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Adult neurons normally lack the expression of MHC class I molecules, which has implications on virus clearance from the central nervous system. The author previously demonstrated that HLA class I up-regulation in measles virus (MV)-infected glial cells is primarily mediated by IFN-beta. In contrast, this study demonstrates that MV-infection of the neuronal cell lines IMR-32 and CHP-126 fails to up-regulate HLA class I expression, which was associated with an inability of MV to induce IFN-beta in the neuronal cell lines. However, treatment with IFN-beta on coculture of the IMR-32 neuronal cell line with MV-infected glioma cells resulted in the up-regulation of HLA class I on the former, which could be neutralized by anti-IFN-beta Ab. The inability of MV to up-regulate HLA class I expression on the neuronal cell line IMR-32 was not virus specific because similar findings were observed with mumps virus or stimulation with the synthetic dsRNA polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (PIPC). Induction of IFN-beta gene expression by virus requires binding of NF-kappa B to the positive regulatory domain II element of the IFN-beta promoter. Our studies indicate that MV, TNF-alpha, or PIPC induces NF-kappa B (p50 and p65 subunits) binding to positive regulatory domain II in the glioma cell line. In contrast, such activity was induced by TNF-alpha but not MV or PIPC in the neuronal cell line IMR-32. This indicated that HLA class I expression is differentially regulated in glial and neuronal cell lines in response to MV, which correlates with differential binding of NF-kappa B to the IFN-beta promoter and induction of IFN-beta gene expression.

Expression of the beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes is coordinately regulated. By ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction, we have analyzed in vivo factor binding to the promoter region of the murine beta 2-m gene. In adult spleen, in which beta 2-m is expressed, strong protection was found in three elements. Two of these elements, the beta 2-m NF-kappa B binding site and the interferon consensus sequence, are homologous to the regulatory elements of the MHC class I genes and were also found to be protected in spleen. A third protected element, PAM, identified in this work, is unique to the beta 2-m gene. None of the elements showed protection in brain tissue, in which neither the beta 2-m nor the MHC class I gene is expressed. In vivo footprinting was also performed with F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, in which expression of the beta 2-m and MHC class I genes is induced at a low level only upon stimulation with retinoic acid (RA). No in vivo protection was detected before and after RA treatment of F9 cells, indicating that RA induction of beta 2-m (and MHC class I) expression occurs without detectable in vivo factor occupancy, whereas EL4 T lymphocytes expressing beta 2-m at a high level exhibited strong protection similar to that in spleen. Despite the lack of in vivo occupancy, the nuclear factors specific for each of the three elements were present in brain tissue and F9 cells as well as in spleen tissue and EL4 cells. We show that PAM, an element identified by its in vivo protection, binds nuclear factors ranging from 40 to 50 kDa in size and is capable of enhancing transcription of a reporter in F9 and other cells. Taken together, these results indicate that in vivo factor occupancy for the beta 2-m and MHC class I promoters is coordinated and occurs through a mechanism other than mere expression of relevant factors.

MHC class I molecules are coexpressed with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) on many somatic cells. However, these proteins are normally not present on cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Cells derived from human neuroblastomas were used as a model for investigating the molecular basis for the paucity of MHC class I and beta 2-M gene expression in neural cells and for the induction of these genes by two cytokines, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. These cytokines independently increased MHC class I and beta 2-M cell surface expression on the neuroblastoma cell lines. IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha also increased MHC class I and beta 2-M steady-state RNA levels and the expression of MHC class I and beta 2-M CAT reporter constructs transiently transfected into the neuroblastoma cell lines, indicating that the cytokines acted by increasing the transcription of these genes. MHC class I and beta 2-M genes share two conserved regulatory elements, an NF kappa B-like site and the IFN consensus sequence, that act as a constitutive enhancer and an IFN-responsive element, respectively. Low MHC class I and beta 2-M gene expression in these cells was accounted for by undetectable to low factor binding activity specific for the above regulatory elements of these genes. TNF-alpha increased factor binding activity specific for the NF kappa B-like elements and IFN-gamma increased factor binding activity specific for the IFN consensus sequence elements of the MHC class I and beta 2-M genes, but not vice versa. Taken together, our results indicated that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha increased MHC class I and beta 2-M gene expression in the neuroblastoma cell lines by inducing factor binding to the regulatory elements present in both genes.

Acetate is preferentially transported into and metabolized by astrocytes, rather than synaptosomes or neurons, and labeled acetate is used as a glial reporter molecule to assess glial metabolism and glial-neuronal interactions. Because monocarboxylic acid transporter specificity might confer a phenotype to help localize, detect, and characterize brain tumors of glial origin, use of [2-(14)C]acetate and [(14)C]deoxyglucose (a glucose analog metabolized by all brain cells) was compared in rat and human brain tumors.Cultured C6 glioma or U-373 glioblastoma/astrocytoma tumor cells were injected into the caudate nucleus of anesthetized CDF Fisher rats; 2--3 wk later, an intravenous pulse of [2-(14)C]acetate or [(14)C]deoxyglucose was given, and timed blood samples were drawn during the 5- or 45-min experiment, respectively. Local (14)C levels in the brain were assayed by quantitative autoradiography, and acetate uptake or glucose use was calculated. Uptake and metabolism of the [(14)C]acetate was also assayed in C6 glioma and human surgical tumor samples in vitro.[(14)C]Acetate uptake into rat brain C6 tumors was 9.9 +/- 2.1 mL/100 g/min, compared with 3.9 +/- 1.0 mL/100 g/min in contralateral tissue (n = 6; P0.001), and was much higher than that into other brain structures (e.g., 5:1 for white matter and 2:1 for cortical gray matter). Glucose use in C6 tumors was 111 +/- 34 micromol/100 g/min, versus 81 +/- 5 micromol/100 g/min in contralateral tissue (n = 6; P = 0.08); no left-right differences in glucose use or acetate uptake were seen in other brain structures. The tumor-to-contralateral-tissue ratio for acetate (2.3 +/- 0.3) exceeded that for deoxyglucose (1.4 +/- 0.5) (P0.05), indicating that acetate is a sensitive C6 glioma marker. [(14)C]Acetate uptake also demarcated a few 3-wk-old C6 tumors that had unlabeled necrotic cores. U-373 tumors were smaller than C6 tumors in rat brain and were detected equally well with [(14)C]acetate and [(14)C]deoxyglucose. In vitro uptake of [(14)C]acetate into human glioblastoma or meningioma tumors was higher than uptake into pituitary adenoma. Rat C6 and human tumors with high uptake metabolized acetate to acidic compounds and amino acids.Tumor imaging with radiolabeled acetate can help to localize and classify brain tumors. Transporter and metabolic substrate specificity are traits that can be exploited further for in vivo imaging of brain glial tumors.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid that circulates in abundance in the form of a sulfated reserve (DHEA-S). The levels of DHEA decline with age and further in age-related neuropathologies, including Alzheimer disease. Because of their reported anti-inflammatory effects, we tested the actions of these compounds on microglia. At concentrations of 3(-9) to 1(-6) M, DHEA and DHEA-S inhibited the production of nitrite and morphological changes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. DHEA and DHEA-S also inhibited LPS induction of iNOS protein, but neither inhibited LPS-induced iNOS mRNA or the activation of NF-kappaB. These data suggest that the hormone regulates nitrite production through a post-transcriptional mechanism. Interestingly, microglial nitrite production in response to a secreted form of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) was unaffected by DHEA. Another Alzheimer-related factor, amyloid beta-peptide, also stimulated microglial nitrite production but in a manner dependent on the co-stimulus interferon-gamma. DHEA was found to inhibit only the interferon-gamma component of the microglial response. These data add to a growing body of evidence for differences in the profiles of mononuclear phagocytes activated by distinct stimuli.

We report the cloning and characterization of a novel cDNA termed C2H2-546 which encodes a C2H2-type zinc finger protein. C2H2-546 RNA is expressed in the HTLV-1 infected T cells examined which were derived from HAM-TSP patients, but not in T cells derived from ATL patients. The C2H2-546 gene is conserved in humans and primates and maps to chromosome 10q11.2, a site associated with a variety of cancers. Thus, C2H2-546 is a candidate regulatory molecule important in the formation of these tumors, and may serve as an important marker to distinguish HTLV-1 infected ATL versus HAM-TSP T cell lineages.

Adult neurons normally lack the expression of MHC class I molecules, which has implications on virus clearance from the central nervous system. The author previously demonstrated that HLA class I up-regulation in measles virus (MV)-infected glial cells is primarily mediated by IFN-beta. In contrast, this study demonstrates that MV-infection of the neuronal cell lines IMR-32 and CHP-126 fails to up-regulate HLA class I expression, which was associated with an inability of MV to induce IFN-beta in the neuronal cell lines. However, treatment with IFN-beta on coculture of the IMR-32 neuronal cell line with MV-infected glioma cells resulted in the up-regulation of HLA class I on the former, which could be neutralized by anti-IFN-beta Ab. The inability of MV to up-regulate HLA class I expression on the neuronal cell line IMR-32 was not virus specific because similar findings were observed with mumps virus or stimulation with the synthetic dsRNA polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (PIPC). Induction of IFN-beta gene expression by virus requires binding of NF-kappa B to the positive regulatory domain II element of the IFN-beta promoter. Our studies indicate that MV, TNF-alpha, or PIPC induces NF-kappa B (p50 and p65 subunits) binding to positive regulatory domain II in the glioma cell line. In contrast, such activity was induced by TNF-alpha but not MV or PIPC in the neuronal cell line IMR-32. This indicated that HLA class I expression is differentially regulated in glial and neuronal cell lines in response to MV, which correlates with differential binding of NF-kappa B to the IFN-beta promoter and induction of IFN-beta gene expression.

MHC class I molecules are coexpressed with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) on many somatic cells. However, these proteins are normally not present on cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Cells derived from human neuroblastomas were used as a model for investigating the molecular basis for the paucity of MHC class I and beta 2-M gene expression in neural cells and for the induction of these genes by two cytokines, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha. These cytokines independently increased MHC class I and beta 2-M cell surface expression on the neuroblastoma cell lines. IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha also increased MHC class I and beta 2-M steady-state RNA levels and the expression of MHC class I and beta 2-M CAT reporter constructs transiently transfected into the neuroblastoma cell lines, indicating that the cytokines acted by increasing the transcription of these genes. MHC class I and beta 2-M genes share two conserved regulatory elements, an NF kappa B-like site and the IFN consensus sequence, that act as a constitutive enhancer and an IFN-responsive element, respectively. Low MHC class I and beta 2-M gene expression in these cells was accounted for by undetectable to low factor binding activity specific for the above regulatory elements of these genes. TNF-alpha increased factor binding activity specific for the NF kappa B-like elements and IFN-gamma increased factor binding activity specific for the IFN consensus sequence elements of the MHC class I and beta 2-M genes, but not vice versa. Taken together, our results indicated that IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha increased MHC class I and beta 2-M gene expression in the neuroblastoma cell lines by inducing factor binding to the regulatory elements present in both genes.

Studies conducted by several groups have established that porphyrogenic agents which caused elevations in chick-embryo liver delta-aminolaevulinate (ALA) synthase activity also increased the concentrations of the enzyme's RNA, and that haemin inhibited these elevations. We have determined in this study, using immune-blot analyses, that administration in ovo of allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) in combination with diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl,3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate (DDC) increased the mass of ALA synthase in intestine and kidney of chick embryos. Furthermore, the molecular mass of the subunit of the enzyme in those tissues appeared identical with that of liver ALA synthase. Using a synthetic oligonucleotide complementary to ALA synthase mRNA, we determined by solution hybridization and Northern-blot analyses that AIA and DDC also increased the concentrations of ALA synthase mRNA in intestine and kidney and that testosterone elevated the concentration of the RNA in kidney. In analyses of RNA obtained from chick-embryo liver, intestine, kidney, heart, brain and lung, the probe bound primarily in each case to a single 2.3 kb RNA. Finally, the haem precursors ALA and FeCl3, when injected together into the fluid surrounding embryos, inhibited both the elevations in ALA synthase mass and RNA concentration brought about by porphyrogenic agents in liver, kidney and intestine. Thus the results indicated that: (1) certain porphyrogenic agents increased ALA synthase mass and RNA in chick-embryo intestine and kidney, in addition to liver; (2) ALA and FeCl3 inhibited the elevations; and (3) the sizes of ALA synthase's subunit as well as the enzyme's mRNA appeared identical, in each case, in all tissues examined.