinally; mesoscutum smooth and polished; scutellum, in profile, convex; mesopleuron smooth and polished, with anterodorsal and posterodorsal parts bearing sparse, fine setiferous punctures; metapleuron smooth and polished, rather uniformly covered with sparse, fine setiferous punctures; propodeum smooth, polished, with sparse, fine setiferous punctures and with lateral longitudinal carina present only posteriorlly. Fore wing with [10.4] 9.8���11.8 mm; cu-a interstitial to the base of Rs&M; 1 m-cu with a stump in the middle; 2 rs-m [0.4] 0.4���0.7 �� as long as abscissa of M between 2 rs-m and 2 mcu; abscissa of Cu 1 meet 1 m-cu close to Cu 1 b that Cu 1 a; hind wing with [7.0] 6.5���8.6 mm and abscissa of Cu 1 meeting cu-a equidistante between M and 1 A. Hind leg with tibia + tarsus [0.6] 0.5���0.6 �� the fore wing length; tarsal claw narrow elongated vertically, with apex slightly overtaking the lobe. Metasoma slender; tergite I [1.3] 1.3���1.4 �� as long as posteriorly broad, centrally quite strongly convex with lateral carinae only present at extreme anterior end flanking the anterior concavity; sternite I with a low, rounded swelling posteriorly; tergite II [1.0] 1.0��� 1.1 �� as long as posteriorly broad; tergites III���IV [0.88] 0.88���1.1 �� as long as posteriorly broad; ovipositor [1.5] 1.5���1.6 �� as long as hind tibia. Coloration. Head black; clypeus with yellowish apex; mouthparts yellowish, with apex mandible black; antenna black with brownish apex. Mesosoma orange, with pronotum and propleuron blacks. Anterior and median leg orange, the hind black with base of coxa orange. Fore wing hyaline yellowish, with apex distal to 2 rs-m blackish, and with a blackish median band extending backwards from anterior margin, just veins Rs+M and junction of pterostigma with vein R 1; pterostigma black, hind wing with slightly blackish band in median part. Metasoma orange, with tergites VI+ black; ovipositor black with base and apex brownish and sheath black. Male. (Fig. 33). Similar to female in structure and coloration, but with tarsal claw simple; body with 8.6 ���11.0 mm; fore wing with 8.6 ��� 7.1 mm. Genital capsule (Fig. 71���73): Paramere rounded apically, narrower than the parameral lamina parameral, with bristles in apicodorsal margin; parameral lamina covered by dense bristles, except in posterior margin; volsellar lamina with bristles spaced, except in posterior region; cuspis with tooth in apical part; digitus about 0.4 �� the length of cuspis + volsellar lamina, with tooth in apex, rounded apically and angulated basally, as wide as the basal region; aedeagus (including aedeagal apodeme) about 1.0 �� the length of paramere + parameral lamina (including parameral apodeme). Variation. Only male with black half part in the pronotum. Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Par��, Rond��nia) (Fig. 37). Biological notes. Host unknown. Etymology. The specific name refers to type locality of this species, Reserva Ducke in Amazonas State, Brazil. Type material. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Ducke, Igarap�� Anta, 01���08.ix. 2008, Malaise (J.M.F. Ribeiro), INPA. Paratypes: Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Ducke, Igarap�� Ipiranga, v. 2003, Malaise (J.M.F. Ribeiro), 1 female, MZUSP; Manaus, ZF���03, Km 23, Fazenda Esteio, Reserva 1208, 02�� 22 ��� 34 ������S / 59 �� 52 ��� 39 ������W, 19.iii. 1985, Malaise (B. Klein), 1 female, 0 0 0 1864, INPA; Novo Air��o, Km 10, 02�� 42 ��� 56 ������S / 60 �� 57 ���02������W, 07���09.xii. 2013, Malaise (J.A. Rafael, J.T. C��mara & F.F. Xavier F.), 1 female, INPA; Par��: Juruti, Estrada da Pacoval/Mutum, 29.ii���04.iii. 2008, Malaise (O.T. Ribeiro, Penna & Nazareno), 2 males (both with the genitalia extracted), MPEG; Rond��nia: Porto Velho, Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, Baixio, iv. 2008, Malaise (S.S. Gadelha), 1 female, INPA. Total: 2 males and 5 females. Comments. Hymenoepimecis duckensis sp. n. closely resembles H. neotropica, mainly by having the fore wing hyaline yellowish with two blackish bands, metasoma with tergites VI+ and hind legs blacks, the sternite I with a low, rounded swelling posteriorly. It differs from it by not having tarsal claw with preapical tooth., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., Oliveira, Marcio L., Onody, Helena C., Sobczak, Jober F., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E. & G��mez, Isrrael C., 2015, The Brazilian Amazonian species of Hymenoepimecis Viereck, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 175-194 in Zootaxa 4058 (2) on pages 181-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/245261

Hymenoepimecis kleini P��dua & Sobczak sp. n. (Figs 43���46) Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other Hymenoepimecis by the combination of the following characters: 1) hyaline wing; 2) metasoma orange, with posterior margins of tergites II���V narrowly black, tergites VI+ black; 3) face sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with longitudinal carina in the middle part; 4) occipital carina projected, not curved upwards, with a concavity in the apex dorsally; 5) pronotum with opening pocket-like structure reduced longitudinally; 6) sternite I with a ventral projection, spine-like, posteriorly; 7) female with tarsal claw with flat preapical tooth, apex of claw overtaking 3.0 �� the tooth; 8) female with ovipositor 1.3���1.4 �� as long as hind tibia. Description. Female. Body [8.0] 7.0���10.0 mm; face [0.85] 0.85���0.9 �� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna), sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with longitudinal carina in the middle part and with few bristles spaced on the lower face; head in dorsal view with genae strongly narrowed behind eyes; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by [1.0] �� its own maximum diameter; occipital carina not curved upwards, with a concavity in the apex dorsally. Pronotum long, smooth and polished, with distance from tegula to head is greater than [0.8] 0.7���0.8 �� distance from tegula to hind margin of propodeum with an anteriorly, and opening pocket-like structure reduced longitudinally; mesoscutum smooth and polished; scutellum, in profile, convex; mesopleuron smooth and polished, with anterodorsal and posterodorsal parts bearing sparse, fine setiferous punctures; metapleuron smooth and polished, rather uniformly covered with sparse, fine setiferous punctures; propodeum smooth, polished, with sparse, fine setiferous punctures and with lateral longitudinal carina present only posteriorlly. Fore wing with [5.9] 5.2���7.7 mm, cu-a interstitial to the base of Rs&M; 2 rs-m [0.2] �� as long as abscissa of M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu; hind wing with [4.0] 3.9 ���5.0 mm; abscissa of Cu 1 meeting cu-a equidistant between 1 A and M. Hind leg with tibia + tarsus [0.61] �� the fore wing length; tarsal claw with a flat preapical tooth, apex of claw overtaking [3.0] 3.0- 3.5 �� the lobe. Metasoma slender; tergite I [1.75] 1.6���1.75 �� as long as posteriorly broad, with lateral carinae only present at extreme anterior end flanking the anterior concavity; sternite I with a ventral projection, spine-like, posteriorly; tergite II [1.28] 1.28���1.4 �� as long as posteriorly broad; tergites III���IV [1.3] 1.2���1.3 �� as long as posteriorly broad; ovipositor [1.3] 1.3���1.4 �� as long as hind tibia. Coloration. Head black, area of the inserts of the antennae pale; clypeus yellowish, with base slightly black; mouthparts yellowish, with apex mandible black; antenna brown blackish. Mesosoma orange. Anterior and median leg orange, the hind leg orange, with apex of femur, tibia and tarsus brown blackish. Wings hyaline; pterostigma brown. Metasoma orange, with tergites VI+, and with weak black lateral marks on posterior margins of tergites II��� III, tergite IV with half black, tergite V black with orange lateral mark on anterior margin; ovipositor dark brown with base and apex slightly brownish, sheath dark brown. Male. Unknown. Variation. Hind margin of tergites II���IV laterally black marked. Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas) (Fig. 47). Biological notes. Host unknown. Etymology. This species is named after Bert Klein, in order to acknowledge his great sampling effort in the reserves of PDBFF (INPA), Amazonas State, Brazil. Type material. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva 1208, Fazenda Esteio, PDBFF, 02�� 22 ��� 34 ������S / 59 �� 52 ��� 39 ������W, 03.xii. 1985, Malaise (B. Klein), INPA. Paratype Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva 1208, Fazenda Esteio, PDBFF, 02�� 22 ��� 34 ������S / 59 �� 52 ��� 39 ������W, 06.viii. 1985, Malaise (B. Klein), 1 female, INPA. Total: 2 females. Comments. Hymenoepimecis kleini sp. n. closely resembles H. jordanensis, H. uberensis sp. n. and H. amazonensis sp. n., mainly by having the face sculptured below the insertion of antennae, longitudinal carina in the middle part of the face and with few bristles spaced on the lower face, by sternite I with a ventral projection, spinelike, posteriorly. It differs from the first by having weak black lateral marks on posterior margins of tergites II���IV. It differs from the second mainly by the hyaline wings, orange hind leg with apex of femur, tibia and tarsus dark brown. It differs from the third mainly by having the tarsal claw with a flat preapical tooth, apex of claw overtaking 3.0 �� the lobe., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., Oliveira, Marcio L., Onody, Helena C., Sobczak, Jober F., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E. & G��mez, Isrrael C., 2015, The Brazilian Amazonian species of Hymenoepimecis Viereck, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 175-194 in Zootaxa 4058 (2) on pages 183-185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/245261

Hymenoepimecis amazonensis P��dua & Oliveira sp. n. (Figs 22���25) Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other Hymenoepimecis by the combination of the following characters: 1) hyaline wing; 2) metasoma orange, with posterior margins of tergites II���V narrowly black, tergites VI+ black; 3) sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with longitudinal carina in the middle part; 4) occipital carina projected, not curved upwards, with a concavity in the apex dorsally; 5) pronotum with pocket-like structure reduced longitudinally; 6) sternite I with a ventral projection, spine-like, posteriorly; 7) tarsal claw with short basal lobe vertically, slightly quadrangular with apex of claw clearly overtaking the lobe; 8) ovipositor 1.3���1.4 �� as long as hind tibia. Description. Female. Body [6.6] 6.4���6.9 mm; face [0.85] 0.9���0.95 �� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna), sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with longitudinal carina in the middle part and with few bristles spaced on the lower face; head in dorsal view with genae strongly narrowed behind eyes; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by [1.0] 0.9 ���1.0 �� its own maximum diameter; occipital carina projected, not curved upwards, with a concavity in the apex dorsally. Pronotum long, smooth and polished, with distance from tegula to head is greater than [0.58] 0.58���0.7 �� distance from tegula to hind margin of propodeum with an anteriorly, and opening pocket-like structure reduced longitudinally; mesoscutum smooth and polished; scutellum, in profile, convex; mesopleuron smooth and polished, with anterodorsal and posterodorsal parts bearing sparse, fine setiferous punctures; metapleuron smooth and polished, rather uniformly covered with sparse, fine setiferous punctures; propodeum smooth, polished, with sparse, fine setiferous punctures and with lateral longitudinal carina present only posteriorlly. Fore wing with [4.6] 4.6���4.9 mm; cu-a interstitial to the base of Rs&M; 2 rs-m [0.2] �� as long as abscissa of M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu; hind wing with 3.2���3.3 mm; abscissa of Cu 1 meet cu-a equidistante between 1 A and M. Hind leg with tibia + tarsus [0.52] 0.5���0.6 �� the fore wing length; tarsal claw with short basal lobe vertically, slightly quadrangular with apex of claw clearly overtaking the lobe. Metasoma slender; tergite I [1.88] 1.7���1.9 �� as long as posteriorly broad, centrally quite strongly convex with lateral carinae only present at extreme anterior end flanking the anterior concavity; sternite I with a ventral projection, spine-like, posteriorly; tergite II [1.33] 1.3���1.4 �� as long as posteriorly broad; tergites III���IV [1.15] 1.15���1.4 �� as long as posteriorly broad; ovipositor [1.26] 1.26���1.4 �� as long as hind tibia. Coloration. Head black, area of the inserts of the antennae pale; clypeus yellowish, with base slightly black; mouthparts yellowish, with apex mandible black; antenna brown blackish. Mesosoma orange. Anterior and median leg orange, the hind leg orange, with apex of femur, tibia and tarsus brown blackish. Wings hyaline; pterostigma brown. Metasoma orange, with tergites VI+, and with weak black lateral marks on posterior margins of tergites II��� IV, tergite V with posterior half black; ovipositor dark brown with base and apex slightly brownish, sheath dark brown. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas) (Fig. 26). Biological notes. Host unknown. Etymology. The specific name refers to type locality of this species, Amazonas State, Brazil. Type material. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva Ducke, Igarap�� Bol��via, 10.ii. 2003, Malaise (J.M.F. Ribeiro), INPA. Paratype: Amazonas: idem, but Igarap�� Uber��, vi. 2003 (J.M.F. Ribeiro & J. Vidal), 1 female; idem, but Igarap�� Ipiranga, v. 2003, Malaise (J.M.F. Ribeiro), MZUSP. Total: 3 females. Comments. Hymenoepimecis amazonensis sp. n. closely resembles H. jordanensis Loffredo & Penteado-Dias, 2009, H. uberensis sp. n. and H. kleini sp. n. mainly by the face sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with longitudinal carina in the middle part and with few bristles spaced on the lower face, by sternite I with a ventral projection, spine-like, posteriorly. It differs from the first by presence of weak black lateral marks on posterior margins of tergites II���IV and by ovipositor being 1.3���1.4 �� as long as hind tibia. It differs from the second mainly by the hyaline wings hind leg orange with apex of femur, tibia and tarsus dark brown. It differs from the third mainly by having the tarsal claw with short basal lobe vertically, slightly quadrangular with apex of claw clearly vertaking the lobe., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., Oliveira, Marcio L., Onody, Helena C., Sobczak, Jober F., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E. & G��mez, Isrrael C., 2015, The Brazilian Amazonian species of Hymenoepimecis Viereck, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 175-194 in Zootaxa 4058 (2) on pages 177-180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/245261

Key to the Brazilian Amazonian species of Hymenoepimecis [The males of H. amazonensis sp. n., H. bicolor, H. heteropus, H. kleini sp. n. and H. neotropica are unknown]. 1 Female; ovipositor projecting conspicuously beyond apex of metasoma........................................... 2 - Male............................................................................................... 10 2 Face sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with longitudinal carina in the middle part (Fig. 1); head with occipital carina projected, not curved upwards, with a concavity dorsally in the apex (Fig. 3); pronotum with the pocket-like structure reduced longitudinally (Fig. 3); sternite I with a ventral projection, spine-like, posteriorly (Fig. 5)............................. 3 - Face not sculptured below the insertion of antennae, without longitudinal carina in the middle part (Fig. 2); head with occipital carina projected and curved upwards, without a concavity in the apex dorsal (Fig. 4); pronotum with the pocket-like structure not reduced longitudinally (Fig. 4); sternite I with a low, rounded swelling posteriorly (Fig. 6) or with a high, laterally compressed, nasute ventral protuberance (Fig. 7)................................................................ 5 3 Fore wing blackish, with yellowish hyaline band between junction of vein R 1 up to pterostigma until half vein M (Fig. 8); hind leg black, with base of coxa orange (Fig. 10); tergites I���V uniformly orange, tergites VI+ blacks (Fig. 10); ovipositor 1.1���1.2 �� as long as hind tibia..................................................................... H. uberensis sp. n. - Fore wing hyaline (Fig. 9); hind leg with coxa, trochanter and trochantellus orange, with apex of femur, tibia and tarsus brown blackish (Fig. 11); metasoma, with posterior margins of tergites II���V narrowly black, tergites VI+ blacks (Fig. 11); ovipositor 1.3���1.4 �� as long as hind tibia............................................................................ 4 4 Tarsal claw with a flat preapical tooth, apex of claw 3.0 �� the lenght of the tooth (Fig. 12)................. H. kleini sp. n. - Tarsal claw with short basal lobe vertically, slightly quadrangular, apex of claw clearly overtaking the lobe (Fig. 13).......................................................................................... H. amazonensis sp. n. 5 Fore wing hyaline (Fig. 9) or hyaline yellowish, with black apex (Fig. 14)........................................ 6 - Fore wing hyaline yellowish, with two blackish bands (Fig. 15) or black with yellowish hyaline band between junction of vein R 1 up to pterostigma until half vein M (Fig. 8)............................................................... 7 6 Fore wing hyaline yellowish, with black apex (Fig. 14); hind leg, with base of coxa orange (Fig. 10); sternite with a high, laterally compressed, nasute ventral protuberance (Fig. 7)..................................... H. bicolor (Brull��, 1846) - Fore wing hyaline (Fig. 9); hind leg orange, with apex femur, tibia and tarsus blacks (Fig. 11); sternite I with a low, rounded swelling posteriorly (Fig. 6).............................................................. H. manauara sp. n. 7 Ovipositor 1.4 �� as long as hind tibia.................................................................... 9 8 Metasoma black, except tergite I orange (Fig. 18); ovipositor 0.9 �� as long as hind tibia.... heteropus (Kriechbaumer, 1890) - Metasoma with tergites I���V oranges, tergites VI+ blacks (Fig. 10); ovipositor 1.2���1.3 �� as long as hind tibia H. ribeiroi sp. n. 9 Pronotum black (Fig. 16); tarsal claw narrow elongated vertically, with apex slightly overtaking the lobe (Fig. 20)............................................................................................... H. duckensis sp. n. - Pronotum orange, with black anterior part (Fig. 19); tarsal claw with preapical tooth (Fig. 21)............................................................................................ H. neotropica (Brues & Richardson, 1913) 10 Face sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with a longitudinal carina in the middle part (Fig. 1); head with occipital carina projected, not curved upwards, with a concavity dorsally in the apex (Fig. 3); pronotum with the opening pocket-like structure reduced longitudinally (Fig. 3); fore wing black with yellowish hyaline band between junction of vein R 1 up to pterostigma until half vein M (Fig. 8)....................................................... H. uberensis sp. n. - Face not sculptured below the insertion of antennae, without longitudinal carina in the middle part (Fig. 2); head with occipital carina projected and curved upwards without a concavity in the apex dorsal (Fig. 4); pronotum with the pocket-like structure not reduced longitudinally (Fig. 4); fore wing hyaline (Fig. 9) or hyaline yellowish, with two blackish bands (Fig. 15).... 11 11 Fore wing hyaline (Fig. 9); hind leg orange, with apex of femur, tibia and tarsus blacks (Fig. 11)....... H. manauara sp. n. - Fore wing hyaline yellowish with two blackish bands (Fig. 15) or black with yellowish hyaline band between junction of vein R 1 up to pterostigma until half vein M (Fig. 8).............................................................. 12 12 Pronotum black (Fig. 16); hind leg black, with base of coxa orange (Fig. 10)........................ H. duckensis sp. n. - Pronotum orange; hind leg orange, with tibia and tarsus blacks (Fig. 17)............................. H. ribeiroi sp. n., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., Oliveira, Marcio L., Onody, Helena C., Sobczak, Jober F., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E. & G��mez, Isrrael C., 2015, The Brazilian Amazonian species of Hymenoepimecis Viereck, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 175-194 in Zootaxa 4058 (2) on pages 176-177, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/245261, {"references":["Brulle, M. A. (1846) Tome Quatriene. Des Hymenopteres. Les Ichneumonides. In: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau A. \" Histoire Naturelles des Insectes. \" Paris. 680 pp.","Kriechbaumer, J. (1890) Ichneumoniden-Studien. Neue Ichneumoniden des Wiener Museums. II. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums Wien, 5, 479 - 491.","Brues, C. T. & Richardson, C. H. (1913) Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera from British Guiana. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 32, 485 - 503."]}

Hymenoepimecis uberensis P��dua & Onody sp. n. (Figs 65���69) Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other Hymenoepimecis by the combination of the following characters: 1) fore wing blackish, with yellowish hyaline band between junction of vein R 1 up to pterostigma until half vein M; 2) face sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with longitudinal carina in the middle part; 3) occipital carina projected, not curved upwards, with a concavity in the apex dorsally; 4) pronotum with opening pocket-like structure reduced longitudinally; 5) sternite I with a ventral projection, spine-like, posteriorly; 6) female with tarsal claw with basal lobe slightly quadrangular and apex of claw slightly undertaking the lobe; 7) female with ovipositor about 1.1���1.2 �� as long as hind tibia. Description. Female. Body [9.7] 7.5���11.1 mm; face [1.0] 0.9 ���1.0 �� as broad as high (from supraclypeal suture to base of antenna), sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with longitudinal carina in the middle part and with few bristles spaced on the lower face; head in dorsal view with genae strongly narrowed behind eyes; posterior ocelli separated from eyes by [0.75] 0.75 ���1.0 �� its own maximum diameter; occipital carina not curved upwards, with a concavity in the apex dorsally. Pronotum long, smooth and polished, with distance from tegula to head is greater than [0.6] 0.6���0.7 �� distance from tegula to hind margin of propodeum with an anteriorly, and opening pocket-like structure reduced longitudinally; mesoscutum smooth and polished; scutellum, in profile, convex; mesopleuron smooth and polished, with anterodorsal and posterodorsal parts bearing sparse, fine setiferous punctures; metapleuron smooth and polished, rather uniformly covered with sparse, fine setiferous punctures; propodeum smooth, polished, with sparse, fine setiferous punctures and with lateral longitudinal carina present only posteriorlly. Fore wing with [7.7] 6.6���8.4 mm; cu-a interstitial to the base of Rs&M; 2 rs-m [0.3] 0.3���0.4 �� as long as abscissa of M between 2 rs-m and 2 m-cu; abscissa of Cu 1 meeting 1 m-cu equidistant between Cu 1 a and Cu 1 b; hind wing with [5.5] 4.7���8.1 mm; abscissa of Cu 1 meeting cu-a close to 1 A that M. Hind leg with tibia + tarsus [0.5] 0.5���0.6 �� the fore wing length; tarsal claw with basal lobe slightly quadrangular, with apex of claw slightly overtaking the lobe. Metasoma slender; tergite I [1.1] 1.1���1.4 �� as long as posteriorly broad, centrally quite strongly convex with lateral carinae only presente at extreme anterior end flanking the anterior concavity; sternite I with a ventral projection, spine-like, posteriorly; tergite II [0.95] 0.9���1.1 �� as long as posteriorly broad; tergites III��� IV [0.88] 0.88 ���1.0 �� as long as posteriorly broad; ovipositor [1.16] 1.1���1.2 �� as long as hind tibia. Coloration. Head black; clypeus yellowish with black base; mouthparts yellowish, with apex mandible black; antenna brown. Mesosoma orange. Anterior and median leg orange, the hind leg black, with base of coxa orange. Fore wing blackish, with yellowish hyaline band between junction of vein R 1 up to pterostigma until half vein M; pterostigma black; hind wing blackish with base and apex slightly yellowish. Metasoma orange, tergites VI+ black; ovipositor black with base and apex brownish and sheath brown blackish. Male. (Fig. 66). Similar to female in structure and coloration, but with tarsal claw simple; body with 5.9���8.6 mm; fore wing with 4.9���7.3 mm. Genital capsule (Figs 80���82): Paramere rounded apically, narrower than the parameral lamina, with bristles in apicodorsal margin; parameral lamina, with bristles spaced, mainly in dorsal region; volsellar lamina with britles in anterolateral region; cuspis with tooth in apical part; digitus about 0.5 �� the length of cuspis + volsellar lamina, with tooth in apex, truncated apically and angulated basally; aedeagus (including aedeagal apodeme) 1.0 �� the length of paramere + parameral lamina (including parameral apodeme). Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Par��, Rond��nia, Roraima) (Fig. 70). Biological notes. Host unknown. Etymology. The specific name refers to type locality of this species, Igarap�� Uber�� in Amazonas State, Brazil. Type material. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Reserva Ducke, Igarap�� Uber��, vii. 2001, Malaise (J.M.F. Ribeiro, J. Vidal & J.A. Vidal), INPA. Paratypes: Roraima: Caracara��, 00�� 56 ��� 36.5 ������S / 62 ��06���08.7������W, 28.viii��� 10.ix. 2011, Malaise (Biffi, G. & Prado, L.R.), 1 male, MZUSP; Amazonas: Manaus, Reserva 1208, Fazenda Esteio, PDBFF, 02�� 22 ��� 34 ������S / 59 �� 52 ��� 39 ������W, 27.viii. 1985, Malaise (B. Klein), 1 female, INPA; idem, but 30.x.1985, 1 female, INPA; idem, but Reserva 1301, 02�� 23 ���03������S / 59 �� 51 ��� 15 ������W, 06.xi.1985, 1 female, INPA; idem, but vii.1986, 1 male, INPA; idem, but 09.vi.1986, 1 male, INPA; idem, but Reserva 1210, 2�� 26 ���02������S / 59 �� 51 ��� 15 ������W, iii.1986, 1 male, INPA; idem, but 29.v.1986, 1 female, INPA; idem, but 12.viii.1985, 1 female, INPA; idem, but 07.xi.1985, 1 male (with the genitalia extracted), INPA; idem, but Reserva 1112, 02�� 23 ��� 32 ������S / 59 �� 52 ��� 39 ������W, vii.1986, 1 male (with the genitalia extracted), INPA; idem, but Reserva 1113, 02�� 26 ���02������S / 59 �� 51 ��� 15 ������W, vii.1986, 1 male, INPA; idem, but Reserva 1401, 17��� 31.i. 1996 (without collector), 2 males, INPA; idem, but Reserva Ducke, 31.ix. 1986 (L. Ulysses), 1 female, INPA; idem, but Igarap�� Ipiranga, v. 2003 (J.M.F. Ribeiro), 1 female, INPA; idem, but Igarap�� Bol��via, 10.ii.2003, 3 females, INPA; idem, but Igarap�� Barro Branco, 12���22.iv. 2004 (without collector), 1 female, MZUSP; Barcelos, Igarap�� Erer��/Coruja, 18���25.vi. 2008, Malaise (F.F. Xavier Filho), 1 male and 1 female, INPA; Presidente Figueiredo, Corredeira das Lajes, CDA /Adhesive trap, 08��� 12.iv. 2013 (A. Plant, J.T. C��mara, J.A. Rafael & A.C. Maldane), 1 female, INPA; Tabatinga, 13���17.iv. 1992, Malaise (J. Vidal & Lilian), 1 female, INPA; Par��: ��bidos, S��tio Curi��, 01�� 47 ���03������S / 55 ��07���05������W, 29.viii���08.ix. 2001, Malaise (J.A. Rafael & J.F. Vidal), 1 male, INPA; Bel��m, APEG, 25.ix. 2011, Malaise (Rocha, J. & Santos, I.), 1 male, MPEG; idem, but Mocambo, 30.ix.2011, 1 male, MPEG; Melga��o, ECFPn, 30.ix���09.x. 1997 (M. Zanuto), 1 female, MPEG; Rond��nia: Ouro Preto do Oeste, Igarap�� Mandi, 06��� 12.vii. 1995, Malaise (J.A. Rafael & J. Vidal), 1 female, INPA; Porto Velho, Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho, i. 2009, Malaise (S.S. Gadelha), 1 male, INPA. Total: 14 males and 17 females. Comments. Hymenoepimecis uberensis sp. n. closely resembles H. amazonensis sp. n., H. jordanensis and H. kleini sp. n., mainly by having the face sculptured below the insertion of antennae, with longitudinal carina in the middle part and with few bristles spaced on the lower face, by sternite I with a ventral projection, spine-like, posteriorly. However, H. uberensis sp. n. differs from them mainly by having the fore wing blackish, with yellowish hyaline band between junction of vein R 1 up to pterostigma until half vein M., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., Oliveira, Marcio L., Onody, Helena C., Sobczak, Jober F., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E. & G��mez, Isrrael C., 2015, The Brazilian Amazonian species of Hymenoepimecis Viereck, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 175-194 in Zootaxa 4058 (2) on pages 190-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/245261

Hymenoepimecis heteropus (Kriechbaumer, 1890) (Figs 38���41) Epimecis heteropus Kriechbaumer, 1890: 491. Hymenoepimecis heteropus; Viereck, 1912: 149. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other Hymenoepimecis by the combination of the following characters: 1) fore wing hyaline yellowish, with two blackish bands; 2) metasoma black, except tergite I orange; 3) ovipositor 0.9 �� as long as hind tibia. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas, Bahia, Par��, Rond��nia, Santa Catarina) (Fig. 42). Note. According to De Santis (1980), H. heteropus was only species of the genus with records for the northern (Amazonas and Par��), northeast (Bahia) and south regions (Santa Catarina). Biological notes. Host unknown. Material examined. BRAZIL. Rond��nia: Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, ��rea Abun��, AHE Jirau, 09�� 35 ���29,5���S / 65 ��02���57,6���W, 27.iii���08.iv. 2012, Malaise (Silva, R.R. & Albuquerque, E.Z.), 1 female, MZUSP., Published as part of P��dua, Diego G., Oliveira, Marcio L., Onody, Helena C., Sobczak, Jober F., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E. & G��mez, Isrrael C., 2015, The Brazilian Amazonian species of Hymenoepimecis Viereck, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 175-194 in Zootaxa 4058 (2) on pages 182-183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/245261, {"references":["Kriechbaumer, J. (1890) Ichneumoniden-Studien. Neue Ichneumoniden des Wiener Museums. II. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums Wien, 5, 479 - 491.","De Santis, L. (1980) Catalogo de los himenopteros Brazilenos de la serie Parasitica: Incluyendo Bethyloidea. Editora da Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, 395 pp."]}

A questo da subjetividade e da intersubjetividade, sua necessria correlata tema central implcito ou explcito nos mais variados debates envolvendo as cincias sociais e humanas, notadamente na filosofia poltica. No entanto, poucos so os autores que fazem a necessria aproximao entre a perspectiva filosfica e a psicanaltica, conquanto tenha sido esta a primeira a tomar o problema a srio. No presente artigo tenta-se contribuir para este necessrio debate interdisciplinar, a partir da reconstruo racional do pensamento de Habermas e Winnicott, como representantes privilegiados da pragmtica lingstico-filosfica e da psicanlise, respectivamente.

In this paper we investigate the non-Abelian cosmic string in de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spacetimes. In order to do that we construct the complete set of equations of motion considering the presence of a cosmological constant. By using numerical analysis we provide the behavior of the Higgs and gauge fields and also for the metric tensor for specific values of the physical parameters of the theory. For de Sitter case, we find the appearance of horizons that although being consequence of the presence of the cosmological constant it strongly depends on the value of the gravitational coupling. In the anti-de Sitter case, we find that the system does not present horizons. In fact the new feature of this system is related with the behavior of the $(00)$ and $(zz)$ components of the metric tensor. They present a strongly increasing for large distance from the string., 15 pages, 7 figures. New version accepted for publication in PRD

In this paper we study regular cosmic string solutions of the non-Abelian Higgs model coupled with the Einstein gravity. In order to do that, we constructed a set of coupled differential ordinary equation. Because there is no closed solution for this set of equations, we solve it numerically. The solutions that we are interested in asymptote to a flat space-time with a planar angle deficit. This model under consideration present two bosonic sectors, besides the non-Abelian gauge one, coupled minimally with the gravitational fields. The two bosonic sectors may present a direct coupling, which plays an important role on the behavior of the matter and gauge fields and also on the behavior on the geometry of the spacetime. We explicitly analyze the behaviors of the energy density and planar angle deficit as function of the energy scale where the gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken and the coupling interaction between the bosonic sectors., 12 pages, 7 figures

Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix is a rare condition. It is a rare variant of adenocarcinoma and is mostly seen in postmenopausal women. Here we report a case of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of uterine cervix. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 43-45 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8864

In vitro protocols for plantlet regeneration and medium-term genotype conservation of eight wild species of Curcuma have been optimized. Both the phenomena were genotype-dependent and influenced significantly by type and concentration of cytokinins used. In general, benzyladenine (BA) was found superior to other cytokinins tested for plantlet regeneration and γ,γ-dimethylallylaminopurine (2iP) for conservation. Number of shoots per culture ranged from 1.3 to 7.2 and conservation period from 264 to 379 d. In 30-d-old cultures, highest frequency of shoot regeneration could be obtained in C. malabarica (7.2 shoots per culture) on MS + 11.4 μM zeatin. Curcuma sp. (unidentified wild species) could be conserved for maximum period (379 d) on MS + 24.6 μM 2iP followed by C. aromatica (363 d) on MS + 22.8 μM zeatin. The tissue culture-raised plantlets were morphologically similar to their parents. The in vitro-conserved plants multiplied rapidly in tissue cultures and produced normal rhizomes upon transfer to soil in net house.

IntroductionDissociative and conversion disorders are reported to have a present incidence of about 85–100per 1000 by different studies, which are very few. The present research is a part of a longitudinal study of 15 years but here; only 3 years are represented, which could be briefly analyzed.ObjectiveLatest reports suggest a decline in incidence of hysteria (conversion and dissociation) and this research just tries to reconfirm.MethodsAll new patients attending a private psychiatry OPD in a small township of India at Lakhimpur Kheri in Uttar Pradesh, were screened to identify cases of dissociative disorder according to ICD 10, F44.2 and F44.3 from the 1st of January 2016 to 31st of October 2016 (10 months). These screened cases, only those presenting with fits of unconsciousness and possession, were analyzed and compared with the previous years for the same period.ResultsOut of a total of 3671 patients seen, (2122 males and 1549 females) a total of 319 presented with the above mentioned symptoms (58 males and 261 females) about 87 per 1000 of psychiatric patients.ConclusionThe results, when compared with two previous years for the same period were quite similar, 2015 getting incidence of 97 per 1000 and 2014, an incidence of 89 per 1000. The inference thus is that there does not seem to be any decline of incidence and the figure would be much higher if both conversion and dissociative symptoms are included – a really serious situation.Disclosure of InterestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The amazonica species-group (Figs. 1 b, 1 e, 1 h) Diagnosis. The amazonica species-group can be distinguished from all other New and Old world species-groups of Xanthopimpla by the combination of the following characters: 1) occipital carina developed into a thin, high flange (Fig. 1 b); 2) propodeal spiracle joined to the pleural carina by a short carina (Fig. 1 e); and 3) first tergite with lateromedian carinae anteriorly highly elevated (Fig. 1 h). At least the first two characters seem to be unique to the amazonica species-group. Remarks. The species of the group are restricted to South America and have been found mainly in the vast Amazonian lowland rainforest area (Fig. 8). All species are rare and we have only seen a few specimens., Published as part of G��mez, Isrrael C., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E., Broad, Gavin R., Puhakka, Liisa, Castillo, Carol, Pe��a, Carlos & P��dua, Diego G., 2014, The Neotropical species of Xanthopimpla Saussure (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 57-73 in Zootaxa 3774 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/285718

Hyalella epikarstica n. sp. Material examined. Holotype male, body length = 3.95 mm, head length = 0.36 mm, MNRJ 24771. Paratypes: CCUFLA 0 344 with the same data as the holotype (one slide of a male and two entire individuals). Type locality. Brazil, S��o Paulo state: Areias de Cima cave (24 �� 35 ��� 28.5 ��� S 48 �� 42 ��� 08.3���W), S��o Paulo state, Iporanga municipality, Areias stream (Betary river basin), 225 meters of altitude, July, 7, 2012, Ferreira, R.L. coll. Diagnosis. Body surface smooth. Eyes absent. Antenna 1 longer than antenna 2, flagellum with 9 articles. Antenna 2 less than half body length, flagellum with 7 articles. Maxilla 2 inner plate with only one long and strong papposerrate apical seta. Maxilliped inner plate with three strong and very long cuspidate setae apically; palp smaller than inner plate. Gnathopod 1 propodus length less than twice maximum width, hammer shaped, inner face with 4 pappose setae; carpus border not pectinate, only with simple setae. Gnathopod 2 carpus wider than long, posterior lobe slim without pectinate border, with few short simple setae; propodus ovate; palm sub-equal to posterior margin, slope oblique. Peraeopod 6 and 7 much more longer than others. Uropod 1 inner ramus of male with a long curved seta apically and four simple setae. Uropod 3 shorter than telson, peduncle longer than ramus and with only one long cuspidate seta with an accessory seta. Telson as long as wide, with two short simple apical setae. Sternal gills tubular on segments 3 to 7. Description of male. (Fig. 1). Mean body length: 3.1 �� 0.85 mm, mean head length: 0.26 mm �� 0.1 mm (n= 4). Body surface smooth; epimeral plates not acuminate. Head as the same size as the first pereon segment, rostrum absent. Eyes absent (Fig. 1). Antenna 1 (Fig. 2) longer than antenna 2, less than half body length; peduncle surpassing head length; flagellum with 9 articles, longer than peduncle; aesthetascs occurring distally on flagellum after article 4. Antenna 2 (Fig. 3) peduncle not surpassing the second peraeonite, less than half body length, peduncle slender, longer than head; flagellum with 7 articles, shorter than peduncle. Upper lip (Fig. 4) margin rounded; distal margin covered by setules on ventral and dorsal faces. Basic amphipodan mandible, without palp; incisor toothed; molar large, cylindrical and triturative, with setules around its circumference; left lacinia mobilis with five teeth (Fig. 5), setal row on left mandible with two main pappose setae plus accessory setae; right lacinia mobilis with two teeth; setal row on right mandible with two main pappose setae plus accessory setae. Lower lip (Fig. 6) outer lobes rounded and distally notched, with setules on ventral and dorsal faces; strongly irregular surface between the outer lobes. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 7) palp uniarticulate, short, longer than wide, reaching less than half length the distance between the base of the palp and and the apex of the outer plate, with a long and strong seta; inner plate slender, shorter than outer plate, with two long papposerrate apical setae presenting long setules, with few minute setae on the inner margin; outer plate with nine serrate setae. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 8) inner plate slightly shorter than outer plate, with only one long and strong papposerrate apical seta, eight serrulate and several simple apical setae; outer plate with abundant long simple setae; outer and inner plates with several setules. Maxilliped (Fig. 18) inner plate longer than wide, with three strong and very long cuspidate setae apically, several pappose setae on apical and inner margins; outer plate shorter than inner plate, with several simple setae mediomarginally and apically; palp sub-equal in length as outer plate and shorter than inner plate, 4 -articulate; article 1 longer than wide, outer and inner faces with few simple setae; article 2 longer than wide, inner margin with several long simple setae; article 3 longer than wide, outer and inner margins with several extremely long simple setae; dactylus unguiform with few simple setae, shorter than other articles, inner border with several simple setae; distal nail sub-equal to dactylus. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 9) subchelate; coxal plate wider than long, with simple setae on the anteromarginally; basis, ischium and merus with simple setae posteromarginally; carpus longer than wide, shorter than propodus, with posterior lobe produced and forming a scoop-like structure, without pectinate margin, with few simple setae; propodus width about �� of maximum length, hammer-shaped (Fig. 10), without setae on anterior margin, without comb-scales, inner face with four serrate setae, with a simple seta on the disto-posterior margin; palm slope oblique, margin slightly concave, palm with many simple setae, posterior distal corner with one long and strong cuspidate seta with an accessory seta; dactylus claw-like surpassing the palm, without comb-scales, with one plumose seta anteriorly and few setae on the inner curvature. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 11) subchelate; basis hind margin with five simple setae; merus with few simple setae posteromarginally; carpus wider than long, posterior lobe nawrolly produced between merus and propodus, without pectinate border, with few short simple setae; propodus ovate (Fig. 12), length 1.1 maximum width, without combscales; palm sub-equal to posterior margin of propodus, slope oblique, with one row of several cuspidate setae with an accessory setae and simple setae, posterior distal corner with two long and strong cuspidate setae and with a deep cup for dactylus; dactylus claw-like, congruent with palm, plumose seta anteriorly, without comb-scales. Peraeopods 3 to 7 simple. Peraeopod 3 (Fig. 13) coxal plate longer than wide, width about half its length, with small simple setae on the border; merus and carpus posterior margin with cluster of simple setae; propodus posterior margin with cuspidate setae; dactylus less than half-length of propodus. Peraeopod 4 (Fig. 14) coxal plate excavated posteriorly, wider than long, with small simple setae on the border; merus and carpus posterior margin with clusters of simples setae; propodus posterior margin with simple setae; dactylus less than half-length of propodus. Peraeopod 5 (Fig. 15) coxal plate wider than long, with two lobes and small simple setae on the border; merus, carpus and propodus margin with 10 marginal clusters of 1-5 cuspidate setae with an accessory setae; dactylus less than half-length of propodus. Peraeopod 6 (Fig. 16) coxal plate wider than long, with two lobes and small simple setae on the border; merus, carpus and propodus margin with 10 marginal clusters of 1���5 cuspidate setae with an accessory setae; dactylus less than half-length of propodus. Peraeopod 7 (Fig. 17) coxal plate wider than long with small simple setae on the border; merus, carpus and propodus margin with 10 marginal clusters of 1���5 cuspidate setae with an accessory setae; dactylus less than half-length of propodus. Peraeopod 3 sub-equal to peraeopod 4; peraeopod 5 shorter than others; peraeopods 6 sub-equal to 7, both longer than others. Pleopods (Fig. 19) peduncle shorter than rami, with two coupling spines; both rami with several plumose setae. Uropod 1 (Fig. 20) peduncle longer 1.3 times than rami; outer ramus longer than inner ramus; outer ramus with two dorsal simple setae and five simple setae apically, one much more longer than the others; inner ramus with one dorsal simple seta, male with a long curved seta apically on the ramus, four simple setae apically; peduncle with five simple setae dorsally. Uropod 2 (Fig. 21) shorter than uropod 1; inner ramus with only one dorsal simple seta and five distal simple setae; outer ramus with only one dorsal simple seta and four distal setae; peduncle longer and wider than rami, with three simple setae. Uropod 3 (Fig. 22) shorter than telson, than peduncle of uropod 1 and peduncle of uropod 2; inner ramus absent; outer ramus uniarticulate; peduncle longer than wide, with only one long cuspidate seta with an accessory seta; ramus shorter than peduncle; basal width 3 times the width of ramus apex, with two cuspidate setae with an accessory seta. Telson (Fig. 23) entire, apically rounded, as long as wide, with two short simple apical setae; plumose setae may be present laterally. Coxal gills sac-like, present on peraeonites 2 to 6. Sternal gills tubular present on peraeonites 3 to 7. Both coxal and sternal gills are extremely reduced in size. Female. Mean body length: 4 �� 0.8 mm, mean head length: 0.3 �� 0.1 mm (n= 2). Antenna 1 similar in shape to male, flagellum with 10 articles; antenna 2 similar in shape to male, flagellum with 7 articles. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 24) different to male gnathopod 1; carpus longer than wide, without comb-scales; with posterior lobe produced and forming a scoop-like structure, without pectinate margin, with few simple setae; propodus (Fig. 25) as long as wide, ���hatchet-shaped���, palm longer than posterior margin of propodus, without comb-scales, inner face with four simple setae, palm slope transverse, posterior distal corner with two long and strong cuspidate seta with an accessory seta; dactylus claw-like. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 26) similar in size and shape to gnathopod 2; different in shape to male gnathopod 2 and smaller; propodus (Fig. 27) as long as wide, subchelate, inner face with four simple setae, palm transverse, without comb-scales. Telson similar in shape to male. Habitat. The epikarst is defined as the heterogeneous interface between unconsolidated material (soil, sediments and modified carbonate rock) that is partially saturated with water and capable of delaying or storing water and locally rerouting vertical infiltration to the deeper regional phreatic zone of the karst aquifer (Jones et al. 2004). The main traits of the epikarst habitats usually prevent direct sampling, and most species known from this habitat are indirectly collected especially in dripping pools (Pipan & Culver 2005). This is the case of H. epikarstica. Although there are three distinct streams in the Areias de Cima cave, no specimen was recorded in these lotic habitats. The specimens were only collected in a single place within the cave, located in the eastern branch of the system (Figs. 28, 29 and 31). Specimens were found swimming in small travertine pools, which were being filled by percolating water coming from a small crack in the cave wall (Fig. 32). During five visits to the cave, specimens were only recorded two times, when the area was under heavy rain. We believe that the amplified flow of water from the epikarst has washed out few specimens that were carried out to the travertine pools. In the other episodes in which we have visited the cave, the travertive pools were almost empty, clearly indicating that they are not persistent habitats, thus, incapable to maintain populations. There are other amphipod species that are considered epikarstic, as Niphargobates orophobata Sket, 1981 and Niphargus fongi Fi��er & Zagmajster, 2009. Specimens from the former were collected from a jet of percolating water in Panina cave, Slovenia, while specimens from the latter were found in pools of percolating water, some of which temporarily dry up. According to Fi��er & Zagmajster (2009) the narrow distribution range of N. fongi suggests that the species lives in limestone fissures, possibly in the epikarst ecotone. This is the same situation observed for H. epikarstica, what strongly suggests that the species is associated to these ���above cave��� compartments. Conservation. The karst of Iporanga is associated with carbonate rocks of the A��ungui Group, which was formed between 1.45 billion and 540 million years ago (Campanha et al. 2008; 2010). The caves and their special features developed during the Quaternary Period (between 1.8 million years and the present) and are still active (Karmann 1994). The external vegetation comprises the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, which is well preserved in the area (Fig. 33). The Areias de Cima cave is part of the ���Areias system���, which is divided into three caves connected by the Areias stream. The Areias de Cima cave is the first (upstream) cave in the system, possessing around 5.5 km of linear projection, being divided in two conduits, interconnected near the entrance (Fig. 29). The specimens were found in the left branch of the cave (Fig. 31). To date, 17 troglobitic species (16 invertebrates and one vertebrate) have been recorded for the whole system (Trajano 2007; ��zara & Ferreira 2013), which is considered the richest system for troglobitic fauna in Brazil. This cave system has been studied for over 100 years and only in recent samplings few specimens of this new species were found, which strongly suggests its epikarstic status. The cave system is protected, since it is located within a Conservation Unit (Parque Estadual Tur��stico do Alto Ribeira ��� PETAR). Tourist visits are prohibited, so that the cave is extremely preserved. Etymology. The species epithet ��� epikarstica ��� refers to the species habitat. The word is feminine in gender. Remarks. Hyalella epikarstica has similar characteristics and also adaptations as other troglobiotic species of the genus. The new species shares the following characters with H. imbya and H. muerta: presents the antenna 1 longer than antenna 2; absence of comb-scales on both gnathopods; and sternal gills present on peraeonites 3���7. However, H. epikarstica differs from H. muerta by the presence of a curved seta on the inner ramus of uropod 1 and differs from H. imbya on the palm slope of gnathopod 1. The palm slope on gnathopod 1 on H. imbya is transversal and on H. epikarstica is oblique, a characteristic very unusual in the genus for this appendage. Hyalella epikarstica is different in almost all the morphological characteristics when compared to H. anophtalma, like size proportions of antennae; presence of comb-scales in gnathopods; arrangement of sternal gills; presence of an apical seta on telson; and presence of a curved setae on uropod 1. Possibly because both species live close to each other, H. epikarstica share many morphological characteristics with H. caeca, such as: absence of comb-scales on gnathopods; presence of sternal gills on peraeonites 3���7; number and arrangement of setae on telson; and the presence of only one papposerrate apical seta on the inner plate of maxilla 2. Although, unlike the new species, H. caeca does not have a curved seta on the inner ramus of uropod 1; antenna 1 is shorter than 2; carpus of gnathopod 1 is longer than propodus and bears serrate setae and denticles on the carpus distal lobe, forming a pectinate margin, absent on H. epikarstica. Finally, H. spelaea differs from H. epikarstica in the following: reduced but present eyes; absence of a curved seta on inner ramus of uropod 1; sternal gills on peraeonites 2���7; antenna 1 smaller than antenna 2; and presence of comb-scales on gnathopod 1. Moreover, H. epikarstica has unique morphological characteristics: extreme reduction in the size of sternal and coxal gills; lower lip with strongly irregular surface between the outer lobes; maxilliped inner plate with three very long cuspidate setae apically and palp extremely reduced with long simple setae; distal lobe basis of carpus on gnathopod 1 and 2 without pectinate margin, serrate setae, denticles or comb-scales, only with few simple setae; and palm slope oblique on both male gnathopods., Published as part of Rodrigues, Stella Gomes, Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2014, A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species, pp. 200-214 in Zootaxa 3815 (2) on pages 201-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3815.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/225119, {"references":["Jones, W. K., Culver, D. C. & Herman, J. S. (2004) Epikarst. Proceedings of the symposium held October 1 through 4, 2003, Sheperdstown, West Virginia, USA: Karst Waters Institute Special Publ. 9. Charles Town, West Virginia, 200 pp.","Pipan, T. & Culver, D. C. (2005) Estimating biodiversity in the epikarstic zone of a West Virginia cave. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 67 (2), 103 - 109.","Sket, B. (1981) Niphargobates orophobata n. g., n. sp. (Amphipoda, Gammaridae s. l.) from cave waters in Slovenia (NW Yug oslav ia). Bioloski Vestnik, 29, 105 - 118.","Fiser, C. & Zagmajster, M. (2009) Cryptic species from cryptic space: the case of Niphargus fongi sp. n. (Amphipoda, Niphargidae). Crustaceana, 82 (5), 593 - 614. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854009 x 407704","Campanha, G. A. C., Basei, M. A. S., Tassinari, C., Nutman, A. P. & Faleiros, F. M. (2008) Constraining the age of Iporanga Formation with SHRIMP U-Pb zircon: implications for possible Ediacaran glaciation in the Ribeira Belt, SE Brazil.","Campanha, G. A. C., Warren, L., Boggiani, P. C., Grohmann, C. H. & Caceres, A. A. (2010) Structural analysis of the Itapucumi Group in the Vallemi region, northern Paraguay: Evidence of a new Brasiliano / Pan-African mobile belt. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 30, 1 - 11. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2010.04.001","Karmann, I. (1994) Evolucao e Dinamica atual do sistema carstico do Alto Vale do Rio Ribeira de Iguape, Sao Paulo, Brasil. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 241 pp.","Trajano, E. (2007) Sistema Areias. 100 anos de estudos. Redespeleo Brasil, Sao Paulo, 126 pp.","Azara, L. N. & Ferreira, R. L. (2013) The first troglobitic Cryptops (Trigonocryptops) (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from South America and the description of a non-troglobitic species from Brazil. Zootaxa, 3709 (5), 432 - 444. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3709.5.2"]}

Xanthopimpla craspedoptera Krieger 1914 (Figs. 5 c, 6 c, 7 c) Original description. See Krieger (1914). Re-descriptions in English. See Townes (1969) and Gauld (1991). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other Neotropical Xanthopimpla by the combination of the following characters: 1) occipital carina complete, not expanded into a high thin flange; 2) submetapleural carina with a small flange anteriorly; 3) with black spots close to propodeal spiracle and ventrally on hind coxa; and 4) ovipositor sheath about 0.3 to 0.5 times as long as hind tibia. Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru. New material examined. Brazil: Female (INPA): Dept. of Amazonas, Iranduba. Vidal leg. Malaise trap, VII. 1999. Female (INPA): Dept. of Amazonas, Iranduba. Oliveira, Tonon, Somavilla & Azevedo leg. Malaise trap, XI. 2011. Ecuador: Female (NHRS): Napo, Yasuni National Park. Pape & Viklund leg. Malaise trap 00�� 38 ��� S, 76 �� 36 ��� W, 3���20.XI. 1998. Male (NHRS): Napo, Yasuni National Park. Pape & Viklund leg. Malaise trap 00�� 38 ��� S, 76 �� 36 ��� W, 3���20.XI. 1998. Peru: Female (ZMUT): Dept. of Loreto, Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana. Varillal, S����ksj��rvi et al. leg Malaise trap B 2 (4) X. 1998. Female (ZMUT): Dept. of Cusco, Amarakaeri, Castillo leg, Hand net. XI. 2010. Female (ZMUT): Dept. of Madre de Dios, Los Amigos, Isrrael G��mez leg, Malaise trap. VI. 2008. Notes. The species is widely distributed in Central and South America but is represented only by a few specimens in collections., Published as part of G��mez, Isrrael C., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E., Broad, Gavin R., Puhakka, Liisa, Castillo, Carol, Pe��a, Carlos & P��dua, Diego G., 2014, The Neotropical species of Xanthopimpla Saussure (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 57-73 in Zootaxa 3774 (1) on pages 68-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/285718, {"references":["Krieger, R. (1914) Ueber die Ichneumonidengattung Xanthopimpla Sauss. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 80 (6), 1 - 148.","Townes, H. K. (1969) The Neotropic species of Xanthopimpla (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 71, 82 - 88.","Gauld, I. D. (1991) The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 47, 1 - 589."]}

Key to the species of Hyalella from Brazil 1 Body surface smooth.................................................................................. 2 ��� Body with flanges on some peraeonites and some pleonites.................................................. 14 2 Eyes absent or reduced............................................................................... 16 ��� Eyes present and pigmented............................................................................ 3 3 Uropod 1 of male without curved seta on inner ramus....................................................... 4 ��� Uropod 1 of male with curved seta on inner ramus.......................................................... 9 4 Dorsal margin of uropod 3 without setae.................................................................. 5 ��� Dorsal margin of uropod 3 with setae.............................................................. H. dielaii 5 Gnathopod 2 with propodus much less than twice its width................................................... 6 ��� Gnathopod 2 with propodus almost twice its width................................................. H. longistila 6 Slender setae on apical margin of telson.................................................................. 7 ��� Strong setae on apical margin of telson........................................................... H. meinerti 7 Inner face of gnathopod 1 with a row of five or less serrate setae............................................... 8 ��� Inner face of gnathopod 1 with a row of 10 or more serrate setae...................................... H. warmingi 8 Flagellum of antenna 2 with 14���17 articles........................................................ H. minensis ��� Flagellum of antenna 2 with 19���25 articles..................................................... H. gracilicornis 9 Sternal gills present on segments 2���7................................................................... 10 ��� Sternal gills present on segments 3���7....................................................... H. montenegrinae 10 Telson with more than two apical setae.................................................................. 11 ��� Telson with only two strong apical setae.......................................................... H. carstica 11 Gnathopod 2 dactylus shorter than propodus palm......................................................... 12 ��� Gnathopod 2 dactylus as long as propodus palm........................................................... 13 12 Rami of uropod 3 with only cuspidate setae distally................................................. H. xakriaba ��� Rami of uropod 3 with cuspidate and simple setae distally.......................................... H. brasiliensis 13 Peduncle of uropod 3 with four to six cuspidate apical setae........................................ H. curvispina ��� Peduncle of uropod 3 with more than seven cuspidate apical setae....................................... H. castroi 14 Uropod 1 of male with curved seta on inner ramus......................................................... 15 ��� Uropod 1 of male without curved seta on inner ramus........................................... H. pseudoazteca 15 Flanges present only on pleonite 1���2............................................................ H. kaingang ��� Flanges present on peraeonite 7 and pleonite 1���3.................................................. H. pleoacuta 16 Sternal gills present on segments 3���7................................................................... 17 ��� Sternal gills present on segments 2���7............................................................. H. spelaea 17 Antenna 1 longer than antenna 2....................................................................... 18 ��� Antenna 1 shorter than antenna 2.................................................................. H. caeca 18 Posterior lobe of carpus with a row of serrate setae.................................................... H. imbya ��� Posterior lobe of carpus with a row of simple setae........................................... H. epikarstica n. sp., Published as part of Rodrigues, Stella Gomes, Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2014, A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species, pp. 200-214 in Zootaxa 3815 (2) on pages 211-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3815.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/225119

Xanthopimpla allpahuaya G��mez & S����ksj��rvi sp. n. (Figs. 5 a, 6 a, 7 a) Type material. Holotype female (UNSM): Peru, Dept. of Loreto, Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana. 3 �� 58 ��� 35 S, 73 �� 25 ��� 57 W, 124 m. G��mez & S����ksj��rvi leg. Malaise trap. 14���20.XI. 2011. Paratypes: One female (UNSM): as above. 13���19.VI. 2011. One female (UNSM): Peru, Dept. of Loreto, Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana. Varillal, S����ksj��rvi et al. leg. Malaise trap APHI B 3 / 8 218. 1 ��� 16.XII. 1998. One female (UNSM): as above but Malaise trap I 1 (15) 8.XI. 2000. One male (UNSM): as above but Malaise trap H 1 (7) 11.VI. 2000. One male (UNSM): as above but Malaise trap APHI B 2 / 2 0 99. 1 ��� 16.IX. 1998. One female (UNSM): as above but Malaise trap I 1 (12) 19.IX. 2000. (One female UNSM): as above but Malaise trap H 1 (10) 2.VIII. 2000. One female (ZMUT): as above but Malaise trap J 1 (1) 8.VII. 2000. One female (ZMUT): as above but Malaise trap D 1 / 5 0 14. One female (BMNH): as above Malaise trap I 1 (11) 18.VII. 2000. One female (ZMUT): Ecuador, Dept. of Orellana, Onkogane Gare, 0 0�� 39 ��� 25.7 ���S, 76 �� 27 ��� 10.8 ���W, 216 m. Terry Erwin leg. Canopy fogging, 29.VI. 1994. One female (ZMUT): as above but 15.X. 2005. One female (ZMUT): as above but 6.VII. 1995. One female (ZMUT): as above but 25.VI. 1996. One female (INPA): Brazil, Dept. of Amazonas, Manaus. PDBFF, 0 2 �� 22 ��� 34 ���S, 59 �� 52 ��� 39 ���W, Klein leg. Malaise trap, 8.X. 1985. One female (INPA): as above but 19.III. 1985. One female (INPA): as above but 3.IX. 1985. One female (INPA): as above but VIII. 1986. One male (INPA): as above but, 5.XI. 1985. Female. (Fig. 5 a). Head in dorsal view moderately short, with genae evenly narrowed behind eyes; frons weakly biconcave; posterior ocellus separated from eye by 0.7 times its diameter; occipital carina broadly incomplete dorsally, ventrally expanded into a flange; clypeus relatively flat, basally not clearly separated from face, but with a weak transverse groove below level of anterior tentorial pits defining a flat distal portion of the clypeus; clypeal apex truncate; malar space about 0.3 times as long as basal mandibular width; face with contiguous, coarse punctures. Pronotum with apical edge reflexed and raised. Mesoscutum polished, sparsely punctate, with notauli strongly impressed anteriorly, and bounded in front by a high triangular crests. Scutellum convex, with lateral carinae. Epicnemial carina reaching to above level of lower corner of pronotum. Metapleuron weakly convex, smooth; submetapleural carina sharp but low, extending back to the insertion of hind coxa. Propodeum in profile abruptly declivous; posterior transverse carina complete and curved; lateromedian longitudinal carina only present anteriorly so area superomedia is not defined laterally (Fig. 6 a); lateral carina present except above spiracle; pleural carina complete, not connected to spiracle by a short carina. Fore wing length about 10 mm; Rs sinuous; cu-a opposite base of Rs&M; discosubmarginal cell evenly quite closely hirsute. Metasoma with tergite 1 about 1.2���1.3 times as long as posteriorly broad, with well-developed lateral carina anteriorly; tergite 2 about 0.6 times as long as posteriorly broad with a more or less rhombic raised central area which is polished and sparsely punctate laterally. Ovipositor sheath 0.5���0.6 times as long as hind tibia; apex of ovipositor evenly tapered, slightly decurved with denticles on both valves. Coloration. Yellow with the following areas blackish: transverse band centrally across mesoscutum, scutoscutellar groove, anterior part of propodeum; interocellar area, triangular marks on back of head, posterior part of tegula. Anterior and posterior margins of mesopleuron narrowly infuscate; hind coxa ventrally black marked; ovipositor sheath proximally yellowish, strongly infuscate distally. Wings slightly yellowish, pterostigma brownish. Male: Similar to female. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from all other Neotropical species of Xanthopimpla by the combination of the following characters: 1) metasoma and hind leg without black marks; 2) propodeum with anterior transverse carina absent centrally; 3) lateromedian longitudinal carinae only present anteriorly (area superomedia not defined laterally); 4) ovipositor sheath about 0.5���0.6 times as long as hind tibia, yellowish but apically infuscate; and 5) occipital carina dorsally absent. Xanthopimpla allpahuaya sp. n. resembles X. aurita especially in propodeal carination. However, this new species has a longer tergite 1, has no black marks on the metasoma and the ovipositor sheath is about half the length of that of X. aurita. Biological notes. This species appears to be restricted to highly vulnerable white sand rain forests (varillal forests). Etymology. The specific name refers to the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve, Department of Loreto, Peru, the principal Peruvian fieldwork area of the first and second authors. This species is named in honour of this unique area of Peruvian Amazonia. Distribution. Brazil, Ecuador, Peru., Published as part of G��mez, Isrrael C., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E., Broad, Gavin R., Puhakka, Liisa, Castillo, Carol, Pe��a, Carlos & P��dua, Diego G., 2014, The Neotropical species of Xanthopimpla Saussure (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 57-73 in Zootaxa 3774 (1) on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/285718

Hyalella formosa Cardoso & Araujo, sp. n. (Figs. 7���10) Type material. Holotype: male, cephalothorax length 0.4 mm, total length 5.6 mm, Brazil, Paran�� state, Ponta Grossa municipality, Andorinhas Cave (25 ��08��� 39 ���S 49 �� 55 ��� 58 ���W), MZUSP 28419; 24.VII. 2011, Ferreira R.L. & cols. Paratypes: UFRGS 5543 (2 males on slides, 1 female on slide), UFLA 0 260 (1 male, 1 female). All samples have the same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Eyes absent. Antenna 1 flagellum with 11 to 13 articles, longer than antenna 2. Antenna 2 with eight to ten articles. Gnathopod 1 and 2 carpus posterior lobe with polygonal pattern and one row of serrate setae. Gnathopod 1 propodus oval shape, without projections on the posterior margin, inner face with five serrate setae. Gnathopod 2 propodus elongated, oval shape, without projections on the posterior margin; palm smooth, slope oblique, strongly inclined, longer than posterior margin; dactylus long, exceeding half length of propodus. Uropod 1 inner ramus of male with one curved seta and four apical cuspidate setae. Uropod 3 peduncle with one cuspidate seta distally; ramus with one cuspidate seta and two to three distal simple setae. Description of male. (Figs 2 E and 7 A). Mean body length: 5.4 �� 0.9 mm (n= 3); mean cephalothorax length: 0.4 �� 0.08 mm. Body surface smooth, epimeral plates not acuminate. Eyes absent. Antenna 1 (Fig. 7 B) longer than antenna 2; total length reaches fourth pereonite; peduncle not surpassing first pereonite; flagellum with 11 to 13 articles, each with one or two aesthetascs after article 2. Antenna 2 (Fig. 7 C) total length reaches fourth segment; peduncle not surpassing first pereonite; flagellum with eight to ten articles. Upper lip (Fig. 7 D) margin rounded, distal border covered by setules on dorsal and ventral faces. Mandible (Fig. 7 E) basic amphipodan (in the sense of Watling 1993), but without palp; incisor toothed; left lacinia mobilis with five teeth and setal row with two pappose setae, right mandible with three pappose setae; molar process broad and cylindrical with accessory seta. Lower lip (Fig. 7 F) lobes rounded, with setules on dorsal and ventral faces. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 7 G) inner plate shorter than outer plate, with two distal papposerrate setae and several setules on the margin. Outer plate with nine serrate setae; palp short, uniarticulated with one distal setae. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 7 H) inner and outer plate of similar sizes, inner ramus with two papposerrate setae, nine serrulate and several simple setae; outer plate with several simple setae and one long plumose seta distally. Maxilliped (Fig. 7 I) inner ramus with three cuspidate distal setae and several pappose and simple setae on the margin; outer ramus with simple setae and two serrate setae on the margin; palp with four articles with several simple setae; dactylus unguiform, shorter (1 / 2) than the article 3, with simple seta and distal nail. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 8 A) subchelate; basis, ischium and merus with simple setae; carpus longer than wider, shorter than propodus, lobe posterior margin with polygonal pattern and one row of serrate seta; propodus length 1.5 times the width (rectangular), oval shape, without projections on the posterior margin, inner face with five serrate setae; dactylus claw-like with simple setae and one plumose seta (Fig. 8 B). Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 8 C) subchelate; basis, ischium and merus with simple setae on the posterior margin; carpus wider than longer, lobe posterior margin with polygonal pattern and one row of serrate setae; propodus elongated, oval shape, without projections on the posterior margin, length 1.4 times the width (rectangular); smooth palm, slope oblique, strongly inclined, palm 1.5 times longer than posterior margin, with 12 to 20 cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactylus claw-like, long, exceeding half the length of the propodus (Fig. 8 D). Pereopods 3 to 7 (Figs. 8 E and 8 F) merus, carpus, propodus posterior margin with cluster of cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactylus length 1 / 3 of propodus; propodus dorsal and distal margins with simple setae; pereopod 3 and 4 with similar sizes; pereopod 5 smaller than others; pereopod 6 smaller than pereopod 7; which is about 1.5 times greater than pereopod 3. Pleopods (Fig. 9 A) peduncle shorter than rami, with distal coupling spines; both rami with several plumose setae. Uropod 1 (Fig. 9 B) peduncle longer than rami, with four cuspidate setae with accessory seta; inner ramus with one curved seta and four apical cuspidate setae (Fig. 9 C); outer ramus with three cuspidate setae with accessory seta on inner margin, and apex with four cuspidate setae, one of them with accessory seta (U 1 about 5 times the length of U 3). Uropod 2 (Fig. 9 D) shorter than uropod 1; peduncle with four cuspidate setae with accessory seta on the margin; inner ramus longer than outer ramus with one or two cuspidate setae with accessory seta on the margin, apex with five cuspidate setae with accessory seta; outer ramus with three cuspidate setae with accessory seta, apex with three to four cuspidate setae, two of them with accessory seta. Uropod 3 (Fig. 9 E) shorter than uropod 2, peduncle longer than ramus, longer than wide with one distal cuspidate setae; ramus uniarticulated with one cuspidate setae and two to three distal simple setae. Telson (Fig. 9 F) longer than wider, with two long simple setae and three short simple setae laterally. Coxal gills sac-like present on pereonites 2 to 6. Sternal gills tubular present on pereonites 2 to 7. Female. Cephalothorax length: 0.4 mm, body length: 5.0 mm (n = 1). Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 10 A) smaller than gnathopod 2; carpus wider than longer, lobe posterior margin with polygonal pattern; propodus longer than wider, inner face with five serrate setae. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 10 B) similar to gnathopod 1, slightly larger, with carpus wider than longer, lobe posterior margin with polygonal pattern; propodus rectangular, longer than wider, inner face with five serrate setae. Uropod 1 peduncle longer than rami, inner margin with five cuspidate setae with accessory seta; inner ramus with two apical cuspidate setae; outer ramus with two cuspidate setae with accessory seta on the margin and apex with four cuspidate setae (Fig. 10 C). Habitat and ecological considerations. Hyalella. formosa was found in an underground lake in Andorinhas Cave, located near Ponta Grossa city (Fig. 2 A). The cave is mainly composed of sandstone; its entrance is within a fracture covered by dense vegetation, while the surrounding is quite modified, especially due to agricultural activities (Fig. 2 B). The cave comprises an elliptical hall approximately 140 meters long, its floor is strongly declined (Fig. 1 D) and, in the deepest portion, there is the lake (Fig. 1 C) where the species was found (Spinardi & Lopes, 1990). Dozens of individuals were observed swimming in the water column. There is organic material composed by plant fragments that are flushed in from the outside by water during rainy periods. The water table appears to vary over the year so the configuration of the pond level may be variable depending on the season. Other fractures were observed in the region, although apparently not connected with the water table. Although the only possible habitat for this species appears to be Andorinhas Cave, it is quite likely that the distribution of the species is more extensive, comprising part of the water table in the area. Remarks. The troglomorphic features found in H. formosa, such as the absence of eyes resembles H. caeca, H. imbya, H. anophthalma and H. muerta; and the antenna 1 being longer than antenna 2, resemble H. imbya and H. muerta. The propodus of gnathopod 2 with a smooth palm in H. formosa is similar to H. caeca and H. imbya, while in H. spelaea, H. anophthalma and H. muerta the palm is irregular. In addition H. formosa shares with H. imbya the strongly inclinated palm of gnathopod 2, the absence of denticles on the posterior margin of gnathopod 2 carpus (Fig. 23), the presence of one curved seta in uropod 1 and long pereopods 6 and 7. The new species has unique characteristics such as the shape of gnathopod 1 distinct from the hammer-shape type, which is present in all other species (Gonz��lez & Watling, 2003), as well as different numbers of setae on the gnathopod propodus, uropod 1 and 3., Published as part of Cardoso, Giovanna Monticelli, Araujo, Paula Beatriz, Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2014, Two new subterranean species of Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from Brazil, pp. 353-368 in Zootaxa 3814 (3) on pages 362-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3814.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/230858, {"references":["Watling, L. (1993) Functional Morphology of the Amphipod Mandible. Journal of Natural History, 27, 837 - 849. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939300770511","Spinardi, R. D. & Lopes, M. C. (1990) Levantamento espeleologico da Caverna das Andorinhas - PR 0 52. In: Anais do IV Seminario de Pesquisa. Guarapuava, Unicentro, pp. 39 - 40.","Gonzalez, E. R. & Watling, L. (2003) A new species of Hyalella from Brazil (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae), with redescriptions of three species in the genus. Journal of Natural History, 37 (17), 2045 - 2076. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210133237"]}

Hyalella veredae Cardoso & Bueno, sp. n. (Figs 3 ���6) Type material. Holotype: male, cephalothorax length 0.4 mm, total length 4.7 mm, Brazil, Minas Gerais state, Presidente Oleg��rio municipality, Vereda da Palha Cave (18 �� 15 ' 17 "S 46 ��07' 32 "W), MZUSP 28420, 13.X. 2010, Ferreira, R.L. & Cols. Paratypes: UFRGS 5542 (1 male on slide, 1 male, 1 female), MZUSP 28421 (1 male, 1 female), UFLA 0 261 (1 male on slide, 2 males, 2 females), with the same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Eyes reduced or absent in some specimens. Antenna 1 and antenna 2 of similar size. Gnathopod 1 and 2 carpus posterior lobe with polygonal pattern and two rows of denticles as comb scales. Gnathopod 1 propodus inner face with five serrate setae, posterior margin with denticles as comb scales; dactylus with denticles as comb scales. Gnathopod 2 propodus hammer-shaped, posterior margin with denticles as comb scales, irregular palm, longer than posterior margin. Uropod 1 inner ramus of male with one curved seta and five apical cuspidate setae with accessory seta.Uropod 3 peduncle with four cuspidate setae with accessory seta, ramus with three to four cuspidate setae. Description of male. (Figs 1 D and 3 A). Mean body length: 4.3 �� 0.9 mm (n= 15); mean cephalothorax length: 0.4 �� 0.09 mm. Body surface smooth, epimeral plates not acuminate. Round and pigmented eyes, with few ommatidia or eyeless (n= 45; 4.4 % of the sample). Antenna 1 (Fig. 3 B) total length reaches fifth pereonite; peduncle length exceeds first pereonite; flagellum with 9 to 11 articles, with two aesthetascs on each article after article 5. Antenna 2 (Fig. 3 C) total length reaches sixth pereonite; peduncle surpasses the first pereonite; flagellum with 9 to 11 articles. Upper lip (Fig. 3 D) margin rounded, distal border covered by setules on dorsal and ventral faces. Mandible (Fig. 3 E) basic amphipodan (in the sense of Watling 1993), but without palp; incisor toothed; left lacinia mobilis with five teeth and setal row with three pappose setae; right mandible with three pappose setae; molar process broad and cylindrical with accessory seta. Lower lip (Fig. 3 F) lobes rounded, with setules on dorsal and ventral faces. Maxilla 1 (Fig. 3 G) inner plate shorter than outer plate, with two distal papposerrate setae, and several marginal setules. Outer plate with eight to nine serrate setae. Palp short, uniarticulated with few distal setules. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 3 H) inner and outer plates of similar sizes, inner plate with two papposerrate setae, five serrulate setae and several simple setae; outer plate with several simple distal setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 3 I) inner plate with three cuspidate distal setae and several pappose and simple setae; outer plate with simple setae on the margin; palp with four articles with several simple setae. Dactylus unguiform, smaller than third article, with simple seta and distal nail. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 4 A) subchelate; basis, ischium and merus with simple setae; carpus longer than wider, longer than propodus, lobe posterior margin with polygonal pattern, two rows of denticles as comb scales and a row of serrate setae; propodus length 1.5 times the width (rectangular), hammer-shaped, inner face with five serrate setae, posterior margin with denticles as comb scales; dactylus claw-like with simple setae, one plumose seta and denticles as comb scales (Fig. 4 B). Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 4 C) subchelate; basis, ischium and merus with simple setae on the posterior margin; carpus wider than longer, lobe posterior margin elongated with polygonal pattern, two rows of denticles as comb scales and a row of serrate setae; propodus longer than wider (rectangular), posterior margin with denticles as comb scales, irregular palm, slope oblique strongly inclined, palm 1.1 times longer than posterior margin, margin convex with several simple setae and cuspidate setae with accessory seta (15-18); dactylus claw-like with a plumose seta (Fig. 4 D). Pereopods 3 to 7 (Figs. 4 E and 4 F) merus, carpus, propodus posterior margin with cluster of cuspidate setae with accessory seta; dactylus length 1 / 3 of propodus; propodus dorsal and distal margins with simple setae; pereopod 3 and 4 with similar sizes; pereopod 5 smaller than others; pereopod 6 smaller than pereopod 7, which is about 1.2 times longer than pereopod 3. Pleopods (Fig. 5 A) peduncle shorter than rami, with distal coupling spines; both rami with several plumose setae. Uropod 1 (Fig. 5 B) peduncle shorter than rami, with five cuspidate setae with accessory seta; inner ramus longer than outer ramus with two cuspidate setae on inner margin, one curved seta and five apical cuspidate setae (Fig. 5 C); outer ramus with three cuspidate setae with accessory seta on inner margin, and apex with three cuspidate setae and a simple seta (U 1 about 5 times the length of U 3). Uropod 2 (Fig. 5 D) shorter than uropod 1; peduncle shorter than rami, with three cuspidate setae on the margin; inner ramus longer than outer ramus, margin with cuspidate seta with accessory seta, apex with three cuspidate setae and two cuspidate setae with accessory seta; outer ramus with a cuspidate seta with accessory seta on the margin, apex with four cuspidate setae, one with accessory seta. Uropod 3 (Fig. 5 E) shorter than uropod 2; peduncle longer than wider with four distal cuspidate setae with accessory seta; ramus uni-articulated, as long as peduncle, with three to four distal cuspidate setae. Telson (Fig. 5 F) as wide as long, with two apical cuspidate setae and three plumose setae laterally. Coxal gills sac-like present on pereonites 2 to 6. Sternal gills tubular present on pereonites 2 to 7. Female. Mean cephalothorax length: 0.4 �� 0.05 mm, mean body length: 4.5 �� 0.9 mm (n= 3). Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 6 A) shorter than gnathopod 2, but wider; carpus longer than wider, lobe posterior margin with polygonal pattern and denticles as comb scales on the margin, propodus longer than wider, inner face with four serrate setae. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 6 B) carpus longer than wider, lobe posterior margin with polygonal pattern and denticles as comb scales; propodus rectangular, longer than wider (2 times), inner face with three serrate setae. Uropod 1 (Fig. 6 C) peduncle longer than rami, with four cuspidate setae; inner ramus with two cuspidate setae on the margin, apex with five cuspidate setae, three of them with accessory seta; outer ramus with three cuspidate setae on the margin and four distal setae, one of them with accessory seta. Etymology. The specific epithet veredae refers to the location where the species was found. Habitat and ecological considerations. The species was found in a freshwater underground stream, in Vereda da Palha Cave, located in the municipal district of Presidente Oleg��rio, near Varj��o de Minas city (Fig. 1 A). The cave is situated in the karst area belonging to the Bambui group, which is extended through the states of Minas Gerais, Goi��s, Tocantins and Bahia. The known cave extension corresponds to 1,300 meters, with at least three levels. The lower level is characterized by the presence of a drainage formed by a stream that descends in one of the cave entrances (Fig. 1 B). No individual was observed in this drainage. Specimens were only found at the second level, which has a succession of travertines (Fig. 1 C) filled by percolating water probably from epikarst compartments, especially in dry seasons. The main resource observed in these pools consisted of organic matter. In the first sampling (13.X. 2010), dozens of individuals were observed swimming on small branches, in a very deep puddle. The water was crystal clear, allowing to observe the bottom and of the specimens. On the same visit, several couples were found in pre-copulatory behavior. On a subsequent visit to the cave (31.I. 2011), only one specimen was found. On the occasion, the water from the travertines was quite turbid, indicating that the habitat changes over the year, not only receiving waters from the epikarst compartments. The absence of individuals in this occasion might indicate that the organisms are capable of migrating to other underground compartments, thus avoiding turbid waters. Remarks. Hyalella veredae represents the first troglobitic species described for the state of Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil. H. veredae resembles H. spelaea due to the presence of reduced eyes, while in H. caeca, H. imbya, H. anophthalma and H. muerta the eyes are absent. However, a small part of the population (4.4 %) did not present eyes. Culver et al. (1995) described a similar process in cave populations of Gammarus minus Say, 1818 that had different degrees of eyes reduction and different sizes of the antennae. These authors suggest that intraspecific variation may be consequence of time and degree of isolation of each population in underground environments. In addition to the eyes, H. veredae shows different antenna sizes, in which antenna 1 and 2 are subequal in length, The shape of male gnathopod 2 of H. veredae is similar to H. spelaea, H. anophthalma and H. muerta, showing irregular palm, differing from H. caeca and H. imbya, both having a smooth palm. The palm inclination of male gnathopod 2 of H. veredae is similar to H. imbya, both showing palm strongly inclined. The presence of one curved seta in uropod 1 inner ramus is similar to H. imbya. Moreover, it was observed that the number of serrate setae on propodus gnathopod and on uropod 3 is different in H. veredae in comparison to other troglobitic species., Published as part of Cardoso, Giovanna Monticelli, Araujo, Paula Beatriz, Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2014, Two new subterranean species of Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from Brazil, pp. 353-368 in Zootaxa 3814 (3) on pages 354-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3814.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/230858, {"references":["Watling, L. (1993) Functional Morphology of the Amphipod Mandible. Journal of Natural History, 27, 837 - 849. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939300770511","Culver, D. C., Kane, T. C. & Fong, D. W. (1995) Adaptation and Natural Selection in Caves: The Evolution of Gammarus minus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 223."]}

Key to subterranean species of Hyalella from Brazil 1. Uropod 1 of male with curved setae on inner ramus.......................................................... 2 - Uropod 1 of male without curved setae on inner ramus....................................................... 4 2. Sternal gills present on pereonites 2���7..................................................................... 3 - Sternal gills present on pereonites 3���7............................................................... H. imbya 3. Propodus of gnathopod 2 with irregular edge and posterior margin with comb scales........................ H. veredae - Propodus of gnathopod 2 with regular edge and posterior margin without comb scales...................... H. formosa 4. Eyes present, but reduced....................................................................... H. spelaea - Eyes absent.................................................................................... H. caeca, Published as part of Cardoso, Giovanna Monticelli, Araujo, Paula Beatriz, Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2014, Two new subterranean species of Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from Brazil, pp. 353-368 in Zootaxa 3814 (3) on page 367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3814.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/230858

Xanthopimpla vidali G��mez sp. n. (Figs. 2 e, 3 e, 4 e) Type material. Holotype female (UNSM): Peru, Dept. Loreto, Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo Mishana, 3 �� 58 ��� 24 S, 73 �� 25 ��� 45 W, 124 m, I. G��mez & S����ksj��rvi leg. Malaise trap, 28.XI��� 4.XII. 2011. Paratypes: one female (UNSM): as above but Malaise trap, 14���20.XI. 2011. One female (ZMUT): as above but Malaise trap, 31.X��� 6.XI. 2011. Female (Fig. 2 e). Head in dorsal view moderately short, with genae evenly narrowed behind eyes; frons biconcave; posterior ocellus separated from eye by 1.0 times its diameter; occipital carina complete, ventrally, laterally and dorsally expanded into a very high thin flange (Fig. 1 b); clypeus relatively flat, basally not clearly separated from face; clypeal apex truncate; malar space about 0.3 times as long as basal mandibular width; face polished and pubescent about 1.0 times as wide as medially high. Pronotum with apical edge reflexed and raised, overlapping propleura. Mesoscutum pubescent, with notauli strongly impressed anteriorly, bounded in front by high triangular crests; scutellum convex, with high lateral carinae. Mesopleuron polished, with ventral part densely pubescent; epicnemial carina reaching to well above level of lower corner of pronotum, ventrally strongly raised. Metapleuron weakly convex, smooth; submetapleural carina sharp but low, extending back to insertion of hind coxa. Propodeum in profile strongly declivous (Fig. 4 e); posterior transverse carina complete and horizontal; lateromedian longitudinal carina weakly present anteriorly and not present centrally, not defining area superomedia (Fig. 3 e); lateral longitudinal carina present, stronger above spiracle; pleural carina complete and connected to spiracle by a short carina. Fore wing length about 10mm; areolet complete; vein Rs sinuous; cu-a opposite or slightly basal to Rs&M; discosubmarginal cell evenly, quite closely hirsute. Tergite 1 of metasoma about 1.3 times as long as posteriorly broad, with lateromedian longitudinal carina strongly developed anteriorly, anterior part of tergite 1 with strong glymma; tergite 2 about 0.6 times as long as posteriorly broad with a more or less rhombic central area. Claws of hind leg large, without a basal lobe and with four strong hairs at the base. Ovipositor sheath about 1.3���1.4 times as long as hind tibia; apex of ovipositor strongly decurved (Fig. 2 e), with denticles on upper and lower valve. Coloration. Pale yellow with the following areas blackish: transverse band across mesoscutum centrally, scuto-scutellar groove, anterior part of propodeum, interocellar area, dorso-lateral patches on occipital area, anterior and posterior margins of mesopleuron. Mesosternum yellowish. Tergites orange with posterior margins of tergites 1���6 yellowish. Scape yellow in frontal view and brown dorsally. Antennal flagellum brown, paler ventrally but darker apically, except apical flagellomere distally orange. Ovipositor sheath proximally yellowish, infuscate distally. Wings slightly yellowish, pterostigma yellowish. Male. Unknown. Diagnosis. Xanthopimpla vidali sp. n. can be distinguished from all other Neotropical species of the genus by the combination of the following characters: 1) occipital carina complete and expanded into a high thin flange; 2) propodeum with posterior transverse carina centrally horizontal; 3) ovipositor sheath long, about 1.3���1.4 times the length of the hind tibia; 4) ovipositor tip strongly decurved; and 5) mesosternum yellowish. Biological notes. Nothing is known about the hosts of this species. This species has only been found in the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve. Etymology. This species is named after Vidal G��mez Loarte, father of the first author. Distribution. Peru., Published as part of G��mez, Isrrael C., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E., Broad, Gavin R., Puhakka, Liisa, Castillo, Carol, Pe��a, Carlos & P��dua, Diego G., 2014, The Neotropical species of Xanthopimpla Saussure (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 57-73 in Zootaxa 3774 (1) on pages 64-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/285718

Key to the species-groups and unplaced species of Neotropical Xanthopimpla 1 Occipital carina complete and conspicuously developed as a thin, high flange (Fig. 1 b), propodeal spiracle joined to pleural carina by a short carina (Fig. 1 d)................................................... X. amazonica species-group - Occipital carina incomplete to complete, never developed into a flange (Fig. 1 a), propodeal spiracle not joining pleural carina by a short carina (Fig. 1 d)............................................................................... 2. 2 Propodeum with only posterior transverse carina present, triangular crests at mesoscutum small (Fig. 1 c), body almost entirely bright lemon yellow (Fig. 5 d)............................................................ X. peruana Krieger - Propodeum with posterior transverse and, at least partially, anterior transverse carina present (Fig. 6 a), triangular crests at anterior of mesoscutum highly elevated, body not uniformly bright lemon yellow................... X. aurita species-group, Published as part of G��mez, Isrrael C., S����ksj��rvi, Ilari E., Broad, Gavin R., Puhakka, Liisa, Castillo, Carol, Pe��a, Carlos & P��dua, Diego G., 2014, The Neotropical species of Xanthopimpla Saussure (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae), pp. 57-73 in Zootaxa 3774 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/285718

The nerve growth factor (NGF) pathway has been shown to play a key role in pain treatment. Recently, a systems pharmacology model has been proposed that can aid in the identification and validation of drug targets in the NGF pathway. However, this model did not include the role of the p75 receptor, which modulates the signaling of NGF through the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). The precise mechanism of the interaction between these two receptors has not been completely elucidated, and we therefore adopted a systems pharmacology modeling approach to gain understanding of the effect of p75 on the dynamics of NGF signal transduction. Specifically, models were developed for the so-called heterodimer and for the ligand-passing hypotheses. We used the model to compare the effect of inhibition of NGF and TrkA and its implication for drug discovery and development for pain treatment.

Phytophthora drechsleri causes stem blight, which is one of the most serious diseases of pigeonpea. Eight races of this fungus have been identified, but the inheritance of resistance to all these races is not clear except for race P2. This study examined the inheritance of resistance to race 'Kanpur' (KPR) of P. drechsleri in eight crosses involving four resistant parents, viz. 'KPBR 80-2-1', 'KPBR 80-2-2', 'Hy 3C' and 'BDN 1'. and two susceptible parents, viz. 'Bahar' and 'PDA 10'. The reactions of the parental lines. and their F 1 . F 2 and backcross generations were studied in an infected plot. In the F 1 generation of all crosses, a susceptible reaction was observed that indicated dominance of susceptibility over resistance. The segregation pattern in F 2 indicated that two homozygous recessive genes (pdr1pdr1pdr2pdr2) were responsible for imparting resistance in the parents, 'KPBR 80-2-1' and 'KPBR 80-2-2', and that a single homozygous recessive gene (pdrpdr) was responsible for resistance in the parents 'Hy 3C' and 'BDN I'. Therefore. 'KPBR 80-2-I 'and 'KPBR 80-2-2' with two genes for resistance are better donors because the resistance transferred from them will be more durable compared with 'Hy3C' and 'BDN1' with only one gene for resistance.

Hyalella longistila (Faxon, 1876) Material examined: Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Ijaci (21 �� 10 ��� 24 ���S ��� 44 �� 56 ��� 24.2 ��� W), May 2010, UFLA 0 179 (1 male; 2 females; 1 juvenile). Rio de Janeiro State, Lagoa Feia, Ponta Grossa dos Fidalgos, Campos dos Goitacazes (21 �� 5 ��� 53.8 ���S ��� 41 �� 20 ��� 22.4 ���W), August, 2006, UFLA 0 141 (19 males; 32 females; 1 juvenile). Type-locality. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, swamp 3 miles from the municipality of Campos (21 �� 28 ���S ��� 41 �� 13 ���W). Remarks. This species was known only for Brazil, Rio de Janeiro state, municipality of Campos (Gonz��lez and Watling 2003). The samples from southeastern Brazil constitute a new record in this country, and extend the distribution of this species., Published as part of Bastos-Pereira, Rafaela & Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua, 2012, New species and new report of Hyalella S. I. Smith, 1874 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Dogielinotidae) from Minas Gerais state, Southeastern Brazil, pp. 58-68 in Zootaxa 3350 on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215235

Key to the species of Hyalella from Brazil 1. Body surface smooth................................................................................... 2 - Body with flanges on some pereonites and some pleonites.................................................... 12 2. Eyes absent or reduced................................................................................ 13 - Eyes present and pigmented............................................................................. 3 3. Uropod 1 of male without curved setae on inner ramus........................................................ 4 - Uropod 1 of male with curved setae on inner ramus........................................................... 8 4. Gnathopod 2 propodus palm as long as posterior margin....................................................... 5 - Gnathopod 2 propodus palm longer or shorter than posterior margin............................................. 6 5. Peduncle of uropod 3 slightly wider than ramus..................................................... H. longistila - Peduncle of uropod 3 as long as ramus.............................................................. H. dielaii 6. Gnathopod 2 palm shorter than posterior margin.............................................................. 7 - Gnathopod 2 palm longer than posterior margin...................................................... H. meinerti 7. Telson longer than wide....................................................................... H.warmingi - Telson as wide as long...................................................................... H. gracilicornis 8. Sternal gills present on segments 2���7...................................................................... 9 - Sternal gills present on segments 3���7......................................................... H. montenegrinae 9. Gnathopod 1 propodus inner face with a row of until seven setae............................................... 10 - Gnathopod 1 propodus inner face with ten or more pappose setae......................................... H.castroi 10. Telson with two widely apart strong setae..................................................... H. carstica n. sp. - Telson with more than two strong setae................................................................... 11 11. Gnathopod 2 dactylus shorter than propodus palm.................................................. H.brasiliensis - Gnathopod 2 dactylus as long as propodus palm.................................................. H. curvispina 12. Flanges present on pleonite 1���3................................................................. H. pleoacuta - Flanges present on pleonite 1���2.............................................................. H. pseudoazteca 13. Eyes absent.................................................................................... H. caeca - Eyes reduced................................................................................. H. spelaea, Published as part of Bastos-Pereira, Rafaela & Bueno, Alessandra Ang��lica De P��dua, 2012, New species and new report of Hyalella S. I. Smith, 1874 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Dogielinotidae) from Minas Gerais state, Southeastern Brazil, pp. 58-68 in Zootaxa 3350 on page 68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215235

Objective To investigate the effects of glucagonlike peptidase-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on serum amylase and serum lipase levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods In 90 patients with type 2 diabetes, treatment was initiated with a GLP-1 agonist or a DPP-4 inhibitor. A comparison group consisted of 33 patients with type 2 diabetes and similar characteristics who were not prescribed these agents. Baseline serum amylase and lipase levels were measured in all patients and repeated periodically. We determined the percentage of patients with elevated levels of serum amylase or lipase (or both) in both groups. Results Among all 90 patients who received a GLP-1 receptor agonist or a DPP-4 inhibitor, 32 (36%) had an increase in serum amylase or lipase (or both) in comparison with 6 of 33 patients (18%) with such increases in the comparison group. Interestingly, the serum lipase levels increased more than the serum amylase values in all groups. To ascertain that this was not a chance laboratory error, serum samples were submitted to a second independent laboratory, and the same results were obtained. Usually, use of the medication was discontinued when serum lipase or amylase values were found to be elevated at any level. Conclusion Both GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors are associated with increased levels of serum lipase more than serum amylase in many patients with type 2 diabetes, possibly suggesting the presence of pancreatic inflammation. Whether this finding may potentially lead to acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis, as reported in rat models, is currently unknown. Careful observation of patients taking these medications may be prudent. (Endocr Pract. 2012;18:472-477)

SUMMARYTwenty genotypes of chickpea, selected according to their performance in trials conducted during 1988/89 in saline fields having equal concentrations of SO4and Cl, were studied during 1989/90 at Karnal, India. The Cl-dominated soils were divided into microplots with ECe values of 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m. Germination, although delayed at ECe 6 and 8 dS/m, was not inhibited up to ECe 8 dS/m. The sensitivity of all genotypes increased with plant growth and greater salinity. Plant growth was most adversely affected by a salinity of ECe 8 dSm. 100-seed weight was less affected by salinity than other yield components, namely, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant and seed yield/plant. Chlorides had a more severe toxic effect when present in domination than when they were balanced by an equal concentration of sulphates. Genotypes varied in their tolerance of Cl-dominated salinity. Cultivars ICCC32 and 1CCL86446 showed the most tolerance to Cl-salinity, having > 0·75 Mean Tolerance Index values for all eight characters, followed by ICC5003, ICC10575, ICC12908 and ICC12926. ICC12928 had the highest mean tolerance index value for number of pods/plant and highest threshold value and ICC4953 the highest mean tolerance index for 100-seed weight, indicating their better tolerance at flowering and maturity respectively. Therefore, crossing genotypes of the latter with the former group should produce some recombinants with improved tolerance to salinity at all growth stages and at maturity.

Sphaenorhynchus botocudo sp. nov. (Figures 1���3; Table 1) Holotype: MNRJ 50625. Male (Figure 1). Lagoa Nova (17 o 57 ��� 89 ���S, 40 o 25 ��� 80 ���W), Fazenda Gemada, Municipality of Mucurici, State of Esp��rito Santo, Brazil, collected by J.L. Gasparini and A.P. Almeida, in 12���13 October 2002. Paratopotypes: MNRJ 50626���50640, males, collected with the holotype. Diagnosis: A member of the genus Sphaenorhynchus in the sense of Faivovich et al. (2005), characterized by the following combination of traits: (1) size intermediate for the genus, SVL 23.9���29.3 mm in males; (2) snout truncate in dorsal view, acute in profile; (3) tympanum concealed; (4) vocal sac developed, single, subgular, extending to the anterior region of chest, but not entering the arms, without longitudinal lateral folds; (5) vomerine teeth present; (6) presence of a black line from the tip of snout to eye, delimiting the canthus rostralis; (7) a distinctive longitudinal white spot under the eye; (8) a white stripe delimited above and below by clear brown lines, from the posterior corner of eye to the groin. Comparisons with other species: The presence of a distinctive longitudinal white spot under the eye separates S. botocudo sp. nov. from all other species in the genus, consisting in a putative autapomorphy of the new species. The medium size (SVL 23.9���29.3 mm in males) and the geographic distribution distinguish S. botocudo sp. nov. from the large sized S. lacteus (SVL 19.2 ���41.0 mm in males, 31.8���43.6 mm in females of S. lacteus; distribution associated to the Atlantic Forest in S. botocudo sp. nov., Amazonian distribution in S. lacteus) and from S. platycephalus (SVL 33.0 mm and unknown distribution in S. platycephalus; Harding 1991); additionally, these species are separated by the tympanum concealed in S. botocudo sp. nov. (tympanum evident in S. lacteus) and by the presence of a white stripe delimited above and below by clear brown lines from the posterior corner of eye to the groin in S. botocudo sp. nov. (absent in S. lacteus) and snout truncate in dorsal view and vomerine teeth present (snout round in dorsal view and vomerine teeth absent in S. platycephalus; Harding 1991). On the other hand, the medium size also distinguishes the new species from the small sized species of the genus (S. bromelicola, S. carneus, S. pauloalvini, and S. planicola; combined SVL 14.2���27.6 mm in males, 16.2���29.8 mm in females); moreover, S. botocudo sp. nov. presents a black line from the tip of snout to the eye and a white stripe delimited above and below by clear brown lines from the posterior corner of eye to the groin (absent in S. carneus and S. planicola), presence of vomerine teeth and distribution associated to the Atlantic Forest (vomerine teeth absent and Amazonian distribution in S. carneus), absence of dermal folds and dermal appendages (white dermal folds on forearms and feet, and dermal appendages on anal region and calcars in S. planicola), and snout acute in lateral view and tympanum concealed (snout truncate in profile and tympanum evident in S. pauloalvini). The medium size associates S. botocudo sp. nov. to the species of intermediate size for the genus (S. caramaschii, S. dorisae, S. orophilus, S. palustris, S. prasinus, and S. surdus; combined SVL 21.0��� 35.6 mm in males, 26.4 ���38.0 mm in females); from S. caramaschii and S. surdus, the new species is distinguished by the truncate snout in dorsal view (mucronate in S. caramaschii and S. surdus) and a wide dorsolateral white stripe delimited above and below by clear brown lines from the posterior corner of eye to the groin and only a black line on subcanthal area (narrow white line delimited below by a black line from the tip of snout to the groin in S. caramaschii and S. surdus), besides the widely separated geographic distributions; from S. dorisae, the new species is separated by the presence of a black line on subcanthal area and white and clear brown stripes on dorsolateral region (both absent in S. dorisae) and absence of dermal folds and dermal appendages (white dermal folds on forearms and feet, and developed white triangular appendages on elbow, knee, and anal region in S. dorisae), besides the disjunct geographic distribution (occurrence associated to the Atlantic Forest in S. botocudo sp. nov., Amazonian distribution in S. dorisae); from S. orophilus, S. palustris, and S. prasinus, the new species is distinguished by the wide dorsolateral white stripe delimited above and below by clear brown lines from the posterior corner of eye to the groin (absent in S. prasinus; narrow white line delimited below by a narrow black line in S. orophilus and S. palustris), absence of dermal folds and appendages (white dermal folds and appendages present in S. prasinus and S. palustris), and from S. orophilus by the truncate snout in dorsal view and vocal sac developed, without longitudinal lateral folds (snout mucronate and vocal sac small, with longitudinal lateral folds in S. orophilus). Description of the holotype: Body robust, ovoid (Fig. 1). Head small, broader than long, HL 76.1 % of HW, HL 23.9 % of SVL, HW 31.4 % of SVL. Snout truncate in dorsal view, acute in profile (Fig. 2 A���B). Nostrils small, lateral, directed forward; internarial distance wide, shorter than the eye to nostril distance and the eye diameter, and slightly smaller than the upper eyelid width. Eyes small, slightly protruding; eye to nostril distance equals the eye diameter; interorbital distance large, UEW 54.3 % of IOD, END and ED 77.1 % of IOD. Canthus rostralis evident, rounded; loreal region oblique, slightly convex. Tympanum concealed. Mouth opening ventral; choanae large, rounded, anterior, widely separated; vomerine teeth in two small, contiguous groups, between and slightly behind the choanae; tongue large, wide, not notched behind; vocal slits large, opening on lateral sides of tongue. Vocal sac developed, single, subgular, extending to the anterior region of chest, but not entering the arms, without longitudinal lateral folds. Arms robust, forearm slightly hypertrophied; a crenulated fold, formed by white tubercles, along the lateral���inferior border of forearm; elbow appendix absent. Hand large (Fig. 2 C), fingers robust, in crescent order of size, I Measurements of the holotype: SVL 28.0; HL 6.7; HW 8.8; IND 2.0; END 2.7; ED 2.7; UEW 1.9; IOD 3.5; THL 13.5; TL 13.7; FL 18.8; 3 FD 1.1; 4 FD 1.0. Color: In life, dorsum of head yellow and dorsum of body and arms yellowish green (Fig. 3 A); dorsum of thighs greenish with small red dots; a black line from the tip of snout to eye, delimiting the canthus rostralis; a distinctive longitudinal white spot under the eye; a white stripe delimited above and below by clear brown lines, from the posterior corner of eye to the groin. Vocal sac grey. Venter whitish green, with granules on belly and thighs seat pads white. On the other color extreme (Fig. 3 B), general color dark grey, which emphasizes the white spot under eye and the dorsolateral white stripe. Iris golden with black reticulations. In preservative, general color of dorsal surfaces cream with thin black punctuations; vocal sac grey; belly and thighs seat pads cream with white granules; subcanthal black line, white spot under eye, and dorsolateral white stripe maintained. Variation: Besides the extensive color variation, examined specimens are congruent respecting the morphological characters. Although considered adult males by the extensive development of the vocal sacs, all specimens have small remnants of tail. Range, mean, and standard deviation of the measurements of 16 males are in Table 1. Etymology: The specific name, a noun in apposition, is given after the natives that inhabited the region of the type locality at the time of colonization of Brazil, the ���botocudos.��� The name for this Indians was given by the Portuguese in allusion to the wooden disk or plug, the ���botoque���, worn in their lower lip and ears. The disk, made of the especially light and carefully dried wood of the ���barriguda��� tree (Chorisia ventricosa, Bombacaceae), may attain 12 cm in diameter, given an odd appearance to its user. The ���botocudos��� were great warriors and were never dominated by the Portuguese invaders. The lineages of the ���botocudos��� were considered extinct by 1957 (Ribeiro 1982)., Published as part of Caramaschi, Ulisses, Almeida, Antonio De P��dua & Gasparini, Jo��o Luiz, 2009, Description of two new species of Sphaenorhynchus (Anura, Hylidae) from the State of Esp��rito Santo, Southeastern Brazil, pp. 34-46 in Zootaxa 2115 on pages 35-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187954, {"references":["Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, 1 - 240.","Ribeiro, D. (1982) Os indios e a civilizacao. A integracao das populacoes indigenas no Brasil moderno. Third Edition. Editora Vozes, Petropolis, 512 pp."]}