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Revealing the biochemistry associated to micro-organismal interspecies interactions is highly relevant for many purposes. Each pathogen has a characteristic metabolic fingerprint that allows identification based on their unique multivariate biochemistry. When pathogen species come into mutual contact, their co-culture will display a chemistry that may be attributed both to mixing of the characteristic chemistries of the mono-cultures and to competition between the pathogens. Therefore, investigating pathogen development in a polymicrobial environment requires dedicated chemometric methods to untangle and focus upon these sources of variation. The multivariate data analysis method Projected Orthogonalised Chemical Encounter Monitoring (POCHEMON) is dedicated to highlight metabolites characteristic for the interaction of two micro-organisms in co-culture. However, this approach is currently limited to a single time-point, while development of polymicrobial interactions may be highly dynamic. A well-known multivariate implementation of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) uses Principal Component Analysis (ANOVA-PCA). This allows the overall dynamics to be separated from the pathogen-specific chemistry to analyse the contributions of both aspects separately. For this reason, we propose to integrate ANOVA-PCA with the POCHEMON approach to disentangle the pathogen dynamics and the specific biochemistry in interspecies interactions. Two complementary case studies show great potential for both liquid and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry to reveal novel information on chemistry specific to interspecies interaction during pathogen development.

Background and purpose - A 2-stage revision is the most common treatment for late deep prosthesis-related infections and in all cases of septic loosening. However, there is no consensus about the optimal interval between the 2 stages. Patients and methods - We retrospectively studied 120 deep infections of total hip (n = 95) and knee (n = 25) prostheses that had occurred over a period of 25 years. The mean follow-up time was 5 (2-20) years. All infections had been treated with extraction, 1 or more debridements with systemic antibiotics, and implantation of gentamicin-PMMA beads. There had been different time intervals between extraction and reimplantation: median 14 (11-47) days for short-term treatment with uninterrupted hospital stay, and 7 (3-22) months for long-term treatment with temporary discharge. We analyzed the outcome regarding resolution of the infection and clinical results. Results - 88% (105/120) of the infections healed, with no difference in healing rate between short- and long-term treatment. 82 prostheses were reimplanted. In the most recent decade, we treated patients more often with a long-term treatment but reduced the length of time between the extraction and the reimplantation. More reimplantations were performed in long-term treatments than in short-term treatments, despite more having difficult-to-treat infections with worse soft-tissue condition. Interpretation - Patient, wound, and infection considerations resulted in an individualized treatment with different intervals between stages. The 2-stage revision treatment in combination with local gentamicin-PMMA beads gave good results even with difficult prosthesis infections and gentamicin-resistant bacteria.

The aim of the study was to assess the bioavailability of estradiol (E2) following oral, single-dose administration of equimolar doses of three HRT preparations in a 3-way cross-over study in postmenopausal women.18 healthy subjects were enrolled. Free E2 and estrone (E1) serum concentrations were determined using commercially available immunoassay kits. Bioequivalence testing was performed between the following oral formulations: (a) 1.5 mg E2 tablets versus 2 mg E2V tablets; and (b) 1.5 mg E2 plus 0.15 mg DSG tablets versus 1.5 mg E2 tablets.For both E2 and E1 the E2 tablet was bioequivalent with both the E2V and the E2/DSG tablet with respect to the rate and extent of absorption (bioavailability). Although the mean tmax values of the three tablet formulations were similar, the variability was too large to prove formal bioequivalence.E2 tablets and E2/DSG tablets were bioequivalent and also bioequivalence of E2 tablets with commercially available E2V was found, which ensures a sequential HRT preparation without large variations in estrogen serum concentrations.

A B S T R A C T In an open-label, randomized, cross-over study in 20 subjects, the short-term effects were investigated of Gracial@ (DSG/EE 7 x 25/40 j.lg/day + 15 x 125/30 &/day) andTrigynon@ (LNG/EE 6 X 50/30 %/day + 5 x 75/40 pg/day + 10 x 125/30 %/day) on plasma concentrations of 17P-estradiol and progesterone as well as on carrier proteins (SHBG, CBG, ceruloplasmin), AT-111, carbohydrate metabolism (insulin, glucose, glycosylated proteins) and lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, HDL-C, LDL-C, HDL,-C, HDL,-C, HDL,-C/HDL,-C ratio, Apo A,, Apo B, Apo A,/Apo B ratio). Both preparations adequately and similarly inhibited ovulation in all subjects. Serum levels of carrier proteins were significantly higher with DSG/EE than with LNG/EE, whereas no between-group differences were observed with respect to fasting glucose and insulin, glycosylated proteins (mainly glycosylated albumin) and AT-111 activity. DSG/EE showed significantly higher plasma levels than LNG/EE of estrogen-dependent lipid parameters such as triglycerides, HDL-C, HDL,-C, Apo A,, HDL,-C/HDL,-C ratio and Apo A,/Apo B ratio, whereas the levels of LDL-C and Apo B were significantly lower. Both oral contraceptive preparations were equally effective in suppression of follicular development, but combiphasic DSG/EE induced higher plasma levels of carrier proteins and higher plasma levels of potentially anti-atherogenic lipid parameters than did triphasic LNG/EE. Desogestrel, Levonorgestrel, Combiphasic,Triphasic, Oral contraceptive, Pharmacodynamics

Objective To investigate the effect of cutaneous application area on oestradiol absorption using an oestradiol gel for transdermal use. Furthermore, the effect of washing of the application site on oestradiol pharmacokinetics was studied. Design Open-label, randomised, three-way cross-over study. Setting A clinical pharmacokinetic research unit. Subjects Sixteen healthy postmenopausal volunteers. Interventions During three treatment periods, subjects were treated with 1 mg oestradiol (1.0 g Divigel®/Sandrena® 0.1% gel), applied on the thigh to a skin area of 200 cm2,400 cm2, or on an area ‘as large as possible’. Blood samples were drawn during steady-state (on days 14–15) immediately before application and at regular time intervals thereafter. Main outcome measures Serum oestradiol levels were measured for determination of peak concentration (Cmax), time to peak concentration (tmax) and bioavailability using the area under the time concentration curve (AUC0–24). Results Bioavailability from a 200 cm2 area was 2-fold higher than that from the largest possible area ((P

Objective To compare two doses of a transdermal oestradiol gel (Divigel®/Sandrena®) plus oral sequential medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) with oral oestradiol valerate plus oral sequential MPA (Divina®/Dilena®). Design Two-year, randomised, open-label, comparative study. Setting Menopausal outpatient clinic in Helsinki. Subjects Postmenopausal women with climacteric complaints or already using HRT. Interventions (1) One gram gel containing 1 mg oestradiol for 3 months plus 20 mg oral MPA during the last 14 days; (2) 2 g gel containing 2 mg oestradiol for 21 days plus 10 mg oral MPA during the last 14 days; (3) 2 mg oestradiol valerate tablets for 3 weeks plus 10 mg oral MPA during the last 10 days. In all groups, each treatment period was followed by a 7-day medication-free interval. Main outcome measures Climacteric complaints, bleeding control, bone mineral density, biomarkers of bone metabolism, lipid profile, tolerability and safety. Results With each preparation, climacteric complaints were significantly reduced and good bleeding control was obtained. In addition, maintenance of bone mineral density as well as a reduction of bone turnover was achieved in all groups. Lipid parameters showed no unfavourable changes. Continuation rates were similar in all groups with overall 74% of patients completing the first year, whereas 94% of patients who elected to continue completed the second year. Tolerability of the gel was good: only 1.7% of patients discontinued treatment due to skin irritation. Conclusions Transdermal oestradiol gel and oral oestradiol valerate tablets, used in combination with oral sequential MPA, are effective regimens of HRT in postmenopausal women. Transdermal oestradiol gel is an efficient, well-tolerated form of HRT.

The objective was to demonstrate bioequivalence between s.c. and i.m. administration of Humegon (FSH/LH ratio 1:1) and Normegon (FSH/LH ratio 3:1). In two randomized, single-centre, cross-over studies, 18 healthy volunteers on each formulation were assigned to one of the two administration sequences. Subjects were given single doses of one of the above gonadotrophins after endogenous gonadotrophin production had first been suppressed using high-dose oral contraceptive. Subsequently, rate (Cmax, tmax) and extent (AUC) of absorption of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined for 14 days. For Cmax and AUC, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on log-transformed data and for tmax ANOVA was performed on ranks. Intramuscular and s.c. injections of Humegon were bioequivalent with respect to the main pharmacokinetic parameters, being AUC and Cmax of FSH absorption. Intramuscular and s.c. injections of Normegon were bioequivalent with respect to the AUC of FSH and not bioequivalent with respect to the Cmax of FSH. For tmax of FSH as well as for most LH variables of both preparations, bioequivalence could not be proven due to the high intra- and interindividual variability and/or concentrations being close to the detection limit. Thus, the main pharmacokinetic FSH variables after i.m. and s.c. administration of Humegon and Normegon were bioequivalent.

To compare the effects on hemostatic parameters of a combiphasic oral contraceptive containing desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol (DSG/EE) and a triphasic oral contraceptive containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol (LNG/EE). In an open-label, randomized, group-comparative study in 10 healthy volunteers per treatment group, the effects on parameters of coagulation, anticoagulation, fibrinolysis, antifibrinolysis and platelet function were determined at baseline, after three treatment cycles, and after a post-treatment cycle. Changes from baselin were analyzed using a pairedt-test, whereas between-group differences were analyzed by means of an analysis of co-variance. Both OC preparation induced modest changes of some coagulation, anticoagulation, fibrinolysis and antifibrinolysis parameters, although all mean values remained within the normal range. No significant effects were observed with either OC with respect to platelet function. Statistically significant differences between the two preparations could occasionally be observed: the concentrations of antithrombin III (AT-III) and Factor VII were higher with the DSG/EE preparation than with the LNG/EE preparation at the end of treatment and AT-III activity, AT-III concentration, Facotr X concentration and plasminogen activity were higher with DSG/EE than with LNG/EE in the post-treatment cycle. Combiphasic DSG/EE and triphasic LNG/EE, both OCs with a comparable amount of EE per cycle, had no clinically significant effect on the overall hemostatic balance.

Stochastic Coherent Adaptive Large-Eddy Simulation is a novel approach to the numerical simulation of turbulence, based upon the wavelet thresholding filter, where the coherent energetic eddies are solved while modelling the influence of the less energetic background flow. In this study, in order to examine the quality and reliability of the method, additional explicit wavelet filtering is introduced by considering two different filtering levels: the physical level, which controls the turbulence model, and the numerical level that is responsible for the accuracy of the numerical simulations. The theoretical basis for explicit filtering and consistent dynamic modelling is given, and some preliminary numerical experiments are presented.