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The soybean presents great economic expression and high impact in the Brazilian agribusiness. The productive potential of a cultivar is expressed according to the genetic constitution and the environment. The sowing time exerts influence on the agronomic traits of the soybean, impacting the yield of grains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sowing season on the productive potential and the agronomic traits of soybean. The work was conducted at the Capim Branco experimental farm, belonging to the Federal University of Uberlândia. Twelve cultivars (UFUS 6901, UFUS 7415, BRSMG 68, TMG 801, TMG 7062 IPRO, TMG 2158 IPRO, BRS 7270 IPRO, NA 5909 RR, NS 6909 RR, CD 2737 RR, P98Y30 RR e BRASMAX Desafio RR) and four sowing seasons (October 22, November 5, December 22, 2016 and January 5, 2017) were used. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replicates. The evaluated characters were: number of days for flowering and maturity, plant height at maturity, insertion height for the first pod, number of nodes at maturity, total number of pods, number of tainted pods and productivity. The sowing carried out in October and November contributed to obtain a larger number of nodes and a greater height of plants at maturity, which are agronomic traits favorable to higher productivity. Sowing delay seriously affected soybean yield and in the Uberlândia MG region the ideal sowing time was October 22, before the beginning of November. In the late sowing in December and January, the cultivars that had their productions less affected were the conventional cultivars BRSMG 68 and TMG 801. A soja apresenta grande expressão econômica e alto impacto no agronegócio brasileiro. O potencial produtivo de uma cultivar é expresso de acordo com a constituição genética e o ambiente. A época de semeadura exerce influência sobre os caracteres agronômicos da soja, impactando no rendimento de grãos. O objetivo deste estudo, avaliar a influência da época de semeadura sobre o potencial produtivo e caracteres agronômicos de soja. O trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda experimental Capim Branco, pertencente à Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Foram utilizadas 12 cultivares (UFUS 6901, UFUS 7415, BRSMG 68, TMG 801, TMG 7062 IPRO, TMG 2158 IPRO, BRS 7270 IPRO, NA 5909 RR, NS 6909 RR, CD 2737 RR, P98Y30 RR e BRASMAX Desafio RR) e quatro épocas de semeadura (22 de outubro, 05 de novembro, 22 de dezembro de 2016 e 05 de janeiro de 2017). Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os caracteres avaliados foram: número de dias para o florescimento e maturidade, altura da planta na maturidade, número de nós na maturidade, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, número total de vagens, número de vagens chochas e produtividade. As semeaduras realizadas em outubro e novembro contribuíram para a obtenção de maior número de nós e maior altura de plantas na maturidade, que são caracteres agronômicos favoráveis à maiores produtividades. O atraso na semeadura afetou seriamente a produção de soja na região de Uberlândia MG e a época de semeadura ideal foi em 22 de outubro, antes do início de novembro. Nas semeaduras tardias dezembro e janeiro, as cultivares que tiveram suas produtividades menos afetadas foram as cultivares convencionais BRSMG 68 e TMG 801.

The development of soybean cultivars resistant to Phakopsora pachyrhizi (also known as Asian Soybean Rust (ASR)) may be achieved through genetic breeding. In the stage of selecting the resistant genotypes, one factor that can be used is to observe visually the severity of the rust symptoms upon leaflets of sampled soybean plants. By being able to quantify the exact amounts of regions with chlorosis, necrosis, and unaffected of each sample an automatic method is developed to grade rust severity and to classify the samples accordingly. The proposed approach uses input images of soybean leaflets, in a range from healthy to different levels of ASR severity, sampled from controlled experiments in a farm in southeast Brazil. Images are then processed by channel transformation (RGB to CIELab), channel distribution analysis, and a clustering algorithm in order to segment the regions in three main areas. Those regions represent the main visual symptoms of the ASR severity, but still with ill-defined transitions between them. A post-processing superpixel algorithm is leveraged upon those results to arrive at a first rust intervals classification. A necrosis’ neighborhood analysis is proposed to compute the intermediate areas and to include them in a final rust index. Results are given upon four different experiments: 1) 200 acquired image samples taken directly from the field; 2) 67 detached leaflets at different evolved periods of infection; 3) 50 images from a previous open database, and 4) 10 images with the standards for diagrammatic scales. By grading rust severity, and separating chlorosis, and necrosis indexes this solution contributes to efforts in managing ASR in crops, and in breeding programs.

The major diseases limiting soybean growth and yield must be either controlled or mitigated. Among these, soybean rust is the most harmful; in addition, Phakopsora pachyrhizi populations less susceptible to both IDM and IQe fungicides were observed. Therefore, this invention aimed at developing a new soybean cultivar rust resistant and highly productive. Generations were advanced by single seed descent method on the Capim Branco farm, Federal University of Uberlândia. Value for Cultivation and Use were carried out during a 3-year period (2010/13) in several locations, and Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability experiments for a 2-year period (2011/13) on the Capim Branco farm. Hence, we developed the novel soybean cultivar designated UFUS 7415. UFUS 7415 has shown high contents of oil (20%) and protein (40%), and high yield potential (4.300 kg ha-1) even in environments with Asian rust.

A ocorrência de adversidades climáticas cada vez mais frequente e intensas tem representado um serio problema à produção agrícola, principalmente na fase de estabelecimento do stand inicial na cultura da soja. O déficit hídrico é um dos estresses que mais limitam a produtividade desta cultura, principalmente na fase de germinação. O polietilenoglicol (PEG) tem sido comumente utilizado como agente osmótico para simular condições de déficit hídrico, por ser um composto quimicamente inerte, não tóxico, que apresenta alto peso molecular e não é absorvido pelas sementes. Dentro deste contexto o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a germinação de cultivares de soja submetidas ao déficit hídrico induzido por polietilenoglicol. Foram avaliadas três cultivares de soja, UFUS Guarani, UFUS Xavante e MG/BR 46 Conquista quanto à tolerância ao déficit hídrico induzido por polietilenoglicol nos potenciais osmóticos, 0; -0,2; -0,4; -0,6; -0,8 MPa em condições de laboratório. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram porcentagem de plântulas normais e comprimento total de plântulas. O desempenho de cada cultivar depende do potencial osmótico em que a mesma foi submetida, sendo que a concentração de polietilenoglicol 6000 reduziu de forma diferenciada a porcentagem de germinação das cultivares de soja. A cultivar UFUS Xavante apresenta maior estabilidade na fase de germinação em condições de déficit hídrico induzido por Polietilenoglicol 6000.

The soybean crop has a substantial importance for Brazil’s agribusiness and economy. Besides, breeding programs have contributed to the development of the crop in the country allowing grain yield increase and, at the same time, intensifying the production of new cultivars that show both yield predictability and wide adaptation. This study was aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance, adaptability, and stability of soybean genotypes in the states of Maranhao, Piaui, Tocantins, and Bahia. The genotypes were evaluated to the extent of grain yield in the municipalities of Chapadinha (MA), Balsas (MA), Bom Jesus (PI), Porto Nacional (TO), and Formoso do Rio Preto (BA) under complete randomized block design, with three repetitions. Data were submitted to joint analyses and to studies of adaptability and stability by Wricke (1965), Eberhart and Russel (1966), and Annicchiarico (1992) methods. The genotypes UFUS 504, UFU 506, UFU 508, UFU 512, UFU 514, UFU 516, UFU 518, UFU 519, UFU 520, UFU 521, UFU 523, and UFUS Imperial showed wide stability and adaptability, whereas UFU 503, UFU 505, and UFUS Impact were adapted to favorable conditions.

Soybean (Glycine max L.)-breeding programs aim to develop cultivars with high grain yields and high tolerance to Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Considering that the traits targeted for breeding are mainly quantitative in nature, knowledge of associations between traits allows the breeder to formulate indirect selection strategies. In this study, we investigated phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental correlations between the agronomic traits of soybean plants naturally infected with P. pachyrhizi, and identified agronomic traits that would be useful in indirectly selecting soybean genotypes for high yields. The study was conducted on the Capim Branco Farm, Uberlândia, Brazil, with 15 soybean genotypes, which were cultivated in a completely randomized block design with four replications. Fourteen phenotypic traits were evaluated using the GENES software. The phenotypic and genotypic correlations were positive and of a high magnitude between the total number of pods and the number of pods with two or three grains, indicating that the total number of pods is a useful trait for the indirect selection of soybean genotypes for high grain yields. Strong environmental correlations were found between plant height at blooming and maturity and grain yield and yield components.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) adaptation to new environments has been hard to predict based on maturity group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of 14 soybean genotypes, from the Soybean Breeding Program of the Federal University of Uberlandia, in their adaptive capacity and seed yield stability at 3 locations and 2 growing seasons. For the adaptability and stability analysis the Toler and Centroid methods were used; 5 genotypic groups were identified in the first whereas 4 groups were identified in the latter. By the Toler method group A was composed by 4 genotypes, UFU-001, UFU-003, UFU-0010, and UFU-001. They showed a convex pattern of adaptability and stability. In contrast, the genotypes UFU-008 and UFU-0013 were classified in Group E with a concave pattern of adaptability and stability. Regarding results from the Centroid method, the Genotype UFU-002, with higher seed yield than average, was the only genotype in Ideotype VI with moderate adaptability to favorable environments. In contrast, 10 genotypes were included in the Ideotype V, of medium general adaptability. The genotypes UFU-001, UFU-002, UFU-006, UFU-0010, and UFU-0011 were recommended for use in the Brazilian Cerrado growing region. These genotypes had high seed yield potential in high quality environments.

Defining selection criteria is important to obtain promising genotypes in a breeding program. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for agronomic traits and to perform soybean line selection using selection indices. The experiment was conducted at an experimental area located at Capim Branco farm, belonging to the Federal University of Uberlândia. A total of 37 soybean genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replicates, in which twelve agronomic traits were evaluated. Analysis of variance, the Scott-Knott test at the 1 and 5% level of probability, and selection index analyses were performed. There was genetic variability for all agronomic traits, with medium to high levels of genotype determination coefficient. Twelve lines with a total cycle up to 110 days were observed and grouped with the cultivars MSOY 6101 and UFUS 7910. Three lines, UFUS FG 03, UFUS FG 20, and UFUS FG 31, were highlighted regarding grain yield with higher values than the national average of 3072 kg/ha. The direct selection enabled the highest trait individual gains. The Williams (1962) index and the Smith (1936) and Hazel (1943) index presented the highest selection gain for the grain yield character. The genotype-ideotype distance index and the index of the sum of ranks of Mulamba and Mock (1978) presented higher values of total selection gain. The lines UFUS FG 12, UFUS FG 14, UFUS FG 18, UFUS FG 25, and UFUS FG 31 were distinguished as superior genotypes by direct selection methods and selection indexes.

The goals of this research were to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic correlations between agronomic traits, to perform path analysis, having as main character grain yield, and to identify indirect selection criteria for grain yield. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area located at Capim Branco farm, which belongs to Federal University of Uberlândia, during the growing season of 2015/2016.Twenty-four soybean genotypes were evaluated under randomized complete block design with three repetitions, of which agronomic traits and grain yield were measured. There was genetic variability for all traits at 5% probability level through the F-test. Thirty significant phenotypic correlations were also observed with values oscillating from 0.42 to 0.87, which indicated a high level of association between some evaluated traits. Additionally, we verified that phenotypic and genotypic correlations were essential of the same direction, being the genotypic ones of superior magnitudes. Plants with superior vegetative cycle had longer life cycles; this fact could be explained by the significant phenotypic correlations between the number of days to the blooming and number of days to maturity (0.76). Significantly positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations for the total number of pods per plant and grain yield per plant (0.84) were observed. Through the path analysis, the trait that contributed the most over grain yield was the number of pods with three seeds as it showed the highest direct effect on grain yield per plant, as well as a strong indirect effect on the total number of pods. Therefore, the phenotypic and genotypic correlations suggested high correlations between grain yield and number of branched nodes, the number of pods with two and three seeds, and the total number of pods. Also, the path analysis determined the number of pods with three seeds as having the highest favorable effect on grain yield, and thus, being useful for indirect selection toward productive soybean genotypes.

In order to obtain the certificate of cultivar protection, it is necessary to prove its distinctiveness, homogeneity, and stability. Currently, there are 37 descriptors for differentiating soybeans cultivars. However, they are still not enough and, as a result, it is necessary to create, identify, and evaluate new descriptors. This study was aimed at evaluating the genotypic and environment interaction (GxE) and determining the stability of eight soybean cultivars for five vegetative-stage descriptors. The research was done in a greenhouse of the Soybean Breeding and Genetic Studies Program of Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. The treatments were composed of eight soybean cultivars, sown in two different growing seasons (January 25, 2014 and November 27, 2014). The experiments were carried out in randomized complete blocks with three replications and each experimental plot consisted of one pot with four soybean plants. The characters evaluated were: length of hypocotyl (LH), length of epicotyl (LE), length of unifoliolate leaf petiole (LUP), length of first trifoliate leaf petiole (LTLP), and rachis length of terminal leaflet of the first trifoliate leaf (RL). The data achieved from the trials were undergone genetic-statistical analyses by the GENES software. For all analyzed characters, the existence of genetic variability was observed emphasizing the vegetative-stage descriptors' utility to differentiate soybean cultivars. The occurrence of GxE interaction was detected for all characters assessed, mainly of complex nature, except by RL, which was of simple nature. The most stable cultivars for the vegetative-stage descriptors analysed were UFUS 7415 and UFUS Impacta.

The genetic diversity study has paramount importance in breeding programs; hence, it allows selection and choice of the parental genetic divergence, which have the agronomic traits desired by the breeder. This study aimed to characterize the genetic divergence between 24 soybean genotypes through their agronomic traits, using multivariate clustering methods to select the potential genitors for the promising hybrid combinations. Six agronomic traits evaluated were number of days to flowering and maturity, plant height at flowering and maturity, insertion height of the first pod, and yield. The genetic divergence evaluated by multivariate analysis that esteemed first the Mahalanobis’ generalized distance (D2), then the clustering using Tocher’s optimization methods, and then the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). Tocher’s optimization method and the UPGMA agreed with the groups’ constitution between each other, the formation of eight distinct groups according Tocher’s method and seven distinct groups using UPGMA. The trait number of days for flowering (45.66%) was the most efficient to explain dissimilarity between genotypes, and must be one of the main traits considered by the breeder in the moment of genitors choice in soybean-breeding programs. The genetic variability allowed the identification of dissimilar genotypes and with superior performances. The hybridizations UFU 18 x UFUS CARAJAS, UFU 15 x UFU 13, and UFU 13 x UFUS CARAJAS are promising to obtain superior segregating populations, which enable the development of more productive genotypes.

Precocious soybean cultivars enable crop rotation and low pressure to the biotic and abiotic factors. This study aimed to determinate the inheritance of characters related to precocity and agronomic characters in soybean segregating population, coming from contrasting genitors to cycle. The experiment was conducted at a greenhouse located at Capim Branco farm, belonging to Federal University of Uberlândia. The MG/BR 46 Conquista and UFUS 6901 cultivars were used to bi-parental crossing and acquirement of F1 and F2 populations. The individuals of the genitors, F1 and F2 populations were evaluated to eight characters and the phenotypic, genetic and environmental variances, broad-sense heritability, average degree of dominance and gene number were determined. The average for number of days for flowering and number of days to maturity in the F1 generation was 40.26 and 103.52 days and in the F2 generation was 37.85 and 105.88 days, respectively, which fits into the classification of semi-precocious. The heritability varied from 2.36% for number of grains per pod – controlled by 160 genes, to 85.39% for number of days for maturing – controlled by two genes. On the F2 population, the existence of transgressed segregates was found, except for number of days to maturity, number of nodes and intersection height of the first pod. It was concluded that the genetic variance and heritability of the agronomic characters of the F2 population, allows the acquirement of selection of superior individuals in terms of precocity, height, number of nodes and compounds of productivity, being promising genotypes in the soybean breeding program

This study aimed to evaluate the clustering pattern consistency of soybean (Glycine max) lines, using seven different clustering methods. Our aim was to evaluate the best method for the identification of promising genotypes to obtain segregating populations. We used 51 generations F5 and F6 soybean lines originating from different hybridizations and backcrosses obtained from the soybean breeding program of Universidade Federal de Uberlândia in addition to three controls (Emgopa 302, BRSGO Luziânia, and MG/BR46 Conquista). We evaluated the following agronomic traits: number of days to flowering, number of days to maturity, height of the plant at maturity, insertion height of the first pod, grain yield, and weight of 100 seeds. The data was submitted to analyses of variance followed by average Euclidean distance matrix estimation used as measure of dissimilarity. Subsequently, clusters were formed using the Tocher method and dendrograms were constructed using the hierarchical methods simple connection (nearest neighbor), complete connection (most distant neighbor), Ward, median, average within cluster connection. The nearest neighbor method presented the largest number of genotypes in group I and showed the greatest similarity with the Tocher optimization method. The joint use of these two methodologies allows for differentiation of the most genetically distant genotypes that may constitute the optimal parents in a breeding program.

The programs of soybean breeding have sought to develop, over the years, more productive and more disease resistance cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean cultivars and lines for agronomic characteristics and severity of foliar diseases. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Rondonia, in Moura-RO, the harvest 2007/2008 in dystrophic Typic. The experimental design was randomized blocks, evaluating 25 strains and five as control (Warranty, Chapadoes, Luziania, Msoy Msoy 8411 and 8914), with four replications. , Plant height at flowering and maturity, height of the first pod; lodging; leaf retention, productivity and number of days to flowering and maturity: the agronomic characteristics were evaluated. For diseases were evaluated septoria (Septoria glycines), the stain-eye frog (frogeye leaf spot) and target spot (Corynespora cassiicola), determining the severity. As for soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), the behavior of genotypes to aggressiveness is noted. As they have good agronomic characteristics and low severity as to foliar diseases, UFUS 3, UFUS 6, 7 UFUS, UFUS 11, UFUS 14, 16 and UFUS UFUS 17 lines appear as the most promising materials for cultivation in the region of Rolim Moura-RO.

Advances in genetic enhancement techniques have led to an increase in soybean production. Thus, soybean is currently one the most economically important cultured species worldwide. The objectives of the present study were to study the interaction of soybean genotypes per environment in terms of grain productivity and to evaluate their phenotypic adaptability and stability, with the final aim of selecting lineages with high productivity, wide adaptability, and high stability. Seven soybean genotypes, consisting of five lineages developed by the soybean genetic enhancement program of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (Brazil) and two controls, were evaluated during several annual cycles in seven different environments. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was adopted in each site. This study followed the methodology proposed by Eberhart and Russel and Lin and Binns, with modifications by Carneiro, and the AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model) analysis. The average productivity of soybean cultivars in the trials was 2739.26 kg/ha. The L01V13 genotype and the UFUS Guarani cultivar had wide adaptation according to the methodology proposed by Eberhart and Russel and Lin and Binns, with modifications by Carneiro. When analyzed with the AMMI model, the UFUS Guarani cultivar showed high stability. In general, the methodologies studied are complementary and, when used together, increase the reliability of the classification, providing support for the use of specific soybean cultivars in different environments.

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a major cause of soybean yield reduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of marker-assisted selection to identify genotypes resistant to SCN race 3 infection, using Sat_168 and Sat-141 resistance quantitative trait loci. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, using soybean populations originated from crosses between susceptible and resistant parent stock: CD-201 (susceptible) and Foster IAC (resistant), Conquista (susceptible) and S83-30 (resistant), La-Suprema (susceptible) and S57-11 (resistant), and Parecis (susceptible) and S65-50 (resistant). Plants were inoculated with SCN and evaluated according to the female index (FI), those with FI < 10% were classified as resistant to nematode infection. Plants were genotyped for SCN resistance using microsatellite markers Sat-141 and Sat_168. Marker selection efficiency was analyzed by a contingency table, taking into account genotypic versus phenotypic evaluations for each line. These markers were shown to be useful tool for selection of SCN race 3.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência parcial de genótipos de soja ao fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Calcularam-se o número médio de pústulas, a severidade e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os genótipos quanto ao número médio de pústulas e severidade, aos 12 dias após a inoculação. A análise de agrupamento permitiu a discriminação de genótipos parcialmente resistentes. Os genótipos G4, G41 e G42, referentes aos parentais Cristalina e IAC 100, foram detectados como os de maior resistência parcial à ferrugem da soja. The objective of this work was to evaluate the partial resistance of soybean genotypes against Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Resistance characteristics were: average number of pustules, rust severity and the area under the disease progress curve. Significant differences were found among the genotypes for the average number of pustules and rust severity. Multivariate analysis allowed the discrimination of partially resistant genotypes. Three genotypes (G4, G41, and G42), referring to parents Cristalina and IAC 100, presented greater partial resistance to soybean rust.

The utilization of exotic germplasm comprises a strategy for improving the genetic diversity within soybean cultivars, whose present narrowness is a main limitation in soybean breeding programs that utilize two-way crosses between homozygous pure lines. Progenies from forty-five soybean crosses obtained through the combination of eight parents (octuple crosses) in a chain mating system were evaluated in the F 4:3[8] generation for grain yield and other agronomic important traits. The octuple crosses included both adapted and exotic parents mated in a chain system during three generations to assemble a group of materials with the proportion of 75% : 25% of genes stemming from adapted and exotic parents, respectively. In addition to this, adapted parents were selected to form a second group with 100% adapted germplasm. The F 4:3[8] progenies were evaluated in an augmented block design in the 1994/95 growing season. The F 5:3[8] progenies were evaluated in six experiments during the 1995/96 growing season. Three augmented block designs (without replications) and three complete randomized- block designs with two or three replications were used. The analyses of the results indicate that octuple crosses produced superior progenies for all the traits studied, especially grain yield which presented the excellent mean yield of 5.530 kg/ha. Remnant genetic variability amongst selected progenies in some crosses allowed the prediction of additional gains for grain yield through selection in more advanced cycles.

Day by day alternatives in genetic improvement are being been sought to ensure higher crop productivity. UFUS Guarani developed by the Federal University of Uberlandia is resistant to natural dehiscence and to the diseases: Sudden death syndrome (SDS), frogeye leaf spot, downy mildew, bacterial pustule, stem canker and stem necrosis; the potential yield is 3494 kg ha-1, the grain oil content is 18% and protein content 38%.

A busca de alta produtividade na cultura da soja, sem onerar os custos de produção, é o objetivo do melhoramento genético. A cultivar UFUS Impacta é um genótipo de soja proveniente do cruzamento entre Cristalina RCH e IAC 100, de ciclo semi-tardio, com produtividade média superior às testemunhas Garantia e Emgopa 313 RCH. É resistente às principais moléstias da soja e indicada para cultivo no Estado de Minas Gerais.

O trabalho foi feito em Uberlândia, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de sete cultivares de soja em quatro epocas distintas de semeadura: 30 de Outubro, 15 de Novembro, 14 e 31 de Dezembro, na safra 2001/02. As cultivares utilizadas foram: DM-118 de ciclo precoce, DM-247, DM-Vitoria, DM-339, de ciclo semitardio e DM-309, DM-98C81 e DM-Nobre de ciclo tardio. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (7 cultivares x 4 epocas) com tres repeticoes. As caracteristicas avaliadas foram: produtividade, numero de dias para floracao e maturacao, altura de plantas na maturacao, insercao da primeira vagem e acamamento. Para a maioria das cultivares, a semeadura realizada a partir de 14 de dezembro na regiao de Uberlândia provocou queda na produtividade, tanto para as cultivares mais precoces quanto para mais tardia, DM Vitoria, quando comparada a semeadura em 30 de outubro. O periodo para o florescimento, maturacao e a altura de plantas interferiram na produtividade. Ha decrescimo de altura de planta e numero de dias para a floracao, a medida que se atrasa a semeadura.