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Promecostethus Enderlein, 1909 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A8C46E17-6023-4393-B527-9DDD7C82C216 Promecostethus Enderlein 1909: 535. Nuncia: Hickman 1939: 160 (Promecostethus syn.jr. of Nuncia Loman, 1902) Promecostethus: Kury et al. 2014: 4 (restored as valid). Type species. Promecostethus unifalculatus Enderlein, 1909, by monotypy. Diagnosis: Promecostethus differs from all other triaenonychid genera by the morphology of the male genitalia that exhibits a ventral plate without a cleft, forming an arc shape, a simple capsula externa forming a dorsal plate���bigger than the ventral plate���with a wide median cleft dividing the dorsal plate into two large halves diverging apically and with lateral plate absent. It differs further by a capsula interna with latero-ventrally micro-sculpturated fused conductors, located ventral to a wide and apically blunt stylus that is ventrally curved. Promecostethus is relatively similar to Nuncia obesa obesa (i.e. Nuncia Loman 1902, stricto sensu) in the morphology of the dorsal scutum and ocularium, but differs in the number of stout tubercles of coxa I (two in Promecostethus and four in N. obesa obesa), coxa II (two in Promecostethus and none in N. obesa obesa), and in the femur of the pedipalp which has dorsal tubercles and ventral proximal tubercles longer than N. obesa obesa. Also, in N. obesa obesa the ventral plate of the penis is cleft and larger than the dorsal plate and the stylus is remarkably long and apically pointed, in contrast with Promecostethus where the penis ventral plate is entire, smaller than the dorsal plate and the stylus slightly overpasses the conductors and is wide and apically blunt. Compared to South American ��� Nuncia ��� (i.e. the polyphyletic group of species not belonging to Nuncia, see Baker et al. 2020), the differences are more significant. The penis of Nuncia americana Roewer, 1961, and all Argentine and Chilean species of ��� Nuncia ���, have the ventral plate cleft and several shapes of the conductors of the capsula interna: partially covering the ventral plate in N. americana, divided into two halves which are fused apically in N. chilensis (Soares, 1968), forming a bag in N. rostrata Maury, 1990, with a hood shape in N. spinulosa Maury, 1990 and tubular with apical setae in N.verrucosa Maury, 1990. The ocularium of N. chilensis and N. rostrata have an acute spine. Nuncia spinulosa has the dorsal scutum covered with stout tubercles and N. verrucosa is covered by wart shape tubercles. Promecostethus exhibits the closest similarities with the genera Calliuncus Roewer, 1931 (Australia), Neonuncia Roewer, 1915 (New Zealand), Nunciella Roewer, 1929 (Australia, New Zealand) and Nuncioides Hickman, 1958 (Australia), including the general body shape, the absence of stout tubercles on the dorsal scutum and the presence of a highly modified bifid setiferous tubercle placed proximo-ventrally on the pedipalp femur. Calliuncus differs from Promecostethus by the presence of an acute spine on the ocularium and by a penis with a ventral plate partly separated by a thin mediodistal cleft, stylus anteriorly (i.e. dorsal) curved, and lateral plates present. Promecostethus shares with Neonuncia, Nunciella and Nuncioides a strong proximal boss on the first segment of the chelicerae of the males. Neonuncia differs from Promecostethus by the absence of microsculpture in the capsula interna and the presence of a cleft in the ventral plate of the penis. Nunciella and Nuncioides differ from Promecostethus by the presence of a ventral plate with a cleft, except in Nunciella badia (Hickman, 1958) and Nunciella dentata (Hickman, 1958). Almost all species of Nunciella differ from Promecostethus by the presence of a lateral plate on the penis; however, there is no information about the genital morphology of Nunciella cheliplus Roewer, 1931, Nunciella granulata Roewer, 1931 or Nunciella parvula Roewer, 1931. Distribution. Endemic to the Crozet Islands, Published as part of Porto, Willians & P��rez-Gonz��lez, Abel, 2020, Redescription of Promecostethus unifalculatus, the only known harvestman from Crozet Islands (Opiliones: Triaenonychidae), pp. 120-130 in Zootaxa 4861 (1) on pages 122-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4414662, {"references":["Enderlein, G. (1909) Die Spinnen der Crozet-Inseln und von Kerguelen. In: Drygalski, E. von (Ed.), Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Georg Reimer, Berlin, pp. 535 - 540.","Hickman, V. V. (1939) Opiliones and Araneae. In: Johnston, H. (Ed.), B. A. N. Z. Antarctic research expedition, 1929 - 1931. B. A. N. Z. A. R. Expedition Committee, Adelaide, pp. 159 - 187.","Loman, J. C. C. (1902) Neue aussereuropaische Opilioniden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 16, 163 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17151","Kury, A., Mendes, A. & Souza, D. (2014) World Checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 1: Laniatores-Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. Biodiversity Data Journal 2, e 4094. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 2. e 4094","Baker, C. M., Sheridan, K., Derkarabetian, S., Perez-Gonzalez, A., Velez, S. & Giribet, G. (2020) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the temperate Gondwanan family Triaenonychidae (Opiliones: Laniatores) reveals pre-Gondwanan regionalization, common vicariance, and rare dispersal. Invertebrate Systematics, 34, 637 - 660. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 19069","Roewer, C. F. (1961) Opiliones aus Sud-Chile. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 42, 99 - 104.","Soares, H. E. M. (1968) Contribuicao ao estudo dos opilioes do Chile (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae, Triaenonychidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 21, 259 - 272.","Maury, E. A. (1990) Triaenonychidae sudamericanos. VI. Tres nuevas especies del genero Nuncia Loman 1902 (Opiliones, Laniatores). Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion, 61, 103 - 119.","Roewer, C. F. (1931) Uber Triaenonychiden (6. Erganzung der \" Weberknechte der Erde \", 1923). Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 138 (1), 137 - 185.","Roewer, C. F. (1915) Die Familie der Triaenonychidae der Opiliones-Laniatores. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 80, 61 - 168.","Roewer, C. F. (1929) Contributions to the fauna of Rottnest Island. No. V. Opiliones in the Western Australian Museum. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 15, 95 - 98.","Hickman, V. V. (1958) Some Tasmanian harvestmen of the Family Triaenonychidae (Sub-Order Laniatores). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 92, 1 - 116."]}

Ochyrocera garayae new species (Figs. 5–9; 14A) Type material. Holotype: BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Linhares: Reserva Natural Vale (Bicuíba, 19º09’10.3”S, 40º02’49.6”W), 24.IV.2011, looking down, D. T. Castro coll. (1 male, MNRJ 06839). Paratypes: BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Linhares: Reserva Natural Vale (Bicuíba 19º09’10.3”S, 40º02’49.6”W), 04.II.2011, litter sieving, R. Baptista coll., (1 female, MNRJ 06842); 04.VIII.2011, litter sieving, R. Baptista & D. T. Castro coll. (1 male, 1 female, 2 immatures, UFRJ 1037); Sooretama: REBIO Sooretama (Quirinão 18º59’35.6”S, 40º08’058”W), 27.XI–01.XII.2011, pitfall traps, R. Baptista & D. T. Castro coll. (1 male, 1 female, MACN-Ar 34857 & MACN-Ar 34858, ex UFRJ 1041). Other material examined. BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Linhares: Reserva Natural Vale (Bicuíba 19º09’10.3”S, 40º02’49.6”W), 01–04.II.2011, pitfall traps, R. Baptista & D. T. Castro coll. (4 female, 1 immature, UFRJ 1034); 04.II.2011, litter sieving, R. Baptista coll. (1 male, 1 female, MNRJ 06843, burned in MNRJ fire); 24.IV.2011, litter sieving, D. T. Castro coll. (1 female, 2 immatures, UFRJ 1036); 24.IV.2011, looking down, D. T. Castro coll. (1 female, MNRJ 06854, burned in MNRJ fire); 27.XI.2011, looking down, D. T. Castro coll.(1 female, UFRJ 1038); 27.XI–01.XII.2011, pitfall traps, R. Baptista & D. T. Castro coll. (2 males, UFRJ 1039); (4 males, MACN-Ar 35079 ex UFRJ 1039); 01.XII.2011, litter sieving, D. T. Castro coll. (1 female, 2 immatures, UFRJ 1040); Sooretama: REBIO Sooretama (Quirinão 18º59’35.6”S, 40º08’058”W), 27.XI–01.XII.2011, pitfall traps, R. Baptista & D. T. Castro coll. (1 male, 1 female, MACN-Ar 35085 ex UFRJ 1032); 27.XI–01.XII.2011, pitfall traps, R. Baptista & D. T. Castro coll. (2 females, 3 immatures, MACN-Ar 35088 ex UFRJ 1041). Etymology. The specific epithet is a patronymic in honor to Dr. Irene Ester Gonzalez Garay, researcher at Universidade do Brasil /Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). She worked for a long time in the Tableland Forests of Sooretama and Linhares, providing foremost contributions to the understanding of the composition of the litter fauna in the area. Diagnosis. Males of this species are similar to O. arietina Simon, 1892, O. janthinipes Simon, 1893, O. fagei Brignoli, 1974, O. hamadryas, among others. All these and similar species bear an elongated apical cymbium apophysis, with a claw-like cuspule and a bulbus varying from ovoid to oblong, with a long embolus (Figs. 6A, 7A, Simon 1892, fig. 10, Fage 1912, figs. 42, 80, 81, Brescovit et al. 2018, figs. 1C–D, 2C–E, 4C–D, 5C–F). Ochyrocera garayae new species has a genitalic pattern more similar to O. vesiculifera, as both species display a pretty similar cymbium, which gradually tapers towards an apophysis displaced to the retrolateral apical margin (not at the median line of the cymbium) (Figs. 5C, 7A, Fage, 1912, fig. 81), and a large roundish bulbus, with a ribbon-like embolus (Figs. 5 B–C, 6A, 7A, Fage, 1912, figs. 80, 81). Ochyrocera garayae new species can be set apart by the tip of the cymbial apophysis, which is clearly curved towards the median line of the cymbium, a perfectly ovoid tegulum (Figs. 6A, 7A) and a ribbon-shaped embolus, longer than the bulbus proper and with many little thorn-like projections at its dorsal face up to its apical fourth, where there is a strong constriction, and a curved and narrow tip (Figs. 6A, 7A, B, D). On the other hand, females have a genitalia resembling those of O. tinocoi new species, as both species have a vulva composed of tubular spermatheca with adjoining pore plates, a wide membranous sac (uterus externus ? ), forming an anterior flap (Figs. 2C; 6C). Ochyrocera garayae new species may be set apart by the wider and shallower uterus externus, bearing a bowl-like flap, much wider than long, and by the shorter and more rugose spermathecae, also with a larger tip (Figs. 2C; 6C). Furthermore, males and females of O. garayae new species have a unique light yellow background body colour (darker in male carapace) (Fig. 5 A–F). Description. Male (Holotype MNRJ 06839) : Measurements: Total length (prosoma + opisthosoma) 1.39. Carapace 0.5 long, 0.47 wide, 0.17 high. Abdomen 0.88 long, 0.41 wide, 0.43 high. Prosoma: carapace ovoid, yellow, with a median dark blue stripe and one dark blue lateral irregular stripe on each side, mixed with some yellowish spots (Fig. 5 A–B). Dark blue V-shaped area around fovea (Fig. 5A) over the median stripe. Chelicera yellow bearing seven yellow subequal promarginal teeth between the translucent lamina and the somewhat reddish dagger-like fang (Fig. 6B). Endites yellow (Fig. 5C). Sternum yellowish with a series of small bluish spots near each coxa (Fig. 5C). Eyes: Six eyes slightly elevated moderately divided in three dyads, with PME more elevated than the others, all ringed in black located in a dark blue area (Fig. 5 A–B). Legs: pale yellow with blue patches on the distal part of articles (Fig. 5B). Leg I with three tarsal claws. Prolateral superior claw bears two rows of teeth, the medial row shorter only on apical third. Retrolateral superior claw with a single row of teeth (Fig.7C, partially hidden by prolateral superior claw). Opisthosoma (Figs. 5 A–C; 8A): longer than wide, cylindrical. Dorsum pale yellow with dark blue edge and eight patches and a terminal spot in the same colour (Fig. 5A). Venter pale yellow with a bluish spot in front of spinnerets (Fig. 5C). Epiandrous with five to seven fusules, with globular base linearly (recurved) arranged in a rugose depression anterior to epigastric furrow (Fig. 8 B–D). Anal tubercle wider than high with rounded setae (Fig. 9E). Spinnerets (Fig. 9): colulus triangular, moderately developed, with few setae irregularly distributed (Fig. 9A); ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot accompanied by a nubbin and six piriform spigots (Fig. 9B); PMS with one minor ampullate spigot (Fig. 9D); PLS has compactly packed row of 15 aciniform gland spigots with long bases (Fig. 9C). Genitalia (Figs. 6A; 7 A–B, D–F): Palpal femur tubular (Fig. 7A). Tibia tubular with a slightly incrassate base (Fig. 7A). Cymbium thick and oval, bearing a pedestal on its basis, and ending in an elongated finger-like distal terminal apophysis, a little longer than the cymbium itself, and tipped by a short curved cuspule (Figs. 6A; 7A, F). Tarsal organ elevated, striated, with two marginal cuticular lobes and one sensillum (Fig. 7E). Tegulum globose with sperm ducts diameter tapering gradually from fundus to opening (Fig. 6A). Embolus medium-sized, ribbon-shaped, with many little thorn-like projections at its dorsal face up to its apical fourth, where there is a strong constriction, and a curved and narrow tip (Fig. 7B, D). Female (Paratype MNRJ 06842) : Measurements: Total length 1.39. Carapace 0.54 long, 0.46 wide, 0.18 high. Abdomen 0.85 long, 0.57 wide, 0.66 high. Colour pattern similar to male, but a little paler (Fig. 5D). Endites bluish (Fig. 5F). Sternum with two wide longitudinal dark blue lateral stripes (Fig. 5F). Opisthosoma (Fig. 5 D–F): ovoid, slightly longer than wide. Venter with more dark blue pigment at the anterior portion, some scattered dark blue spots at median portion and a fading bluish spot before spinnerets (Fig. 5F). Genitalia (Fig. 6C): vulva with two tubular spermathecae enlarged and rounded at their apical end, with two rounded pore plates on its basis with just a few glandular pores. Membranous sac (uterus externus ?) much wider than high and weakly sclerotized, extending anteriorly in a wide and bowl-like neck. Natural History. Same as O. tinocoi new species. Distribution. Only known from Linhares and Sooretama, both in northern Espírito Santo state, Southeastern Brazil (Fig. 14A).

Zalmoxis roeweri nom. nov. (Figs 1, 2 A���C, 3 A���E) Fijicolana tuberculata Roewer, 1963: 223, pl. 18, figs 1���4. Zalmoxis tuberculatus (Roewer, 1963) comb. nov., by this act becoming a junior secondary homonym of Zalmoxis tuberculatus Goodnight & Goodnight, 1948). Placement. Originally in the Phalangodidae: Samoinae. Here transferred to the Zalmoxidae. Type material. Male holotype, one male and one female paratypes from MELANESIA, Fiji; SMF 9911155 - RII/ 11155 - 3; examined. Remark: The paratypes are one male and one female instead of two females as stated by Roewer (1963) in the original description. The male paratype is poorly preserved and has presumably dried up in the past. Etymology. The new name is a patronym in honor of the German arachnologist Carl Friedrich Roewer who first studied and described this species. Diagnosis. Distinguished from other Zalmoxis species by the presence of a conspicuous, dense scopula on the terminal tarsomere of legs III and IV in both sexes; five tarsomeres on leg IV; metatarsus III of males incrassate; anal operculum unarmed. Additionally, it is distinguished from Zalmoxis derzelas Sharma et al., 2012 by larger body size and differences in armature of femur IV and male genital morphology, particularly the very wide rutrum. Genital morphology. Penis (Figs 3 A���E): Pars distalis well-defined, wider than pars basalis. Pergula and rutrum clearly distinguishable. Rutrum very wide, apically shaped like an arrowhead, only slightly wider than base (Fig. 3 C). Setae above pergula arranged in three medial ventral pairs and two lateral groups of three. Dorsal-most seta in each lateral group larger than others. One pair of small setae widely separated from each other, situated ventrolaterally below pergula. Capsula externa modified into a massive stragulum, basally fused, with two small dorso-subapical projections. Capsula interna entirely concealed by stragulum (in unexpanded penis), with a long, thin stylus and two rigid, laminar, curved conductors., Published as part of P��rez-Gonz��lez, Abel, Sharma, Prashant P. & Proud, Daniel N., 2016, Morphological tricks and blessed genitalia: rectifying the family placement of Fijicolana tuberculata (Opiliones: Laniatores: Zalmoxidae), pp. 253-260 in Zootaxa 4061 (3) on pages 254-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4061.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/270383, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1963) Uber einige Arachniden (Opiliones und Araneae) der orientalischen und australischen Region. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 44, 223 - 230.","Goodnight, C. J. & Goodnight, M. L. (1948) New phalangids from the southwest Pacific. American Museum Novitates, 1371, 1 - 14."]}

Pérez-González, Abel, Sharma, Prashant P., Proud, Daniel N. (2016): Morphological tricks and blessed genitalia: rectifying the family placement of Fijicolana tuberculata (Opiliones: Laniatores: Zalmoxidae). Zootaxa 4061 (3): 253-260, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4061.3.3

Pérez-González, Abel, Ramírez, Martín J., Soto, Eduardo M., Pizarro-Araya, Jaime (2014): First Harvestman Record for the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile, with Morphological Notes on Acropsopilio chilensis (Opiliones: Caddidae: Acroposopilioninae). Zootaxa 3852 (3): 347-358, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3852.3.4

Waigeucola palpalis Roewer, 1949 (Figs 2 a���e) Waigeucola palpalis Roewer, 1949: 59, figs 115 a���h. [Phalangodidae: Samoinae] Types: SMF 9908683 (ex RII/ 8683 / 6), one male holotype and one male paratype (examined). Type locality: Indonesia: Waigeo Island (��� Insel Waigeu��� in the original label). Justification of the new familial assignment: Waigeucola Roewer, 1949, is a monotypic genus originally described in Phalangodidae: Samoinae (Roewer 1949). The type species is Waigeucola palpalis by original designation. This species is hereby considered as a member of Podoctidae because it possesses the male genitalia typical of the family (Figs 1 c���e) with the ventral plate deeply cleft and a well developed follis. Also, the tubercular bridge in the carapace (also called ���ocular bridge��� in Kury & Machado 2009) exhibited by this species (Fig. 1 a���b) is considered a possible synapomorphy of Podoctidae (Kury 2007). No evidence was found for placing this species in another existing podoctid genus, therefore it is transferred to this family with its original valid genus., Published as part of P��rez-Gonz��lez, Abel, 2011, New familial assignment for two harvestmen species of the infraorder Grassatores (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores), pp. 24-28 in Zootaxa 2757 on page 26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.276746, {"references":["Roewer, C. F. (1949) Uber Phalangodiden I: Subfam. Phalangodinae, Tricommatinae, Samoinae; Weitere Weberknechte XIII. Senckenbergiana, 30 (1), 11 - 61.","Kury, A. B. & Machado, G. (2009) Notes on Santobius from Vanuatu and Fiji and the status of the eastern Melanesian Ibalonius (Arachnida: Opiliones: Podoctidae). Zoological Studies, 48 (4), 524 - 538."]}