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The Network on Chip is appropriate where System-on-Chip technology is scalable and adaptable. The Network on Chip is a new communication architecture with a number of benefits, including scalability, flexibility, and reusability, for applications built on Multiprocessor System on a Chip (MPSoC). However, the design of efficient NoC fabric with high performance is critically complex because of its architectural parameters. Identifying a suitable scheduling algorithm to resolve arbitration among ports to obtain high-speed data transfer in the router is one of the most significant phases while designing a Network on chip based Multiprocessor System on a Chip. Low latency, throughput, space utilization, energy consumption, and reliability for Network on chip fabric are all determined by the router. The performance of the NoC system is hampered by the deadlock issues that plague conventional routing algorithms. This work develops a novel routing algorithm to address the deadlock problem. In this paper, a deterministic shortest path deadlock-free routing method is developed based on the analysis of the Turn Model. In the 2D-mesh structure, the algorithm uses separate routing methods for the odd and even columns. This minimizes the number of paths for a single channel, congestion, and latency. Two test scenarios—one with and one without a load test—were used to evaluate the proposed model. For a zero-load network, three clock cycles are utilized to transfer the packets. For the load network, five clocks are utilized to transfer the packets. The latency is measured for both cases without load and with load test and the corresponding latency is 3ns and 7ns respectively.The proposed method has an 18.57Mbps throughput. The area and power utilization for the proposed method are 69% (IO utilization) and 0.128W respectively. In order to validate the proposed method, the latency is compared with existing work and 50% latency is reduced both with and without congestion load.

From his days as a doctoral student, Prabhat Patnaik was convinced that given the structure and spontaneous logic of capitalism, its expansion and relative ‘stability’ could not be understood without incorporating the role of primitive accumulation and imperialism in its development. That quest made clear that without transcending capitalism and the spontaneity that came from its essential structure, it was impossible to ensure a just, egalitarian and sustainable social order. This article draws on a small corpus of his enormous work to highlight a few insights that emerged from his wide-ranging engagement with that critique and search for an alternative. JEL Codes: B14, B24, B51, E11, N10, N20

In this paper, by considering an M|M|1|∞ queueing model, Bayes estimators of traffic intensity and measures of system performance are worked out under squared error loss function (SELF) based on observed data on the independent interarrival and service times. Further, minimum posterior risk associated with Bayes estimators of traffic intensity and system performance measures are obtained under SELF. Numerical illustration of the performance of the estimates is given through simulation study. It is shown that Bayes estimators perform better than the maximum likelihood estimators under the influence of prior information.

Estimation of Probability Density Functions (PDFs) in view of accessible information is critical issue emerging in various fields, for example, broadcast communications, machine learning, information mining, design pattern recognition and Personal Computer (PC) vision. In this paper, the Look-Up Table–Carry Select Adder-PDF (LUT-CSLA-PDF) mehod is implemented to increase system performance. The LUT is one of the fast way to recognize a complex function in the digital logic circuit. In this work, The FPGA (field programmable gate array) analysis, LUT, slices, flip flops, frequency are improved as well as ASIC (application specified integrated chip) implementation analysis an area, power, delay, Area Power Product (APP), Area Delay Product (ADP) are enhanced in LUT-CSLA-PDF technique compared to conventional methods.

Introduction Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent bone cancer in adolescents. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by resection is the current modality of treatment for osteosarcoma. Histological evaluation of extent of tumor necrosis on resection is a well-established prognostic indicator in osteosarcoma correlating with survival in most cases. Objectives The main objective of this study was to establish prognostic significance of various clinical and histological parameters post-NACT in osteosarcoma and to compare the integrated prognostic index proposed by Chui et al, with grading of response to NACT by Huvos and Rosen for osteosarcoma. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study done over a period of four years and includes 47 cases of osteosarcoma treated with NACT. All slides were reviewed and association of various clinical and histological parameters with overall survival was assessed with chi-squared test and Cox-regression analysis. Results Statistical analysis revealed the prognostic significance of age at presentation, anatomic site, primary tumor size, metastatic status, and clinical stage. Histological parameters such as mitosis ≥10/10hpfs, ≥10% residual tumor were significantly associated with poor survival. Tumor necrosis ≥ 90% (excluding areas of hemorrhage, fibrosis and acellular osteoid) was significantly associated with increased survival. An integrated prognostic index formed by combining above parameters gives a better estimate of overall survival compared with residual disease or necrosis alone. Conclusion Integrated prognostic index improves prognostication in patients treated for osteosarcoma.

Introduction Giant cell tumors of bone (GCTBs) are treated with surgery with or without local adjuvants. Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody that has recently emerged to be effective in treating unresectable and recurrent GCTBs. Objective In this study, we analyzed the histomorphological changes in GCTB following treatment with denosumab. The expression of histone mutation H3.3G34W by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using mutant specific antibody was also determined. Materials and Methods Of the total 109 GCTBs encountered during the study period, 14 cases with neoadjuvant denosumab therapy were analyzed retrospectively. The post-treatment changes on histopathology were examined on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. IHC was done using antihistone H3.3G34 antibodies. Statistical analysis was limited to descriptive statistics. No hypothesis testing was performed. Results All these cases except three showed fibrosis with areas of hyalinization, prominent newly formed woven bone along with spindle cells in short fascicles and storiform pattern. There was complete absence and marked reduction in osteoclast-like giant cells in six and five patients, respectively. Only three patients showed a substantial amount of residual osteoclast-like giant cells. IHC with antihistone H3.3G34W antibody showed unequivocal nuclear positivity in the mononuclear cells in nine cases. The mononuclear cells rimming and entrapped within the woven bone were also positive on IHC. The spindle cells in the benign fibrous histiocytoma-like areas and septa of aneurysmal bone cyst-like areas also retained nuclear staining. Conclusion Awareness of post-denosumab-related histopathological changes are necessary to avoid misdiagnosis as fibroosseous lesion and low-grade central osteosarcoma. Expression of mutant-specific H3.3 G34W antibody suggests that the neoplastic stromal cells are largely retained after denosumab therapy. The positive staining of cells both within and those rimming the newly formed woven bone point toward osteoblastic phenotype of the neoplastic stromal cells.

Agent of choice for thrombolytic therapy (TT) in prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) is unknown. 84 mitral obstructive-PVT episodes treated with TT (43: Tenecteplase; 41: Streptokinase) were included in this prospective study. The incidence of primary end-point (CCS: complete clinical success, defined as complete or partial hemodynamic success with no complications or surgery) was 84.5% with recurrent PVT as a sole predictor. Bleeding and embolic manifestations were noted in 8.3% and 4.7% of episodes respectively. Tenecteplase use was associated with lower complication rate and a mitral EOA of

By considering an M|D|1 queueing system, the maximum likelihood and consistent estimators of traffic intensity are derived by observing the number of entity arrivals during the service time of an e...

To analyze the clinicopathological features of metastatic bone tumors over a period of two decades and identify the primary site of malignancy in metastasis of unknown origin.A total number of 365 cases were included in the study. The clinical features and location of the tumors were noted. The histopathological features of all the cases were studied. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done either to categorize or confirm the primary diagnosis using organ specific/organ restricted markers.A total 712 bony sites were involved by metastasis in 365 patients, of which spine was the most commonly affected. Metastasis was the initial presentation in 69.5% patients. The primary site was known in 220 patients and almost half of them were detected after the diagnosis of metastasis. IHC was used as adjunct to suggest the possible origin in cases with unknown primary in 27.4%. Among the metastatic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma was the most common histological subtype with thyroid being the most frequent primary site of origin followed by lung and breast.More than two-third of cases in surgical pathology practice present as initial manifestations. Detection rate of primary depends on extent of metastatic work-up and IHC with organ specific/organ restricted markers to facilitate treatment with bone targeting agents.

Objective: To assess P63 expression in giant cell-containing lesions of the bone (GCLB) and to determine its utility in differentiating giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTB) from other GCLBs. Material and Method: Cases diagnosed as GCLB on histopathology were included in the study. P63 immunohistochemistry was performed in all the cases. The percentage of cells showing nuclear positivity was assessed in the non-giant cell component. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Of the total 53 cases studied, the majority were GCTBs (23), followed by 12 cases of chondroblastomas (CBL) and 18 other giant cell lesions (GCLs). All giant cell-containing lesions except one case of CBL and brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism (BTH) showed P63 staining in the non-giant cell component. However, the mean P63 labeling of GCT (52.6%) was higher compared to CBL (28.3%), aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) (15.2%), non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) (24.5%), giant cell lesion of small bones (GCLSB) (11%), BTH (6.8%) and chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) (12.3%), with a p-value of 50% is applied.

In this work, Prediction of heart attack is very uncontrolled problem faced by doctor abnormally in every hospitals they have to make a killing review feedbacks from their patients. The ability of the sentiment analysis is needful work for machine to get results in the form of feedback i.e. positive or Negative feedback. Machine learning techniques assess necessary job in this area and in this zone of research work to construct a product this can assists the machine learning computations to input the option choice with respect to the fore cast and assess the expectation. Heart disease commonly occurred disease and it is the critical speculation for unexpectedly death these days. Nearest Neighbour (KNN) featureless is the most well-known, viable and productive calculation utilized for acknowledgment. In this paper, evaluate heart disease occurrences prediction by using machine learning strategies. Which will gives comfortable heterogeneous forecast model and it aid to discover best symptomatic for medicinal services framework for early prediction of symptomatic heart disease.

Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.

Recently, the latency resulted from the communication between the multi-core processor IP cores and the other IP cores such memory controller and peripherals on the same die SoC became a critical issue especially when all the core processors using advanced interface protocol such AXI4 and make write and read transactions in different burst mode capability. In this paper, we proposed a multi-core memory controller for four core processors using the AXI4 interface protocol. The multi-core memory controller can make the write and read transactions using the AXI4 interface protocol in parallel to improve the entire system speed up on the same die SoC. The SoC design architecture is modeled in System Verilog HDL, simulation and synthesis are done by using the Vivado tool and FPGA ZYNQ-7 ZC702 Evaluation Board (xc7z020clg484-1).

In this paper, presented an efficient 4-level discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) using approximation where area and delay are considerably reduced. It gives lesser number of hardware arithmetic computations and lesser delay required at each computation level. Compared with the existing design, the presented design gives 16.34% less area for block size 2. The Area Delay Product (ADP) of proposed shift add register approximated design have saving of 21.7% and CPD of 4.4% lesser for block size 2 over existing design.

The Indian government’s major focus has been on formalising enterprises rather than employees, to the detriment of the conditions of informal workers. Even formal organised sector enterprises increasingly hire workers on informal contracts (and sometimes on no written contract at all), and the nature of the enterprise provides no guarantee of formal employment with workers’ minimum rights protected. Most official formalisation strategies have failed, not because of inadequate design, but largely because of poor implementation. Gaps are even greater in the case of women workers, who are amongst the most disadvantaged even among informal workers and self-employed. Even well-meaning measures to improve conditions of working women (such as maternity benefit laws) can operate against their interests without associated moves to change material incentives for employers, context and attitudes. A major feature of employment in India is the fluidity of the situation confronting workers, as they can move across unorganised/organised sectors without changing their basic situation. In such a situation, targeted interventions alone will not work: macroeconomic policies designed to expand employment, including good quality public employment, are required.

The main issue for SoC design in this era is not only which IP cores SoC integrate, but also these IP cores or blocks how they will be interconnected to get high performance data exchange. AXI4 interface protocol is one of the widely SoC interfaces used in several recent designs. In this paper, we designed a memory controller for multi-core processors using the AXI4 interface protocol to improve the performance of the SoC design of the existing work. The multi-core processors represented by JTAG-to-AXI Master IP core and the memory controller represented by AXI BRAM Controller IP core which manages the write and read transactions of multi-core processors while accessing the main memory. Regardless of the type of main memory, Block RAM IP core represents the main memory. Each core processor can access only individual Block RAM which represents the address space of the core processor using the AXI4 interface protocol. The design is successfully implemented on FPGA ZedBoard (xc7z020clg484-l) with a maximum speed frequency of 100 MHz.

With continuous downscaling of integrated circuits into deep submicron and nanometer regime, operating at high frequencies, it has become most important to evaluate the reliability and efficiency of on-chip interconnects. The study of device and dynamic variations on functional crosstalk in inductive coupled interconnect wires is discussed in this paper. It analyses and studies the effect of driver size and temperature on the coupled interconnect lines. In the analysis, single and cascaded repeaters are used to drive the coupled interconnect lines. The study reveals that the maximum positive forward crosstalk noise of the cascaded repeater driven interconnect is 33.61 percent smaller than the peak positive forward crosstalk noise of minimum sized single repeater driven interconnect. The variation in supply voltage and temperature impacts the propagation delay and power dissipation of coupled interconnects. It is observed that the propagation delay decreases, and power dissipation increases with increase in supply voltage. It is also evaluated that the propagation delay of the coupled interconnect increases with increase in temperature for the combined range of commercial and military applications ranging from −55 °C to 125 °C. The analysis is carried out using geometric dimensions and the impedance parameters of copper interconnect extracted from PTM models for 45 nm CMOS technology node.

This chapter explores the evolution of India’s industrialization since independence, and assesses the impact of alternative policy regimes on the pace and pattern of industrialization. Industrialization during the 60 years since independence may be periodized in two alternative ways: in terms of episodes of growth and deceleration; and in terms of the policy regime in place. The Indian economy at independence was predominantly agrarian, with mining, manufacturing and small enterprises contributing around 17 per cent of national income and less than 10 per cent of employment. The other effect of state-engineered industrialization was the growing reliance on imports, which led to a worsening of India’s balance of payments position. High levels of protection and the Mahalanobis strategy notwithstanding, India’s dependence on imports of basic and intermediate-stage goods increased substantially over the second plan period. The pre-emptive behaviour of the business group had a number of implications.

ObjectivesConvalescent plasma (CP) as a passive source of neutralizing antibodies and immunomodulators is a century-old therapeutic option used for the management of viral diseases. We investigated its effectiveness for the treatment of COVID-19.DesignOpen-label, parallel-arm, phase II, multicentre, randomized controlled trial.SettingThirty-nine public and private hospitals across India.ParticipantsHospitalized, moderately ill confirmed COVID-19 patients (PaO2/FiO2: 200-300 or respiratory rate > 24/min and SpO2 ≤ 93% on room air).InterventionParticipants were randomized to either control (best standard of care (BSC)) or intervention (CP + BSC) arm. Two doses of 200 mL CP was transfused 24 hours apart in the intervention arm.Main Outcome MeasureComposite of progression to severe disease (PaO2/FiO2< 100) or all-cause mortality at 28 days post-enrolment.ResultsBetween 22ndApril to 14thJuly 2020, 464 participants were enrolled; 235 and 229 in intervention and control arm, respectively. Composite primary outcome was achieved in 44 (18.7%) participants in the intervention arm and 41 (17.9%) in the control arm [aOR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.77]. Mortality was documented in 34 (13.6%) and 31 (14.6%) participants in intervention and control arm, respectively [aOR) 1.06 95% CI: −0.61 to 1.83].InterpretationCP was not associated with reduction in mortality or progression to severe COVID-19. This trial has high generalizability and approximates real-life setting of CP therapy in settings with limited laboratory capacity. A priori measurement of neutralizing antibody titres in donors and participants may further clarify the role of CP in management of COVID-19.Trial registrationThe trial was registered with Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI); CTRI/2020/04/024775.

Right atrial volume/Left atrial volume (RAV/LAV) ratio is a good hemodynamic parameter in acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), whose prognostic ability by 2D echocardiography is not studied to date. We conducted a 27 month, prospective observational study on 55 eligible acute PTE thrombolysed (29: Tenecteplase; 26: Streptokinase) patients. The primary endpoint was a composite of in-hospital death and poor right ventricular reverse remodelling at the time of discharge. The incidence of primary end-point and death were 40% and 7.2% respectively. On regression analysis, RAV/LAV ratio was the only predictor of the primary endpoint, with an optimal cut-off of 3.8 (accuracy 75%).

Lithological variations, circular spectral anomalies, geological structures such as folds, faults, lineaments and shear zones of Kutch sedimentary basin were interpreted using IRS-LISS III satellite data. Aeromagnetic data was also interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively and a number of anomalous magnetic zones, faults, lineaments and domal structures were mapped. Magnetic basement depths and thickness of sediments were also computed. A number of alternate basement ridges/highs/uplifted blocks and depressions/lows/downthrown blocks were delineated. The information obtained from satellite remote sensing and aeromagnetic data were then integrated and the results were compared with published literature on gravity, magnetic (ground), magnetotelluric and seismic data, and also with field geology and well data. Structural controls in spatial domain (latitude, longitude and depth) were derived by establishing spatial relationship among different geological structures with reference to the geological time scale. Numerous horst and graben structures (ridges and sub-basins) as well as a number of master faults were delineated which serve as vital information with regard to hydrocarbon prospects and earthquake vulnerability, respectively. Based on the information obtained from this integrated study, a conceptual tectonometamorphic model along with sedimentation and igneous activity (ophiolitic and basaltic) has been constructed which has a significant bearing on the sequence of events that occurred during the deformational history of Kutch sedimentary basin resulting into the present day tectonic configuration.

The power of finance ensured that, other than for an initial fiscal push to salvage financial institutions, monetary measures in the form of quantitative easing, involving the infusion of large volumes of cheap liquidity, were the principal response to the 2008 global financial crisis. The effects of the generalised and prolonged dependence on such measures have been a substantial increase in vulnerability, at the centre of which is a huge build-up of private – especially corporate – debt, and unwarranted and unsustainable asset price inflation in both developed country and ‘emerging economy’ markets. A consequence of these processes is a massive increase in income and wealth inequality across the world, which limits the level of effective demand and growth.