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Purpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake ( O-2max) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both O-2max and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The O-2max, corresponding power output (POVO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the O-2max (IHIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4-6 x 3-min at 95% of POVO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16-18 x 1-min at 105% of POVO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4-7 x 1-2-min at the IHIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at O-2max was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 +/- 127 and 208 +/- 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (similar to 26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (similar to 16 mmol.L- 1) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol.L-1, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at IHIGH was successful to provide time spent at O-2max with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session., Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund [17], This work was supported by the Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund (17.BESYO.003).

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 5 weeks of electromyostimulation (EMS) of the peroneus longus muscle on balance and muscle strength in American Football (AmF) players. Methods: Thirty-two healthy male athletes (4 American Football team training sessions per week, college level) were randomly divided into the EMS and control groups. The EMS applications were conducted on the dominant peroneus longus muscle 3 times per week for 5 weeks, with each application lasting 25 minutes. Before and after the interventions, the strength of ankle dorsiflexion-plantar flexion and foot eversion-inversion was measured with isometric dynamometer and anterior-posterior sway, mediolateral sway, perimeter, and ellipse area were measured with the Technobody Balance System in unilateral stance positions, while eyes were open. Results: Changes between initial and final tests for dorsiflexion and eversion strength, and mediolateral sway for dynamic balance in the groups were significantly different (P = .039, P = .027, P = .030, respectively). Conclusion: The EMS application had positive effects on muscle strength and dynamic balance of AmF players. The EMS can be used to improve isometric strength and dynamic balance in AmF players., 70198063-050.06.04, The authors thank Semiha Ozgul for her assistance with the data analysis. No funding has received for the study. This study was approved by Ege University Clinic Research Ethical Committee (70198063-050.06.04). The authors reported no conflict of interest.

Ozkaya, O, Balci, GA, As, H, Cabuk, R, and Norouzi, M. Grey zone: A gap between heavy and severe exercise domain. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 113-120, 2022-The aim of this study was to determine a critical threshold (CT) interpreted as the highest exercise intensity where V?o(2) can be stabilized before reaching 95% of V?o(2)max (V?o(2)peak) and compare it with commonly used anaerobic threshold indices. Ten well-trained male cyclists volunteered for this study. Ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined from incremental tests. Multisession constant-load trials were performed to reveal V?o(2)max. Mathematically modeled critical power (CP) was estimated through the best individual fit parameter method. Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) was detected by 30-minute constant-load exercises. The individual CT load of each cyclist was tested by constant-load exercises to exhaustion with +15 W intervals until minimal power output to elicit V?o(2)peak. The results showed that work rate corresponding to CT (329.5 +/- 41.5 W) was significantly greater than that of the MLSS (269.5 +/- 38.5 W; p = 0.000), VT (279.6 +/- 33 W; p = 0.000), and CP (306.3 +/- 39.4 W; p = 0.000), and CP overestimated both VT and MLSS (p = 0.000). There was no significant V?o(2) difference between the 10th and 30th minute of MLSS and MLSS + 15 W exercise (0.36-0.13 ml center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1); p = 0.621). Exercising V?o(2) response of MLSS + 15 W could not exceed the level of 95% V?o(2)max (57.02 +/- 3.87 ml center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1) and 87.2 +/- 3.1% of V?o(2)max; p = 0.000), whereas V?o(2) responses greater than 95% of V?o(2)max were always attained during exercises performed at CT + 15 W (64.52 +/- 4.37 ml center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1) and 98.6 +/- 1% of V?o(2)max; p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study indicates that there is a grey zone between heavy and severe exercise domain. This information may play a key role in enhancing athletic performance by improving the quality of training programs., Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund [BESYO 2017.002], This study was financially supported by Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund (BESYO 2017.002).

The aim of the study was to analyse the VO

Direnç egzersizlerinde kritik tork (KT) ve bu değerin zaman-tork hiperbolik modelindeki eğim sabitini veren anaerobik iş kapasitesi (T'), egzersiz şiddeti ve bitkinlik süresi arasındaki ters ilişkiyi ortaya koymuştur. Sonraki yıllarda, bu parametrelerin büyük kas gruplarının katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen egzersizlere uyarlanmasıyla kritik güç (KG) ve kritik hız (KH) ile bu kriterlere ait fonksiyonlar (sırasıyla W' ve D') tanımlanmıştır. Bu kavramlar "kritik bir metabolik oran" olarak bilinen kritik eşik (KE) değerini verir. Matematiksel temelli bu KE, "yorgunluk oluşmadan uzun süreler devam ettirilebilen en yüksek oran" olarak nitelendirilir. Bu değer " O2'nin stabil tutulabildiği en yüksek egzersiz şiddeti" olarak fizyolojik bir temele oturtulmuştur. Dolayısıyla KE, çok ağırdan (-very heavy) şiddetli (-severe) egzersiz alanına geçişin sınırı olarak kabul edilir. KE belirlemede kullanılan sabit şiddetli egzersiz sayıları genellikle üç ile yedi arasında değişir. Güvenilir ve geçerli bir KE tahmin etmede seçilecek egzersiz şiddetlerinin, şiddetli egzersiz alanına ait olup, 1-2 dakikadan 10-12 dakikaya değişen sü- relerde bitkinlik yaratacak düzeylerde olması gerekir. Ancak matematiksel teorilerle açıklanan KE bir miktar düşük geçerliliğe sahip bir performans bileşenidir. KE üzeri egzersiz şiddetlerinde bitkinliğe kadar O2'de izlenen yavaş komponentin her durumda O2maks ile sonlanmayabileceği gösterilmiştir. Bu derleme, ilgili kavramların teorik ve pratik temellerini açıkladıktan sonra, gerçek bir kritik eşik belirlemenin inceliklerini aktarmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır., C ritical torque during resistance trainings and its asymptotic slope constant of time-torque hyperbolic equation as anaerobic work capacity (T’), manifested an inverse relationship between exercise intensity and time limit. In the following years, by means of the adaptations of these parameters to exercises performed with large muscle involvements, critical power, critical velocity, and their mathematical functions were identified as W’ and D’. Those concepts have given critical threshold (CT) known as a “critical metabolic rate”. Mathematically based CT is identified as “the highest rate that can be sustained for a very long time without fatigue”. CT has been based upon a physiological basis by “the highest exercise intensity that can be remained a stable O”. Thereby, CT represents a boundary that separates exercise intensity domains between very heavy and severe. The number of constant-intensity exhausted exercises to define the CT mostly vary between three and seven. A number of exercises within the severe zone that can be caused exhaustion within 1-2 to 10-12 minutes, should be adjusted in order to evaluate a reliable and valid CT. On the other hand, mathematically based CT as a performance criterion has a lack of accuracy. It was shown that slow component of O may not always reach to Ovia exercises to volitional exhaustion performed with supra-critical threshold. This review was prepared to 2max explain theoretical and practical bases of the critical threshold and then, to clarify key points to detect a real critical threshold

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether vibration significantly affected the efficiency of off-road cyclists. Patients and methods: Eight male mountain cyclists (mean age 21.1-1 years; range, 19 to 22 years) between August 2017 and November 2017 were included. The experimental protocol included four testing sessions with a one-day interval between testing sessions: A familiarization session; performance of submaximal tests; performance of maximal graded exercise test; and a 30-min mountain bike trial performed with vibration or without vibration. Physiological measures including volume of oxygen uptake (VO2), volume of carbon dioxide output (VCO2), VO2, VCO2, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, rating of perceived exertion, and gross efficiency (GE) were compared between the trials performed with vibration or without vibration. Results: There was a significant increase in the GE with the addition of intermittent vibration, particularly over the last 15 min of the cycling trial (p 0.05). There were no significant effects of vibration on other parameters. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that addition of intermittent vibration may provide positive benefits in improving GE during a 30-min submaximal cycling trial. © 2021 Turkish Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND: Although several studies have focused on maximal O2 uptake (V O2max) measured by a verification phase following the determination of peak O2 uptake (V O2peak) by a graded exercise test, an explanation for the underlying mechanisms of the difference between V O2peak and confirmed V O2max is scant. OBJECTIVE: To explore the hypothesis that when the difference between V O2peak and V O2max (ΔV O2) increases, the gap between peak stroke volume (SVpeak) and SV level corresponding to V O2peak velocities (ΔSV) grows. METHODS: Nine moderately to well-trained male athletes (V O2max: 60.2 ± 7 mL · min−1 · kg−1) volunteered to take part in the study. Following familiarization session, volunteers were asked to perform submaximal and maximal graded exercise tests. Then, constant-loading SVpeak tests (using wattages in a range from 40–100% of V O2peak) and verification phase (using wattages corresponding with 100–110% of V O2peak) were conducted in a climatic chamber. RESULTS: The ΔV O2 was well correlated with ΔSV (Pearson r = 0.89; p 0.001). The mean SVpeak of participants corresponded to 60.3± 18% of V O2peak. V O2max was significantly greater (11.2%) than V O2peak (60.2± 7 vs. 54.2± 8.1 mL · min−1 · kg−1) (p 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: V O2peak and V O2max differences may be related to the gap between SVpeak and SV at V O2peak.

BACKGROUND: Mathematical procedures involved in the calculation of fatigue index (FI) and power drop (PD) are the main reasons why these traditional fatigue-related indices of Wingate All-out Test (WAT) are the least reliable indices. OBJECTIVE: To suggest a highly reliable fatigue-related output calculated by drop in mechanical work production (DMW). METHODS: Twenty-one well-trained male athletes (age: 21.8 ± 1.9 years, peak power [PP]: 14.7 ± 1.3 W · kg −1 ) participated in a series of WAT sessions, using 10% of their body mass as the workload, separated by 2–4 days. These WAT sessions were continued until the difference in PP between successive trials was less than 5%. Traditional FI and PD values were calculated using mean power data obtained from 5, 3, 2 and 1-second time intervals and using instantaneous power data, while DMW was calculated by predetermined areas in power-time curve. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficient of variations (CV) revealed that DMW had higher reliability level (ICC = 0.92, CV = 4.53%) than that of traditional fatigue-related indices (ICC 0.91, CV 5.71%). In addition, DMW had the lowest limit of “real change” with 10.2% as the minimum detectable change score at 90% confidence. CONCLUSIONS: DMW might be used as a reliable output to evaluate fatigue-related power data of the anaerobic capability. Besides, Monark Inc. may easily modify its Peak Bike 894E software to make 30-second all-out test more reliable for the assessment of fatigability levels.

WOS: 000303151300020 PubMed: 21904246 Ozkaya, O, Colakoglu, M, Kuzucu, EO, and Yildiztepe, E. Mechanically braked elliptical wingate test: modification considerations, load optimization, and reliability. J Strength Cond Res 26(5): 1313-1323, 2012-The 30-second, all-out Wingate test evaluates anaerobic performance using an upper or lower body cycle ergometer (cycle Wingate test). A recent study showed that using a modified electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer for Wingate testing (EWT) leads to greater power outcomes because of larger muscle group recruitment. The main purpose of this study was to modify an elliptical trainer using an easily understandable mechanical brake system instead of an electromagnetically braked modification. Our secondary aim was to determine a proper test load for the EWT to reveal the most efficient anaerobic test outcomes such as peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP), power drop (PD), and fatigue index ratio (FI%) and to evaluate the retest reliability of the selected test load. Delta lactate responses (Delta La) were also analyzed to confirm all the anaerobic performance of the athletes. Thirty healthy and well-trained male university athletes were selected to participate in the study. By analysis of variance, an 18% body mass workload yielded significantly greater test outcomes (PP = 19.5 +/- 2.4 W.kg(-1), AP = 13.7 +/- 1.7 W.kg(-1), PD = 27.9 +/- 5 W.s(-1), FI% = 58.4 +/- 3.3%, and Delta La = 15.4 +/- 1.7 mM) than the other (12-24% body mass) tested loads (p < 0.05). Test and retest results for relative PP, AP, MP, PD, FI%, and Delta La were highly correlated (r = 0.97, 0.98, 0.94, 0.91, 0.81, and 0.95, respectively). In conclusion, it was found that the mechanically braked modification of an elliptical trainer successfully estimated anaerobic power and capacity. A workload of 18% body mass was optimal for measuring maximal and reliable anaerobic power outcomes. Anaerobic testing using an EWT may be more useful to athletes and coaches than traditional cycle ergometers because a greater proportion of muscle groups are worked during exercise on an elliptical trainer. Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey The authors would like to give special thanks to Professor Cem Seref Bediz, M.D., Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, for his editorial assistance. The authors would also like to thank the Acibadem Health Group for the material support they provided. This study was sponsored by the Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey.

WOS: 000436282300007, PubMed ID: 29910335, Although reliability correlations of traditional power indices of the Wingate test have been well documented, no study has analyzed new generation power indices based on milliseconds obtained from a Peak Bike. The purpose of this study was to investigate the retest reliability of new generation power indices. Thirty-two well-trained male athletes who were specialized in basketball, football, tennis, or track and field volunteered to take part in the study (age: 24.3 +/- 2.2 years; body mass: 77 +/- 8.3 kg; height: 180.3 +/- 6.3 cm). Participants performed two Wingate all-out sessions on two separate days. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error measurement (SEM), smallest real differences (SRD) and coefficient of variation (CV) scores were analyzed based on the test and retest data. Reliability results of traditional power indices calculated based on 5-s means such as peak power, average power, power drop, and fatigue index ratio were similar with the previous findings in literature (ICC 0.94; CV 2.8%; SEM 12.28; SRD% 7.7%). New generation power indices such as peak power, average power, lowest power, power drop, fatigue index, power decline, maximum speed as rpm, and amount of total energy expenditure demonstrated high reliability (ICC 0.94; CV 4.3%; SEM 10.36; SRD% 8.8%). Time to peak power, time at maximum speed, and power at maximum speed showed a moderate level of reliability (ICC 0.73; CV 8.9%; SEM 63.01; SRD% 22.4%). The results of this study indicate that reliability correlations and SRD% of new generation power and fatigue-related indices are similar with traditional 5-s means. However, new time-related indices are very sensitive and moderately reliable.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether greater and sustainable stroke volume (SV) responses may be obtained by exercise intensities corresponding to peak SV (SVpeak) vs. maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), and short vs. long intervals (SI vs. LI). Nine moderate- to well-trained male athletes competing at regional level specialists of cyclist, track and field volunteered to take part in the study (VO2max: 59.7 ± 7.4 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)). Following familiarisation sessions, VO2max was determined, and then SVpeak was evaluated using exercise intensities at 40%-100% of VO2max by nitrous-oxide rebreathing (N2ORB) method. Then each separate participant exercised wattages corresponding to individual VO2max and SVpeak during both SI (SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak)) and LI (LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak)) workouts on a cycle ergometer. Main results showed that both SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak) yielded greater SV responses than LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak) (p ≤ 0.05). Mean SV responses were greater in LI(SVpeak) than in LIVO2max (p ≤ 0.05), but there was no statistical difference between SI(SVpeak) and SIVO2max. However, there was significantly less physiological stress based on VO2, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and rate of perceived exhaustion in SVpeak than in [Formula: see text] intensities (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, SV responses at exercise phases increased in the early stages and remain stable until the end of SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak) workouts (p > 0.05), while they were gradually decreasing in LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak) sessions (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, if the aim of a training session is to improve SVpeak with less physiological stress, SI(SVpeak) seems a better alternative than other modalities tested in the present study.

WOS: 000330209300005, PubMed ID: 24511340, The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of static stretching, with vibration given directly over Achilles tendon, on electro-myographic (EMG) responses and vertical jump (VJ) performances. Fifteen male, college athletes voluntarily participated in this study (n=15; age: 22 +/- 4 years old; body height: 181 +/- 10 cm; body mass: 74 +/- 11 kg). All stages were completed within 90 minutes for each participant. Tendon vibration bouts lasted 30 seconds at 50 Hz for each volunteer. EMG analysis for peripheral silent period, H-reflex, H-reflex threshold, T-reflex and H/M ratio were completed for each experimental phases. EMG data were obtained from the soleus muscle in response to electro stimulation on the popliteal post tibial nerve. As expected, the dynamic warm-up (DW) increased VJ performances (p=0.004). Increased VJ performances after the DW were not statistically substantiated by the EMG findings. In addition, EMG results did not indicate that either static stretching (SS) or tendon vibration combined with static stretching (TVSS) had any detrimental or facilitation effect on vertical jump performances. In conclusion, using TVSS does not seem to facilitate warm-up effects before explosive performance.

WOS: 000332153100009 PubMed: 23924890 Ozkaya, O, Colakoglu, M, Kuzucu, EO, and Delextrat, A. An elliptical trainer may render the wingate all-out test more anaerobic. J Strength Cond Res 28(3): 643-650, 2014-The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the 3 main energy pathways during a 30-second elliptical all-out test (EAT) compared with the Wingate all-out test (WAT). Participants were 12 male team sport players (age, 20.3 +/- 1.8 years; body mass, 74.8 +/- 12.4 kg; height, 176.0 +/- 9.10 cm; body fat, 12.1 +/- 1.0%). Net energy outputs from the oxidative, phospholytic, and glycolytic energy systems were calculated from oxygen uptake data recorded during 30-second test, the fast component of postexercise oxygen uptake kinetics, and peak blood lactate concentration, respectively. In addition, mechanical power indices were calculated. The main results showed that compared with WAT, EAT was characterized by significantly lower absolute and relative contributions of the oxidative system (16.9 +/- 2.5 J vs. 19.8 +/- 4.9 J; p

WOS: 000323603800022, PubMed ID: 24149160, The Wingate all-out test (WAT) is commonly used to estimate anaerobic capabilities of athletes by using an upper or lower body cycle ergometer, however, a new test modality called elliptical all-out test (EAT) which measures activated whole-body locomotor tasks has recently been proposed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the familiarization effects of a 30-s EAT versus WAT. Twenty male trained athletes performed pre-familiarization (Trial-I), post-familiarization (Trial-II) and retest of Trial-II (Trial-III) sessions on both cycle ergometer and elliptical trainer. Peak power (PP), average power (AP), power drop (PD) and fatigue index ratio (FI%) were analyzed using student's t-test for paired samples and correlated by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Moreover, an error detection procedure was administered using data attained from illogical interrelations among 5-s segments of 30-s tests. The main results showed that there were significant familiarization effects in all mechanical power outputs obtained from Trial-I and Trial-II in both EAT (ICC = 0.49-0.55) and WAT (ICC = 0.50-0.57) performances (p, Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK), The author would like to give special thanks to Dr. Anne Delextrat, PhD, from Oxford Brookes University, Department of Sport and Health Science, Prof. Dr. Muzaffer Colakoglu, PhD, from Ege University, School of Physical Education and Sports, and Dr. Zekine Punduk, PhD, from Balikesir University, School of Physical Education and Sports, for their editorial assistance. Present study was financially supported by International Post-doctoral Research Fellowship Program of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey.

Bu çalışmanın amacı; pasif germe hareketlerinin, sedanterlerde yaratılan gecikmiş kas ağrısının elimine edilme süresi üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Çalışma grubu yaş ortalamaları 21,26±3 yıl olan, 26 sağlıklı ve gönüllü erkek Üniversite öğrencisinden oluşturuldu (germe; n=13, kontrol; n=13). Gecikmiş kas ağrısı oluşturmak için sağ bacağın hemstring kasları leg curll’de 5 set, 10 tekrarlık egzersizlerle çalıştırıldı. Germe grubuna set aralarında 30 saniye süreli üç setlik pasif germe egzersizleri uygulandı. Her iki gruptan da doku hasarında yükselme gösteren serum kreatin kinaz (Kk) enzimi ve nötrofil (NT) yüzde oranları antrenmandan önce ve sonra 6., 24. ve 48. saatlerde alınan kan örneklerinden analiz edildi. Antrenman sonrasında her iki gruba da 6., 24., ve 48. saatlerde Görsel Analog Skalası (GAS) uygulandı. Alınan sonuçlara göre her iki grup için 6., 24. ve 48. saat NT yüzde oranları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi (p>0.05). Fakat uygulanan pasif germe hareketleri, antrenman sonu 6., 24. ve 48. saat Kk seviyelerinde anlamlı bir düşüşe neden oldu (sırasıyla, Kk6; t=6.477, p=.000 Kk24; t=5.140, p=.000, Kk48; t=4.455, p=.000). GAS sonuçlarına göre 6., 24. ve 48. saat ağrı değerleri arasındaki fark da istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (sırasıyla, GAS6; t=8.25, p=.000, GAS24; t=5.88, p=.000, GAS48; t=6.55, p=.000). Çalışmamızın sonuçlarına göre, uygulanan pasif germe egzersizlerinin kas hasarına bağlı ertelenmiş ağrıların azaltılmasında etkili olduğu görüldü, The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of passive stretching exercises on delayed onset muscle soreness. A total of 26 healthy male university students (21.26±3 years) volunteered to participate study (13 stretching, 13 control). 5 set 10 repetition of strength training at Leg Curll was applied on hamstring muscles of right leg in order to cause delayed onset muscle soreness in volunteers. 3 sets of 30 second passive stretching technique were applied on the stretching group between the sets. The percentages of serum creatine kinase enzyme and neutrophil which increased in tissue injury related to delayed onset muscle soreness, were measured with the blood samples taken from both the groups before the training and 6,24 and 48 hours after the training. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was applied on the subjects from both of the groups 6,24 and 48 hours after the training. The results of this study, there was no significant difference on the percentages of neutrophil for 6th, 24th and 48th hours measurement (p>0.05). But, passive stretching exercises caused the decrease on the creatine kinase level for 6th, 24th and 48th post training period (respectively, t=6.477, p=.000; t=5.140, p=.000; t=4.455, p=.000). VAS results was also significantly difference (respectively, t=8.25, p=.000; t=5.88, p=.000; t=6.55, p=.000). The results of our study; the elimination time of delayed pains depend on muscle soreness was positively effected passive stretching applications